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US20060198891A1 - Solid formulations of liquid biologically active agents - Google Patents

Solid formulations of liquid biologically active agents Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060198891A1
US20060198891A1 US11/286,301 US28630105A US2006198891A1 US 20060198891 A1 US20060198891 A1 US 20060198891A1 US 28630105 A US28630105 A US 28630105A US 2006198891 A1 US2006198891 A1 US 2006198891A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
poly
solid product
biologically active
active agent
propofol
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US11/286,301
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English (en)
Inventor
Francois Ravenelle
Sandra Gori
David Lessard
Laibin Luo
Dorothee Garrec
Damon Smith
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Labopharm Barbados Ltd
Paladin Labs Barbados Inc
Paladin Labs Inc
Paladin Labs Europe Ltd
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to US11/286,301 priority Critical patent/US20060198891A1/en
Assigned to LABOPHARM INC., LABOPHARM EUROPE LIMITED, LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED reassignment LABOPHARM INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LESSARD, DAVID, SMITH, DAMON C., LE GARREC, DOROTHEE, LUO, LAIBIN, RAVENELLE, FRANCOIS, GORI, SANDRA
Publication of US20060198891A1 publication Critical patent/US20060198891A1/en
Assigned to LABOPHARM EUROPE LIMITED, LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED, LABOPHARM INC. reassignment LABOPHARM EUROPE LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GORI, SANDRA, LE GARREC, DOROTHEE, LESSARD, DAVID, LUO, LAIBIN, RAVENELLE, FRANCOIS, SMITH, DAMON
Assigned to LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED reassignment LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED CHANGE OF ADDRESS FOR ASSIGNEE (SEE #2) Assignors: LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED
Priority to US13/552,993 priority patent/US20120289606A1/en
Assigned to PALADIN LABS INC. reassignment PALADIN LABS INC. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LABOPHARM INC.
Assigned to LABOPHARM INC. reassignment LABOPHARM INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHIMIGEN INC.
Assigned to PALADIN LABS EUROPE LIMITED reassignment PALADIN LABS EUROPE LIMITED CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LABOPHARM EUROPE LIMITED
Assigned to LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED (COMPANY # 36646) reassignment LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED (COMPANY # 36646) MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED (COMPANY # 21899), PALADIN LABS (BARBADOS) INC. (COMPANY #30304)
Assigned to Paladin Labs (Barbados) Inc. reassignment Paladin Labs (Barbados) Inc. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LABOPHARM (BARBADOS) LIMITED
Assigned to CHIMIGEN INC. reassignment CHIMIGEN INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LABOPHARM INC.
Priority to US14/134,156 priority patent/US20140323587A1/en
Priority to US14/844,493 priority patent/US20160193341A1/en
Priority to US15/817,907 priority patent/US10561735B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
    • A61J3/02—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms into the form of powders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
    • A61K31/08—Ethers or acetals acyclic, e.g. paraformaldehyde
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
    • A61K31/085—Ethers or acetals having an ether linkage to aromatic ring nuclear carbon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
    • B01F23/49—Mixing systems, i.e. flow charts or diagrams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
    • B01F23/48—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying characterised by the nature of the liquids

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the preparation of a solid product in the form of a cake, a powder, or the like, by mixing a solvent comprising water, an aqueous solution, at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations thereof, with at least one stabilizing agent, and subsequently adding at least one liquid biologically active agent to the above mixture; and treating the whole under conditions to give the above solid product which is substantially solvent free.
  • the invention relates to the above solid product and a method for rapid reconstitution thereof in an aqueous media, whereby an essentially clear, lipid free, sterile, stable aqueous product is formed containing nano-dispersions or micelles of the aforementioned stabilizing and biologically active agents; and to a method of treating a patient in need of said biologically active agent by administration of said stable aqueous product thereto.
  • the biologically active agent is water immiscible and may be selected from 2,6-bis-(1-methylethyl)phenol or 2,6-diisopropylphenol commonly known as propofol, 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, methoxyflurane and the like and combinations thereof.
  • the most preferred biologically active agent is propofol.
