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US20050053878A1 - Device for combustion of a carbon containing fuel in a nitrogen free atmosphere and a method for operating said device - Google Patents

Device for combustion of a carbon containing fuel in a nitrogen free atmosphere and a method for operating said device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050053878A1
US20050053878A1 US10/451,729 US45172904A US2005053878A1 US 20050053878 A1 US20050053878 A1 US 20050053878A1 US 45172904 A US45172904 A US 45172904A US 2005053878 A1 US2005053878 A1 US 2005053878A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
oxygen
gas stream
inlet
combustion
gas
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US10/451,729
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English (en)
Inventor
Tor Bruun
Leif Gronstad
Kare Kristiansen
Bjornar Werswick
Ulf Linder
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Norsk Hydro ASA
GE Power Sweden AB
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Individual
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Assigned to NORSK HYDRO ASA reassignment NORSK HYDRO ASA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KRISTIANSEN, KARE, BRUUN, TOR, GRONSTAD, LEIF, WERSWICK, BJORNAR
Publication of US20050053878A1 publication Critical patent/US20050053878A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • C01B13/0229—Purification or separation processes
    • C01B13/0248—Physical processing only
    • C01B13/0251—Physical processing only by making use of membranes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C1/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
    • F02C1/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
    • F02C6/10—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output supplying working fluid to a user, e.g. a chemical process, which returns working fluid to a turbine of the plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
    • F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2210/00—Purification or separation of specific gases
    • C01B2210/0043—Impurity removed
    • C01B2210/0046—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
    • F23L2900/07006—Control of the oxygen supply
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for combustion of a carbon containing fuel in a nitrogen free atmosphere and a method for operating said device.
  • the device may be integrated with a power generation plant (i.e. gas turbine(s)) to obtain an energy efficient process for generation of power with reduced emission of carbon dioxide and NOx to the atmosphere. Furthermore, the device may be integrated with a chemical plant performing endothermic reactions.
  • a power generation plant i.e. gas turbine(s)
  • gas turbine(s) i.e. gas turbine(s)
  • the device may be integrated with a chemical plant performing endothermic reactions.
  • a reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere makes it necessary to either separate the carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas, or raise the concentration in the exhaust gas to levels suitable for use in different chemical processes or for injection in e.g. a geological formation for long term deposition or for enhanced recovery of oil from an oil reservoir.
  • CO 2 can be removed from cooled exhaust gas, normally discharged at near atmospheric pressure, by means of several separation processes, e.g. chemical active separation processes, physical absorption processes, adsorption by molecular sieves, membrane separation and cryogenic techniques.
  • chemical absorption for instance by means of alkanole amines, is considered as the most practical and economical method to separate CO 2 from exhaust gas.
  • separation processes consume energy and require heavy and voluminous equipment. Applied in connection with a power generation process, these separation processes will reduce the power output with 10% or more.
  • cryogenic separation or pressure swing absorption (PSA) applied for producing pure oxygen require 250 to 300 KWh/ton oxygen produced. If these methods are used for supplying oxygen to a combustion process in a gas turbine cycle these methods will reduce the net power output from the gas turbine cycle by at least 20%. The expenses of producing oxygen in a cryogenic unit will increase the price of produced electric power substantially and may amount to as much as 50% of the cost of the electric power.
  • the mixed conducting membrane is defined as a membrane made of materials with both ionic and electronic conductivity.
  • the membrane selectively transports oxygen.
  • the driving force through the membrane is proportional to the logarithmic relation between oxygen partial pressures; log (pO 2 (I)/pO 2 (II)), where (I) represents the oxygen delivering side (air) of the membrane and (II) represents the oxygen receiving side of the membrane.
  • log (pO 2 (I)/pO 2 (II) log (pO 2 (I)/pO 2 (II)
  • a sweep gas is applied to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen on the oxygen receiving side of the membrane and thereby increase the flux of oxygen through the membrane; as e.g. described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,754 and NO-A-972632.
  • MCM mixed conducting membranes
  • the main object of the present invention was to provide a device effective to achieve combustion of a carbon containing fuel in a nitrogen free atmosphere.
