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US20060141054A1 - Metal coordinated compositions - Google Patents

Metal coordinated compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060141054A1
US20060141054A1 US11/257,504 US25750405A US2006141054A1 US 20060141054 A1 US20060141054 A1 US 20060141054A1 US 25750405 A US25750405 A US 25750405A US 2006141054 A1 US2006141054 A1 US 2006141054A1
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Prior art keywords
complex
magnesium
metal
zinc
biologically active
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Abandoned
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US11/257,504
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Piccariello
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Synthonics Inc
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Synthonics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Priority to US11/257,504 priority Critical patent/US20060141054A1/en
Application filed by Synthonics Inc filed Critical Synthonics Inc
Publication of US20060141054A1 publication Critical patent/US20060141054A1/en
Priority to AU2006306722A priority patent/AU2006306722C1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/031757 priority patent/WO2007050181A2/fr
Priority to CA2938320A priority patent/CA2938320A1/fr
Priority to CA2627343A priority patent/CA2627343C/fr
Priority to JP2008537702A priority patent/JP5457674B2/ja
Priority to EP06801494.3A priority patent/EP1945191B1/fr
Assigned to SYNTHONICS, INC. reassignment SYNTHONICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PICCARIELLO, THOMAS
Priority to US11/824,411 priority patent/US7799937B2/en
Priority to US12/317,931 priority patent/US7989440B2/en
Priority to US12/788,073 priority patent/US8779175B2/en
Priority to US13/183,972 priority patent/US8389726B2/en
Priority to US13/786,123 priority patent/US20130184447A1/en
Priority to US14/290,877 priority patent/US9624256B2/en
Priority to US14/547,803 priority patent/US20150080433A1/en
Priority to US15/476,533 priority patent/US20170204127A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • This invention relates to novel metal coordinated complexes of biologically active molecules.
  • the structure of known biologically active molecules is modified to result in new molecules known as metal coordinated complexes.
  • These new molecules have unexpectedly superior properties.
  • the metal coordinated complexes of the current invention include complexes of thyronine, tetracycline antibiotics, oxycodone and hydrocodone, and complexes of their derivatives.
  • Chelation is a critical component in the stabilization of a metal coordinated complex.
  • the log K eq of the acetic acid-magnesium complex is 0.47.
  • the log K eq With the incorporation of a single amino group on the molecule (i.e., glycine) the log K eq increased to 1.34.
  • the active agent chelate with the metal, particularly if the metal is magnesium.
  • the active agents that make the best candidates for complexing with magnesium and calcium are those that have a proton on a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur) with a pK a slightly greater than water or lower than water and have an additional heteroatom in close proximity to the first protonated heteroatom such that it can participate in the bonding, or otherwise chelate, with the metal.
  • Drugs that have this arrangement of functional groups are most likely going to bond with a metal, where the resultant metal coordinated active agent will be stable enough in a biological system and survive hydrolysis therein, such that the performance of the active agent will be sufficiently modulated.
  • the active agents that make the best candidates for complexing with zinc and the p-block metals are the same as those with the s-block metals with the additional flexibility that if the active agent has two nitrogens, a nitrogen and a mercaptan or two mercaptans in a proper chelation arrangement, then the presence of a proton on a heteroatom is not necessary to form a stable metal coordinated complex. It is a further embodiment of this invention that transition metals have further ligation flexibility in that chelation is even less required for their covalent coordination complexes if the ligands have at least one nitrogen or mercapto group.
  • the active agents which are embodied in this invention can be divided into chemical classes as shown in Table 1 (actually they may be divided into combinations of chemical classes to reflect the heterogenous chelation potential).
  • the drugs listed in Table 1 are not intended to be an exhaustive list of all drugs that satisfy the embodiment of this invention but a representation of the chemical classes that exist in pharmaceuticals and that other pharmaceuticals that are of the same class listed in Table 1 or have arrangements of atoms that is satisfied by the embodiments of this invention are also claimed by this invention.
  • TABLE 1 Biologically active molecules that form coordination complexs in accordance with the Invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of Magnesocene in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of (Cyclopentadienyl)- t butylmethylbis(N,N′-[2,6-diisopropylphenyl]amidinate)magnesium in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of magnesium:salicylaldehyde complex in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the structure of Magnesium phthalocyanine in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an outer sphere RNA:magnesium coordination complex in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an inner sphere RNA:magnesium coordination complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an RNA:magnesium:arginine coordination complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a substituted arginine:magnesium complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates salicylic acid and polymer bound arginine complexed with magnesium in the inner sphere and peptides encapsulating the ligand:metal complex in the outer sphere in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a magnesium:oxycodone complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the proton NMR of Bis(triiodothyroninato)-bis(dimethylsulfoxide)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the proton NMR of Triiodothyronine (T3) in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the proton NMR of Bis(triiodothyroninato)zinc in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the proton NMR of Dimethylbiguanide:Zinc complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates the proton NMR of Dimethylbiguanide in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates the proton NMR of Tetracycline in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates the proton NMR of Bis(tetracyclinato)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates the proton NMR of Tetracycline-magnesium complex with 1N HCl added in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 19 illustrates the proton NMR of Tetracycline with 1N HCl added in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 20 illustrates the proton NMR of Hydrochlorothiazide in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 21 illustrates the proton NMR of Hydrochlorothiazide-Zinc complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 22 illustrates the proton NMR of Hydrochlorothiazide-Zinc complex with 1N HCl added in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 23 illustrates the proton NMR Bis(acycloguanosinato)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 24 illustrates the structure of Bis(triiodothyroninato)-bis(dimethylsulfoxide)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 25 illustrates the structure of Bis(triiodothyroninato)zinc in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 26 illustrates the structure of Bis(minocyclinato)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 27 illustrates the structure of Bis(tetracyclinato)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 28 illustrates the structure of Dimethylbiguanide-zinc complex in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 29 illustrates the structure of Bis(acycloguanosinato)magnesium in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 30 illustrates the relative pharmacokinetic profile of T3, T3Mg, T3Zn in a rat animal model in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 31 illustrates the IEF profiles of magnesium and zinc iRNA complexes in accordance with the present invention.
  • the rows labeled “A” refer to complexes prepared in anhydrous conditions.
  • the rows labeled “W” refer to complexes prepared in water.