  • Propofol (known as 2,6-bis-(1-methylethyl)phenol, also known as 2,6-diisopropylphenol) is currently the most popular anaesthetic in the world. It is used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia or sedation upon administrations to humans or animals. Intravenous injection of a therapeutic dose of propofol produces hypnosis rapidly and with minimal excitation, usually within 40 seconds from the start of an administration. Fast onset and short half life (10-15 minutes) allows for a clinically useful profile with prompt recovery. Due to the rising cost of health care, this quick recovery time is especially advantageous for increasingly common outpatient procedures.
  • propofol is an oil that is immiscible with water (aqueous solubility of approximately, 0.154 mg/mL) and is supplied in a emulsion, at concentrations of 1% or 2% (w/w) (2% is used for longer sedation).
  • aqueous solubility of approximately, 0.154 mg/mL
  • Propofol oil-in-water emulsions currently on the market are DIPRIVAN® (manufactured by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), BAXTER® IPP (manufactured by Gensia Sicor, Inc), and Propofol injectable emulsion (Manuf. Bedford Laboratories).
  • Emulsions typically contain: soybean oil (100 mg/mL), glycerol (22.5 mg/mL) and egg lecithin (12 mg/mL).
  • Emulsions are defined by a large particle size, generally of more than 200 nm, thereby creating a milky white opaque formulation. This causes visual inspection for foreign particles in the formulation by the anesthesiologist, to be more difficult.
  • the high lipid content of these emulsions has been linked to hyperlipidaemia.
  • egg lecithin and soybean oil in these emulsions also makes them highly susceptible to microorganism growth and allergic reactions.
  • manufacturers have added the preservative EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) at 0.05 mg/mL to DIPRIVAN® and sodium metabisulfite at 0.25 mg/mL, to BAXTER® PPI propofol, and benzyl alcohol at 1 mg/ml to propofol injectable emulsion of Bedford Laboratories.
  • EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
  • Sodium metabisulfite is a sulfite known to cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or asthmatic episodes in certain sulfite sensitive individuals.
  • Sodium bisulfite has also been shown to catalyze propofol degradation.
  • the chelating properties of EDTA are of concern to the FDA due to their unfavorable effects on cardiac and renal function.
  • these emulsions cannot be effectively sterilized using standard sterilizing filters, as they are too thermodynamically unstable and tend to separate under the shear force required.
  • Such emulsions are also unstable versus dilution and/or mixing with saline, dextrose or other medication containing solutions.
  • the presence of egg lecithin as an emulsifier and soybean oil as a solubilizer may produce anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions in persons allergic to eggs and/or soybeans.
  • micelles and nanodispersions have been shown to alter the pharmacokinetics (and usually the pharmacodynamics) of the biological agent to be delivered.
  • they may prolong the circulation time, may allow more drug to be delivered to a specific location, and/or may allow a different biodistribution when compared to administration of the drug alone.
  • micellar or liposomal delivery can detrimentally affect the “on/off” properties required of an anaesthetic drug such as propofol
  • cyclodextrin derivates which are water-soluble cyclic carbohydrate compounds with hydrophobic interior cavities that complex with propofol allowing dissolution of the drug in water to form a clear solution.
  • cyclodextrins are expensive and have been associated with hemodynamic adverse events.
  • long-term stability of cyclodextrin formulations has been an issue with formulators.
  • cyclodextrins have been linked with renal toxicity at high doses.
  • prodrugs comprising a propofol phosphate.
  • prodrugs require much higher doses (up to ten times and more) for the same response as the instant invention and usually demonstrate a slower onset of action and slower clearance.
  • one of the bi-products is formaldehyde, a probable carcinogen.
  • Prodrugs are also notably unstable resulting in short shelf lives or low storage temperatures to maintain their stability. The beneficial pharmacokinetics are changed due to the use of prodrugs.
  • liquid biologically active agent such as propofol
  • a liquid dosage form is produced.
  • stability of such liquid formulations is always a concern with respect to duration and storage conditions.
  • the micelles or nanodispersions which are produced directly and spontaneously after addition of the aqueous reconstitution medium, allows high loading levels of propofol or other biologically active liquids to be achieved with substantially no effect on stability.
  • WO 01/64187 A2 indicates that autoclaving may be undesirable when the formulation is filtered to sterility since autoclaving has been known to disrupt the micelles, to the extent of requiring re-emulsification.
  • poloxamers are detergent-like surfactants that are not readily degradable and may open-up tight junctions.