  • Another object of the present invention was to provide a device effective to achieve a combustion process resulting in an exhaust gas with a high concentration of CO 2 and a low concentration of NOx.
  • Another object of the invention was to provide a method for operating said device.
  • Yet another object of the invention was to provide a plant and a method for an energy efficient generation of power.
  • Still yet another object of the invention was to provide a plant and a method for generation of power with reduced emission of carbon dioxide and NOx to the atmosphere.
  • the device may further be integrated with gas turbine(s) in a plant for generation of power.
  • the device may also be integrated with a chemical plant performing an endothermic reaction to supply necessary heat to the reaction.
  • the mixed conducting membrane(s) (MCM) which is utilized in the device according to the present invention will at conditions described above (a) and b)) transport oxygen from an oxygen delivering gas (e.g. air) to an oxygen receiving gas.
  • the oxygen receiving gas has a lower partial pressure of oxygen than the oxygen delivering gas.
  • a carbon rich fuel e.g. natural gas
  • a heat generating combustion reaction between oxygen and added fuel takes place.
  • Combustion of natural gas with pure oxygen will produce an exhaust gas containing the two main products carbon dioxide and water (steam).
  • the exhaust gas is utilized as the oxygen receiving gas.
  • the oxygen rich gas stream i.e. the oxygen enriched exhaust gas
  • the oxygen rich gas stream is fed to the combustion chamber and applied as oxidant in the combustion reaction.
  • the thermal energy produced by the combustion reaction is by means of heat exchanger(s) utilized to heat air fed to the MCM-module(s) as well as to heat oxygen depleted air leaving the MCM-module(s) before it may enter a power generation turbine or a chemical plant performing an endothermic reaction.
  • the exhaust gas is utilized as a sweep gas to pick up oxygen in the membrane module(s) and transport oxygen to one or more combustion chambers where fuel is added.
  • the heat generated in the exhaust gas should in an efficient way be transported to the air stream, and in such a way, that leakage between sweep gas and air is prevented or minimised to an acceptable level.
  • Multichannel structures are found to be the most advantageous due to the fact that they can be extruded in one piece (i.e. a monolith) and thus a large surface area in one piece is obtained.
  • the heat exchange module(s) and the MCM-modules are made of a ceramic material that is able to withstand the present process conditions (atmosphere, temperature and pressure).
  • the channels should be very small and every air channel should be surrounded by (i.e. have common walls with) the other gas (i.e. sweep/exhaust gas).
  • the other gas i.e. sweep/exhaust gas
  • such multichannel monolithic structures are connected or linked together in such a way that the MCM-module is installed between two heat exchange modules. Furthermore, these modules are installed in a pressure vessel hereinafter defined as the reactor.
  • the reactor a pressure vessel hereinafter defined as the reactor.
  • the first gas stream (the air stream) has a flow from inlet to outlet of the reactor that follows longitudinal to the direction of channels in the monolithic structures (i.e. heat exchangers and MCM). This means that the gas enters and leaves the open channels from the short ends and flows through an open room or closed structure that connects these ends.
  • the second gas stream has a flow direction in and out of the side slots of the monolith, through bypass rooms or connectors to the side slot of the adjacent monolithic structures. These bypass rooms are surrounding the inner open room of the first gas.
  • Such a flow system of the gases will allow one of the gases, here the second gas, to leak and fill all available space or “empty” room of the reactor.
  • the requirement for a gas tight sealing is then reduced for the first gas only to be a sealing towards the second gas (not to the “empty” space of the reactor) located at the inner coupling connectors between the monolithic structures.
  • This feature is very important because a controlled leakage of gas is necessary to build up and equalise the pressure inside the reactor house, and only one of the gases is allowed to leak to prevent mixing. This controlled and necessary leakage allows a flexible sealing of defined leakage rate for the bypassing connectors of the second gas. Flexibility to avoid thermal stress in connecting parts/monolithic structures is very important to prevent fatal cracks.
  • FIG. 1 shows a sketch of one embodiment of the device according to the present invention including its functional parts as heat exchange module, MCM-module and combustion chamber. Also included is a pressure booster, here shown as a jet ejector driven by high pressure (HP) steam. In this embodiment the modules are all installed within the reactor.
