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US20050205170A1 - High copper low alloy steel sheet - Google Patents

High copper low alloy steel sheet Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050205170A1
US20050205170A1 US11/084,649 US8464905A US2005205170A1 US 20050205170 A1 US20050205170 A1 US 20050205170A1 US 8464905 A US8464905 A US 8464905A US 2005205170 A1 US2005205170 A1 US 2005205170A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
less
alloy steel
low alloy
steel sheet
thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/084,649
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English (en)
Inventor
Mary Alwin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/805,831 external-priority patent/US20050205169A1/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US11/084,649 priority Critical patent/US20050205170A1/en
Priority to RU2006137274/02A priority patent/RU2006137274A/ru
Priority to EP05714274A priority patent/EP1727918A4/fr
Priority to KR1020067021446A priority patent/KR20060130745A/ko
Priority to JP2007504210A priority patent/JP2007529630A/ja
Priority to CNA2005800093541A priority patent/CN1946867A/zh
Priority to AU2005224290A priority patent/AU2005224290A1/en
Priority to PCT/AU2005/000402 priority patent/WO2005090627A1/fr
Publication of US20050205170A1 publication Critical patent/US20050205170A1/en
Priority to US11/877,376 priority patent/US20080264525A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/001Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0622Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/10Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/16Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper

Definitions

  • Hot shortness occurs by copper separating during surface oxidation from the oxidizing layer to a layer adjacent the surface of the produced sheet resulting in a commercially unacceptable steel. The occurrence of these undesirable surface conditions could be minimized by careful control of oxidation during heating and taking care not to overheat during hot working.
  • nickel in an amount equal to at least one-half the copper content has been known to be very beneficial to the surface quality of steels containing copper.
  • these procedures and alloying additions were expensive and caused the resulting corrosion resistant steels to be expensive.
  • nickel is an expensive alloy addition and causes the resulting corrosion resistant steel to be expensive.
  • Copper in the concentrations used, was known to be the most potent of all common alloying elements in improving atmospheric-corrosion resistance in carbon steels. Copper was known to be especially effective in amounts up to about 0.35% in regular carbon steel. As noted, the steels with about 0.50% or more copper presented the problem of hot shortness. However, these levels of copper were acceptable in slabs of the order of 100 mm or more, where the adverse effects of hot shortness could be minimized by the later hot reduction of the strip.
  • the tolerance for copper is reduced with the reduction in thickness of the slab.
  • the copper levels should be about 0.20% or below by weight of copper, to avoid the deleterious effects of hot shortness in the sheet. Indeed, it has been found that the levels of copper typically need to be maintained below 0.10% to avoid the inhibiting impact of hot shortness on the sheet made from such thin slabs.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show the deleterious effects of hot shortness in the surface a slab of 50 mm in thickness made by a thin slab caster.
  • the problem of hot shortness also has increased the costs in making low alloy steel using electric arc furnaces to form the molten carbon steel.
  • Approximately 75% of the cost of making steel by electric arc furnace is the cost of the scrap used as the starting material for charging the electric arc furnace.
  • Steel scrap has been traditionally separated by copper content to less than 0.15% by weight copper, greater than or equal to 0.15% to up to 0.5% by weight copper, and above 0.5% by weight.
  • Scrap with copper content above 0.5% copper could be mixed with scrap with low copper levels to make an acceptable scrap, which also added to the cost of the scrap commercially available.
  • the scrap which was low copper below 0.15% by weight is the highest cost scrap, with the other two grades of scrap being of less cost.
  • low alloy steel is meant a steel having between 0.02% and 0.3% carbon, between 0.10% and 1.5% manganese, between 0.01% and 0.5% silicon, between 0.002 and 0.0095% sulfur, greater than 0.01% and less than or equal to 0.15% phosphorus, less than 0.05% aluminum, at least 0.20% copper, less than 0.03% tin, and less than 0.10% nickel.
  • the copper content of the high copper low alloy steel may be between 0.20% and 2.0%.
  • the sulfur levels are particularly important with levels above 0.002% needed to promote sufficient contact between the molten steel and the surfaces of the caster (with increased sulfur levels reducing chafter defects), but below 0.0095% to avoid marked crocodile skin roughness and cracking in the surface of the cast strip.
  • the sulfur content may be between 0.003 and 0.009%.
  • a non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere typically of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or a mixture thereof, that contains less than about 5% oxygen by weight.
  • the high copper low alloy steel sheet may be made by the steps comprising:
  • the high copper low alloy steel sheet may also be made by the steps comprising:
  • the thickness of the high copper low alloy steel sheet (or strip)produced may be less than 5 mm in thickness or less than 2 mm in thickness.
