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US20060191600A1 - Steel and component of structural equipment for use in a hydrogen gas environment, and a method for the manufacture thereof - Google Patents

Steel and component of structural equipment for use in a hydrogen gas environment, and a method for the manufacture thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060191600A1
US20060191600A1 US11/297,419 US29741905A US2006191600A1 US 20060191600 A1 US20060191600 A1 US 20060191600A1 US 29741905 A US29741905 A US 29741905A US 2006191600 A1 US2006191600 A1 US 2006191600A1
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steel
oxide film
hydrogen
atom
heat treatment
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Tomohiko Omura
Masaaki Igarashi
Mitsuo Miyahara
Kazuhiro Ogawa
Hiroyuki Semba
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Individual
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Assigned to SUMITOMO METAL INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment SUMITOMO METAL INDUSTRIES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SEMBA, HIROYUKI, OMURA, TOMOHIKO, IGARASHI, MASAAKI, MIYAHARA, MITSUO, OGAWA, KAZUHIRO
Publication of US20060191600A1 publication Critical patent/US20060191600A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
    • C23C8/10—Oxidising
    • C23C8/16—Oxidising using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. water, carbon dioxide
    • C23C8/18—Oxidising of ferrous surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/76—Adjusting the composition of the atmosphere
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a steel which can be used in a hydrogen gas environment, to a method for its manufacture, and to vessels, piping, and accessories made from the steel. More particularly, it relates to a steel which does not undergo hydrogen embrittlement when used in a hydrogen gas environment, particularly when exposed to a high pressure hydrogen gas environment of 35 MPa or above, and to a method for its manufacture, and to components of structural equipment such as gas cylinders, piping, valves, or other equipment and to accessories therefor which are exposed to a high pressure hydrogen gas environment and which are used in fuel cell automobiles or hydrogen gas stations.
  • Fuel cell automobiles obtain electric power using hydrogen and oxygen as fuels, and they are attracting attention as the next generation of clean automobiles which do not discharge harmful substances such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), or sulfur oxides (SO x ) as do conventional gasoline-powered automobiles or diesel-powered automobiles.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • NO x nitrogen oxides
  • SO x sulfur oxides
  • fuel cell automobiles equipped with a hydrogen gas cylinder were sold in 2002, and a number of fuel cell automobiles have already been used as government vehicles for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, for example, and it is planned to introduce 5 million vehicles by the year 2020.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a steel which does not undergo hydrogen embrittlement even when used in a hydrogen gas environment and a method for its manufacture, and a vessel used in high pressure hydrogen gas or other components of structural equipment made from this steel.
  • Test pieces measuring 50 mm wide, 50 mm long, and 0.5 mm thick were taken from steel sheets having the chemical compositions shown in Table 1, they were placed into an autoclave filled with hydrogen gas at 100° C. and 35 MPa, and after an exposure test was carried out for 300 hours, the amount of hydrogen absorbed by the steel was analyzed.
  • the results for conventional examples are shown in Table 2 as Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6. It was confirmed that a large amount of hydrogen on the order of approximately 15-30 ppm was absorbed.
  • the present inventors formed a Fe oxide film, a Fe—Mn oxide film, a Cr oxide film, or an Al oxide film on the surface of test pieces by heat treatment in air, and they ascertained whether an effect of suppressing hydrogen penetration was produced.
  • a material which absorbs several tens of ppm of hydrogen even in such an environment absorbs and stores even a larger amount of hydrogen in a higher pressure hydrogen gas environment, and the danger of hydrogen embrittlement further increases.
  • Nos. 9-11 in Table 2 show examples in which heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere containing a controlled partial pressure of steam was carried out and a complicated oxide film was formed on the surface of the base metal
  • Nos. 12-14 show examples in which heat treatment in air was carried out as initial heat treatment and then heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere containing a controlled partial pressure of steam was carried out as second heat treatment, and a compound oxide film was formed on the surface of the base metal It can be seen that when the amount of absorbed hydrogen at this time was at most approximately 3 ppm, permeation of hydrogen was effectively prevented. The amount of absorbed hydrogen was measured in the same manner for the conventional examples of Table 2.