  • a pressure booster here shown as a jet ejector driven by high pressure (HP) steam.
  • HP high pressure
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the device according to the present invention including the same functional parts as heat exchange module, MCM-module as well as a combustion chamber and a pressure booster, but in this embodiment the combustion occurs in a separate vessel connected to the reactor.
  • the pressure booster is installed in the connecting pipes, preferably prior to the combustion chamber where the sweep gas has its lowest temperature.
  • FIG. 3 shows a sketch of a multichannel monolith structure utilized as a MCM-module and/or as a heat exchange module.
  • FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the reactor with the different modules as well as the other functional components in the reactor.
  • FIG. 5 shows different shapes of connectors between the MCM- and the heat exchange modules as well as different methods applied for sealing of the connectors between the modules.
  • FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of the device according to the present invention where the combustion chamber is installed outside the reactor as well as some of the internal components taken out of the reactor for the purpose of better illustrating these individual components.
  • FIG. 7 shows a more detailed illustration of the whole device according to the present invention as well as the individual components of the reactor.
  • FIG. 8 . 1 shows one embodiment of a plant for generation of power where the device according to the present invention is integrated with gas turbines.
  • FIG. 8 . 2 shows another embodiment of a plant for generation of power where the device according to the present invention is integrated with gas turbines and where more than one reactor have a common combustion chamber.
  • FIG. 9 . 1 shows one embodiment of the device according to the present invention where each process stream is given a tag number according to Table 1.
  • FIG. 9 . 2 illustrates the internal flow path of the air in the reactor.
  • FIG. 1 shows a principal sketch of the device according to the present invention where the process streams and the important process units (H-01), (X-01), (H-02), (F-01) and (I-01) are shown.
  • the units are all installed inside the reactor pressure shell which is in this example identical to the device shell.
  • the figure shows that an oxygen containing gas stream (here air) is conducted trough a compressor.
  • the compressed air stream (AN-030) is further fed to the heat exchange module (H-01) where it is heated (AN-050) before entering the mixed conducting membrane module (X-01) in which oxygen is separated from the air stream resulting in an oxygen depleted air stream (AL-010).
  • the oxygen depleted air stream (AL-010) enters the heat exchanger (H-02) for further heating before leaving the device (AL-020).
  • the depleted air stream (AL-020) may be fed to a power generation turbine or a chemical plant performing endothermic reactions.
  • a sweep gas (EG-020) is fed to the MCM-module (X-01) and is picking up oxygen at the oxygen receiving side of the membrane and further transported through heat exchange module (H-01).
  • the oxygen enriched gas stream (EGO-030) is then pressurized in a pressure booster (I-01) before entering the combustion chamber (F-01).
  • the combustion chamber (F-01) where fuel (NG-010) is added and burned is in this example installed inside the reactor pressure shell.
  • the combustion gas or exhaust (EG-010) is now almost oxygen free due to combustion in (F-01).
  • a part of the hot combustion product or exhaust gas (EG-010) is taken out as a bleed stream (EG-040) to prevent accumulation of mass in the reactor while the rest of the product gas is fed to the heat exchange module (H-02) and heated to the operational temperature of the membrane.
  • the membrane module stream (EG-020) is acting as a sweep gas.
  • the hot and oxygen enriched sweep gas stream (EGO-020) is fed to the heat exchange module (H-01) to heat the incoming gas stream (AN-030).
  • the heated air stream (AN-050) is entering the MCM-module (X-01) at the operational temperature of the MCM-modules (X-01).
  • a pressure booster (I-01) has to be installed to enhance circulation in the sweep gas loop and ensure a continuous combustion.
  • this is a jet pump driven by injection of high pressure (HP) steam.
  • the jet pump has the advantage of no moving parts and might be built in a material (i.e. ceramic) that can withstand very high temperatures.
  • the oxygen depleted gas stream (AL-020) and the bleed gas stream (EG-040) may be fed to gas turbines to generate power.
  • the bleed gas (EG-040) containing the main combustion products (CO 2 +H 2 O) will have a high temperature (combustion gas temperature).