  • the copper content of the high copper low alloy steel may be between 0.20% and 2.0%.
  • non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere typically of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or a mixture thereof, that contains less than about 5% oxygen by weight.
  • a high copper low alloy steel of less than 10 mm in thickness made by a particular method.
  • a twin roll caster may be used in making the high copper low alloy steel by the disclosed method as described in more detail below.
  • the high copper low alloy steel strip may be less than 5 mm in thickness or less than 2 mm in thickness.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are micrographs illustrating hot shortness experienced in the prior art with corrosion resistant low alloy steel made by thin slab casting;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic side elevation view of an illustrative twin roll strip caster
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the illustrative caster of FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the benefits of the high copper low alloy steel of the present invention compared to prior low alloy steel with copper additions;
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are micrographs showing the surface of high copper low alloy steel sheet of 1.7 mm in thickness made by thin strip casting, showing the inhibiting of hot shortness.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a twin roll continuous strip caster which has been operated in making high copper low alloy steel strip in accordance with the present invention.
  • the following description of the described embodiments is in the context of continuous casting steel strip using a twin roll caster.
  • the present invention is not limited, however, to the use of twin roll casters and extends to other types of continuous strip casters and other ways of making steel sheet.
  • FIG. 3 shows successive parts of an illustrative production line whereby steel sheet (or strip) can be produced in accordance with a twin roll caster.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a twin roll caster denoted generally as 11 which produces a cast steel strip 12 that passes in a transit path 10 across a guide table 13 to a pinch roll stand 14 comprising pinch rolls 14 A.
  • the strip optionally may be passed into a hot rolling mill 16 comprising a pair of reduction rolls 16 A and backing rolls 16 B by which it is hot rolled to reduce its thickness.
  • the rolled strip passes onto a run-out table 17 on which it may be cooled by convection and/or by contact with water supplied via water jets 18 (or other suitable means) and by radiation.
  • the rolled strip may then pass through a pinch roll stand 20 comprising a pair of pinch rolls 20 A and thence to a coiler 19 .
  • Final cooling (if necessary) of the strip takes place by cooling of the coil after coiling.
  • twin roll caster 11 comprises a main machine frame 21 which supports a pair of horizontally positioned casting rolls 22 each having casting surfaces 22 A, assembled side-by-side with a nip 27 between them.
  • Molten metal may be supplied during a casting operation from a ladle (not shown) to a tundish 23 , through a refractory shroud 24 to a distributor 25 (also called a removable tundish) and thence through a metal delivery nozzle 26 generally above the nip 27 between the casting rolls 22 .
  • Molten metal thus delivered to the nip 27 forms a casting pool 30 above the nip 27 supported on the casting roll surfaces 22 A.
  • This casting pool is confined at the ends of the rolls typically by a pair of side closure dams or plates 28 , which may be positioned adjacent the ends of the rolls by a pair of thrusters (not shown) comprising hydraulic cylinder units (or other suitable means) connected to the side plate holders.
  • the upper surface of casting pool 30 (generally referred to as the “meniscus” level) may rise above the lower end of the delivery nozzle 26 so that the lower end of the delivery nozzle is immersed within this casting pool.
  • Casting rolls 22 are internally cooled by water or other suitable coolant so that shells of steel solidify on the moving casting surfaces 22 A of the rolls 22 during rotation of the rolls. The solidified shells are then brought together at the nip 27 between the casting rolls to produce the cast strip 12 , which is delivered downwardly from the nip.
  • frame 21 supports a casting roll carriage which is horizontally movable between an assembly station and a casting station.
  • Casting rolls 22 are counter-rotated through drive shafts (not shown) driven by an electric motor and transmission.
  • Rolls 22 have copper peripheral walls formed with a series of longitudinally extending and circumferentially spaced cooling passages supplied with coolant.
  • the rolls may typically be about 500 mm in diameter and generally up to about 2000 mm long, in order to produce strip product of about 2000 mm wide.
  • Removable tundish 25 is of conventional construction. It is formed as a dish made of a refractory material such as for example magnesium oxide (MgO). One side of the tundish receives molten metal from the ladle and is provided with an overflow spout and an emergency plug as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • MgO magnesium oxide
  • Delivery nozzle 26 is formed as an elongate body made of a refractory material such as for example alumina graphite. Its lower part is tapered so as to converge inwardly and downwardly above the nip between casting rolls 22 .
