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US20040197785A1 - Method for quantitative measurement of gene expression for indentifying individuals at risk for bronchogenic carcinoma - Google Patents

Method for quantitative measurement of gene expression for indentifying individuals at risk for bronchogenic carcinoma Download PDF

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US20040197785A1
US20040197785A1 US10/471,473 US47147304A US2004197785A1 US 20040197785 A1 US20040197785 A1 US 20040197785A1 US 47147304 A US47147304 A US 47147304A US 2004197785 A1 US2004197785 A1 US 2004197785A1
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gene
expression
gene expression
gshpx
genes
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James Willey
David Weaver
Erin Crawford
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Medical College of Ohio
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57407—Specifically defined cancers
    • G01N33/57423—Specifically defined cancers of lung
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
    • C12Q1/686—Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/16—Primer sets for multiplex assays

Definitions

  • the present invention was made under a Research Grant No. NIH-P01 ES07168 from the National Institute of Health who may have certain rights thereto.
  • the present invention relates generally to a method for the quantitative measurement of gene expression using multiplex competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (MC RT-PCR). To identify individuals at risk for bronchogenic carcinoma.
  • MC RT-PCR multiplex competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR techniques are generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195; 4,683,202 and 4,965,188.
  • the PCR technique generally involves a process for amplifying any desired specific nucleic acid sequence contained within a nucleic acid molecule.
  • the PCR process includes treating separate complementary strains of the nucleic acid with an excess of two oligonucleotide primers.
  • the primers are extended to form complementary primer extension products which act as templates for synthesizing the desired nucleic acid sequence.
  • the PCR process is carried out in a simultaneous step-wise fashion and can be repeated as often as desired in order to achieve increased levels of amplification of the desired nucleic acid sequence.
  • the sequence of DNA between the primers on the respective DNA strains are amplified selectively over the remaining portions of the DNA and selected sample.
  • the PCR process provides for the specific amplification of a desired region of DNA.
  • the method of the present invention uses the PCR amplification process that allows simultaneous amplification of a “target gene”, a “housekeeping” gene and competitive templates for each of these genes.
  • target DNA sequence and “target gene” generally refer to a gene of interest for which there is a desire to selectively amplify that gene or DNA sequence.
  • housekeeping gene refers to genes that are suitable as internal standards for amount of RNA per PCR reaction.
  • a key to the present invention is the simultaneous use of primers for target genes, primers for a housekeeping gene, and two internal standard competitive templates comprising mutants of the target genes and housekeeping gene. These mutations can be point mutations, insertions, deletions or the like.
  • the mRNA expression of mGST, GSTM3, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSHPx and GSHPxA and the combined expression of GSTM1, 2, 4, 5 are simultaneously measured in the primary NBECs of non-lung cancer patients, primary NBECs from lung cancer patients, and in cultured NBECs from non-lung cancer patients.
  • NBECs Normal bronchial epithelial cells
  • NBECs are at an increased risk for oxidative damage following inhalational exposure to reactive oxygen species in cigarette smoke (1, 2), ozone (3), possibly asbestos (4), and other particulates in the environment.
  • NBECs also are exposed to endogenous oxidative products produced through normal cellular metabolism (5) and during inflammation (6, 7).
  • inhaled daughters of radon-2222 decay may deposit on NBECs and emit ⁇ particles that generate reactive oxygen products as they encounter the cells.
  • NBECs also are exposed through inhaled cigarette smoke or urban air pollution to polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • PAHs polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • procarcinogens may be metabolically activated in the cytoplasm and subsequently damage nuclear DNA. Damage to NBECs and adjacent structures from oxidants and/or activated carcinogens may result in a variety of pulmonary disorders, including bronchogenic carcinoma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema (5, 8).
  • NBECs express several enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) and glutathione peroxidases, that are capable of preventing or reducing injury from reactive oxidants or carcinogens.
