US20050044590A1

US20050044590A1 - Methods and means for altering fiber characteristics in fiber-producing plants

Info

Publication number: US20050044590A1
Application number: US10/915,405
Authority: US
Inventors: Yong Ruan; Robert Furbank
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2003-08-15
Filing date: 2004-08-11
Publication date: 2005-02-24
Also published as: EP1692285A1; MXPA06001745A; US20080171391A1; AR045265A1; EP1692285A4; BRPI0412944A; EP1692285B1; CN100575490C; AU2004264444B2; WO2005017157A1; CN1836043A; ATE553200T1; AU2004264444A1; US7947875B2

Abstract

Methods and means are provided for modulating fiber length in fiber producing plants such as cotton by altering the fiber elongation phase. The fiber elongation phase may be increased or decreased by interfering with callose deposition in plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cells.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, more specifically towards the use of molecular biology techniques to alter fiber producing plants, particularly cotton plants and/or accelerate breeding of such fiber containing plants. Methods and means are provided to increase fiber length, particularly lint fiber length or to decrease the length of fuzz fibers. Methods are also provided to identify molecular markers associated with fiber length in a population of cotton varieties and related progenitor plants.

BACKGROUND ART

Much of the high quality fiber for the textile industry is provided for by cotton. About 90% of cotton grown worldwide is Gossypium hirsutum L., whereas Gossypium barbadense accounts for about 8%. Consequently, the modification of cotton fibers characteristics to better suit the requirements of the industry is a major effort in breeding by either classical methods or by genetically altering the genome of cotton plants. Goals to be achieved include increased lint fiber length, strength, dyability, decreased fuzz fiber production, fiber maturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity and micronaire.
WO0245485 describes methods and means to modulate fiber quality in fiber-producing plants, such as cotton, by modulating sucrose synthase activity and/or expression in such plants.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588 and WO0117333 provide methods for increasing the quality of cotton fiber produced from a cotton plant by transformation with a DNA encoding sucrose phosphate synthase. The fiber qualities include strength, length, fiber maturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity and micronaire.
WO9508914 discloses a fiber producing plant comprising in its genome a heterologous genetic construct. The genetic construct comprises a fiber-specific promoter and a coding sequence encoding a plant peroxidase, such as a cotton peroxidase.
WO9626639 provides methods whereby encoding sequence preferentially directing gene expression in ovary tissue, particularly very early in fruit development, are utilized to express plant growth modifying hormones in cotton ovule tissue. The methods permit the modification of the characteristics of boll set in cotton plants and provide a mechanism for altering fiber quality characteristics such as fiber dimension and strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,718, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,882, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,708 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070 all disclose a method for genetically engineering a fiber-producing plant and the identification of cDNA clones useful for identifying fiber genes in cotton. The cDNA clones are useful in developing corresponding genomic clones from fiber producing plants to enable genetic engineering of cotton and other plants using these genes. Coding sequences from these isolated genes are used in sense or antisense orientation to alter the fiber characteristics of transgenic fiber producing plants.
Published US patent applications US2002049999 and US2003074697 both disclose cotton plants of the genus Gossypium with improved cotton fiber characteristics. The cotton plant has an expression cassette containing a gene coding for an enzyme selected from the group consisting of endoxyloglucan transferase, catalase and peroxidase so that the gene is expressed in cotton fiber cells to improve the cotton fiber characteristics.
US5880110 produces cotton fibers with improved fiber characteristics by treatment with brassinosteroids.
WO 01/40250 provides methods for improving cotton fiber quality by modulating transcription factor gene expression.
WO 96/40924 provides novel DNA constructs which may be used as molecular probes or inserted into a plant host to provide for modification of transcription of a DNA sequence of interest during various stages of cotton fiber development. The DNA constructs comprise a cotton fiber transcriptional initiation regulatory region associated with a gene, which is expressed in cotton fiber. Also is novel cotton having a cotton fiber, which has a natural color, introduced by the expression in cotton fiber cell, using such a construct, of pigment genes.
EP0834566 provides a gene which controls the fiber formation mechanism in cotton plant and which can be used for industrially useful improvement.
However, there is still need for alternative methods and means to alter fiber characteristics of fiber-producing plants such as cotton, which may be further combined with any of other methods to alter fiber characteristics. Such a method is described in the embodiments and claims described hereinafter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of the invention a method for modifying a fiber of a fiber-producing plant, such as cotton, is provided comprising the step of altering a fiber cell elongation phase by modulating deposition of callose at the neck of the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell.
In another embodiment of the invention a method for increasing the length of a fiber of a fiber producing plant, such as cotton is provided, comprising the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of the fiber producing plant, wherein the chimeric gene, when expressed in the cell of the fiber-producing plant increases the fiber elongation phase and increases the deposition of callose. The chimeric gene may comprise the following operably linked DNA elements:

a plant expressible promoter, such as a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription e.g. in the fiber cells, such as a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton, a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton;
a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to the fiber producing plant, the gene being involved in callose removal from the plasmodesmata, such as a 1,3-P-glucanase gene which is expressed at the base of the fiber cell, at the end of the fiber elongation phase in the fiber producing plant, and the RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein
the first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous gene;
the second RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first RNA region;
the first and second RNA region are capable of base-pairing to form a double stranded RNA molecule between at least the 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first and second region; and
a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of the plant.