  • CO 2 +H 2 O combustion gas temperature
  • Another power generating alternative for this stream is to cool down the gas to a temperature ⁇ 550° C. where a conventional steam turbine can be used. This can be done by injecting water to stream (EG-040) or heat exchange with the incoming “cold” air stream (AN-030).
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the device according to the present invention where the pressure booster (I-01) and the combustion chamber (F-01) are installed outside the reactor pressure shell but within the device shell.
  • This feature contributes to simplify the construction of the device.
  • the advantage of installing (I-01) and (F-01) outside the reactor is to facilitate the maintenance work and makes it possible to apply cooling apparatus.
  • a rotary pressure increasing machine can be used as a pressure booster (I-01) as envisaged in this figure.
  • the flow path in this embodiment is the same as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the only difference is that no high pressure (HP) steam is injected (because no jet pump is used), but this will not amend the principle flow pattern. Injecting high pressure (HP) steam as shown in FIG. 1 will reduce the net power generation efficiency of the process and thus a rotary machine as shown in FIG. 2 is with respect to efficiency more advantageous.
  • An external combustion chamber will also simplify the fuel (NG-010) injection system and makes it easier to upscale the device as will be shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 3 shows a multichannel monolith structure which, according to the present invention might preferably be utilized as both a heat exchange module and a membrane module.
  • such structures are advantageous mainly because of their simple way to be manufactured.
  • the present invention is not restricted to application of such structures only and other configurations (e.g. plates) may be an alternative.
  • Gas 1 represents gas streams (AN-030) and (AN-050) if the monolith structure is module (H-01), gas streams (AN-050) and (AL-010) if the monolith structure is module (X-01). If the monolith structure is module (H-02), then Gas 1 is gas streams (AL-010) and (AL-020).
  • Gas 2 represents the gas streams (EGO-020) and (EGO-030) if the module is (H-01), the gas streams (EG-030) and (EGO-010/020) if the module is (X-01) and gas streams (EG-020) and (EG-030) if the module is (H-02).
  • Gas 1 follows the straight path through the channels and is thus always fed in and let out from the open rows of channels at the monolith ends.
  • Gas 2 normally the sweep gas, is always fed in and taken out from the open slots in the side wall of the monolith structures. Since these monolithic structures preferably will be made by extrusion, all channels will be of the same length.
  • the inlet and the outlet slots of Gas 2 must be made after extrusion by machining every second column of channels as visualised on the figure. After machining down to the preferred depth the open row of channels (made by machining) has to be closed by a sealing in such a way that a sufficient opening area for the side slot is kept (inlet and outlet for Gas 2 ).
  • a channel diameter below 10 mm is used.
  • a diameter between 1 and 8 is preferred.
  • FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the reactor as described in FIG. 2 , where the combustion chamber and the pressure booster are mounted outside the reactor shell.
  • the connecting flanges for the inlet (EG) and the outlet (EGO) of the sweep gas stream as well as the inlet (AN) of the air stream and the outlet (AL) of the oxygen depleted air stream are shown. Inside the reactor the flow path of these streams is visualized by dotted lines.
  • Heat exchanger (H-01), MCM-modules (X-01) and the outlet heat exchanger (H-02) are fixed together by the connectors between (H-019, (X-01) and (H-02).
  • These connectors are preferably glass sealed, before installed in the reactor, to ensure no leakage and thus will be one whole part (i.e. sealed together). During heating this whole part has to be allowed to expand. This will be further described in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 5 shows alternative shapes for the connectors between the (X-01) and (H-01/H-02).
  • (H-01) and (X-01) as well as (X-01) and (H-02) could be connected and sealed to each other by different components as shown.
  • the most important factor is to have a tight sealing without leakage between the inner gas (i.e. Gas 1 as described in FIG. 3 , preferably air) and the outer gas (i.e. Gas 2 described in FIG. 3 , preferably sweep gas).
  • FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of the device according to the illustration in FIG. 2 , where the combustion chamber (F-01), as well as the pressure booster (I-01) are installed outside the reactor.