  • Nozzle 26 may have a series of horizontally spaced generally vertically extending flow passages to produce a suitably low velocity discharge of molten metal throughout the width of the casting rolls 22 and to deliver the molten metal onto the roll surfaces 22 A of the rolls 22 where initial solidification occurs.
  • the nozzle 26 may have a single continuous slot outlet to deliver a low velocity curtain of molten metal directly above the nip between the rolls.
  • the nozzle may be immersed in the molten metal pool 30 .
  • the casting pool 30 is confined at the ends of the rolls by a pair of side closure plates 28 which are adjacent to and held against stepped ends of the rolls 22 when the roll carriage is at the casting station.
  • Side closure plates 28 are illustratively made of a strong refractory material, for example boron nitride, and have scalloped side edges to match the curvature of the stepped ends of the rolls 22 .
  • the side plates 28 can be mounted in plate holders which are movable at the casting station by actuation of a pair of hydraulic cylinder units (or other suitable means) to bring the side plates into engagement with the stepped ends of the casting rolls 22 to form end closures for the casting pool 30 of metal supported on the casting roll surfaces 22 A during a casting operation.
  • the twin roll caster may be of the kind illustrated and described in some detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,184,668; 5,277,243; 5,488,988; and/or 5,934,359; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/436,336; and International Patent Application PCT/AU93/00593, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Reference may be made to those patents for appropriate constructional details but such details form no part of the present invention.
  • high copper low alloy steel sheet was made by twin roll caster into thin cast steel strip of 1.7 mm in thickness.
  • the steel strip had the following chemical composition: 0.048% carbon, 0.636% manganese, 0.117% phosphorus, 0.005% sulfur, 0.252% silicon, 0.261% copper, 0.034% nickel, 0.027% chromium, 0.015% molybdenum, 0.006% tin, 0.001% aluminium, 0.001% titanium, 0.001% zinc, 0.0072% nitrogen and other impurities normally found in steel scrap.
  • the steel was also tested and not found to have any measurable amounts of vanadium, lead, calcium or boron. This steel was designated heat #232613 (trial #1), and was made into four coils (i.e., numbers 1,2,3 and 4) which were tested.
  • a second high copper low-alloy steel sheet was made by twin-roll caster into thin cast strip of 1.7 mm in thickness.
  • the steel strip had the following chemical composition: 0.049% carbon, 0.554% manganese, 0.043% phosphorus, 0.009% sulfur, 0.227% silicon, 0.417% copper, 0.030% nickel, 0.067% chromium, 0.011% molybdenum, 0.005% tin, 0.001% aluminium, 0.001% lead, 0.001% titanium, 0.001% zinc, 0.0065% nitrogen and other impurities normally found in steel scrap.
  • the composition was also tested for vanadium, niobium, calcium and boron and none were measured.
  • This steel was designated heat #137162 (trial #2), and was made into four coils (i.e., numbers 1,2,3 and 5) which were tested. There was not a roll #4 tested, because it was a pup.
  • FIG. 5 shows the dramatic improvement in inhibiting hot shortness with the high copper low alloy steel sheet of the present invention.
  • the solid line illustrates the tolerance of prior art sheet to hot shortness as a function of percent copper from available data.
  • the dotted line is an extension of the solid line showing the projected levels of copper that can be tolerated without hot shortness in sheet below 10 mm in thickness As can be seen from FIG. 5 , those copper levels are below 0.15% and closer to and below 0.1%.
  • the levels of copper that can be tolerated without substantial hot shortness in the high copper low alloy steel sheet of the present invention under 10 mm in thickness is more than 0.2%, and 0.4% and higher, with a cast strip of 1.7 mm thickness.
  • high copper low alloy steel as high as 1.5% copper has been cast without hot shortness at a thickness of 1.9 mm.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are micrographs of the surfaces of the high copper low alloy sheet or strip showing an absence of hot shortness. The benefits in inhibiting hot shortness are most evident by comparing FIGS. 6 and 7 with FIGS. 1 and 2 above.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
US11/084,649 2004-03-22 2005-03-19 High copper low alloy steel sheet Abandoned US20050205170A1 (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/084,649 US20050205170A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2005-03-19 High copper low alloy steel sheet
PCT/AU2005/000402 WO2005090627A1 (fr) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 Feuille d'acier faiblement allie a forte teneur en cuivre
JP2007504210A JP2007529630A (ja) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 高銅低合金鋼シート
EP05714274A EP1727918A4 (fr) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 Feuille d'acier faiblement allie a forte teneur en cuivre
KR1020067021446A KR20060130745A (ko) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 고동 저합금 강판
RU2006137274/02A RU2006137274A (ru) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 Листовая низколегированная сталь с высоким содержанием меди
CNA2005800093541A CN1946867A (zh) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 高铜低合金薄钢板
AU2005224290A AU2005224290A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2005-03-21 High copper low alloy steel sheet
US11/877,376 US20080264525A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2007-10-23 High copper low alloy steel sheet