  • ⁇ G is the Gibbs free energy and indicates the thermodynamic stability of the compound. The more negative ⁇ G is the more stable the compound.
  • R is the gas constant
  • T is the absolute temperature
  • K is the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant is expressed as a ratio of products over reactants.
  • thermodynamic stability of a compound is directly related to the increasing value of the equilibrium constant.
  • K diss [M][L] x /[ML x ] Equation 3
  • ionic ligands such as F ⁇
  • Bonding between Li + and Be 2+ with Cp ligands is mostly ionic due to the low energy state of the contributing metal bond relative to the Cp bond.
  • the ionic radius of these elements is too small to allow more than one Cp ligand to bond.
  • the equilibrium constants of chelates are typically very large (e.g., log K eq for magnesium ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinate complex is 6.09) and may not reveal the extent of covalency between the neutral part of the ligand and the metal. However, it is the equilibrium constant that dictates the stability of any coordination compound and that is an important criterion for determining the nature of the chemical entity and how it will perform in particular applications.
  • the existence of a covalent bond within the complex and its contribution to the stability of chelates can explain their very large log K eq and may also contribute to the rigidity of the molecular structure. It should be pointed out that, in many cases, covalency is the most important contributor to the stability of a coordination complex.
  • the magnesium porphyrin complexes or chelates are likely the most well known organomagnesium compounds; chlorophyll is a magnesium porphine.
  • Phthalocyanine is a porphyrin representing the basic elements of that class of compound and is used extensively as a model system to study metal-porphyrin bonds. It has been determined that transition metals form complexes with phthalocyanine ( FIG. 4 ) very easily but because alkali and alkali earth salts dissociate so completely in water and other protic solvents, no solvent has been found, so far, which is suitable for direct introduction of Li + , Na + , K + , Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ from solutions of their salts.
  • magnesium-porphyrin chelate represents an extremely stable example of a metal coordinated compound.
  • magnesium-ligand complexes are indeed covalent in nature and not ionic and thus are new compositions of matter and not merely new salt forms.
  • a coordination complex is favored when the ligand has direct bonding opportunity to the inner sphere of the metal, preferably magnesium. This is accomplished by using anhydrous magnesium and non-protic solvents (or if the solvent is protic it should be bulky). This concept is supported by the fact that the catalytic reactivity of a metal ion is reduced in its hydrated form. Complex formation in aqueous systems is a delicate balance between hydrogen bonds between ligand and water and the competition for binding sites on the metal by hydration and complexation capability of the ligand. It follows that complexation of a ligand with the inner sphere of metal is also reduced in aqueous systems. It further follows that the converse is true—that is, the rate of chelation or complexation of metals with ligands in non-aqueous systems is accelerated vis-à-vis aqueous systems.
  • a composition comprising an organic active agent bound to a metal as a stable metal-ligand coordination compound with inherent covalency is as a new molecular entity.
  • the metal is selected from the main group elements.
  • the metal is selected from the s-block elements.
  • the metal is magnesium.
  • the encapsulation agent is a ligand or group of ligands forming an outer coordination sphere.
  • Additional ligands can stabilize the metal-drug complex.
  • the K eq of the glycine (G) magnesium bond is 1.34. If, however, salicylaldehyde is added to the complex, the equilibrium for the reaction Mg 2+ +SA ⁇ +G ⁇ Mg(SA)(G) is 4.77.
  • Clearly salicylaldehyde adds a stabilizing effect to magnesium glycine bond.
  • adjuvants like salicylaldehyde are incorporated into the drug: metal complexes to impart beneficial physicochemical properties.
  • the benefit of adjuvants is to stabilize the drug: metal complex in certain environments, such as in aqueous solutions.
  • coordination complexes with transition metals found in the Physician's Desk Reference (“PDR”) and include 1) insulin modified by zinc; 2) carboplatin contains platinum; 3) niferex is a polysaccharide-iron complex; 4) pyrithione zinc, used as the active ingredient in anti-dandruff shampoo.
  • PDR Physician's Desk Reference
  • some nutritional supplements are described as complexes.
  • Chromium picolinate is one example, where three picolinic acid groups are bound to a single Cr +3 in an octahedron (the nitrogens provide the three other binding sites).
  • the metal is selected from the group representing transition metals in a more preferred embodiment of the invention the metal is selected from the s-block main group elements, groups 1 and 2. In a most preferred embodiment of the invention the metal is magnesium.
  • novel magnesium coordinated drugs include: 1) Trilisate® a stable, solid choline magnesium salicylate composition mentioned above for treating arthritic pain; 2) magnesium salts of 2-descarboxy-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-11-desoxy-15-substituted-omega-pentanorprostaglandins imparting greater tissue specificity and ease of purification and compounding into medicaments; 3) magnesium vanadate with insulinomimetic properties with utility in treating insulin resistance syndromes; 4) a crystalline magnesium-taurine compound for treatment of thrombotic or embolic stroke and prophylactic treatment of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and acute cardiac conditions; 5) the magnesium omeprazole “salt” derivatives mentioned above to treat GERD.
  • the science of pharmaceuticals salts is a well studied area and selection of the salt form can impact a given pharmaceutical's performance.
  • effects that the salt form can have on a drug include dissolution rate, solubility, organoleptic properties, stability, formulation effects, absorption modulation and pharmacokinetics.
  • Human Growth Hormone is complexed with zinc to reduce its hydrophilicity and thereby slow the drug release; stabilization of proteins against the acidic environment produced by degradation of encapsulating polymers was accomplished by adding magnesium hydroxide to the formulation; zinc carbonate was used to stabilize vinca alkaloids from acid hydrolysis. Whereas these products clearly use metals to stabilize the pharmaceutically active agent, the latter two do not claim to have modified the structure of the active agent.
  • transition metals are transported, stored and utilized. Perhaps the most well known example is hemoglobin, which is iron porphyrin. As stated earlier chlorophyll is a porphine structure surrounding magnesium. Some enzymes require metals in order for them to be active. That is the reason why trace metals, such as copper, zinc, chromium, etc. are important for proper nutrition. Even some antibodies have transition metals associated with them. The metal is required for enzyme activity due to the metal locking the peptide structure of the enzyme in a conformation through the formation of a coordination complex.
  • the metal used for the revised in silico calculations as described above are selected from the main group elements.
  • the metal is selected from the s-block main group elements.
  • the metal is magnesium.