  • GST enzymes conjugate reactive chemical groups, including reactive oxygen species and diol-epoxide ultimate carcinogens, to glutathione and thereby prevent them from binding to and damaging DNA (9).
  • mGST microsomal class
  • GSTA microsomal class
  • GSTM GSTM
  • GSTP GSTP
  • GSTT GSTT
  • diol-epoxides derive from PAH procarcinogens are metabolized by GSTP1 and GSTM1-3 (14).
  • Other substrates for the cytosolic GSTs include steroids, alkenals, and quinones (9).
  • mGST has very little specificity for epoxides (15).
  • mGST has activity against a broad range of other substrates, including styrene-7-8-oxide (16), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and cumene hydroperoxide (17).
  • various halogenated alkynes and alkenes are metabolized preferentially by mGST compared to the cytosolic forms (13, 18).
  • the glutathione peroxidase enzymes catalyze the inactivation of peroxides (including hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides) using reduced glutathione as a cofactor (19).
  • Several enzymes have glutathione peroxidase activity, including GSHPx (19), GSHPxA (a secreted form; Ref. 20), mGST (21), GSTA (22), and GSTM3 (23).
  • the present invention relates to a method to measure expression of multiple target genes in a progenitor cell for bronchogenic carcinoma using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to allow simultaneous expression measurement of multiple target genes.
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
  • the quantitative competitive RT-PCR is used to measure mRNA levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) and glutathione peroxidases (GSHPxs) in the progenitor cell.
  • At least one of the mRNA levels of the following are measured: mGST, GSTM3, combined GSTM1, 2, 4, 5, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSHPx, and GSHPxA.
  • the levels of GSTP1, GSTM3 and GSHPx are significantly lower in normal bronchial epithelial cell than in bronchogenic carcinoma cells.
  • the gene expression index is evaluated by multiplying the values for: MGST ⁇ GSTM3 ⁇ GSHPx ⁇ GSHPxA ⁇ GSTP1.
  • the sensitivity for detecting normal bronchial epithelial cells as compared to bronchogenic carcinoma cells is about 90% and the specificity for detecting normal bronchial epithelial cells as compared to bronchogenic carcinoma cells is about 76%.
  • the method comprises a) coamplifying a housekeeping gene along with the target genes (to control for the amount of cDNA included in the reaction); b) including known amounts of cDNA competitive templates (CTs) for both the target genes and the housekeeping gene (to control for the loss of predictable exponential amplification with increasing cycles); c) identifying, choosing primers for synthesizing the competitive templates (CTs) and for amplification of native template (NT) and CT sequences; d) comparing the levels of the housekeeping gene CTs to the target gene CTs where the ratio to housekeeping gene CT to each of the target gene CTs is the same; e) preparing a master mix (sufficient for the PCR reactions) that contains the components: dNTPs, buffer, water, Taq polymerase, cDNA and aliquot of CT solution containing known concentrations of CTs for the housekeeping gene and the target genes; f) specifying each gene to be amplified in each reaction by the primers included in each reaction by aliquot
  • the quantitative expression of the target genes is determined by: a) calculating a ratio of target gene NT to CT product; and b) dividing the calculated number of target gene NT molecules by the calculated number of housekeeping gene NT molecules to correct for loading differences.
  • the method of the present invention is especially useful for determining a patient who is at risk for developing cancer by assessing peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA for polymorphisms in a regulatory region of target genes that are associated with high or low expression of the target genes.
  • FIG. 1 contains Table 1 which shows the demographic data of individuals without lung cancer and individuals with cancer.
  • FIG. 2 contains Table 2 which shows the primer sequences and product lengths of both native template (NT) and competitive template (CT) PCR products.
  • FIG. 3 contains Table 3 which shows the GST and peroxidase gene expression (mRna/103 ⁇ -actin mRna) in primary bronchial epithelial cells from subjects without bronchogenic carcinoma.