  • a chemically stable Cr oxide film or Al oxide film as a single phase as much as possible and to avoid intermixing therein of oxides such as Fe oxides or Mn oxides.
  • oxides such as Fe oxides or Mn oxides.
  • a compound oxide film containing a prescribed amount of Fe, Cr, and Al in the form of oxides provides the greatest effect of preventing hydrogen permeation.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship of the film thickness and the amount of Cr in a film to a hydrogen penetration suppressing effect.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are graphs showing the distribution of alloying elements inside a conventional single phase oxide film.
  • FIGS. 4-9 are graphs showing the distribution of alloying elements inside a compound oxide film according to the present invention.
  • composition of a compound oxide film on the surface layer of a steel according to the present invention is restricted in the above-described manner.
  • the composition of a “compound oxide film” is prescribed in “atom %”, while the steel composition itself is prescribed in “mass %”.
  • a compound oxide film having a complicated and fine structure is formed on the surface of the steel.
  • composition of a compound oxide film for preventing hydrogen permeation contains at least two substances selected from the group consisting of Cr, Fe, and Al in the form of an oxide. Representative combinations thereof are the following four combinations. Cr and Fe, Fe and Al, Cr and Al, and Cr and Fe and Al.
  • the contents of Fe, Cr, and Al in these four compound oxide films are at least 5 atom % for each element.
  • the structure can be made even more complicated and fine, and the effect of preventing hydrogen permeation can be further strengthened.
  • the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in oxides is extremely low compared to that in metals. Accordingly, even with a single phase oxide film, it should be possible to produce an effect of suppressing penetration of hydrogen by forming an oxide film.
  • Al is characterized by exhibiting anti-affinity for hydrogen, and it produces an even stronger effect of suppressing hydrogen penetration.
  • the thickness is at least 100 nm.
  • the thickness of this compound oxide film is at least 100 nm.
  • the thickness of this compound oxide film is preferably at most 1000 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the thickness of a compound oxide film on the surface of a steel and the amount of Cr (atom %) in the film based on data in examples to be described below.
  • a solid circle indicates an example of the present invention in which the amount of absorbed hydrogen was less than 10 ppm, and a solid triangle indicates a comparative example in which the amount of absorbed hydrogen was at least 10 ppm.
  • oxides of Al and/or Fe were included in the film at this time. From FIG. 1 , it can be seen that in either case, an effect of preventing hydrogen permeation was obtained if the film thickness was at least 100 nm.
  • the thickness of the compound oxide film at this time refers to the distance from the surface to the depth at which the amount of oxygen becomes 1 ⁇ 2.
  • a covering comprising a metal layer of Al, Cu, or Zn may be formed atop the above-described compound oxide film by plating or flame coating, for example, whereby the effect of preventing hydrogen permeation is further increased.
  • This metal layer itself has no effect on suppressing hydrogen permeation, but these metal elements have an anti-affinity for hydrogen. Thus, they have the effect of decreasing adsorption of hydrogen. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable to form a metal layer having a thickness of at least 100 nm.
  • the metal elements may be in elemental form, or they may be in the form of an alloy.
  • the above-described metal layer includes all alloys of Al, Cu, and Zn.
  • one or two stages of oxidizing heat treatment are carried out while controlling the temperature, the atmosphere, and the time.
  • heat treatment is carried out by holding in air at 600-900° C. for at least 3 minutes and at most 2 hours to form an oxide film formed primarily of Fe. If the treatment temperature at this time is less than 600° C. or if the heat treatment time is less than 3 minutes, an oxide film formed primarily of Fe does not adequately grow. If the heat treatment temperature exceeds 900° C., there is excessive formation of an oxide film formed primarily of Fe, and a compound oxide film is not formed in the subsequent second heat treatment. In addition, a heat treatment time which exceeds 2 hours leads to a decrease in productivity, which is undesirable.