The endogenous gene may encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 4 or it may comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1 or the first RNA region may comprise a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1.
In another embodiment of the invention the chimeric gene may comprise a plant-expressible promoter, such as a plant-expressible promoter which controls transcription e.g. in the fiber cells, such as a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton,

a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton;
a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucan synthase protein, such as a DNA region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2; and
a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of the plant.

In another embodiment of the invention, a method for decreasing the length of a fiber of a fiber producing plant, comprising the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of the fiber producing plant, wherein the chimeric gene, when expressed in the cell of the fiber-producing plant decreases the deposition of callose and decreases the fiber elongation phase.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a method for identifying allelic variations of the genes encoding proteins involved in fiber elongation in a population of different genotypes, cultivars or varieties of a particular plant species, such as a fiber-producing plant species, which are correlated either alone or in combination with the length of fibers produced, comprising the steps of

Providing a population of different varieties or genotypes of a particular plant species or interbreeding plant species comprising different allelic forms of the nucleotide sequences encoding callose synthase or P-1,3 glucanase, e.g. of SEQ ID No 1 or SEQ ID 2;
Determining parameters related to fiber length for each individual of the population;
Determining the presence of a particular allelic form of the nucleotide sequences encoding callose synthase or P-1,3 glucanase, e.g. of SEQ ID No 1 or SEQ ID 2; and
Correlating the occurrence of particular fiber length with the presence of a particular allelic form of the mentioned nucleotide sequence or a particular combination of such allelic forms.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides the chimeric genes as herein described, as well as cells of a fiber producing plant comprising such chimeric genes.
It is also an object of the invention to provide fiber-producing plants, such as cotton, and seeds or progeny comprising a chimeric gene according to the invention, such as fiber producing plants which have increased fiber length or increased drought resistance.
The invention also provides fibers produced according to the methods of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of the evolution of the fiber length in time for three tetraploid cotton cultivars with short, normal and long fibers (Gh-r, Gh-c and Gb, respectively). The X-axis represents days after anthesis (DAA), whereas the Y-axis represents the fiber length in cm. The triangles represent the fiber length for Gb, the closed circles represent fiber length for Gh-c and the open circles represent Gh-r. The closure of the plasmodesmata is indicated by the horizontal bars (open bar for Gh-c; closed bar for Gb; plasmodesmata do not close in Gh-r).
FIG. 2: Localization of callose in plasmodesmata at the fiber base in cultivar Gh-c, at 10 DAA (panels B, E and F) when plasmodesmata were closed, at 5 DAA (panel A and D) before plasmodesmata are closed, or at 20 DAA (panel C) when plasmodesmata are re-opened. Panels A to C: aniline blue fluorescent labeling. Panels D to E: immuno-gold labeling with monoclonal antibody against callose (light-microscope). Panel F: immuno-gold labeling with monoclonal antibody against callose (electron-microscope). Arrows indicate the fiber base, where callose deposition may occur. f: fiber; sc: seed coat.
FIG. 3: Northern analysis of mRNA, prepared from developing fibers 6, 12 and 20 DAA and 6-d seed, in Gh-r, Gh-c and Gb cotton cultivars. The used probes are either a cDNA clone of β-1,3 glucanase comprising the sequence of SEQ ID No 1 (upper panel) or a cDNA clone of β-1,3 glucanase comprising the sequence with Accession number AI728205).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT EMBODIMENTS