  • active agents that require ligand-receptor binding are imparted enhanced biological activity by virtue of the active agent's conformational structure being locked in place through complexation with a metal.
  • the receptor can be membrane-associated, within the cytoplasm or circulating in the body.
  • metals be incorporated into injectable drugs to lock the drug into a conformation that provides optimum interaction with its target receptor.
  • the metal be considered safe for injection.
  • the metal be selected from the list of aluminum, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, iron or zinc.
  • the active agent is selected from the list of injectable drugs, including, but not limited to, vaccines, antineoplastics, antidiabetic drugs, and antisense RNA or other metabolic modulators.
  • the metal coordination technology of this invention could also advance current research in vaccine design.
  • a new cancer vaccine being developed combines a lipoprotein adjuvant, a peptide antigen with a carbohydrate antigen specific for cancer cells.
  • the three components of the vaccine construct are joined together covalently via linkers.
  • This method of constructing the vaccine is common in bioconjugate chemistry.
  • Metal coordination can be used as a scaffold to bind the different components of a bioconjugate such as Pegaptanib, whose combined components are an aptamer, polyethylene glycol and a lipid. It is an embodiment of this invention that the components of a bioconjugate can be combined in a single molecular entity by complexing each component to a central metal. It is a further embodiment of this invention that metal coordination serves as a general technique in bioconjugate chemistry.
  • nucleic acid drugs' efficacy is enhanced by their coordination with metals.
  • nucleic acid be combined with a metal to form a coordination complex prior to administration.
  • a significant portion of the complexes in simple combination of a metal salt with a nucleic acid in aqueous systems will be outer sphere coordinated ligands ( FIG. 5 ) and may not provide the optimum conformation for receptor binding, particularly for membrane transport applications.
  • a major premise of this invention is that metal-ligand complex structure is impacted significantly if the ligand has the opportunity to be an inner sphere ligand ( FIG. 6 ) in preference to being an outer sphere ligand.
  • inner sphere ligand formation is promoted by using anhydrous conditions to prepare the metal-ligand complex. It is an embodiment of this invention; therefore, that the metal ligand complex is prepared under anhydrous conditions and that reconstituting the complex in water will produce a coordination complex with greater covalency, greater stability, greater cell permeability and modulated biological performance relative to the complex prepared in water.
  • This system is very amenable to incorporating adjuvants, such as polyarginine to enhance transfection efficiency, within the inner coordination sphere ( FIG. 7 ).
  • iRNA interference RNA
  • pulmonary surface active material SAM
  • lipid or amine based transfection agents SAM
  • electroporation viral vectors or plasmid vectors.
  • shRNA short hairpin RNA
  • transfection agents are not necessarily required for the siRNA molecules to enter the cell.
  • the recent discovery of pulmonary applications of siRNA and viroids are two reported phenomena wherein naked RNA can enter the cell and silence gene products. As a matter of fact, it is well known by scientists in this field that the secondary structure of the RNA does not seem to impact its gene silencing effects.
  • RNA is an oligonucleotide with multiple phosphate groups. Magnesium forms very strong bonds with phosphates and so RNA-Mg complexes are likely to have the magnesium atoms bound to the phosphate groups. By combining magnesium with RNA under anhydrous conditions, a covalent bond is formed, which, theoretically, would increase the lipophilicity of that portion of the RNA molecule. Furthermore, the magnesium center can bind multiple phosphate groups, theoretically, causing the formation of the hairpin structure mentioned above. This hairpin structure would not only manifest a lipophilic residue but would also provide greater resistance to attack from nucleases, which would lead to greater stability.
  • RNA would have other phosphate groups in excess of what is bound to magnesium, that portion of the RNA molecule would retain its water solubility.
  • This novel form of RNA would have the desired amphiphilic properties that are important for mass transfer (hydrophilicity) and absorption (lipophilicity).
  • hydrophilicity hydrophilicity
  • absorption lipophilicity
  • a typical process would entail combining RNA with a magnesium salt in an anhydrous solvent.
  • a suitable solvent may be DMSO or perhaps an ionic liquid.
  • An advantage of ionic liquids is that recovery of the magnesium-RNA complex would merely entail adding the solution to an ionic liquid miscible non-solvent such as alcohol (or in some cases supercritical CO 2 may work), where the desired product would precipitate out. The ionic liquid could then be recycled for the next reaction by distilling off the alcohol.
  • the above process would likely be applicable to any water soluble biologically active agent.
  • the biologically active agent is any saccharide, peptide or nucleotide.
  • the biologically active agent is a nucleotide.
  • the biologically active agent is an antisense RNA, interference RNA or an aptamer. It is a preferred embodiment of the invention that the metal is selected from the main group elements. It is a further preferred embodiment of the invention that the metal is selected from the s-block main group elements. It is recognized that magnesium binds to nucleic acids more tightly than calcium, thus it is a most preferred embodiment of the invention that the metal is magnesium.
  • bioavailability This is defined as the fraction (F) of the dose that reaches the systemic circulation.
  • F fraction of the dose that reaches the systemic circulation.
  • the interaction between metals and tetracycline antibiotics has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of both the drug and the metal.
  • bioavailability of tetracycline antibiotics are mainly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the metal complexes that prevail in the GI tract. Electric charge has the greatest impact on bioavailability since neutral species are more likely to readily absorb into the phospholipid membrane of the intestinal cells.
  • a lipophilic metal coordinated complex should serve to allow greater bioavailability vis-à-vis metal salts of the drugs, which carry electric charges.
  • This technology can also be used to increase the lipophilicity of highly water soluble drugs, or the so called Class III drugs.
  • the conversion of an ionic center such as a phosphate or sulfate group, is converted to a covalent bond.
  • This change in bonding between metal and ligand is known to decrease water solubility and increase organic solvent solubility or lipophilicity of the ligand.
  • a drug is poorly soluble but is readily permeable one way its solubility can be enhanced is by covalently attaching water soluble entities such as amino acids or carbohydrates, to the drug.
  • water soluble entities such as amino acids or carbohydrates
  • a metal-ligand complex between the drug and an ionized metal center a new chemical entity is formed that now has inherent hydrophilicity imparted to it.
  • additional ligands e.g., amino acid
  • the stability of the metal-active agent complex is retained up to transport to the water film coating of the brush border membrane.