  • heat treatment is carried out by holding in a hydrogen atmosphere at a partial pressure of steam of 10 ⁇ 8 to 10 ⁇ 1 MPa at a temperature of at least 700° C. and preferably at least 1000° C. and at most 1200° C. for at least 3 minutes and at most 2 hours, and the oxide film formed primarily of Fe which is obtained from the above-described initial heat treatment is modified to obtain a compound oxide film.
  • a compound oxide film having an oxide film of Cr or Al intermixed with an oxide film of Fe is formed.
  • a compound oxide film containing primarily oxides of Cr and Al can be formed.
  • This heat treatment also serves as solid solution heat treatment for dissolving carbides and intermetallic compounds in the steel, so it has the effect of guaranteeing corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the base metal.
  • the above-described initial heat treatment may be omitted and just the second heat treatment may be carried out from the start.
  • a low alloy steel containing at least 0.3% and less than 12% of Cr or a stainless steel containing 12-30% of Cr and 0.005-6% of Al is preferred.
  • second heat treatment is performed while controlling the partial pressure of steam to be in the range of 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 2 MPa.
  • a compound oxide film containing Fe and Al, or Cr and Al, or Fe and Cr and Al can be formed by using a steel containing at least 0.005% of Al in steel.
  • a base metal containing at least 1% of Al can be used, and after performing initial heat treatment, or without performing it, heat treatment can be performed while controlling the steam partial pressure to be within the range of 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 4 MPa.
  • the initial heat treatment is preferably omitted, and a desired Al containing compound oxide film can be easily obtained by conducting only second heat treatment in which the steam vapor pressure is controlled to be in the range of 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 4 MPa This is because Al is an element which easily oxidizes compared to Fe or Cr. If a large amount of Al is contained in steel, a compound oxide film formed primarily of Al and Cr having a sufficient thickness can be obtained.
  • the base metal on which a compound oxide film containing two or more of Fe, Cr, and Al is formed there are no particular restrictions on the base metal on which a compound oxide film containing two or more of Fe, Cr, and Al is formed as long as such a compound oxide film can be formed.
  • the base metal is preferably one containing 0.3-30 mass % of Cr.
  • the base metal contains, in mass %, at least 0.3-30% or higher of Cr, and if necessary it contains 0.005-6% of Al.
  • a steel having such a composition has low susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement in a hydrogen gas environment and particularly in a high pressure hydrogen gas environment. Accordingly, this steel is extremely useful for components of structural equipment used in high pressure hydrogen gas such as vessels and piping and accessories therefor (such as valves and measuring equipment).
  • a steel having a compound oxide film according to the present invention can of course be used in a hydrogen gas environment of less than 35 MPa.
  • According to the present invention may be used in the form of pipes, plates, shaped members, and rods, for example.
  • Penetration of hydrogen to the base metal can be effectively prevented by forming an oxide film by heat treatment. If the steel is first formed into a final shape by usual means, and then the compound oxide film is formed on the surface thereof by heat treatment, treatment for preventing absorption of hydrogen can be carried out even on a product having a complicated shape.
  • the structure of the base metal of a steel according to the present invention is preferably an austenitic stainless steel from the standpoint of preventing hydrogen embrittlement.
  • a ferritic stainless steel or a martensitic stainless steel or a two-phase stainless steel may also be used.
  • a low alloy steel may also be used.
  • An austenitic steel which is a preferred base metal in an embodiment of the present invention, has a basic chemical composition containing, in mass %, C: at most 0.04%, Si: at most 1.0%, P: at most 0.03%, S: at most 0.01%, Cr: 12-30%, Ni: 5-30%, Al: 0.005-6%, and O (oxygen): at most 0.01%. If necessary, it can further include the following optional elements.