Each cotton lint fiber is a single cell that elongates to 2.5 to 3.0 cm form the seed coat epidermis within ˜16 days after anthesis (DAA). Ruan et al. 2001 (The Plant Cell 13: pp 47-60) found that this elongation process was controlled by gating of the plasmodesmata and coordinated expression of sucrose and K+ transporters and expansin. Single celled cotton fibers interconnect with the underlying seed coat only at their base regions, where a high number of plasmodesmata are present. Plasmodesmata are the intercellular cytoplasmic connections that act as gates controlling molecular trafficking from cell to cell. During the rapid elongation phase (˜10 to ˜16 DAA), the symplastic connection was disrupted, allowing the rapid build-up of a turgor in the fiber cell, which is higher than in the underlying seed coat cells, by active solute import into the fiber cell. Coordinated with the cell wall loosening (inter alia by expansins), this higher turgor pushes out the fiber cell to its length. Ruan et al. also examined the possibility that callose deposition at the neck region of the plasmodesmata was implicated in the closing thereof, but found no correlation using a monoclonal antibody against callose, between the deposit of callose and the closing and reopening of the plasmodesmata.
The current invention is based on the observations by the inventors that on the one hand, the length of the period of the closing of plasmodesmata in different cotton cultivars is correlated with the variation in fiber length, and on the other hand, that callose deposition is involved in the closure of the plasmodesmata. Additionally, it was observed that the timing and the level of expression of a fiber-specific β-1,3-glucanase gene among three cotton cultivars differing in fiber length correlated with the degradation of callose in the plasmodesmata.
Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for altering the length of a fiber of a fiber-producing plant, such as a cotton plant, comprising the step of altering the fiber cell elongation phase by modulating the deposition of callose at the neck of the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell.
Conveniently, the deposition of callose may be altered by introduction of a chimeric gene capable of modulating the deposition of callose at the neck of the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell. This may be achieved e.g. by increasing the expression level and/or the activity of the encoded product of a gene involved in callose removal, such as a β-1,3 glucanase. Deposition of callose may also be altered by increasing the expression level and/or the activity of the encoded product of a gene involved in callose synthesis and accumulation, such as a β-1,3 glucan synthase (callose synthase).
In one embodiment, the chimeric gene may encode a silencing RNA molecule or an inhibitory RNA molecule, capable of reducing the expression of a gene involved in callose removal from the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell to increase the fiber length. Such reduction of the expression of a gene involved in callose removal should occur preferably through post-transcriptional silencing. However, it will be clear that even when an inhibitory RNA molecule decreases the expression of a gene involved in callose removal through post-transcriptional silencing, such an RNA molecule may also exert other functions within a cell, such as guiding DNA methylation of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal, again ultimately leading to decreased expression of that gene. Also, expression of endogenous genes involved in callose removal may be reduced by transcriptional silencing, e.g. by using RNAi or dsRNA targeted against the promoter region of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal.
Several methods are available in the art to produce a silencing RNA molecule, i.e. an RNA molecule which when expressed reduces the expression of a particular gene or group of genes, including the so-called “sense” or “antisense” RNA technologies.
Thus in one embodiment, the inhibitory RNA molecule encoding chimeric gene is based on the so-called antisense technology. In other words, the coding region of the chimeric gene comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of the complement of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal of the plant. Such a chimeric gene may be constructed by operably linking a DNA fragment comprising at least 20 nucleotides from a gene involved in callose removal, isolated or identified as described elsewhere in this application, in inverse orientation to a plant expressible promoter and 3′ end formation region involved in transcription termination and polyadenylation. It will be clear that there is no need to know the exact nucleotide sequence or the complete nucleotide sequence of such a DNA fragment from the isolated gene involved in callose removal.
In another embodiment, the inhibitory RNA molecule encoding chimeric gene is based on the so-called co-suppression technology. In other words, the coding region of the chimeric gene comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal of the plant. Such a chimeric gene may be constructed by operably linking a DNA fragment comprising at least 20 nucleotides from a gene involved in callose removal, isolated or identified as described elsewhere in this application, in direct orientation to a plant expressible promoter and 3′ end formation region involved in transcription termination and polyadenylation. Again, it will be clear that there is no need to know the exact nucleotide sequence or the complete nucleotide sequence of such a DNA fragment from the isolated gene involved in callose removal.
The efficiency of the above mentioned chimeric genes in reducing the expression of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal may be further enhanced by the inclusion of DNA element which result in the expression of aberrant, unpolyadenylated inhibitory RNA molecules or results in the retention of the inhibitory RNA molecules in the nucleus of the cells. One such DNA element suitable for that purpose is a DNA region encoding a self-splicing ribozyme, as described in WO 00/01133 (which is incorporated herein by reference). Another such DNA element suitable for that purpose is a DNA region encoding an RNA nuclear localization or retention signal, as described in PCT/AU03/00292 published as WO03/076619 (which is incorporated herein by reference).
A convenient and very efficient way of downregulating the expression of a gene of interest uses so-called double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or interfering RNA (RNAi), as described e.g. in WO99/53050 (which is incorporated herein by reference). In this technology, an RNA molecule is introduced into a plant cell, whereby the RNA molecule is capable of forming a double stranded RNA region over at least about 19 to about 21 nucleotides, and whereby one of the strands of this double stranded RNA region is about identical in nucleotide sequence to the target gene (“sense region”), whereas the other strand is about identical in nucleotide sequence to the complement of the target gene or of the sense region (“antisense region”). It is expected that for silencing of the target gene expression, the nucleotide sequence of the 19 consecutive nucleotide sequences may have one mismatch, or the sense and antisense region may differ in one nucleotide. To achieve the construction of such RNA molecules or the encoding chimeric genes, use can be made of the vector as described in WO 02/059294.
Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, a method for increasing the length of a fiber of a fiber producing plant, such as cotton, is provided comprising the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of the fiber producing plant, wherein the chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA elements:

- a plant expressible promoter, preferably a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in the fiber cells;
- a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to the fiber producing plant, the gene being involved in callose removal from the plasmodesmata, and the RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein
  - the first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous gene;
  - the second RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first RNA region;
  - the first and second RNA region are capable of base-pairing to form a double stranded RNA molecule between at least the 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first and second region; and
- a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of the plant.