  • the metal and the drug are separated by the lipids in the membrane accepting the lipophilic active agent and rejecting the hydrophilic metal. This is imparted through physicochemical action and, in contrast to the earlier methods of increasing solubilities of drugs, does not require enzymes.
  • TDD transdermal drug delivery
  • the stratum corneum provides an effective barrier and prevents water and chemicals from penetrating to the epidermis and beyond. It has been proposed that the structural organization of the lipids in the stratum corneum is an important factor in preventing fast transport of water and chemicals. This organization of lipids results in a liquid crystal morphology and penetration though this matrix is caused by destabilization of the liquid crystal through a disordering of the lipid hydrocarbon chains. This is the mechanism that has been proposed for the hydrotropes' ability to enhance penetration of topically applied drugs.
  • Some of the classes of chemicals that are used to enhance skin permeability include alcohols, alkyl methyl sulfoxides, pyrrolidones, surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic), and fatty acids and alcohols.
  • laurocapram, urea, calcium thioglyclate, acetone and dimethyl-m-toluamide have been used to enhance skin penetration of specific bioactive reagents.
  • Most of these drug vehicles' effect is by virtue of their hydrotropic properties. In chemical terms, many of them have a large dipole moment; that is they have a lipophilic portion and a hydrophilic portion. It is this large dipole moment which is a major contributing factor that causes these chemicals to disorder the lipids in the stratum corneum.
  • topically applied pharmaceutical requires a formulation that includes a vehicle or TDD enhancer in order to achieve the desired efficacy.
  • a formulation that includes a vehicle or TDD enhancer in order to achieve the desired efficacy.
  • topically applied drugs need to be soluble and stable in the vehicle, the formulation must have content uniformity, the formulation must have proper viscosity and dispersion characteristics and must maximize patient compliance, which means it must not be uncomfortable to apply, have an unpleasant odor or cause skin irritation.
  • Enhanced transdermal permeability of a drug complex relies on the stability of the complex coupled with its amphiphilic properties.
  • the formation of a covalent metal-drug bond converts the drug into an effective hydrotrope capable of enhancing TDD of the drug itself.
  • the metal will act as an anchor for the vehicle and the entire complex will behave as a single molecular entity. The advantage with this is that drug release from the complex no longer requires differential partition coefficients between the vehicle and the lipid matrix of the epidermis.
  • the stability of the metal-active agent complex is retained should be retained during transport through the stratum corneum.
  • the metal and the drug are separated by the lipids in the membrane accepting the lipophilic active agent and rejecting the hydrophilic metal. This is imparted through physicochemical action and, in contrast to the earlier methods of increasing solubilities of drugs, does not require enzymes.
  • Converting a drug to a metal coordination complex also facilitates entry into the eye. It has been shown that converting sulfonamides for treating intraocular pressure (IOP) to their metal coordination complexes increased their IOP reduction effect. It is believed that this is due, in part, to the increased presence of the sulfonamide in the eye and that this, in turn, is due to the right balance between lipo- and hydrosolubility of the metal coordinated complex. Drugs to treat eye diseases can be improved by converting them into a metal coordination complex according to this invention. This is very important to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD), where the current therapies rely on injection of the drug behind the eye. An eye drop application of a drug to treat AMD greatly improves patient compliance; coordinating the AMD drug with a metal accomplish this.
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • Polymorphism contributes a significant portion to the variability in dosages in part due to variation in solubility. Historically speaking, an inherent physical property of organometallic compounds is that stable crystalline forms are relatively easy to prepare. Thus it is a further embodiment of this invention that polymorphism is overcome by converting the active agent into a metal complex and subjecting the complex to recrystallization processes by methods commonly known by those skilled in the art. In so doing the active moiety is “locked” into a desired polymorph.
  • Drug delivery technology spans over all forms of administration from oral to injectable to implants to skin patches.
  • Most of these technologies make use of an encapsulation technique or bead technology wherein the active ingredient is encapsulated or “trapped” inside a polymeric sphere.
  • This polymeric sphere can exist as a micelle, as a self assembled molecular rod or ball or a coating around the active ingredient.
  • the drug is released by solvation or swelling from the encapsulating agent as it circulates through the blood or traverses the gut.
  • the main advantage of modulating the delivery of the drug is to extend its release, modulate the blood levels for improved safety or enhance its absorption for improved efficacy.
  • drug-metal complex release is modulated in vivo by physicochemical action on the complex itself.
  • the active agent may be beneficial to enhance the stability of the active agent-metal complex by encapsulating the drug-metal complex within a porphine, peptide or polymeric matrix.
  • the active agent does not contain the necessary elements for forming a stable complex with a metal, such as with the primary amines or alcohols mentioned above.
  • the matrix be a porphine derivative, modified, if necessary, to allow bonding of the active agent to the metal.
  • drug-metal complex release is modulated in vivo by physicochemical action on the porphine, peptide or polymeric matrix.
  • the matrix be a compound found naturally in the small intestines.
  • the porphine matrix is bilirubin or a derivative thereof.
  • the encapsulating matrix is an amino acid or dipeptide, wherein amino acids or multiple dipeptides can be added to coordinate with or self assemble about the metal-ligand complex.
  • Histidine is an ideal amino acid due to the strong metal binding capacity of the imidazole moiety in histidine.
  • Arginine is another amino acid well suited for complexation with magnesium through amidinate ligation of the guanidine portion of peptide bound arginine ( FIG. 8 ).
  • magnesium due to its complexing and acid neutralizing, would stabilize arginine in the stomach and increase it potency. This is good for when arginine is used as a NO source to help with COPD and related disease states.
  • amino acids as secondary ligands on the metal is to stabilize the inner coordination sphere, create a hydrophobic shell about the inner sphere and thus preventing hydrolysis of the metal-drug bond.
  • amino acids, dipeptides or oligopeptides act as secondary ligands or adjuvants on the metal-drug complex to stabilize the complex, particularly in aqueous systems.
  • the secondary ligand is a dipeptide.
  • the secondary ligand is an amino acid.
  • the amino acid is selected from the group histidine and arginine.
  • Organometallic complexes that have a free amino group can initiate polymerization of an amino acid-NCA to form a polypeptide, conformationally protecting the organometallic complex. It is a further advantage of this technique to allow the amino acid NCA's to self assemble about the organometallic complex and then coacervating the polypeptide into its self assembled structure upon initiation of polymerization.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an active agent (for structural simplicity salicylic acid is the example used), and polymer bound arginine bond to magnesium in the inner sphere and peptides encapsulating the complex in the outer sphere.