  • detergent surfactants may be a source of pain upon injection and require the addition of lidocaine to reduce local pain.
  • the final product is a liquid.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,805 discloses a biodegradable polymeric drug carrier micelle composition capable of solubilizing a solid hydrophobic drug in a hydrophilic environment.
  • the patent discloses a biodegradable polymeric drug carrier micelle and a hydrophobic drug wherein the drug is physically trapped within and not covalently bonded to the polymeric drug carrier micelle.
  • the drug carrying micelle is capable of dissolving in water to form a solution thereof, and the drug carrier comprises an amphiphilic block copolymer having a hydrophilic poly(alkylene oxide) component, and a biodegradable hydrophobic polymer component selected from the group consisting of poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly( ⁇ -caprolactone), a derivative thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • the disclosed micelle is characterized as a solubilizing agent for a hydrophobic drug.
  • the hydrophobic drug is mixed with the polymeric drug carrier micellar solution and the mixture is either stirred, heated, subjected to ultrasonic treatment, solvent evaporation or dialysis so as to incorporate it into the hydrophobic polymer core, after which it is formed into an aqueous solution.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,158 discloses nanoparticles or microparticles formed of a block copolymer consisting essentially of poly(alkylene glycol) and a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid).
  • the biodegradable moieties of the copolymer are in the core of the nanoparticle or microparticle and the poly(alkylene glycol) moieties are on the surface of the nanoparticle or microparticle in an amount effective to decrease uptake of the nanoparticle or microparticle by the reticuloendothelial system.
  • the nanoparticles or microparticles are designed to circulate for prolonged periods within the blood fluids.
  • the molecular weight of the block copolymer is too high to be soluble in water, and a nanoparticle can only be prepared by first dissolving the block copolymer and a drug in an organic solvent, forming an o/w emulsion by sonication or stirring, and then collecting the precipitated nanoparticles containing the drug.
  • the patent fails to provide the concept of solubilization of hydrophobic drugs, nor does it teach or suggest the formation of a clear, sterilizable solution containing the polymer/drug blend and subsequent lyophilization thereof, resulting in a readily dispersible micelle or nanodispersion, formed upon reconstitution.
  • EP 0520888 A1 discloses nanoparticles made of a poly(lactic acid) and poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymer.
  • a high molecular weight poly(lactic acid) is used and a surfactant is employed in preparing a colloidal suspension of the nanoparticles.
  • nanoparticles are prepared by dissolving the block copolymer and a drug in an organic solvent, emulsifying the organic solution in water, and evaporating the organic solvent to precipitate the nanoparticles containing the drug.
  • the resulting nanoparticles are fine particles having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components and they cannot form clear stable aqueous liquids.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,454 teaches a method for making uniformly sized particles from solid compounds for intravenous administration as suspensions of particles of three microns in diameter, or less.
  • a suitable solid compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent, and a precipitating liquid is infused to form non-aggregated particles which are separated from the liquid mixture.
  • the product is a liquid comprising a suspension of solid microspheres.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,370,349 and 4,311,712 disclose a process for preparing a freeze-dried, liposomal, mixture which comprises either (a) dissolving at least one liposome-forming amphiphilic lipid, at least one biologically-active compound, and optionally one or more adjuvants, in a suitable solvent, and then freeze-drying the solution, or (b) preparing by any known method an aqueous liposome composition containing at least one biologically-active compound, and then freeze-drying the said aqueous liposome composition.
  • the patents are particularly directed toward a process for preparing an aqueous liposome composition which comprises dispersing said freeze-dried, potential liposomal, mixture, obtained by procedure (a) or (b), in a suitable aqueous medium.
  • the process of the instant invention is not directed toward liposome production.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,324 teaches a unique process wherein a solution is formed from a hydrophobic biologically active agent, in combination with a dispersing agent and a suitable solvent or solvent blend (which may further include water), the mixture being lyophilized and thereafter rehydrated to form a biologically active agent loaded micelle or nanodispersion.
  • the instant invention provides an improved method for forming a biologically active agent loaded micelle or nanodispersion from a liquid hydrophobic biologically active agent by first forming a solution of a stabilizing agent and solvent (which solvent may solely comprise water), to which is added a liquid hydrophobic biologically active agent. This is followed by lyophilization and/or any treatment that will result in a solid product that is substantially free of solvent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,396 discloses the preparation of submicron sized particles by mixing a pharmacologically active compound with a water immiscible solvent to form an organic phase.