As used herein “comprising” is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof. Thus, e.g., a nucleic acid or protein comprising a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids, may comprise more nucleotides or amino acids than the actually cited ones, i.e., be embedded in a larger nucleic acid or protein. A chimeric gene comprising a DNA region, which is functionally or structurally defined, may comprise additional DNA regions, etc.
The length of the first or second RNA region (sense or antisense region) may vary from about 19 nucleotides (nt) up to a length equaling the length (in nucleotides) of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal. The total length of the sense or antisense nucleotide sequence may thus be at least at least 25 nt, or at least about 50 nt, or at least about 100 nt, or at least about 150 nt, or at least about 200 nt, or at least about 500 nt. It is expected that there is no upper limit to the total length of the sense or the antisense nucleotide sequence. However for practical reasons (such as e.g. stability of the chimeric genes) it is expected that the length of the sense or antisense nucleotide sequence should not exceed 5000 nt, alternatively should not exceed 2500 nt and could be limited to about 1000 nt.
It will be appreciated that the longer the total length of the sense or antisense region, the less stringent the requirements for sequence identity between these regions and the corresponding sequence in the endogenous gene involved in callose removal or its complement. For example, the nucleic acid of interest usefully may have a sequence identity of at least about 75% with the corresponding target sequence, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or about 90%, or about 95%, or about 100%, and may be identical to the corresponding part of the target sequence or its complement. The nucleic acid of interest usefully may include a sequence of about 19 consecutive nucleotides, or about 25 nt, or about 50 nt, or about 100 nt, or about 150 nt with 100% sequence identity to the corresponding part of the target nucleic acid. For calculating the sequence identity and designing the corresponding sense or antisense sequence, the number of gaps can usefully be minimized, particularly for the shorter sense sequences.
For the purpose of this invention, the “sequence identity” of two related nucleotide or amino acid sequences, expressed as a percentage, refers to the number of positions in the two optimally aligned sequences which have identical residues (×100) divided by the number of positions compared. A gap, i.e., a position in an alignment where a residue is present in one sequence but not in the other, is regarded as a position with non-identical residues. The alignment of the two sequences is performed by the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch 1970). The computer-assisted sequence alignment above, can be conveniently performed using standard software program such as GAP which is part of the Wisconsin Package Version 10.1 (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis., USA) using the default scoring matrix with a gap creation penalty of 50 and a gap extension penalty of 3.
It will be clear that whenever nucleotide sequences of RNA molecules are defined by reference to nucleotide sequence of corresponding DNA molecules, the thymine (T) in the nucleotide sequence should be replaced by uracil (U). Whether reference is made to RNA or DNA molecules will be clear from the context of the application.
dsRNA encoding chimeric genes according to the invention may comprise an intron, such as a heterologous intron, located e.g. in the spacer sequence between the sense and antisense RNA regions in accordance with the disclosure of WO 99/53050 (incorporated herein by reference).
As used herein, an “endogenous gene involved in callose removal” is a gene whose expression product regulates or catalyzes the breakdown of callose deposited at a particular location in plants. “Callose” is a long-chain carbohydrate polymer, consisting of β-1,3-glucan, that seals certain regions, e.g., damaged sieve elements, growing pollen tubes, or plasmodesmata.
As used herein, an “endogenous gene” is a gene that naturally occurs in the species of the fiber-producing plant that has been chosen for modulation of fiber characteristics, or a gene that occurs naturally in a species of another fiber-producing plant but may be introduced into the species of the fiber-producing plant that has been chosen for modulation of fiber characteristics, by conventional breeding techniques.
A target gene involved in callose removal from plasmodesmata at the base of fiber cells in fiber-producing plants such as cotton, is an endo-1,3-β-glucanase gene that is naturally expressed at the base of the fiber cell, at the end of fiber elongation phase. An example of such a 1,3-β-glucanase gene from cotton, is a gene encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 4 or comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID 1 (or Genbank Accession number D88416). Shimuzu et al. (Plant Cell Physiology 38 (3), pp 375-378, 1997) have described that the level of mRNA for endo-1,3-β-glucanase was very low in elongating fiber cells, but increased gradually at the onset of secondary wall synthesis, accompanying the massive deposition of cellulose, but characterized this endo-1,3-β-glucanase activity as required for the deposition of cellulose. The current invention has correlated the endo-1,3-β-glucanase activity with callose removal in different cotton variety with different lengths of fiber elongation phases.
Variants of the endo-1,3-β-glucanase gene involved in removal of callose from plasmodesmata at the base of elongating fiber cells, such as the endogenous genes coding for endo-1,3-β-glucanase from fiber producing plants different from cotton, may be found by stringent hybridization using the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1, or a part thereof comprising at least about 25 or 50 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID No 1 or the complementary nucleotide sequences thereof, as a probe.
“Stringent hybridization conditions” as used herein means that hybridization will generally occur if there is at least 95% sequence identity between the probe and the target sequence. Examples of stringent hybridization conditions are overnight incubation in a solution comprising 50% formamide, 5× SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5× Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/ml denatured, sheared carrier DNA such as salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the hybridization support in 0.1× SSC at approximately 65° C., preferably for about 10 minutes. Other hybridization and wash conditions are well known and are exemplified in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), particularly chapter 11.
Such variant sequences may also be obtained by DNA amplification using oligonucleotides specific for endo-1,3-β-glucanase gene as primers, such as but not limited to oligonucleotides comprising or consisting of about 20 to about 50 consecutive nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID 1 or its complement. Variant sequences include modifications of a sequence by addition, deletion or substitution of nucleotides.
As used herein, the term “promoter” denotes any DNA which is recognized and bound (directly or indirectly) by a DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase during initiation of transcription. A promoter includes the transcription initiation site, and binding sites for transcription initiation factors and RNA polymerase, and can comprise various other sites (e.g., enhancers), at which gene expression regulatory proteins may bind.
As used herein, the term “plant-expressible promoter” means a DNA sequence that is capable of controlling (initiating) transcription in a plant cell. This includes any promoter of plant origin, but also any promoter of non-plant origin which is capable of directing transcription in a plant cell, i.e., certain promoters of viral or bacterial origin such as the CaMV35S, the subterranean clover virus promoter No 4 or No 7, or T-DNA gene promoters and the like.
A plant-expressible promoter that controls initiation and maintenance of transcription preferentially in fiber cells is a promoter that drives transcription of the operably linked DNA region to a higher level in fiber cells and the underlying epidermis cells than in other cells or tissues of the plant. Such promoters include the promoter from cotton from a fiber-specific β-tubulin gene (as described in WO0210377), the promoter from cotton from a fiber-specific actin gene (as described in WO0210413), the promoter from a fiber specific lipid transfer protein gene from cotton (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,933), a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton (WO9830698) or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton (U.S. Pat. No. 2003106097) or the promoters of the fiber specific genes described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,259,003 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,294.
As mentioned above, deposition of callose, to increase the closing of the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell and consequently increase the fiber elongation phase, may also be altered by increasing the expression level and/or the activity of the encoded product of a gene involved in callose synthesis and accumulation, such as a β-1,3 glucan synthase (callose synthase).
Thus in another embodiment, a method is provided to increase fiber length comprising introduction of a chimeric gene into cells of a fiber-producing plant of a chimeric gene comprising

- a plant-expressible promoter, preferably a plant-expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in the fiber cells;
- a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucan synthase protein; and
- a 3′-end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of the plant.