  • C is present in steel as an impurity. If its content exceeds 0.04%, it becomes easy for carbides to precipitate, and rusting resistance and pitting resistance decrease. Therefore, its upper limit is defined as 0.04%.
  • Si may be present in steel as an impurity, or it may be deliberately added as an alloying element. If its content exceeds 1.0%, it promotes the formation of intermetallic compounds, and hot workability and toughness decrease. Therefore, its upper limit is made 1.0%.
  • P is present in steel as an impurity. It dissolves in an active form and lowers resistance to rusting and pitting. If the P content exceeds 0.03%, these effects become marked, so its content is made at most 0.03%.
  • the P content is preferably made as low as possible.
  • S is present in steel in a form of sulfide inclusions. If these sulfides dissolve, rusting resistance and pitting resistance decrease. If the S content exceeds 0.01%, this effect becomes marked, so its content is made at most 0.01%.
  • the S content is preferably to be as low as possible.
  • Ni is an element which stabilizes an austenite phase, but its effect is inadequate if its content is less than 5%. On the other hand, if it is contained in excess of 30%, resistance to hydrogen embrittlement decreases, and its upper limit is preferably made 30%.
  • Al is an important element in the present invention. It forms a compound oxide film together with Fe and Cr on the surface of steel and it produces the effect of suppressing hydrogen penetration. For this purpose, its content is made at least 0.005%. If its content is at least 1% and heat treatment is carried out in a prescribed atmosphere, Al oxides are formed in the surface layer, and it manifests the effect of suppressing hydrogen permeation. On the other hand, if its content is too high, intermetallic compounds and Al nitrides precipitate, and hot workability and toughness decrease. Therefore, its upper limit is preferably 6%.
  • O is unavoidably present in steel. It is present in the form of oxide inclusions. Oxide inclusions present in a surface layer become the starting point of pitting and worsen pitting resistance. If the content of O (oxygen) exceeds 0.01%, the amount of coarse oxides increase, and this tendency becomes marked, so its upper limit is defined as 0.01%. The content of O (oxygen) is preferably to be as low as possible.
  • N has the effect of increasing pitting resistance.
  • at least 0.3% of Mn, at least 0.05% of N (nitrogen), at least 0.3% of Cu, and at least 0.3% of Co is included. If too much of any of these is included, it decreases hot workability and toughness. Thus, an the upper limits are restricted to 30% for Mn, 0.5% for N (nitrogen), 5% for Cu, and 10% for Co.
  • these elements need not be included, but if they are included, they act to fix C and N in steel as carbonitrides. In addition, these elements act as solid solution strengthening elements in steel, and they increase the strength of the base metal. In order to obtain these effects, at least one is included each in an amount of at least 0.001%. If their contents are too high, their effects saturate, so the upper limit for Ti is 0.1%, the upper limit for Zr is 0.1%, the upper limit for Nb is 0.2%, the upper limit for V is 1.0%, the upper limit for Ta is 0.4%, and the upper limit for Hf is 0.1%.
  • B 0.0001-0.02%
  • Mg 0.0001-0.005%
  • Ca 0.0001-0.005%
  • La 0.0001-0.2%
  • Ce 0.0001-0.2%
  • Y 0.0001-0.4%
  • Sm 0.0001-0.4%
  • Pr 0.0001-0.4%
  • Nd 0.0001-0.5%
  • B prevents grain boundary segregation of P and S, while Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd fix S to form a sulfide, whereby the hot workability of the steel is improved.
  • Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd fix S to form a sulfide, whereby the hot workability of the steel is improved.
  • La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd are included in the oxide film in minute amounts, they have the effects of forming a dense oxide film and suppressing hydrogen penetration.
  • B forms carbo-borides, while Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd form excessive amounts of oxide inclusions and reduce hot workability and toughness.