  • an aqueous phase containing a surface active compound.
  • the organic phase and the aqueous phase are combined to form a crude dispersion and the latter is treated with a sonication device allowing cavitation to occur.
  • the dispersion is then frozen and lyophilized to provide particles having a mean particle size of less than 500 nm.
  • propofol should be available as a solid product that can instantaneously be hydrated to form a clear stable solution ready for injection.
  • a test was made by lyophilizing a mixture of water and propofol. The result is that water and propofol had all evaporated and nothing remained. This is an indication that other avenues must be investigated.
  • An additional objective of the invention is to produce a stable cake or powder that is readily reconstituted to form an essentially clear aqueous liquid containing a stabilized drug nanodispersion or loaded micelle.
  • a clear liquid comprising a biologically active agent, polymer and optionally an additive (e.g. a bulk forming agent, a cryoprotectant, a lyoprotectant) and/or stabilizer is formed using any suitable solvent prior to a treatment such as freeze-drying, spray drying, and the like.
  • an additive e.g. a bulk forming agent, a cryoprotectant, a lyoprotectant
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide a storable powder that is instantaneously reconstituted before administration to a patient for long-term infusions as well as bolus (highly concentrated) injections.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide micelles or nanodispersions loaded with liquid biologically active agents that release quickly into body fluids and tissues post administration.
  • Yet another objective of the instant invention is the formation of a powder that yields a longer shelf life and lighter product.
  • Another objective of the invention is to provide a formulation that reduces or eliminates any sensation of pain upon administration commonly, which has been associated with currently marketed formulations.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide a formulation that is stable after dilution, when subjected to shear forces, or when mixed with saline, dextrose or other medication containing solutions (e.g. injectable lidocaine solutions).
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide a solid formulation that, upon reconstitution, does not support bacterial growth.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide a formulation that is lipid free.
  • stabilizing agent as used in the present specification and claims, is intended to mean a vehicle or material which allows aqueous preparations of water insoluble drugs.
  • essentially clear as used in the present specification and claims, is intended to mean a stable solution of a reconstitution solvent and a reconstituted solid, wherein a solid product comprising an intimate mixture of at least one stabilizing agent and at least one liquid biologically active agent loaded within the stabilizing agent, upon reconstitution, forms a clear stable reconstituted solution in which said at least one biologically active agent is present as stabilized nanodispersions or loaded micelles up to about 13% drug loading level, an increasingly opalescent solution at about 13% to about 20% drug loading level, and a transparent, cloudy suspension at greater than about 20% drug loading level. Nevertheless, all of these formulations of the instant invention are stable for more than 24 hours, i.e. they do not precipitate upon dilution in water and/or albumin 35 g/L solution.
  • PPF-PM means propofol-polymeric micelle
  • the instantly disclosed invention relies on a treatment, such as lyophilization, spray drying, or the like well known to those skilled in the art, which is obtained by mixing a solvent selected from water, an aqueous solution, at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations thereof with at least one stabilizing agent under conditions to provide a first solution, to which is subsequently added at least one liquid biologically active agent such as propofol or the like, to give a second solution.
  • a treatment such as lyophilization, spray drying, or the like well known to those skilled in the art, which is obtained by mixing a solvent selected from water, an aqueous solution, at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations thereof with at least one stabilizing agent under conditions to provide a first solution, to which is subsequently added at least one liquid biologically active agent such as propofol or the like, to give a second solution.
  • the latter is lyophilized, spray-dried, or the like under conditions which yield a solid product, in which the liquid biologically active agent is intimately associated, and from which substantially all the solvent or solvents have been removed and where virtually no loss of drug occurs during the treatment; optionally an additive, non-limiting examples of which include a buffer, a bulk forming additive, a cryoprotectant, and a lyoprotectant may be added at any stage during the treatment.
  • Such a liquid can be subjected to a sterilizing filtration step prior to the above treatment to form a powder, a cake or the like.