  • FIG. 4 contains Table 4 which shows the GST and peroxidase gene expression (mRNA/103 ⁇ l-actin mRNA) in primary bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with bronchogenic carcinoma.
  • FIG. 5 contains Table 5 which shows the GST and peroxidase gene expression (MRNA/103 ⁇ -actin mRNA) in cultured bronchial epithelial cells from subjects without bronchogenic carcinoma.
  • FIG. 6 contains Table 6 which shows gene expression test to identify NBECs from subjects with bronchogenic carcinoma.
  • FIG. 7 shows representative agarose gels.
  • FIG. 8 shows glutathione peroxidase (A) or index values (B-E) for NBEC samples.
  • RNA levels have been measured through quantification of RNA by Northern or dot blot analysis. These techniques require the amount of RNA obtainable from at least 1 cells for each measurement. Often, a biopsy will provide only the number of cells necessary for a histological diagnosis and this is often far less than 10 5 cells. Recently developed PCR techniques allow measurement of RNA levels in as few as 100 cells. However, techniques described thus far allow only qualitative, not quantitative measurement.
  • the present invention uses the using multiplex competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification to simplify and improve quantitative measurement of gene expression as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,978 to Willey et al. DNA extracted from samples is reverse transcribed and then subjected to PCR amplification in the present of primers for both a “housekeeping” gene and targets gene of interest.
  • the amount of a target DNA sequence is quantified within an identified region of a selected cDNA molecule that is present within a heterogeneous mixture of cDNA molecules. It is to be understood that more than one targeted gene and/or housekeeping gene can be utilized and further that quantitation of such additional target and/or housekeeping genes will necessitate the further inclusion of an internal standard competitive template comprising a mutation of that additional target and/or housekeeping gene. It is to be understood that the mutated competitive templates comprise at least one nucleotide that is mutated relative to the corresponding nucleotide of the target sequence.
  • target gene primers which serve as primers for both the native and competitive templates of the target gene
  • housekeeping gene primers which serve as primers for both the native and competitive template of the housekeeping gene
  • competitive templates of the target genes and competitive template of the housekeeping gene are subject to a PCR process along with native cDNA which contains the DNA for both the target genes and the housekeeping gene.
  • the PCR process provides cDNA products of 1) native cDNA of the target genes and the housekeeping gene and 2) mutated competitive templates cDNA of the target genes and the housekeeping gene.
  • the cDNA products are isolated using methods suitable for isolating cDNA products.
  • the relative presence of the native cDNA products and the mutated cDNA products are detected by measuring the amounts of native cDNA coding for the target gene and mutated coding for the competitive template of the target gene as compared to the amounts of native cDNA coding for the housekeeping gene and mutated cDNA coding for competitive template of the housekeeping gene.
  • primers, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides are understood to refer to polyribonucleotides and polydeoxyribonucleotides and there is no intended distinction in the length of sequences referred to by these terms. Rather, these terms refer to the primary structure of the molecule.
  • the terms include double and single stranded RNA and double and single stranded DNA.
  • the oligonucleotides can be derived from any existing or natural sequence and generated in any manner. It is further understood that the oligonucleotides can be generated from chemical synthesis, reverse transcription, DNA replication and a combination of these generating methods.
  • primer generally refers to an oligonucleotide capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis along a complementary strand when conditions are suitable for synthesis of a primer extension product.
  • the synthesizing conditions include the presence of four different deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates and at least one polymerization-inducing agent such as reverse transcriptase or DNA polymerase. These are present in suitable a buffer which may include constituents which are co-factors or which affect conditions such as pH and the like at various suitable temperatures. It is understood that while a primer is preferably a single strand sequence, such that amplification efficiency is optimized, other double stranded sequences can be practiced with the present invention.
  • target gene means to refer to a region of an oligonucleotide which is either to be amplified and/or detected. It is to be understood that the target sequence resides between the primer sequences used to the amplification process.