  • the active agent only be released when the encapsulating matrix swells or is dissolved by water, oil, emulsions or biologic fluids such as gastric juices. It is an embodiment of the invention that the active agent cannot be released from the encapsulating matrix by virtue of the strong bond between the encapsulating agent and the active agent, such as what would occur with an antibody-antigen complex. In some cases it would be beneficial to have the release of the drug from the encapsulating agent be modulated by digestive enzymes. It is a preferred embodiment of the invention that the active agent is released from the encapsulating agent by its chemical breakdown by enzymes secreted in the intestines, within the cell membrane or circulating in the blood stream.
  • the active agent is bound to aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron, bismuth, silicon or zinc.
  • the encapsulating agent is an antibody raised against the metal-ligand complex.
  • the complex comprises an active agent-metal complex and the encapsulating agent is self-assembled from the combinations of amino acids, porphines, carbohydrates or mixtures thereof.
  • the active agent-metal-encapsulating agent complex is a pharmaceutical.
  • the coordination complex is a metal selected from all metals that can form such complexes, and the drug is selected from the group of all biologically or pharmacologically active agents.
  • the pharmacologically active agent requires a specific conformation for biological activity. The activity could be dependant on the active agent's ability to cross cell membranes and the coordinating metal provides the correct structure for membrane translocation of the active agent.
  • the pharmaceutically active agent is selected from the group consisting of small molecules, peptides, carbohydrates, DNA or RNA, the latter two being used in gene therapy, as aptamers or in antisense nucleotide therapeutic applications.
  • the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bismuth, calcium, magnesium, iron, silicon and zinc.
  • Narcotics are very effective analgesics but also can be very addictive.
  • this type of abuse which usually starts with oral administration, can often lead the abuser to snort or inject the concentrated narcotic.
  • the ⁇ -hydroxyl at the 9-position and the nitrogen are positioned in such a way that complexing a metal between the two would form a highly thermodynamically favored 5-member ring. It is preferred that the 9-hydroxyl is deprotonated to form an anionic alkoxide ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the nitrogen's lone pair of electrons may contribute enough electron density to stabilize the metal chelate. Further stabilization can be imparted by adding secondary ligands or adjuvants to the complex in the manner of the case where salicylaldehyde stabilizes the glycine-magnesium complex. It is a further embodiment of the invention that the metal-narcotic complex is encapsulated within the matrix as described above.
  • the metal-narcotic complex is unable to pass the blood brain barrier, rendering the narcotic ineffective until release from the complex has occurred. Since the kinetics of release is slow the amount of narcotic available for transport across the blood brain barrier at any one time is much less than the dose administered and so no euphoric effect is achieved.
  • the kinetics of narcotic release can be slowed even more by incorporating secondary ligands, encapsulating agents or a combination of both.
  • the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bismuth, calcium, magnesium, iron, silicon and zinc.
  • the metal is selected from the main group elements.
  • the metal is selected from the s-block main group elements.
  • the metal is magnesium.
  • the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bismuth, calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon and zinc.
  • a new composition of matter is formed through the formation of a covalent bond between a pharmaceutical and any metal, including the lanthanides, actinides, the transition metals, and the main group metals (s- and p-block)
  • the metal be selected from the s-block main group elements.
  • the s-block elements are more likely to be GRAS and are more often used in OTC drug products and vitamin supplements than the transition metals or p-block main group elements (lanthanides or actinides are never used in OTC products).
  • magnesium over the other s-block elements, such as calcium which are:
  • the metal is magnesium.
  • the selection of solvent for the complexation reaction has an impact on the structure and stability of the metal coordinated compound.
  • Magnesium forms strong bonds with water and the coordination sphere hydrated magnesium will have an impact on the kinetics of product formation as well as the structure and stability of the product.
  • transition metals such as zinc
  • the metal and the desired product water may be the solvent of choice.
  • the majority of the products will dictate that an anhydrous organic solvent will be the best selection.
  • Some suitable solvents include alcohol, acetone or THF.
  • the most preferable solvent is DMSO because it is an excellent universal solvent that dissolves virtually every pharmaceutical or nutraceutical and also will dissolve most metal halides including magnesium chloride. This allows for single phase reactions.
  • a stable metal coordinated pharmaceutical can be isolated by a process similar to coacervation, which typically will include simply adding a non-solvent to the reaction mixture.
  • DMSO can form complexes with metals, including magnesium, in situ, setting up the DMSO-metal complex to react with the drug ligand, thereby displacing the DMSO ligand at the metal center.
  • DMSO can then serve as a transient protecting group in those reactions where adjuvants are to be included in the complex.
  • This in-process reaction scheme is facilitated by the fact that the DMSO-metal complex cannot form outer coordination spheres like water does due to the lack of hydrogen bonding between the DMSO ligands. This makes the metal center easily accessible by incoming ligands.
  • the final product may or may not retain DMSO as a ligand. If DMSO is attached to the ligand, it is unlikely that a situation will exist such that the dosing of DMSO will ever reach anywhere close to toxic levels.
  • anhydrous metal halide iodide, bromide or chloride
  • the metal halide can be added to the drug plus a solution of a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) in DMSO.
  • the metal halide can be added to the drug plus KH in THF.
  • the metals of choice are magnesium and zinc and the halide of choice is chloride.
  • Zinc chloride is soluble in DMSO, acetone or ethanol and are the solvents of choice for zinc complexation, particularly with nitrogen containing ligands.
  • the product is isolated by precipitation, is separated from the liquid by suction filtration or centrifugation, washed and then dried under high vacuum to remove the last traces of moisture.
  • the drug:metal complex may form a hydrate and all of the water may not be removable under high vacuum. Alternatively, the added water may not displace the remaining DMSO ligands on the metal formed in situ. Consequently, the product may be a drug:metal:DMSO complex.
  • the reaction is repeated except water is included in the reaction medium as described in the examples below.
  • the reaction is worked up and dried as before.
  • T3-Mg compounds prepared in DMSO alone showed line broadening in the aliphatic region only, with sharp aromatic peaks, in its 1 H NMR spectrum ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the 1 H NMR of the T3-Mg product prepared in the presence of water revealed extensive line broadening throughout the 1 H NMR spectra.