A suitable DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucan synthase protein is a DNA region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2 (Genbank Accession number A1730469) or encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 3.
Alternative DNA regions encoding a 1-1,3 glucan synthase protein may be found in nucleotide sequence databases such as the entries with the following identification numbers AF085717 (Gossypium hirsutum) AY324384 (Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group); NM_—179940, NM_—121303, NM_—116593, NM_—179622, NM_—123045, NM_—116736, NM_—115772, NM_—112317, NM_—111596, NM_—100528, NM_—100436 (Arabidopsis thaliana); AY177665 (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare); BQ702515 (Pinus taeda); BQ696956, BG625796 BG625791, BG317521, BF516675 (Pinus taeda); CA935202 (Glycine max) CA900204, CA900203, CA900202 (Phaseolus coccineus); B1978498 (Rosa chinensis); BU964672, BU927399 (Glycine max); AL750522 (Pinus pinaster); BQ081239, BQ080234 (Glycine max); AJ430780 (Vitis vinifera); BM270236, BF066990, BG651282, BG509952, BG363511, BG359433, BG157340, BM086291 (Glycine max); AF237733 (Arabidopsis thaliana); BE644560 (Suaeda maritima subsp. salsa); BE040372 (Oryza sativa).
Variants of these sequences may be obtained by substitution, deletion or addition of particular nucleotides, and such variants may also be suitable for the currently described methods and means, particularly if they retain endo-β-1,3-glucan synthase activity.
It will be clear that the methods and means described herein to increase the length of fibers in fiber-producing plants may be combined with each other to further increase the length of fibers.
The methods of the current application may of course also be combined with other methods to alter fiber characteristics as known in the art.
In one embodiment of the invention, the methods of the current application are combined with those described in WO02/45485 whereby fiber quality in fiber producing plants, such as cotton, is modified by modulating sucrose synthase activity and/or expression in such plants. In a particular embodiment, cotton plants are provided comprising a chimeric gene as herein described, which when expressed in the cells of the fiber producing plants, such as the fiber base cells, increases the fiber elongation phase and increases the deposition of callose and further comprising a chimeric gene as described in WO02/45485 (herein incorporated by reference) which when expressed results in increased expression or activity of sucrose synthase. It is expected that the combined expression of the genes will result in a synergistic effect on the increase of the fiber length and/or strength.
The chimeric genes may be introduced by subsequent transformation into cells of one plant, or may be combined into cells of one plant by crossing between plants comprising one chimeric gene each.
Furthermore, the invention also provides cotton plants, combining (a) natural occurring allele(s) of the fiber preferential β-1,3-glucanase gene(s) associated with longer closing of the plasmodesmata gates and with long fiber length and (a) natural occurring allele(s) of (a) sucrose synthase gene(s) resulting in high expression of sucrose synthase in fiber cells.
It is also expected that the methods described here to increase the fiber elongation phase and fiber length, particularly the reduction of expression of the endogenous gene involved in callose removal, will also lead to increased drought resistance, particularly of the fibers.
For some fiber-producing plants, it may sometimes be beneficial to decrease fiber length, or even to eliminate fiber production. This can be achieved according to the present invention by shortening the fiber elongation phase through decreased callose deposition or increased callose removal. To this end, chimeric genes may be introduced which when expressed decrease callose deposition or increase callose removal. Such chimeric genes may comprise the following operably linked DNA fragments:

- a plant-expressible promoter, such as a plant-expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in fiber cells;
- a DNA region encoding a gene involved in callose removal, such as a β-1,3 glucanase protein; and
- a 3′-end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of that plant; or
- a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in fiber cells; a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to the fiber producing plant, the gene being involved in callose deposition, such as a callose synthase, in the plasmodesmata at the base of a fiber cell, and wherein the RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein
  - the first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of the mentioned endogenous gene;
  - the second RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first RNA region;
  - the first and second RNA region are capable of base-pairing to form a double stranded RNA molecule between at least the 19 consecutive nucleotides of the first and second region; and
- a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of the fiber producing plant.