  • the solid product resulting from the above treatment is a light-weight, lipid free material that can be stored, transported and then reconstituted prior to use by the addition of an aqueous solution e.g. water, saline, dextrose or the like to form essentially clear, stable, sterile, liquids comprising nanodispersions or micelles in aqueous medium.
  • an aqueous solution e.g. water, saline, dextrose or the like to form essentially clear, stable, sterile, liquids comprising nanodispersions or micelles in aqueous medium.
  • the instant process illustrates a simple and elegant procedure for forming a solid product from a liquid containing an intimate association of an insoluble liquid drug and a stabilizing agent.
  • the liquid comprising an intimate association of the solvent, insoluble liquid drug and stabilizing agent, may be dried by a process, whereby the insoluble liquid drug remains in close association with the stabilizing agent such that virtually all drug is retained during the process.
  • the product is a dry, solid as mentioned above.
  • the dry solid product upon addition of water or an aqueous solution spontaneously reconstitutes to form an essentially clear stable liquid comprising drug micelle or drug nanodispersions loaded with a liquid biologically active agent.
  • the invention relates to a solid product suitable for reconstitution to a clear, stable solution upon addition of an aqueous solvent thereto, the solid product comprising an intimate mixture of at least one stabilizing agent, and at least one liquid biologically active agent, non-limiting examples of which are propofol, 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, methoxyflurane, and the like, loaded within the stabilizing agent, in such a manner that the liquid biologically active agent is intimately associated with the stabilizing agent in a substantially solid product.
  • the substantially solid product upon rehydration with a reconstituting aqueous solvent or solution is capable of forming the essentially clear stable solution in which at least one biologically active agent is present as nanodispersions or micelles loaded with the at least one biologically active agent.
  • the invention also relates to a process for the production of a solid product suitable for reconstitution to a clear stable solution upon addition of an aqueous solution thereto, which is produced by forming a first mixture comprising a solution of at least one stabilizing agent, and at least one solvent, under conditions to achieve micelle or nanodispersion formation, subsequently adding at least one liquid biologically active agent, such as propofol, 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, methoxyflurane, and the like, to the first mixture in such a manner to load the micelle or nanodispersion therewith and form a second mixture, and treating the second mixture under conditions effective to remove the solvent therefrom while forming a substantially solid product that contains the liquid biologically active agent intimately associated with the stabilizing agent, the solid product upon rehydration being capable of forming an essentially clear stable solution in which the at least one biologically active agent is present as a nonodispersion or micelle loaded with the at least one biologically active agent.
  • a liquid biologically active agent such as propof
  • the invention also comprises a process for the production of a stabilized nanodispersion or loaded micelle containing a liquid biologically active agent by hydrating the above solid product under conditions to provide a stabilized nanodispersion or loaded micelle containing the liquid biologically active agent.
  • the invention also comprises the essentially clear liquid product obtained by reconstituting the solid product defined above, and a method of medical treatment which comprises administering to a patient the above essentially clear liquid comprising a stabilized nanodispersion or loaded micelle of the liquid biologically active agent.
  • the invention additionally comprises a device for producing solid formulations of liquid biologically active agents comprising
  • suitable stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to amphiphilic polymers such as linear, branched or star-shaped block amphiphilic copolymers where the hydrophilic part may include at least one member selected from a group consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), poly(N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), poly(glycidol), poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), poly(vinylalcohol), polymethacrylic acid derivatives, poly(vinylpyridinium), poly((ammoniumalkyl)methacrylate), poly((aminoalkyl)methacrylate) and combinations and derivatives thereof; and wherein the hydrophobic segment may include at least one member which is selected from a group consisting of a poly(ester), poly(ortho ester), poly(amide), poly(ester-amide), poly(anhydride), poly(propylene oxide), poly(
  • the poly(ester) may be at least one member selected from a group consisting of poly( ⁇ -caprolactone), poly(lactide), poly(glycolide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(hydroxy alkanoates) (e.g. poly ( ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate)), poly( ⁇ -hydroxy valerate)), poly ( ⁇ -malic acid), and derivatives thereof.
  • poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) poly(lactide), poly(glycolide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(hydroxy alkanoates) (e.g. poly ( ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate)), poly( ⁇ -hydroxy valerate)), poly ( ⁇ -malic acid), and derivatives thereof.