  • the magnesium content (1.62%) of the anhydrously prepared T3-Mg product very closely matched that of bis(triiodothyroninato)-bis(dimethylsulfoxide)-magnesium.
  • the T3-Mg complex prepared in the presence of water had a magnesium content of only 0.96%. It also had 0.23% potassium in it, whereas no potassium was detected in the bis(triiodothyroninato)-bis(dimethylsulfoxide)-magnesium product.
  • Tetracycline has ⁇ -diketone and ⁇ -ketophenol functionalities and will form stable complexes with magnesium.
  • Adding water to the reaction in DMSO has very little effect on the solubility, the 1 H NMR spectra or the metal content of the respective products.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum of the product isolated from a reaction done in water alone does not differ significantly from the product isolated from DMSO alone or in a 5:1 DMSO:water mixture.
  • Metal content for most of the complexes prepared in anhydrous DMSO were consistent with a complex of two drugs bound to a metal.
  • the metal content remained constant from batch to batch.
  • the complexes of Dimethylbiguanide had variable metal content depending on the method of isolation and never had consistent drug:metal ratios.
  • the metal content was determined by the ICP analysis and based on that data, in conjunction with the NMR and MS, the ratio of drug to metal can be calculated.
  • the 1 H NMR spectra of the T3 complexes showed some line broadening and upfield shifting in the aliphatic region indicative of complex formation with the amino acid portion of the molecule. This can be seen by comparing the region between 2.5 ppm and 3.5 ppm in the 1 H NMR spectra of, bis(T3)bis(DMSO)Mg, T3, free acid and bis(T3)Zn, which are shown in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 , respectively.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum of the dimethylbiguanide complexes showed large upfield shifts of the —NH resonances indicative of complex formation with the nitrogen atoms.
  • a 0.05 ppm upfield shift of N-dimethyl groups was observed in the dimethylbiguanide-zinc complex spectrum ( FIG. 14 ) relative to the spectrum of dimethylbiguanide ( FIG. 15 )
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum of the minocycline and tetracycline complexes resembled polymeric structures with very large line broadening and manifestation of many new resonances throughout the entire spectrum.
  • 12 N HCl was added to the NMR samples of tetracycline and its magnesium complex and the spectra retaken.
  • FIGS. 16-18 show the 1 H NMR spectra of Tetracycline, bis(tetracyclinato) magnesium and the complex with HCl added, respectively. As can be seen in the spectra series the magnesium complex reverted back to the reference tetracycline compound.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum of the hydrochlorothiazide complexes also resembled polymeric structures with the same kind of line broadening and new nondescript resonances seen in the spectra of the antibiotic-metal complexes.
  • FIGS. 20-22 show the 1 H NMR spectrum of hydrochlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide-zinc complex and the complex with HCl added, respectively.
  • the line broadening was reverted back to the sharp resonances observed in the reference drug. This proves that the line broadening and additional resonances observed in the 1 H NMR spectrum of the respective complexes were due to multiple stereochemical and geometric isomers of the complex in solution. Moderately slow interchange between the isomers in solution could also contribute to the line broadening observed.
  • FTIR studies may be used to determine whether, for a particular complex that has been found, the ligand bonding atom and if the complex is coordinated with DMSO, water, or not solvated at all.
  • Equilibrium constants for the coordination complexes made have been estimated from literature precedents of similar compounds. For example, the equilibrium constant, log K eq for T3-Zn is estimated to be between 4 and 5 based on another amino acid zinc complex, phenylalanine-zinc. Likewise, the log K eq for dimethylbiguanide-zinc is estimated to be between 5 and 7. The log K eq for hydrochlorothiazide-zinc is difficult to estimate from literature values. Stability constants for tetracycline-magnesium in water at various pH values have been reported and the expected log K eq for tetracycline-magnesium is between 4 and 5.
  • the log K eq for acycloguanosine-magnesium is estimated to be 1.6.
  • the log K eq for T3-Mg is difficult to estimate due to the lack of a good comparator but the log K eq for glycine, which like T3 is also an amino acid, is 1.34. Due to T3's much greater hydrophobicity relative to glycine, the log K eq for T3-Mg is expected to be much larger than 1.34.
  • the partition coefficient is a constant and is defined as the ratio of concentration of a neutral compound in aqueous phase to the concentration in an immiscible organic phase, as shown in Equation 5.
  • Partition Coefficient, P [Organic]/[Aqueous] Equation 5
  • ionized compounds will partition preferentially into the aqueous phase, thereby lowering their log P.
  • neutral molecules that are bases they will remain neutral when the pH is greater than 2 units above its pKa and for neutral acids when the pH is 2 units below its pKa.
  • the distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of unionized compound in the organic phase to the total amount of compound in the aqueous phase given by Equation 7.
  • D [Unionised](o)/[Unionised](aq)+[Ionised](aq) Equation 7
  • log D when the pH is adjusted such that ionization is minimized, the log D will be nearly equivalent to the log P. Under those conditions, then, log D is a reliable indicator of the bioavailability of a drug in a particular application.
  • increases in log D of the drug-metal complex relative to the reference drug will not only indicate an increase in lipophilicity but will also demonstrate its stability in water, as well.
  • the log D's at pH 7.4 for tetracycline, bis(tetracyclinato)magnesium, triiodothyronine and bis(triiodothyroninato)zinc were determined and are shown in Table 4 along with their pKa's.
  • T3 triiodothyronine
  • Cytomel and Thyrolar are currently used to treat hypothyroidism.
  • Cytomel has also been indicated in the treatment of certain psychological disorders.
  • T3-Zinc and T3-Magnesium were tested for bioavailability, relative to the reference drug over a 5 hour time period.
  • the three compounds were formulated, separately, into gelatin capsules, with a total dose of 108 ⁇ 12 ⁇ g/kg administered.
  • metal oxides were added to the formulation.
  • Another T3 control was included, where zinc oxide was added to T3, free acid.
  • Each of the formulated gelatin capsules were orally administered directly to the esophagus of respective rats and blood samples were collected at pre-dosing and at 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5 hours after dosing. Serum triiodothyronine levels were analyzed by an independent laboratory, using an industry standard assay method.
  • results The data shown in the FIG. 30 reveal that all four drug formulations were readily absorbed by the rat, with a rapid rise in serum T3 levels up to the 2.5 hour time point and a general leveling off in the metal coordinated T3 fed rats after that.