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/805,831 US20050205169A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2004-03-22 High copper low alloy steel sheet
US11/084,649 US20050205170A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2005-03-19 High copper low alloy steel sheet

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/805,831 Continuation-In-Part US20050205169A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2004-03-22 High copper low alloy steel sheet

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/877,376 Continuation-In-Part US20080264525A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2007-10-23 High copper low alloy steel sheet

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US20050205170A1 true US20050205170A1 (en) 2005-09-22

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US11/084,649 Abandoned US20050205170A1 (en) 2004-03-22 2005-03-19 High copper low alloy steel sheet

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US (1) US20050205170A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1727918A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2007529630A (fr)
KR (1) KR20060130745A (fr)
CN (1) CN1946867A (fr)
AU (1) AU2005224290A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2006137274A (fr)
WO (1) WO2005090627A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007079545A1 (fr) * 2006-01-16 2007-07-19 Nucor Corporation Bande d'acier coulé mince à microfissuration réduite
US20070175608A1 (en) * 2006-01-16 2007-08-02 Nucor Corporation Thin cast steel strip with reduced microcracking
US20100215981A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-08-26 Nucor Corporation Hot rolled thin cast strip product and method for making the same
CN104057053A (zh) * 2013-06-14 2014-09-24 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 一种低合金钢宽厚板坯的连铸方法