  • stabilizing agents may include at least one member selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, hexadecyl pyridinium chloride, polysorbates, sorbitans, poly(oxy ethylene) alkyl ethers, poly(oxyethylene) alkyl esters and the like, including various combinations thereof.
  • suitable agents for incorporation into the nanodispersion or micelles produced in accordance with the teachings of the instant invention may include at least one anaesthetic agent, such as propofol, at a physiologically effective amount, preferably provided at a concentration of about 0.1% to 15%, preferably 1% to 10% (w/v), of propofol.
  • anaesthetic agent such as propofol
  • physiologically effective amount preferably provided at a concentration of about 0.1% to 15%, preferably 1% to 10% (w/v) of propofol.
  • physiologically effective amount preferably provided at a concentration of about 0.1% to 15%, preferably 1% to 10% (w/v)
  • personal characteristics including but not limited to age, weight and/or health dictate the physiologically effective amount, or dosage, necessary.
  • Suitable solvents or mixtures thereof will have the ability to solublize appropriate amounts of the stabilizing agent as well as appropriate amounts of liquid biological agent without denaturation or degradation of the liquid biological agent.
  • Preferred solvents (or mixtures of solvents) should be removed during the lyophilization, spray-drying or the like process.
  • non-limiting illustrative examples of such solvents include water, dextrose solution in water, saline, DMSO, DMF, dioxane, pyridine, pyrimidine, and piperidine, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and t-butanol, and acetone, which are useful either alone or in combination, and may be further admixed, e.g. with water, to form a binary mixture.
  • Other solvents may be added in small amounts to facilitate the dissolution of the drug.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of pharmacodynamic effects obtained in vivo 001 (example 3) of Diprivan® versus three propofol polymeric micelle formulations after iv administration at 10 mg/kg in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of the time for righting reflex in pharmacodynamic study #1 (example 3) and #2 (example 9).
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the mean concentration-time profiles of propofol in blood following the intravenous administration of Diprivan® and three PPF-PM formulations (10 mg/kg).
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the mean concentration-time profiles of propofol in plasma following the intravenous administration of Diprivan® and three PPF-PM formulations.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the mean ( ⁇ SD) withdrawal reflex time, time of first movement and time of righting following the intravenous administration of Diprivan®(1), PPF-PM 7%, PPF-PM 10% and PPF-PM 12% in male Sprague-Dawley rats obtained in vivo 003 study (example 10).
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the mean ( ⁇ SD) pay withdrawal reflex time following the intravenous administration of Diprivan® (1), PPF-PM 7% (2), PPF-PM 10% (3) and PPF-PM 12% (4) in male Sprague-Dawley rats obtained in vivo 003 study (example 10).
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in water, in polymer solution in water, propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water for injection and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing E. Coli growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing E. Coli growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing E. Coli growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan®
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan®
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan®.
  • FIG. 19 illustrates colony counts after 24-hour incubation time of all strains and all reconstitution media, polymer solutions and formulations.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic representation of a drug loading procedure and preparation of an essentially clear solution thereof according to the invention.
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a device for producing a solid drug formulation according to the invention.
  • a stabilizing agent e.g. a suitable polymer, copolymer or a surfactant or a dispersing agent, and optionally, an additive, e.g. a buffer, a cryoprotectant/a lyoprotectant/a bulk forming agent or the like (e.g. commercially available poly (vinylpyrrolidone) Kollidon 12 PF® or 17 PF®, BASF) and/or additional stabilizing agents are dissolved in a solvent, e.g.
  • a solvent e.g.
  • a liquid drug here propofol, although any other liquid biologically active agent may be used as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, is added to the first mixture under conditions well known to those skilled in the art, whereby the micelle or nanodispersion will be loaded with the liquid drug in a second mixture in the form of a drug micellar clear solution.
  • a suitable “additive” could be added for purposes well known to those skilled in the art.
  • additives include, but are not limited to buffers, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, analgesics and bulk forming agents.
  • suitable additives include, but are not limited to poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene glycol), sugars (lactose, trehalose), polyols (mannitol), saccharides and amino acids soluble in the solvent or solvent mixture.
  • solvent is understood to mean water alone, water with at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations of water and said at least one non-aqueous organic solvent.
  • additional dissolution enhancing means here stirring, may be employed to aid in the forming of the liquid comprising a biologically active agent, a stabilizing agent and a solvent, prior to treatment to form a solid product.