  • the T3, free acid fed rats indicated that the serum T3 levels may still be rising at the 5 hour time point.
  • the rats that were administered metal complexed T3 and T3 with zinc oxide added had an increase in serum T3 blood levels that were approximately 65-85% greater that of T3, free acid at the 5 hour time point.
  • Double stranded iRNA of a defined size were prepared according to the standard protocol described in the Examples section. The iRNA was then reacted with magnesium or zinc under anhydrous conditions or in the presence of water as described in the Examples section.
  • iRNA The biological activity of iRNA can be modulated in various ways by complexing it with other metals such as calcium, zinc, cobalt and manganese.
  • other metals such as calcium, zinc, cobalt and manganese.
  • combinations of multiple metals, such as including Cu or Ag 33 to facilitate binding of the purine/pyrimidine groups along with the phosphate groups can improve the transfection efficiency and stability of iRNA.
  • the metal:RNA products were tested for changes in ionic/covalent behavior using Isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel following the standard protocol described in the Examples section.
  • IEF Isoelectric focusing
  • RNA molecule from the anhydrous DMSO reactions with a different isoelectric point (pKa) indicates the presence a new RNA molecule ( FIG. 31 ). Since this is not due to RNA degradation means that the new RNA molecule is a stable complex between the metal (magnesium or zinc) and RNA. In addition, because its pKa is lower than the native RNA supports the formation of a covalent bond between the metal and RNA.
  • Triiodothyronine or T3 (218 mg) was dissolved in 4 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.34 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Magnesium chloride (16 mg) was added and the solution stirred overnight. The solution was poured into 10 mL of deionized water to precipitate the product, which was suction filtered and air dried. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 164 mg of a light beige powder. The product structure was characterized by 1 H NMR, FAB-MS and ICP.
  • Triiodothyronine or T3 (192 mg) was dissolved in 4 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.30 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes.
  • Zinc chloride in diethyl ether (0.16 mL of 1M solution) was added and the solution stirred overnight.
  • the solution was poured into 10 mL of deionized water to precipitate the product, which was suction filtered and air dried. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 140 mg of a light beige powder.
  • the product structure was characterized by 1 H NMR, FAB-MS and ICP.
  • Triiodothyronine or T3 (188 mg) was dissolved in 3.5 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.29 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes.
  • Magnesium chloride (16 mg) in 0.5 mL of water was added and the solution stirred overnight.
  • the solution was poured into 10 mL of deionized water to precipitate the product, which was suction filtered and air dried. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 188 mg of a light beige powder.
  • the product structure was characterized by 1 H NMR, FAB-MS and ICP.
  • Minocycline (104 mg) was dissolved in 3 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.44 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Magnesium chloride (11 mg) was added and the solution stirred overnight. The solution was poured into 10 mL of deionized water to precipitate the product, which was suction filtered and air dried. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 52 mg of a deep yellow powder.
  • the product structure could not be characterized by 1 H NMR, possibly due to the different permutations of bidentate complex forms possible with anionic Minocycline and magnesium.
  • the product was characterized, then, by FAB-MS and ICP.
  • FAB-MS Molecular ion at 937.4 indicative of bis(minocyclinato)magnesium.
  • Tetracycline (89 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.2 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Magnesium chloride (11 mg) was added and the solution stirred for 3 hours. The solution was concentrated in vacuo at 30° C., after which 0.5 mL of deionized water was added and the mixture triturated and transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube. The product was separated from the liquid by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted.
  • the pellet was washed by adding 0.5 mL of water, vortex mixed, centrifuged and the supernatant decanted. The washing procedure was repeated. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 72 mg of a deep yellow powder.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum ( FIG. 20 ) resembled a polymeric structure, which contained broad multiplets between 8.8 and 10.1 ppm, 6.4 and 7.8 ppm, 4.2 and 5.0 ppm and 1.1 and 3.1 ppm.
  • the product structure could not be accurately characterized by 1 H NMR, possibly due to the different permutations of bidentate complex forms possible with anionic Tetracycline and magnesium and the moderately slow equilibrium between those isomeric complex forms.
  • Tetracycline (89 mg) was dissolved in 1.5 mL of water, after which 0.2 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Magnesium chloride (0.11 mL of 1M solution) was added and the solution stirred for 3 hours. The resultant precipitant was separated from the water by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted. The pellet was washed by adding 1 mL of water, vortex mixed, centrifuged and the supernatant decanted. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 65 mg of a deep yellow powder. The 1 H NMR spectrum very closely resembled the complex prepared in anhydrous DMSO. Magnesium analysis (ICP): Expected 2.67%; Found 2.42%. It appears that performing the complexation in water versus under anhydrous conditions has a minor impact on the stability and structure of the tetracycline-magnesium complex.
  • Hydrochlorothiazide 120 mg was dissolved in 0.5 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.4 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes.
  • Zinc chloride in diethyl ether 0.2 mL of 1M solution was added and the solution stirred for 4 hours.
  • the solution was concentrated in vacuo at 30° C., after which 0.5 mL of methanol was added and the mixture triturated and transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube. The product was separated from the liquid by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted.
  • the pellet was washed by adding 0.5 mL of methanol, vortex mixed, centrifuged and the supernatant decanted. The washing procedure was repeated. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 104 mg of a free flowing white powder.
  • the product was apparently hygroscopic due to the powder turning gummy after a few minutes exposure to ambient air.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum resembled a polymeric structure ( FIG. 21 ), which contained broad multiplets between 6.3 and 8.0 ppm, and 4.4 and 5.9 ppm.
  • the product structure could not be accurately characterized by 1 H NMR, possibly due to the different permutations of complex forms possible with anionic hydrochlorothiazide and zinc, and the moderately slow equilibrium between those isomeric complex forms.
  • NMR, MALDI and ICP data clearly indicate the formation of a hydrochlorothiazide-zinc complex. It seems reasonable that the site of complexation may be on one or both of the sulfonamide nitrogens of hydrochlorothiazide.
  • FTIR data suggest the presence of DMSO ligands, which by 1 H NMR integration the ratio of HCTZ:DMSO is 1:1. Chemical shift of the DMSO methyl groups of 0.08 ppm suggests O-bonding between zinc and DMSO.
  • Dimethylbiguanide (66 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.88 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes.
  • Zinc chloride in diethyl ether (0.22 mL of 1M solution) was added and the solution stirred for 3 hours.