  • Fuel (NG) is injected in the low temperature zone prior to (I-01) to ensure a good mixing with the oxygen enriched sweep gas (EGO) before entering the combustion chamber (F-01). Due to a too low temperature the combustion, at least partly, might be enhanced by a catalyst.
  • the sweep gas stream (EGO) leaving (H-01) is cooled down by the air stream (AN) and has its lowest temperature before (I-01).
  • the pressure in the stream (EGO) is increased by means of (I-01) before entering the combustion chamber (F-01) outside the reactor.
  • (EG) is thus somewhat cooled down by (AL) in (H-02) before it enters the membrane module(s) (X-01).
  • (X-01) acts as a sweep gas picking up oxygen transferred through the membrane wall from the air side.
  • the oxygen enriched sweep gas leaving (X-01), now named (EGO) is then entering the first heat exchanger (H-01) where the air stream (AN) is heated and the stream (EGO) is cooled.
  • a cooled oxygen containing sweep gas (EGO) is now returning via (I-01) to (F-01) and thus an exhaust/sweep gas loop is obtained enhancing a continuous combustion.
  • bleed gas Either from the oxygen enriched sweep gas (EGO) or from the exhaust gas (EG) a bleed gas has to be taken out to prevent accumulation of mass in the sweep gas loop due to the oxygen transfer from the air and the addition of the fuel.
  • Example of bleed gas outlet is shown in FIGS. 8 . 1 and 9 . 1 .
  • FIG. 6 Also shown in FIG. 6 are some of the individual components of the reactor.
  • FIG. 7 shows a more detailed embodiment of the device according to the present invention.
  • Reactor pressure vessel 1 contains the low temperature heat exchanger 9 , the high temperature heat exchanger 19 and the MCM-modules 15 .
  • the parts 8 , 14 and 18 are used to make a round shape at the outer wall of the heat exchangers and MCM-modules to ensure less complicated sealing.
  • These parts could also be made with channels in such a way that they can be used as heat exchangers 8 and 18 or as MCM-modules 14 .
  • the individual parts 10 , 11 , 12 and 13 will fit together and make the connection between the low temperature heat exchanger 9 and the MCM-modules 15 as shown in FIG. 5 . 3 .
  • the individual parts 16 , 17 , 20 and 21 will make the connection between the MCM-modules 15 and the high temperature heat exchanger 19 .
  • the coupling part 11 preferably will be glass sealed in both ends to 9 and 15 and part 21 respectively will be sealed to 15 and 19 .
  • the material in 11 has to match the thermal expansion of both 9 and 15 and respectively the material in 21 has to match the thermal expansion of 15 and 19 .
  • connection parts 11 and 21 with a gradual change in composition of material such that the material in the end of 11 connected to 9 matches its thermal expansion, respectively the other end of 11 matches the thermal expansion of 14 .
  • 21 also could be made in such a way that thermal expansion is matching material in both 15 and 19 to prevent cracks.
  • the inlet plenum room for air, unit 7 could be glass sealed to the low temperature heat exchanger 9 to ensure minimum leakage.
  • the material in 7 has to match the thermal expansion of 9 .
  • the outlet plenum 23 for oxygen depleted air might be glass sealed to 18 and 19 and thus 23 has to be made of a material that matches 18 and 19 in thermal expansion.
  • Part 7 is in the inlet end (incoming air) made of a round shape (pipe) to make it easier to fit into a flexible sealing 5 . Respectively this is also done for the outlet plenum 23 (of the oxygen depleted high temperature air). Also here, in same way as inlet, a ring sealing, 24 is shown. For a vertical orientation as shown in FIG. 7 a lower flexible sealing may not be necessary. This end could be fixed and thermal expansion allowed to take place in the upper end through the flexibility of seal 5 . Thus, in at least one end, a sealing that allows expansion in the longitudinal direction has to be included. In the present invention this is solved by designing the inlet and/or outlet connectors 4 and 25 in a round shape (pipe end). Thus this makes it easier to have a flexible sealing. Flexible sealing rings 5 and 24 have to be made of a temperature resistant material (ceramic or metal). Also other flexible “pipe” sealing systems is possible.