  • additional dissolution enhancing means may include a process, for example, wherein the mixture may be stirred, vortexed and sonicated, if needed.
  • the solution may also need to be heated to speed up dissolution.
  • the solution is filtered through a sterilizing filter, e.g. through a 0.2 ⁇ m filter. Subsequently, the solution is freeze-dried to form a sterile dry cake or powder or the like.
  • the dried powder or cake is reconstituted with water, saline 0.9%, dextrose 5%, or other suitable solvent, or drug containing aqueous solutions, whereby a stable nanodispersion or loaded micelle is spontaneously produced.
  • the reconstituted formulation comprising nanodispersions or micelles in a suitable (usually aqueous) solvent may be characterized by;
  • the drug loading levels of 1 to 10% w/w were found to produce clear/stable solutions at any volume of reconstitution from 10 mg/mL, (found in commercially available propofol emulsions), to 100 mg/mL.
  • concentration of polymer in water is the limiting factor for reconstitution volume of formulations.
  • albumin does not affect the stability of the propofol formulation of the current invention. Dilutions of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL formulations at 5% w/w, 7% w/w, 10% w/w, and 15% w/w drug loading levels in 35 g/L albumin solutions showed no significant turbidity or differences with reconstituted solutions in water, saline or dextrose. That is, the clear solutions stayed clear, with no visible precipitation of polymer and/or albumin and/or floating propofol (phase separation is not present). Similarly, the opalescent suspensions stayed opalescent, but less so after dilution, with no precipitation of polymer and/or albumin and/or floating propofol.
  • a device for carrying out the preparation of a solid product according to the invention comprises a container 1 which is connected in known manner to a supply 3 of solvent, here water, and a supply 5 of a stabilizing agent, here PVP-PDLLA.
  • a mixer 7 is provided in container 1 to stir the mixture of water and PVP-PDLLA under conditions for forming a micelle or nanodispersion.
  • a supply 9 of propofol is also connected in known manner to container 1 to add propofol thereto once micelle or nanodispersion is achieved through stirrer 7 thereby forming a second mixture comprising a micelle or nanodispersion loaded with propofol.
  • the device also comprises a lyophilizer 19 of known construction connected in known manner to vials 15 through duct 21 downstream of vials 15 .
  • a recipient 23 is finally connected to vials 15 through duct 25 to collect the solid product 27 obtained through lyophilization.
  • the stabilizing agents used are different types of commercially available poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) copolymers, while the liquid biologically active agent is propofol. It is understood that other stabilizing agents and liquid biologically active agents could also be used with similar results as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
  • PVP-PDLLA POLYMER 1 and POLYMER 2 samples were dissolved in mixtures of water and various amounts of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Propofol is then added to the PVP-PDLLA solution. Water is then added to the TBA/PVP-PDLLA/propofol solution to the desired final volume. Final TBA concentration in these solutions was 10-30%. Drug loading levels, % w/w of propofol/(propofol+PVP-PDLLA), were also varied from 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20%. Solutions were then frozen in a dry ice/acetone bath and lyophilized for at least 24 hours.
  • TBA tert-butyl alcohol
  • Lyophilized cakes obtained were then reconstituted by adding water to obtain an aqueous solution of propofol 1% w/v in less than 30 seconds.
  • aqueous solution of propofol 1% w/v in less than 30 seconds.
  • PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 1) is dissolved directly in water at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 ⁇ m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath or in ⁇ 80° C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water for injection.
  • FIG. 1 is a sleep/recovery study upon iv administration of 10 mg/kl of propofol formulation in rats (onset of sleep less than 1 min).
  • PVP-PDLLA (lot # POLYMER 3) is dissolved in water at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 ⁇ m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water.
  • PVP-PDLLA (lot# POLYMER 2) is dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. 10% drug loading level is tested. Water is then added to obtain a 1% w/v propofol concentration and a sodium phosphate buffer concentration ranging from 10 to 100 mM. Osmolality, pH and particle size of reconstituted solutions were obtained (table 4). TABLE 4 pH, Osmolality and particle size as a function of sodium phosphate buffer concentration and time. Phosphate Time after buffer conc. reconstitution Osmolality Particle size (mM) hours pH (mOsm) (nm) ca. 100 0 7.4 356 41 ca. 24 7.1 369 36 75 0 7.3 323 35 ca. 24 7.1 336 32 50 0 7.2 232 32 ca. 24 6.9 241 30 10 0 6.5 105 29 ca. 24 5.9 110 30
  • PVP-PDLLA (lot # POLYMER 1, POLYMER 2, POLYMER 3, POLYMER 4 and POLYMER 5) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL.
  • Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained.
  • the solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol and 70 mM of sodium phosphate buffer concentration. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 ⁇ m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath or in ⁇ 80° C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours.
  • PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 4) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at concentrations between 140 to 300 mg/mL, depending on drug loading level.
  • One of the two 10% w/w drug loading level formulations was dissolved in water.
  • Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solutions and mixed until homogenous solutions are obtained.
  • the solutions are then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol and 70 mM of sodium phosphate buffer concentration. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 ⁇ m sterile filters and frozen in ⁇ 80° C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours.
  • Lyophilized solid formulations of propofol-PM were reconstituted to a homogenous solution by adding water for injection (WFI) or dextrose 5% w/v for injection (sample MT050816-3). Final propofol concentration in solutions is 1%, equivalent to the commercial formulation Diprivan®.
  • Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected a bolus dose of 10 mg/kg in 60 seconds. Pharmacodynamic parameters were then measured. Tables 8 and 9 present selected characteristics and parameters of interest.
  • Kp RBC Plasma partition coefficient of propofol in blood following a single intravenous dose (target 10 mg/kg) of Diprivan ® and 3 PPF-PM formulations (7, 10 and 12%) Time Kp Kp PPF-PM 7% Kp PPF-PM Kp PPF-PM (min) Diprivan ® W/W 10% w/w 12% w/w 1 8.5 10.4 14.0 15.7 3 7.6 9.9 12.0 11.3 5 6.4 5.8 9.8 10.5 7.5 5.6 5.9 5.9 7.0 10 3.7 4.2 4.2 5.7 15 2.1 4.1 3.9 3.2 30 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.5 60 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 75 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6
  • PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 1) was dissolved directly in water at concentrations between 140 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol (7%, 9%, 10% and 12% w/w drug loading levels). The solutions were then filtered using 0.2 ⁇ m sterile filters and frozen in ethanol/dry ice bath before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes were reconstituted by adding sterile dextrose 5% for injection to yield a propofol concentration of 1% w/v (10 mg/mL).
  • 0.01% w/v (1/100 dilution) the light scattering signal was very weak for obvious reasons.
  • the sample at 7% w/w drug loading level was the only one measured at 0.01% w/v-propofol concentration. All solutions were stable visually and no phase separation or precipitation was observed upon dilution. Characteristics of these formulations are presented in the table below.
  • Formulations prepared as per example 2 were reconstituted in three different media (water for injection, dextrose 5% w/v and saline 0.9% w/v) inoculated with 4 different strains of bacteria. Furthermore, reconstitution media alone (saline, dextrose 5% and water for injection) and polymer solutions without any propofol in all three different reconstitution media were also inoculated for comparison. 1 ⁇ 10 4 cfu/mL were added to each articles tested (solutions, formulations, media). Dirpivan® emulsion was also inoculated for comparison. Characteristics of polymer solutions and formulations follow (table) and graphical results on microbial proliferation in different tests are presented below.
  • results of the microbial growth study indicate that the PVP-PLA solutions of the invention (containing no propofol) are most of the time not significantly different than proliferation observed in the reconstitution media (water for injection, saline 0.9% w/v and dextrose 5% w/v) alone.
  • the addition of propofol to form the propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) formulations demonstrates that the intrinsic bactericidal property of propofol is active in killing all bacteria inoculated, independent on the reconstitution media or the polymer. Diprivan® as shown highest microbial growth support in all cases.
  • PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 4) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Propofol is added to the solution and mixed. Once the clear solution is obtained, the solution is diluted to 1% w/v propofol concentration and a final buffer concentration of 75 mM. The solutions were then lyophilized. The freeze dried cakes were then reconstituted directly with 2%, 1% and 0.2% w/v lidocaine solutions. Particle size and pH of solutions were measured daily over a period of 5 days. Results are presented below.

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