  • the solution was concentrated in vacuo at 35° C., after which 0.5 mL of ethanol was added and the mixture triturated and transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube. The product was separated from the liquid by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted.
  • ICP Zinc analysis
  • FTIR data did not indicate presence of a DMSO ligand.
  • NMR and ICP data clearly indicate the formation of a dimethylbiguanide-zinc complex.
  • FIG. 28 represents the biguanide-metal complex prepared.
  • MALDI-ES analysis did not reveal a zinc containing compound.
  • Dimethylbiguanide (33 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL of water, after which 0.44 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes.
  • Zinc chloride in diethyl ether (0.22 mL of 1M solution) was added and the solution stirred for 5 hours.
  • the resultant precipitant was separated from the liquid by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted.
  • the pellet was washed by adding 1 mL of water, vortex mixed, centrifuged and the supernatant decanted. After an overnight drying under high vacuum the yield was 20 mg of a free flowing white powder which contained no organic material by 1 H NMR.
  • the isolated product was zinc salts in various hydrated forms.
  • Acycloguanosine (45 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of anhydrous DMSO, after which 0.2 mL of 1 M potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol was added and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Magnesium chloride (11 mg) was added and the solution stirred for 4 hours. The solution was concentrated in vacuo at 30° C., after which 0.5 mL of methanol was added and the mixture triturated and transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube. The product was separated from the liquid by centrifuging at 8,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the supernatant was decanted.
  • Determination of pK a and log P was done by potentiometry and spectrophotometry.
  • the potentiometric method includes the use of expert software to calculate pK a and log P from simple acid and base titrations of the analytes.
  • the pK a was first determined by weighing approximately 2 mg of pure substance into an assay vial. Ionic strength was adjusted with 0.15M KCl and water was added to dissolve the compound followed by an acid or base titrant to drop or raise the pH to the desired starting value. The solution was then titrated with acid (0.5N HCl) or base (0.5N NaOH) to the final pH. Approximate pKa values were displayed and later refined to exact data.
  • the log P was determined by a titration in the presence of octanol (water saturated). The pK a in water and the apparent pK a in the presence of octanol (p o K a ) were compared and the log P determined. Ion-pairing (partitioning of a charged species into octanol, termed log P + or log P ⁇ ) were determined with an additional titration in the presence of another volume of octanol. Using experimentally determined pK a and log P, a drug lipophilicity profile (log D. vs. pH) was calculated. The log D 7.4 was determined from this profile at pH 7.4.
  • the spectrophotometric method used a fiber optics dip probe, a UV light source (pulsed deuterium lamp) and a photodiode array detector to automatically capture the absorption spectra of the sample solution in the course of adding an acid or base solution.
  • the aqueous pK a was determined by extrapolation using the Yasuda-Shedlovsky technique.
  • the pK a values obtained from spectrophotometric experiments are in excellent agreement with those derived from potentiometric titrations.
  • Test subjects Fifteen young female Sprague Dawley rats (180-225 gms) were used. These rats were obtained from a commercial source (Harlan Laboratory Animals, Dublin, Va.), housed in the Vivarium at Litton Reeves Hall (Division of Laboratory Animal Resources), in groups of three in polypropylene shoebox cages. Water was available ad libitum. Rats were fed certified rodent chow ad libitum. After arrival, the health of rats were assessed and animals were placed in quarantine for a minimum of five days, during which time, general health was assessed. At the end of quarantine, rats were moved to permanent animal quarters for access and study.
  • T3-Zinc and T3-Magnesium were synthesized, which are the two test compounds.
  • Triiodothyronine, free acid (T3) was the positive control.
  • the three compounds were formulated, separately, into gelatin capsules, with a total dose of 108 ⁇ 12 ⁇ g/kg administered.
  • metal oxides were added to the formulation—to the T3-magnesium compounds, 1.08 ⁇ 0.13 mg of magnesium oxide was added and to the T3-zinc compounds, 106 ⁇ 13 ⁇ g of zinc oxide was added.
  • Another T3 control was included, where 145 ⁇ 50 ⁇ g of zinc oxide was added to T3, free acid.
  • Serum triiodothyronine levels were determined by RIA.
  • Results The individual serum T3 levels from each group of rats were averaged and a plot of T3 concentration (ng/mL) vs. hour was produced. The plot is shown in FIG. 30 .
  • Interference RNA was prepared using a modified New England Biolabs Litmus 28i RNAi bidirectional transcription vector. A 922 bp bovine serum albumin cDNA fragment was introduced into the Bgl II and StuI sites of the Litmus RNAi vector. The target RNAi transcript was produced by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA Polymerase to yield 1 mg/ml. The RNA was then divided into 50 ug samples and freeze dried
  • RNAse free ethanol was added and vortex mixed.
  • the product was allowed to precipitate out of solution over 1 hour, centrifuged and the liquid decanted from the pellet.
  • the pellet was washed with 100 ⁇ L of RNAse free ethanol, vortex mixed, centrifuged and the ethanol supernatant decanted off the pellet.
  • the resultant colorless pellet was air-dried for several minutes before testing in the isoelectric focusing gel.
  • the preparation for the ionic magnesium:RNA complex followed the procedure for the covalent analog exactly except the stock magnesium chloride solution was prepared in RNAse free water instead of anhydrous DMSO.
  • the resultant colorless pellet was air-dried for several minutes before testing in the isoelectric focusing gel.
  • the preparation for the ionic zinc:RNA complex followed the procedure for the covalent analog exactly except the stock zinc chloride solution was prepared in RNAse free water instead of anhydrous DMSO.
  • the resultant colorless pellet was air-dried for several minutes before testing in the isoelectric focusing gel.
  • FIG. 31 shows the results from the initial experiment.
  • the IEF experiment showed that magnesium RNA complexes prepared in anhydrous (A) conditions with three concentrations of magnesium chloride produced covalent complexes in approximately 50% yield.
  • Magnesium RNA complexes prepared in aqueous (W) conditions with three concentrations of magnesium chloride produced ionic complexes.
  • the zinc RNA complex prepared in anhydrous (A) conditions with zinc chloride produced a covalent complex in approximately 50% yield.
  • the zinc RNA complex prepared in aqueous (W) conditions with zinc chloride produced an ionic complex.

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US20110275792A1 (en) 2011-11-10
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