  • the quantitative gene expression is measured by multiplex competitive PCR amplification of a) cDNA from at least one target gene of interest an at least one “housekeeping” gene and b) internal mutated standard competitive templates comprising base mutants of the target gene of interest and the “housekeeping” gene cDNA that causes either a loss or gain of a restriction endonuclease recognition site.
  • the method comprises the PCR amplification of a) cDNA from at least one target gene of interest and at least one “housekeeping” gene and b) competitive templates comprising sequences of the target gene of interest and the “housekeeping” gene that have been artificially shortened. These shortened sequences retain sequences homologous to both the target gene and the housekeeping gene primers used in PCR amplification.
  • RNA extracted from sample cells or tissues are reverse transcribed.
  • Serial dilutions of cDNA are PCR amplified in the presence of oligonucleotides homologous to the target gene and the “housekeeping” gene, and quantified amounts of internal mutated standard competitive templates.
  • the amplified DNA is restriction digested and electrophorsed, separating native from mutated products. Densitometry is performed to quantify the bands. This technique to measure the relative expression of a target gene to a “housekeeping” gene is precise and reproducible for studies done with the same master mixture and dilution of internal standards.
  • oligonucleotides homologous to any sequences containing a known restriction endonuclease recognition site or any sequence containing one or two-base pair mismatch for a known restriction endonuclease site that is present in the housekeeping gene can be utilized.
  • the application of these restriction endonuclease recognition sites is to either mutate the naturally occurring sites to non-recognition sites or to mutate the mismatch sites to match sites, in either case creating mutant sequences suitable for internal mutated standards competitive templates.
  • the particular sites in the housekeeping gene used for analysis of any particular other gene depends on the match and mismatch sites that are present in the other gene.
  • One determinant is the size of the DNA fragments that are generated from the housekeeping gene and the target gene. It is desired that these fragments separate well on gel electrophoresis.
  • oligonucleotides that contain sequences homologous to sequences in the genes for the housekeeping genes can be used in the present invention.
  • Such homologous sequences may be used to generate artificially shortened competitive templates to the housekeeping genes generated according to the method described in the Willey et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,978.
  • Multiplex competitive PCR improves and simplifies quantitation of gene expression. Gene expression can be quantitated in very small samples of tissue or cells without resorting to radio labeling. As a result, multiplex reverse transcription PCR is less expensive and safer to use than radio labeling. The results are reproducible for examples using the same master mixture and dilutions of internal mutated standard competitive templates.
  • oligonucleotides homologous to each strand of the cDNA of known or potential housekeeping genes (including but not restricted to the human, mouse and rat GAPDH, ⁇ -actin, 28S RNA, 18S RNA, and all ribonucleic protein genes) and containing restrictions endonuclease recognition sites sequences or one or two base pair mismatches for restriction endonuclease recognition sequences are useful in the practice of the present invention.
  • the oligonucleotides are used to prepare competitive templates of housekeeping genes for use in quantitative PCR.
  • oligonucleotides that contain sequences homologous to sequences in known or potential housekeeping genes (including but not restricted to GAPDH, ⁇ -actin, 28S RNA, 18S RNA, and all ribonucleic protein genes) are useful in generating artificially shortened competitive templates.
  • housekeeping genes including but not restricted to GAPDH, ⁇ -actin, 28S RNA, 18S RNA, and all ribonucleic protein genes
  • uses of this inventive technique include: a) evaluating gene expression from tissues obtained by endoscopic biopsy (brush or forceps), needle aspiration, and bone marrow biopsy; b) quantification of reporter gene expression in transient transfection assays; and c) quantification of transfected genes following gene therapy.