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080264525A1 (en) * 2004-03-22 2008-10-30 Nucor Corporation High copper low alloy steel sheet
JP5352530B2 (ja) * 2010-05-24 2013-11-27 株式会社神戸製鋼所 鋼材の腐食状態推定方法
CN109338235A (zh) * 2017-09-27 2019-02-15 江苏沙钢集团有限公司 一种耐候钢及其生产方法
CN112522576B (zh) * 2019-09-19 2022-11-18 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 一种薄规格高耐蚀钢及其生产方法
CN117925973A (zh) * 2023-12-29 2024-04-26 首钢集团有限公司 一种低碳钢及其制备方法

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US5662748A (en) * 1993-02-26 1997-09-02 Nippon Steel Corporation Thin cast strip and thin steel sheet of common carbon steel containing large amounts of copper and tin and process for producing the same
US6062055A (en) * 1997-04-10 2000-05-16 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa Rolling method for thin flat products and relative rolling line
US20020029865A1 (en) * 2000-08-26 2002-03-14 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Method of and apparatus for continuous casting of steel strip
US20040003875A1 (en) * 2000-10-02 2004-01-08 Lazar Strezov Method of producing steel strip
US6676744B2 (en) * 2000-10-04 2004-01-13 James Hardie Research Pty Limited Fiber cement composite materials using cellulose fibers loaded with inorganic and/or organic substances

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JPH07100593A (ja) * 1993-10-06 1995-04-18 Nippon Steel Corp Cu,Sn含有鋼の双ロール連続鋳造方法
DE69510291T3 (de) * 1994-03-25 2006-12-07 Nippon Steel Corp. Verfahren zur herstellung dünner bandstreifen
US5651412A (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-07-29 Armco Inc. Strip casting with fluxing agent applied to casting roll
AUPN733095A0 (en) * 1995-12-22 1996-01-25 Bhp Steel (Jla) Pty Limited Twin roll continuous caster
JP4542247B2 (ja) * 2000-08-08 2010-09-08 キャストリップ・リミテッド・ライアビリティ・カンパニー ストリップ連続鋳造装置及びその使用方法
RU2290448C2 (ru) * 2001-09-13 2006-12-27 Ак Стил Пропертиз, Инк. Способ непрерывной разливки полосы из электротехнической стали с контролируемым оросительным охлаждением

Patent Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5662748A (en) * 1993-02-26 1997-09-02 Nippon Steel Corporation Thin cast strip and thin steel sheet of common carbon steel containing large amounts of copper and tin and process for producing the same
US5662748B1 (en) * 1993-02-26 1999-11-02 Nippon Steel Corp Thin cast strip and thin steel sheet of common carbon steel containing large amounts of copper and tin and process for producing the same
US6062055A (en) * 1997-04-10 2000-05-16 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa Rolling method for thin flat products and relative rolling line
US20020029865A1 (en) * 2000-08-26 2002-03-14 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Method of and apparatus for continuous casting of steel strip
US20040003875A1 (en) * 2000-10-02 2004-01-08 Lazar Strezov Method of producing steel strip
US6676744B2 (en) * 2000-10-04 2004-01-13 James Hardie Research Pty Limited Fiber cement composite materials using cellulose fibers loaded with inorganic and/or organic substances

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007079545A1 (fr) * 2006-01-16 2007-07-19 Nucor Corporation Bande d'acier coulé mince à microfissuration réduite
US20070175608A1 (en) * 2006-01-16 2007-08-02 Nucor Corporation Thin cast steel strip with reduced microcracking
US20100215981A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-08-26 Nucor Corporation Hot rolled thin cast strip product and method for making the same
CN104057053A (zh) * 2013-06-14 2014-09-24 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 一种低合金钢宽厚板坯的连铸方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1727918A4 (fr) 2007-08-29
AU2005224290A1 (en) 2005-09-29
KR20060130745A (ko) 2006-12-19
WO2005090627A1 (fr) 2005-09-29
EP1727918A1 (fr) 2006-12-06
WO2005090627A9 (fr) 2005-11-17
CN1946867A (zh) 2007-04-11
JP2007529630A (ja) 2007-10-25
RU2006137274A (ru) 2008-04-27

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