The invention also encompasses the chimeric genes herein described, as well as plants, seeds, tissues comprising these chimeric genes, and fibers produced from such plants.
Methods to transform plants are well known in the art. Methods to transform cotton plants are also well known in the art. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cotton has been described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863 or in U.S. Pat. No. 6,483,013 and cotton transformation by particle bombardment is reported e.g. in WO 92/15675.
The chimeric genes may be introduced by transformation in cotton plants from which embryogenic callus can be derived, such as Coker 312, Coker310, Coker SAcala SJ-5, GSC25110, FiberMax 819, Siokra 1-3, T25, GSA75, Acala SJ2, Acala SJ4, Acala SJ5, Acala SJ-C1, Acala B1644, Acala B1654-26, Acala B1654-43, Acala B3991, Acala GC356, Acala GC510, Acala GAM1, Acala C1, Acala Royale, Acala Maxxa, Acala Prema, Acala B638, Acala B11810, Acala B2724, Acala B4894, Acala B5002, non Acala “picker” Siokra, “stripper” variety FC2017, Coker 315, STONEVILLE 506, STONEVILLE 825, DP50, DP61, DP90, DP77, DES119, McN235, HBX87, HBX191, HBX107, FC 3027, CHEMBRED A1, CHEMBRED A2, CHEMBRED A3, CHEMBRED A4, CHEMBRED B 1, CHEMBRED B2, CHEMBRED B3, CHEMBRED C1, CHEMBRED C2, CHEMBRED C3, CHEMBRED C4, PAYMASTER 145, HS26, HS46, SICALA, PIMA S6 and ORO BLANCO PIMA and plants with genotypes derived thereof.
“Cotton” as used herein includes Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum.
Nevertheless, the methods and means of the current invention may also be employed for other plant species such as hemp, jute, flax and woody plants, including but not limited to Pinus spp., Populus spp., Picea spp., Eucalyptus spp. etc.
The obtained transformed plant can be used in a conventional breeding scheme to produce more transformed plants with the same characteristics or to introduce the chimeric gene according to the invention in other varieties of the same or related plant species, or in hybrid plants. Seeds obtained from the transformed plants contain the chimeric genes of the invention as a stable genomic insert and are also encompassed by the invention.
In another embodiment, a method for identifying allelic variations of the proteins involved in fiber length and/or drought resistance in a population of different genotypes or varieties of a particular plant species, preferably a fiber-producing plant species, which are correlated either alone or in combination with the quantity and/or quality of fiber production is provided. These methods includes the following steps:

- providing a population of different varieties or genotypes of a particular plant species or interbreeding plant species comprising different allelic forms of the nucleotide sequences encoding callose synthase or β-1,3-glucanase, such as nucleotide sequences comprising SEQ ID No 1 or 2. The different allelic forms may be identified using the methods described elsewhere in this application. A segregating population may be provided, wherein different combinations of the allelic variations of the proteins involved in callose deposition and/or fiber elongation or drought resistance are present. Methods to produce segregating populations are well known in the art of plant breeding;
- determining parameters related to fiber length or callose deposition at the neck of the plasmodesmata at the base of the fiber cell during fiber elongation or drought resistance for each individual of the population;
- determining the presence of a particular allelic form of the nucleotide sequences encoding β-1,3-glucanase or β-1,3-glucan synthase such as nucleotide sequences comprising SEQ ID No 1 or 2, for each individual of the population; and
- correlating the occurrence of particular fiber length or callose deposition or drought resistance with the presence of a particular allelic form of the mentioned nucleotide sequence or a particular combination of such allelic forms.

The resulting information may be used to accelerate breeding program varieties with particular fiber or drought resistance characteristics, by determining the presence or absence of allelic forms, using conventional molecular biology techniques.
Allelic forms of the β-1,3-glucanase gene associated with increased fiber length may also be identified, isolated and introduced into plants, such as cotton plants, whereby the expression of the endogenous β-1,3-glucanase genes has been reduced or eliminated. Such reduction of expression of the endogenous β-1,3-glucanase genes can be conveniently achieved by posttranscriptional or transcriptional silencing as herein described, or may be achieved by inactivation, such as by deletion, of the endogenous β-1,3-glucanase genes. Introduction of the allelic forms may be achieved by breeding techniques, or by transformation with the isolated genes.
Biochemical assays for α-1,3-glucanase or α-1,3-glucan synthase, particularly when performed on fiber cells or the underlying seed coat and particularly when performed immediately prior, during and immediately subsequent to fiber cell elongation, may also be used to identify in a population of cotton plant lines, or a population of cotton relatives which are capable of interbreeding with cotton plant lines, or plant populations resulting from wide crosses between cotton and such cotton relatives or in populations of resynthesized cotton lines, those lines with interesting characteristics, particularly those lines which have a relatively low β-glucanase activity and/or a relatively high β-1,3-glucan synthase, particularly at the base of fiber cells immediately prior, during and immediately subsequent to the fiber elongation phase.
The following non-limiting Examples describe chimeric genes for the alteration of fiber characteristics in cotton and uses thereof. Unless stated otherwise in the Examples, all recombinant DNA techniques are carried out according to standard protocols as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY and in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols, USA. Standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, jointly published by BIOS Scientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
Throughout the description and Examples, reference is made to the following sequences represented in the sequence listing:

SEQ ID No 1: nucleotide sequence of endo-1,3-beta glucanase
SEQ ID No 2: nucleotide sequence of the partial cDNA encoding endo-1,3-β-glucan synthase.
SEQ ID No 3: amino acid sequence encoded by the partial cDNA of SEQ ID No 2.
SEQ ID No 4: amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID No 1.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Correlation of the Duration of the Closure of the Plasmodesmata with the Length of Fibers, in Different Cotton Cultivars

The gating status of fiber plasmodesmata (PD) was examined among three tetraploid cotton cultivars, Gh-r, Gh-c and Gb, with short, normal and long fiber, respectively, by using confocal imaging of a membrane-impermeable fluorescent molecule CF. As summarized in FIG. 1, the genotype Gh-r, with the shortest fiber, does not close its fiber PD. In contrast, the long fiber genotype, Gb, closes PD earlier and longer than the intermediate line (Gh-c). A tetraploid lintless mutant (fls), which produces fuzz-like fiber of less than 0.5 cm, does not close its fiber PD.
It was also found that, among the diploid progenitor of cotton cultivars, an A genome line Ga closes fiber PD for ˜10 d and produces about 1.5 cm long fiber, while a D genome line, Gt, does not close PD and virtually no fiber elongation occurs.
These data demonstrate that the genotypic differences in duration of PD closure positively correlate with fiber length.