  • GSHPx Three genes, GSTM3, GSHPx, and GSTP1, are expressed at lower levels in NBECs from lung cancer patients compared to NBECs from individuals without lung cancer. Because GSHPx and GSTM3 each have peroxidase activity, cells expressing low levels of these genes are more susceptible to oxidant damage and carcinogenic transformation. Further, GSTM3 and GSTP1 metabolically inactivate PAH diol-epoxide carcinogens in NBECs; thus, decreased expression levels in NBECs lead to a decrease in the cellular capacity to detoxify these carcinogens. It has been reported that decreased expression of mouse GST ⁇ may be responsible for the increased carcinogenicity of the PAH benzo(a)pyrene (41).
  • GSTP1 was expressed at a higher level in NBECs from non-lung cancer patients than the other genes studied-herein. Recently described polymorphisms in the coding region of GSTP1 have a strong association with increased risk for neoplasia (42, 43) and are important to assess along with GSTP1 gene expression levels.
  • NBECs from all 34 patients in this study expressed one or more of these GSTM isoforms (See FIGS. 3 and 4). Because all of the GSTM isoforms have substrate overlap, it is possible that risk for bronchogenic carcinoma is not related to GSTM1 expression alone but also to relative gene expression levels of all GSTM isoforms in NBECs.
  • Non-cancer subjects 21 and 54 had mGST levels three logs and 10-fold greater, respectively, than any of the other subjects. Such wide fluctuation in gene expression was not observed for any of the other genes. It is possible that a small segment of the population is capable of expressing very high levels of mGST either constitutively or upon exposure to certain xenobiotics. Because mGST has peroxidase activity (21) and because it was expressed at lower levels in the NBECs of lung cancer patients in this study (Tables 3 and 4), it would be expected that such a high level of expression would protect the cellular DNA from oxidant damage and therefore lower cancer risk.
  • mGST expression is not significantly different in the two groups, although there is a 5-fold difference in the means, is that the subject 54 value confers such a high SD. If both subjects 21 and 54 are excluded from analysis, mean mGST expression is significantly lower (P ⁇ 0.05) in the samples from cancer patients.
  • mRNA levels and enzyme activities for some of the measured genes and other xenobiotic metabolism enzyme genes are known to be closely related.
  • Mosco et al. (44) reported in 1988 that GSTP1 enzyme activity and mRNA levels are highly correlated in several human breast cancer cell lines.
  • CYP1A1 and NADPH oxidoreductase activities are correlated with mRNA levels in lymphoblastoid cell lines (35).
  • CYP1A1 mRNA and enzyme activities also have been correlated in rat liver tissue (45).
  • manganese superoxide dismutase activity correlates with protein and mRNA levels in fibroblasts (46).
  • An important feature of the method of the present invention is that it allows expression values of multiple different genes to be combined into indices. Such index values are used to rank cell or tissue samples.
  • the gene expression indices generally correlate better than expression of any single gene or isozyme and phenotype.
  • the specificity was 76% (Table 6). Because 5-10% of smokers get lung cancer, it is reasonable to hypothesize that at least 5-10% of the people in the general population have a genetic predisposition to bronchogenic carcinoma. Thus, of the four individuals without bronchogenic carcinoma who had index values below the cutoff value, one to two of them could be expected to be at high risk for bronchogenic carcinoma if they smoked.
  • the observed interindividual variation in the expression of GST and GSHPx enzyme genes in primary NBECs may result from several different factors, including variation in constitutive level of gene expression, variation in the inducible level of gene expression and variation in inhalational exposure to exogenous oxidants, and xenobiotics in the form of cigarette smoke, occupational, or environmental pollutants. Although no significant relationship between antioxidant gene expression and present smoking or amount of past smoking (in pack-years) was observed, it remains possible that the interindividual variation in gene expression observed could be due to variation in exposure to xenobiotics and/or oxidants from sources other than cigarette smoke.
  • NBECs of cancer patients may express lower levels of GSTM3, GSHPx, and GSTP1 due to the inheritance of particular polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of these genes or of the transcription factors that bind to them.
  • Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase 200 units/ ⁇ l
  • 5 ⁇ first strand buffer 250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT]
  • RNase-free water 250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT]
  • RNase-free water obtained from Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.)