  • the upper limit on B is made 0.02%
  • the upper limit on Mg is made 0.005%
  • the upper limit on Ca is made 0.005%
  • the upper limit on La is made 0.2%
  • the upper limit on Ce is made 0.2%
  • the upper limit on Y is made 0.4%
  • the upper limit on Sm is made 0.4%
  • the upper limit on Pr is made 0.4%
  • the upper limit on Nd is made 0.5%.
  • an austenite single phase structure is most suitable. However, if at least 90% by volume is an austenite phase, the reminder may be a ferrite phase, a martensite phase, or precipitates and intermetallic compounds.
  • the following low alloy steel is preferably used as a base metal.
  • the base metal contains, in mass %, at least 0.3% of Cr.
  • a content of 12% or more leads to an increase in manufacturing costs, so the upper limit is made less than 12%.
  • a low alloy steel refers to a steel having a Cr content of at least 0.3% and less than 12%.
  • a low alloy steel according to the present invention has the above-described Cr content, but preferably the low alloy steel has the following contents of C, Si, Mn, and B.
  • the hardenability of the steel is increased and a high strength can be obtained.
  • At least one substance selected from the below-described alloying element groups (i) and/or (ii) and/or (iii) may be included in a low alloy steel according to the present invention.
  • the content of each is preferably at least 0.001%.
  • the upper limit for Mo is made 2%
  • the upper limit for W is made 4%
  • the upper limit for Ti is made 0.1%
  • the upper limit for Zr is made 0.1%
  • the upper limit for Nb is made 0.2%
  • the upper limit for V is made 1.0%
  • the upper limit for Ta is made 0.4%
  • the upper limit for Hf is made 0.4%.
  • the content of Al is preferably at least 0.005% and the contents of the others are preferably at least 0.0001% each. However, if their contents are too high, their effects saturate, so the upper limits are preferably 1% for Al, 0.005% for Mg, 0.005% for Ca, 0.2% for La, 0.2% for Ce, 0.4% for Y, 0.4% for Sm, 0.4% for Pr, and 0.5% for Nd.
  • At least one of these elements has the effect of increasing rusting resistance and weathering resistance.
  • at least 0.1% of Ni, at least 0.3% of Cu, and at least 0.3% of Co are preferably included. Too high a content thereof causes their effects to saturate and leads to an increase in costs, so the upper limits are preferably 5% for Ni, 5% for Cu, and 10% for Co.
  • a low alloy steel according to the present invention contains various impurities in the same manner as a usual low alloy steel.
  • P, S, O (oxygen), and N are preferably limited as set forth below.
  • a low alloy steel which is one preferred base metal of a steel according to the present invention, but in order to obtain good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, it preferably has a lower bainite structure or a tempered martensite structure.
  • the composition and thickness of the compound oxide film formed on the surface was measured by the secondary ion mass spectroscopy method (SIMS) using nitrogen gas ions as sputtering gas. Namely, the atom % of Fe, Cr, Al. Mn, and Si was measured at various depths below the surface. Quantitative measurement of the amount of oxygen is difficult from a standpoint of accuracy, and the qualitative change from the surface was measured.
  • SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy method
  • the distance from the surface to the depth at which the amount of oxygen became 1 ⁇ 2 was defined as the “thickness of the oxide film”.
  • the content of the alloying elements in the oxides was the average value over this thickness of the oxide film.
  • test piece was placed into an autoclave filled with hydrogen gas at 100° C. and 35 MPa, and an exposure test was carried out for 300 hours.
  • a metal layer of Al, Cu, and Zn was provided by flame coating prior to the exposure test, and then the test was carried out.
  • the test pieces were recovered after the exposure test, and after removing an oxide film on the surface by machine grinding, the amount of hydrogen absorbed into the steel was analyzed. Analysis of the amount of hydrogen was carried out by the thermal conductiometric method after fusion in a current of inert gas.