Example 2

Analysis of Callose Deposition at the Base of the Fiber Cells in Different Cotton Cultivars

The molecular basis of PD gating is virtually unknown. However, callose deposition at the neck region of PD has been shown to close PD in several plant systems. Callose deposition was analyzed using a callose-specific stain, aniline blue. The timing and duration of callose deposition in fiber base, judged from fluorescent signals of aniline blue, matched with that of PD closure in Gh-c and Gb. Representative images from the genotype Gh-c are presented in FIG. 2 (A-C). Callose was undetectable in the fiber base at 5 and 20 DAA when PD were open but became readily detectable at 10 DAA when PD closed (FIG. 2). Similar results were obtained by using antibody against callose. The immuno-gold labeled callose signals were detected at the fiber base at 10 DAA (FIG. 2E), but not at 5 (FIG. 2D) or 20 DAA. At the EM level, callose was localized to the PD at the fiber base (FIG. 2F).
These results show that callose deposition correlates with the closure of fiber PD.

Example 3

Analysis of the Expression of a Fiber-Specific β-1,3-Glucanase Gene (GhGluc1) in Cotton.

To analyze the role of α-1,3 glucanase in the molecular mechanism of PD closure/re-opening, a partial P-1,3 glucanase cDNA (GhGluc1) from cotton fiber mRNA was cloned (using the sequence information with Genbank accession number D88416). FIG. 3 shows that the mRNA of this gene is expressed only at 20 DAA (matching with the timing of callose disappearance—see FIG. 2C) and not at 10˜12 DAA in Gh-c, when callose was present at the fiber base (see FIGS. 2B and E). Consistently, the GhGluc1 was not expressed at ˜6 DAA (FIG. 3) when callose has not been produced (FIG. 2A). Significantly, at 20 DAA, the mRNA levels of the gene are strongest, weaker and undetectable in Gh-r, Gh-c and Gb, representing short, intermediate and long fiber cultivars, respectively (FIG. 3). The expression of this gene is fiber specific as its mRNA is undetectable in 6-d young seed (FIG. 3), embryo, shoot or root.
Taken together, the data show that the expression of GhGluc1 is fiber- and developmental-specific. The timing and the level of the GhGluc1 expression among the three cultivars differing in fiber length suggest that GhGluc1 is responsible for the degradation of callose in the PD, which either prevents PD closure (e.g. in Gh-r) or allows PD to re-open (e.g. in Gh-c), hence shortens the elongation period.

Example 4

Increasing Fiber Length by Silencing GhGluc1 Expression in Cotton Fiber.

A chimeric gene is constructed containing the following DNA elements:

- a CaMV35S promoter
- a sense RNA encoding region corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1
  a antisense RNA encoding region corresponding to the complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1.
- A 3′ nos terminator region

This chimeric gene is introduced into a T-DNA vector together with a selectable bar gene. The T-DNA vector is introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and used to produce transgenic cotton plants.
Transgenic cotton plants comprising the chimeric gene are analyzed as in Examples 1 and 2. The fiber elongation phase is prolonged when compared to the untransformed control cotton plants, and the fibers are longer than in the untransformed control cotton plants.
The transgenic cotton plants comprising the above described chimeric gene are crossed with plants comprising the coding sequence of a potato sucrose synthase cDNA (Genbank Accession number Ml 8745) operably linked to a subterranean clover stunt virus promoter (S7; WO9606932) and a 3′ transcription termination and polyadenylation signal functional in plants, as described in WO 02/45485 (Example 3). Plants comprising both types of chimeric genes are selected and analyzed as in Examples 1 and 2.
The fiber elongation phase is prolonged when compared to the untransformed control cotton plants, sucrose synthase expression is higher than in untransformed control cotton plants and the fibers are longer than in the untransformed control cotton plants.

Example 5

Increasing Fiber Elongation by Expression of a Chimeric β-1,3 Glucan Synthase in Cotton Fiber.

A chimeric gene is constructed containing the following DNA elements:

- a cotton expansin promoter;
- a β-1,3 glucan synthase encoding region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2;
- a 3′ nos terminator region.

This chimeric gene is introduced into a T-DNA vector together with a selectable bar e T-DNA vector is introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and used to produce ic cotton plants.
Transgenic cotton plants comprising the chimeric gene are analyzed as in Examples The fiber elongation phase is prolonged when compared to the untransformed cotton plants, and the fibers are longer than in the untransformed control cotton plants.

Claims

1. A method for modifying a fiber of a fiber-producing plant comprising the step of altering a fiber cell elongation phase by modulating deposition of callose at the neck of the plasmodesmata at the base of said fiber cell.