  • the inlet and outlet pipes 4 and 25 may have the same shape to simplify the fabrication.
  • Inlet pipe 4 leads the air stream to the inlet plenum made up by 7 and made in such a way that flexible sealings 5 can be mounted.
  • the inlet pipe 4 is most preferably made of a material that also acts as a thermal barrier or lining between the hot inlet air and the outer metal pipe connected to the pressure vessel shell. This is especially important for the outlet pipe 25 in the high temperature end. Also shown are parts 6 and 22 that act as a thermal barrier or lining between exhaust/sweep gas and the flanged inlet/outlet metal pipe of the pressure vessel.
  • thermal barrier and insulation 3 between the high temperature inner parts and the outer metal wall or shell of the pressure vessel Keeping a low temperature ( ⁇ 500° C.) in the outer pressure shell will reduce heat loss and allow the pressure shell to be made of a common engineering material (i.e. carbon steel). By lowering the temperature, the thickness of the wall and thus also the total weight of the device is reduced. This is important for an offshore installation.
  • Parts 3 are also made in a shape and of such a material that it can act as support for the inner parts.
  • 2 is a layer of a flexible material between the inner wall (pressure shell) and 3 allowing for some movement caused by thermal expansion.
  • FIG. 8 . 1 shows one embodiment of the device according to the present invention where the device is integrated with gas turbines.
  • FIG. 8 . 2 shows another embodiment of integrating the reactor with gas turbines where more than one reactor have a common combustion chamber.
  • one or more reactor units can be coupled together and share a common combustion chamber as shown in FIG. 8 . 1 .
  • This will allow multiple production of standard sized reactors and a cost efficient production by increasing total power output (upscaling) by integrating or coupling standard sized reactors together as shown in FIG. 8 . 2 . If for example the single device in the plant as shown in FIG. 8 . 1 is producing 10 MW of power, the plant shown in FIG. 8 . 2 having 6 reactors of the same size as a standard single reactor the plant will produce about 60 MW.
  • Shown in FIG. 8 . 1 are two different alternatives for discharging the bleed stream.
  • One alternative (Alt. 1) is to discharge a bleed stream from the cold part of the sweep gas loop.
  • the bleed stream will have a temperature that allows it to be sent directly to a steam turbine.
  • the bleed stream taken out as shown in alternative one contains oxygen and this process stream can thus be used for further heat generation in a nitrogen free atmosphere and further as a heat source in an endothermic process.
  • Alt. 2 a bleed stream is discharged after the combustion and thus it is almost oxygen free and at a high temperature level. If a steam turbine is to be used to enhance power generation from this stream, the temperature must be lowered, i.e. by injecting water.
  • the bleed stream can be discharged anywhere in the sweep gas stream loop. Also shown in FIG. 8 . 1 is that the inlet air pipe (from compressor to reactor) is longer than outlet lean air pipe (from reactor to turbine). This is found advantageous due to the higher temperature of the outlet oxygen lean air stream compared to the inlet air stream.
  • FIG. 9 . 1 shows the device according to the present invention with the flow direction of the different gas streams.
  • the figure shows that an oxygen containing gas stream (AN-030), preferably a compressed air stream, is fed to the heat exchange module (H-01) where the gas stream is heated before entering the mixed conducting membrane module (X-01). Oxygen is transported through the membrane wall to be picked up by the sweep gas stream (EG-030). An oxygen enriched sweep gas stream leaves the module (X-01) now named (EGO-010).
  • AN-030 oxygen containing gas stream
  • H-01 heat exchange module
  • Oxygen is transported through the membrane wall to be picked up by the sweep gas stream (EG-030).
  • An oxygen enriched sweep gas stream leaves the module (X-01) now named (EGO-010).
  • F-02 additional combustion chamber
  • the present invention will work without this combustion chamber (F-02) as explained in FIG. 6 .
  • the sweep gas stream (EGO-020) entering the heat exchanger (H-01) will have somewhat higher temperature than the stream (EGO-010) and somewhat lower content of oxygen.
  • the sweep gas stream (EGO-020) is then fed to the heat exchanger (H-01) for heating incoming air to the MCM-module (X-01).