  • Table 4 shows the composition and thickness of the oxide film obtained in this example, the amount of absorbed hydrogen, and the heat treatment conditions for each type of steel.
  • Nos. 1-50 are examples of this invention. For each of these, the amount of absorbed hydrogen was at most 10 ppm. Nos. 51-70 are comparative examples.
  • an Fe—Cr compound oxide film was formed in each case, and the amount of absorbed hydrogen due to exposure was a low value of at most 3 ppm.
  • an Fe—Cr compound oxide film containing at least 30 atom % of each of Fe and Cr was formed, and it can be seen that the amount of absorbed hydrogen was an extremely low value of at most 0.5 ppm for the low alloy steels and at most 1.0 ppm for the stainless steels.
  • Nos. 4-6 and 24-26 were test pieces having a metal layer of Al, Cu, or Zn formed by flame coating atop the oxide film.
  • the amount of absorbed hydrogen for these was an extremely low value of at most 0.5 ppm.
  • a compound oxide film containing all three of Fe, Cr, and Al was formed on a stainless steel base metal, and the amount of absorbed hydrogen after the exposure test was a sufficiently low value of less than 5 ppm.
  • the amount of absorbed hydrogen was at most 1.0 ppm, and almost no hydrogen was absorbed.
  • Nos. 51-70 were comparative examples. For each of these, at least 10 ppm of hydrogen was absorbed, and there was no effect of suppressing hydrogen penetration.
  • FIGS. 2 through 9 are graphs schematically showing analysis by the secondary ion mass spectroscopy method of the composition of compound oxide films obtained in this example.
  • FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show the results of analysis of the composition of a conventional single-phase oxide film. They correspond to Nos. 58 and 61, respectively, in Table 4, which are comparative examples.
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 5 atom % of Fe and at least 5 atom % of Cr. This corresponds to No. 1 in Table 4, which is an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 5 atom % of Fe, at least 5 atom % of Cr, and at least 5 atom % of Al. This corresponds to No. 28 in Table 4, which is an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 5 atom % of Al and at least 5 atom % of Cr. This corresponds to No. 46 in Table 4, which is an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 5 atom % of Fe and at least 5 atom % of Al. This corresponds to No. 45 of Table 4, which is an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 30 atom % of Fe and at least 30 atom % of Cr. This corresponds to No. 15 of Table 4 which is an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 shows the results of analysis of the composition of a compound oxide film containing at least 50 atom % of Al. This corresponds to No. 27 of Table 4, which is an example of the present invention.
  • TABLE 3 Chemical Composition (mass %, balance of Fe and inpurities) Steel C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Al A 0.061 0.17 1.27 0.005 0.001 0.55 — — B 0.392 0.20 0.80 0.025 0.010 1.11 — 0.031 C 0.051 0.12 1.08 0.008 0.008 0.30 — — D 0.410 0.10 0.45 0.009 0.005 1.21 — — E 0.232 0.23 0.20 0.005 0.001 3.01 — 0.028 F 0.273 0.45 0.40 0.003 0.002 5.01 — — G 0.251 0.10 0.45 0.006 0.001 8.98 — — H 0.404 0.23 0.44 0.010 0.005 11.58 — 0.031 I 0.011 0.23 0.43 0.020 0.002
  • a steel according to the present invention does not experience penetration of hydrogen into the steel when it is used in a hydrogen gas environment and particularly when it is used in a high pressure hydrogen gas environment of at least 35 MPa, so it provides excellent resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.