2. A method for increasing the length of a fiber of a fiber producing plant, comprising the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of said fiber producing plant, wherein said chimeric gene, when expressed in said cell of said fiber-producing plant increases said deposition of callose and increases said fiber elongation phase.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA elements:

a plant expressible promoter, preferably a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in said fiber cells;

a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to said fiber producing plant, said gene being involved in callose removal from said plasmodesmata, and said RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein

said first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of said endogenous gene;

said second RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to said 19 consecutive nucleotides of said first RNA region;

said first and second RNA region are capable of base-pairing to form a double stranded RNA molecule between at least said 19 consecutive nucleotides of said first and second region; and

a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of said plant.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said promoter is a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton, a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said endogenous gene is a 1,3-β-glucanase gene which is expressed at the base of said fiber cell, at the end of said fiber elongation phase in said fiber producing plant.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said endogenous gene encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 4 or wherein said gene comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1.

7. The method according to claim 3, wherein said first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 4 or to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1.

8. The method according to claim 2, wherein said chimeric gene comprises

a plant-expressible promoter, preferably a plant-expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in said fiber cells;

a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucan synthase protein; and

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said DNA region encoding said β-1,3 glucan synthase protein, comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein said promoter is a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton, a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton.

11. The method according to claim 2, wherein said fiber producing plant is cotton.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said fiber is a lint fiber.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein said fiber is a fuzz fiber.

14. The method according to claim 3, further comprising introducing a second chimeric gene, wherein said second chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA fragments:

a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucan synthase protein; and

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14 claim 1, further comprising

growing plants obtained according to said method; and

isolating fibers from said fiber-producing plants.

16. A method for decreasing the length of a fiber of a fiber producing plant, comprising the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of said fiber producing plant, wherein said chimeric gene, when expressed in said cell of said fiber-producing plant decreases said fiber elongation phase and decreases said deposition of callose.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said chimeric gene said chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA fragments:

a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucanase protein; and

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said DNA region encoding said β-1,3 glucanase protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said promoter is a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton, a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton.

20. The method according to claim 16, wherein said chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA elements:

a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in said fiber cells;

a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to said fiber producing plant, said gene being involved in callose deposition in said plasmodesmata, and said RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said promoter is a fiber-specific beta tubulin promoter from cotton, a fiber-specific actin promoter from cotton, a fiber specific promoter from a lipid transfer protein gene from cotton, a promoter from an expansin gene from cotton or a promoter from a chitinase gene in cotton.

22. The method according to claim 20 or 21, wherein said endogenous gene is a 1,3-β-glucan synthase gene which is expressed in said fiber of said fiber producing plant.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said endogenous gene encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 3 or wherein said endogenous gene comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2.

24. The method according to claim 21, wherein said first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 3 or to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2.

25. A method for identifying allelic variations of the genes encoding proteins involved in fiber elongation in a population of different genotypes, cultivars or varieties of a particular plant species, preferably a fiber-producing plant species, which are correlated either alone or in combination with the length of fibers produced, comprising the steps of

providing a population of different varieties or genotypes of a particular plant species or interbreeding plant species comprising different allelic forms of the nucleotide sequences encoding callose synthase or P-1,3 glucanase, particularly of SEQ ID No 1 or SEQ ID 2;

determining parameters related to fiber length for each individual of the population;

determining the presence of a particular allelic form of the nucleotide sequences encoding callose synthase or β-1,3 glucanase, particularly of SEQ ID No 1 or SEQ ID 2;

correlating the occurrence of particular fiber length with the presence of a particular allelic form of the mentioned nucleotide sequence or a particular combination of such allelic forms.

26. A chimeric gene comprising the following operably linked DNA elements:

a plant expressible Promoter. Preferably a plant expressible promoter which controls transcription preferentially in said fiber cells:

said first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of said endogenous gene:

said second RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to said 19 consecutive nucleotides of said first RNA region:

said first and second RNA region are capable of base-pairing to form a double stranded RNA molecule between at least said 19 consecutive nucleotides of said first and second region: and

27. A cell of a fiber-producing plant comprising a chimeric gene according to claim 26.

28. A fiber producing plant comprising a chimeric gene according to claim 26.

29. A fiber producing plant according to claim 28, wherein fibers of said plant are increased in length compared to untransformed control plants.

30. A fiber producing plant according to claim 28, which has increased drought resistance.

31. A fiber producing plant according to claim 28, wherein said plant is cotton.

32. Seed of a fiber producing plant, said seed comprising a chimeric gene according to claim 26.

33. Fibers produced according to the method of claim 1.

34. A method for increasing drought resistance in a fiber producing plant, said method comprising introducing a chimeric gene into cells of said fiber producing plant wherein said chimeric gene comprises the following operably linked DNA elements:

a transcribed DNA region, which when transcribed yields a double-stranded RNA molecule capable of reducing the expression of a gene endogenous to said fiber producing plant, said gene being involved in callose removal in said plasmodesmata, and said RNA molecule comprising a first and second RNA region wherein

35. A method for increasing the length of a fiber in cotton, comprising introducing a the step of introducing a chimeric gene into a cell of said fiber producing plant, wherein said chimeric gene, when expressed in said cell of said fiber-producing plant increases said fiber elongation phase and increases said deposition of callose, said chimeric gene comprising

a plant expressible promoter;

said first RNA region comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides having at least about 94% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 1;

a 3′ end region comprising transcription termination and polyadenylation signals functioning in cells of said plant; or

said chimeric gene comprising the following operably linked DNA elements:

a DNA region encoding a β-1,3 glucanase protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 3 or the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No 2; and