  • the sweep gas stream (EGO-030) leaving (H-01) has now its lowest temperature and is supplied to the main combustion chamber (F-01) outside the reactor where most of the fuel (NG-020) is burned.
  • a pressure booster (I-01) is installed close to the inlet of the main combustion chamber (F-01). The pressure increase from (EGO-030) to (EGO-040) enhanced by the pressure booster (I-01) is to ensure circulation in the sweep/exhaust gas loop.
  • a part of the hot exhaust gas (EG-040) is discharged as a bleed stream to prevent accumulation of mass in the exhaust/sweep gas loop.
  • the bleed gas stream (EG-040) can be discharged anywhere in the sweep gas circulation loop. For example it can be discharged in the cold end, from (EGO-030), and sent directly to a steam turbine.
  • the exhaust gas (EG-020) is fed via the high temperature heat exchanger (H-02) to the membrane module (X-01).
  • Acting as sweep gas, (EG-030) is receiving oxygen transported through the membrane from the air side and further transports the oxygen to the combustion chamber.
  • a closed loop with a continuous combustion of a carbon rich fuel with O 2 in a CO 2 and H 2 O rich atmosphere is obtained.
  • FIG. 9 . 2 shows how the plenum inlet and outlet 7 and 23 and heat exchangers (H-01) and (H-02) and the MCM-module (X-01) can be built into one sealed unit.
  • This is to illustrate one important feature of the present invention which is the flow direction or flow paths of the two main streams air and sweep gas that contributes to minimize the leakage between air and sweep gas stream.
  • the air stream has a straight flow and flows directly through the inner closed rooms between the heat exchangers (H-01) and (H-02) and the MCM-module (X-01), while the sweep gas stream flows in and out of the open side slots of (H-01), (X-01) and (H-02).
  • the sweep gas should be allowed to fill the open space of the reactor. This will ensure that only outer reactor shells have to be designed for withstanding total pressure of the process.
  • Table 1 below gives example of data for the process flows with numbers according to FIG. 9 . 1 .
  • Inlet conditions for the air stream 20 bar, 450° C. and 79 kg/s.
  • Oxygen transport through membrane is 6.12 kg/s (membrane area is installed according to this).
  • Fuel is added to match the stoichiometry of the combustion reaction.
  • a further advantage will be to have a low pressure difference ( ⁇ 5 bar) between the air side and the sweep gas side, preferably with somewhat higher pressure on the sweep gas side. This will ensure, in case of leakage between the stream and the sweep gas stream, that the direction of leakage will be from the sweep gas side (CO 2 and H 2 O) into the air side. This will be less harmful than if air leaks into the combustion loop (sweep gas), especially from an environmental point of view because in case of nitrogen (air) leakage into combustion (sweep gas loop) the NO x gas could be produced.
  • Table 1 below gives example of data for the process flows with numbers according to FIG. 9 . 1 .
  • Inlet conditions for the air stream 20 bar, 450° C. and 79 kg/s.
  • Oxygen transport through membrane is 6.12 kg/s (membrane area is installed according to this).
  • Fuel is added to match the stoichiometry of the combustion reaction.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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US10/451,729 2000-12-29 2001-12-19 Device for combustion of a carbon containing fuel in a nitrogen free atmosphere and a method for operating said device Abandoned US20050053878A1 (en)

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NO20006690A NO318619B1 (no) 2000-12-29 2000-12-29 Anordning for forbrenning av et karbonholdig brensel, en fremgangsmate for a betjene nevnte anordning, samt anvendelse av anordningen.
NO200006690 2000-12-29
PCT/NO2001/000499 WO2002053969A1 (fr) 2000-12-29 2001-12-19 Dispositif destine a la combustion d'un combustible carbone dans une atmosphere sans azote et procede d'utilisation de ce dispositif

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NO20006690D0 (no) 2000-12-29
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JP2004533594A (ja) 2004-11-04
NO318619B1 (no) 2005-04-18
WO2002053969A1 (fr) 2002-07-11

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Effective date: 20031114

Owner name: NORSK HYDRO ASA, NORWAY

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STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

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