  • a steel according to the present invention does not experience penetration of hydrogen into the steel when it is used in a hydrogen gas environment and particularly when it is used in a high pressure hydrogen gas environment of at least 35 MPa, so it provides excellent resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
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US11/297,419 2003-06-10 2005-12-09 Steel and component of structural equipment for use in a hydrogen gas environment, and a method for the manufacture thereof Abandoned US20060191600A1 (en)

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US20110014083A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2011-01-20 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Stainless steel used for oil country tubular goods
US20130004883A1 (en) * 2010-02-04 2013-01-03 Harumatu Miura High-nitrogen stainless steel pipe with high strength, high ductility, and excellent corrosion and heat resistance and process for producing same
JP2014134411A (ja) * 2013-01-09 2014-07-24 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 分析方法
US20140342150A1 (en) * 2012-05-31 2014-11-20 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Non-oriented electrical steel sheet
CN105886734A (zh) * 2016-06-24 2016-08-24 相城区黄桥荣翔金属制品厂 一种五金件低温预热热处理工艺
US9777356B2 (en) * 2012-05-21 2017-10-03 Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Austenitic Fe—Ni—Cr alloy
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US20220042175A1 (en) * 2020-08-05 2022-02-10 Asahimekki Corporation Stainless steel structure excellent in hydrogen embrittlement resistance and corrosion resistance and method for manufacturing the same
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Cited By (20)

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US20080050265A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2008-02-28 Masaaki Igarashi Low alloy steel
US20090191417A1 (en) * 2008-01-25 2009-07-30 Oerlikon Trading Ag, Truebbach Permeation barrier layer
US8652589B2 (en) * 2008-01-25 2014-02-18 Oerlikon Trading Ag, Truebbach Permeation barrier layer
CN105695934A (zh) * 2008-01-25 2016-06-22 欧瑞康贸易股份公司(特吕巴赫) 渗透阻挡层
US11485543B2 (en) * 2008-01-25 2022-11-01 Oerlikon Surface Solutions Ag, Pfäffikon Permeation barrier layer
US20110014083A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2011-01-20 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Stainless steel used for oil country tubular goods
US10633733B2 (en) * 2010-02-04 2020-04-28 Harumatu Miura High-nitrogen stainless-steel pipe with high strength high ductility, and excellent corrosion and heat resistance
US20130004883A1 (en) * 2010-02-04 2013-01-03 Harumatu Miura High-nitrogen stainless steel pipe with high strength, high ductility, and excellent corrosion and heat resistance and process for producing same
US9777356B2 (en) * 2012-05-21 2017-10-03 Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Austenitic Fe—Ni—Cr alloy
US20140342150A1 (en) * 2012-05-31 2014-11-20 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Non-oriented electrical steel sheet
JP2014134411A (ja) * 2013-01-09 2014-07-24 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 分析方法
US11674212B2 (en) 2014-03-28 2023-06-13 Kubota Corporation Cast product having alumina barrier layer
CN105886734A (zh) * 2016-06-24 2016-08-24 相城区黄桥荣翔金属制品厂 一种五金件低温预热热处理工艺
WO2018158669A1 (en) 2017-03-01 2018-09-07 Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. Anti-coking iron spinel surface
US11186905B2 (en) 2017-03-01 2021-11-30 Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. Anti-coking iron spinel surface
US12065744B2 (en) 2017-03-01 2024-08-20 Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. Anti-coking iron spinel surface
US20220042175A1 (en) * 2020-08-05 2022-02-10 Asahimekki Corporation Stainless steel structure excellent in hydrogen embrittlement resistance and corrosion resistance and method for manufacturing the same
US20230047305A1 (en) * 2021-08-13 2023-02-16 Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation Metal component for electrochemical stack and electrochemical stack
CN114107630A (zh) * 2021-11-19 2022-03-01 北京科技大学 提高马氏体不锈钢抗氢脆性的热处理方法、不锈钢及应用
EP4579118A1 (en) * 2023-12-29 2025-07-02 Duksan Aetherct Co,. Ltd. High-pressure fluid storage container with oxidation resistance/hydrogen embrittlement resistance through surface treatment

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WO2004111291A1 (ja) 2004-12-23
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EP1650320A4 (en) 2007-05-09
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CN1833046A (zh) 2006-09-13
CA2528746A1 (en) 2004-12-23
DE602004031845D1 (de) 2011-04-28

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