  • NuSieve and SeaKem LE agarose were obtained from FMC BioProducts (Rockland, Me.).
  • TriReagent was obtained from molecular Research Center (Cincinnati, Ohio)
  • Bronchial epithelial cell growth medium was obtained from Clonetics (San Diego, Calif.).
  • Natural human fibronectin and collagen were obtained from Collaborative Biomedical Products (Bedford, Mass.). All other chemicals and reagents
  • NBECs Primary NBECs were obtained by bronchial brush biopsy as previously reported (34, 35). This group of individuals without lung cancer consisted of healthy volunteers from a university setting, individuals under going diagnostic bronchoscopy, and three organ donors. The lungs of the donors did not meet criteria for transplantation due to COPD (subjects 54 and 62) or asthma (subject 55). Two of the subjects (57 and 71) had bronchoscopy at the time of thoracotomy for resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon that had metastasized to the lung.
  • Subjects 59 and 63-66 had bronchoscopy due to persistent hemoptysis or change in character of chronic cough, and no endobronchial mucosal lesions were observed.
  • Samples from lung cancer patients were obtained via bronchoscopic bronchial brushing at the time of surgery as previously reported (36) or brushing of surgically resected samples (subjects 74 and 75; Table 1). Samples that were evaluated in previous studies (34, 35) have the same subject numbers in this study. Samples acquired since the time of those publications are numbered in order of acquisition. Cells were recovered from the bronchial brush into ice-cold 0.9% NaCl solution and pelleted. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Demographic data are presented in Table 1.
  • RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription Excess NaCl solution/media was removed, and the cells were lysed in TriReagent. Total RNA was extracted according to the TriReagent Manufacturer Protocol (37). Following extraction, mRNAs were reverse-transcribed using M-MLV reverse transcriptase and an oligo dT primer as previously reported (34).
  • Quantitative RT-PCR Gene expression was determined using quantitative competitive RT-PCR (33-35, 38). PCR reactions were cycled 35 times in a Rapidcycler (Idaho Technology, Idaho Falls, Id.) in the presence of two types of controls. First, a housekeeping gene ( ⁇ -actin) was coamplified along with the target genes to control for the amount of cDNA included in the reaction. Second, known amounts of cDNA CTs were included for both the target and the housekeeping gene to control for the loss of predictable exponential amplification with increasing cycles (38, 39). In these experiments, the concentration of the CTs in each PCR reaction was 10 ⁇ 14 M for ⁇ -actin and varied for each of the other genes.
  • CTs were synthesized according to previously described methods (33, 40). Primers for synthesizing CTs and for amplification of NT and CT sequences were chosen using Oligo software (National Biosciences, Inc., Madison, Minn.). After careful assessment of the sequences, we were not able to identify primers what would amplify GSTM1 without amplifying GSTM2, 4, 5. Therefore, cDNA from all four isogenes were amplified with the same primers. Sequences for mGST (GenBank accession no. J03746)(Forward: Seq. ID No. 22; Reverse: Seq. ID No. 23; CT: Seq. ID No. 24), GSTM3 (J05459)(Forward: Seq. ID No.
  • the amount of cDNA loaded for each sample was determined by comparing the density of the PCR product band for ⁇ -actin CT cDNA. Quantification of expression of the target genes was determined in the following way. First, the ratio of target gene native template:competitive template (NT:CT) product was calculated. Because the starting target gene CT concentration was known and the relative simplification efficiencies for the NT and CT cDNAs were known (see below), the starting target gene NT cDNA concentration could be determined. Second, the calculated number of target gene NT molecules was divided by the calculated number of ⁇ -actin NT molecules to correct for loading differences. Gene expression values are reported in Tables 3, 4 and 5.
  • GSHPx was the individual gene with the best sensitivity (80% for a value of 70-90 mRNA/103 ⁇ -actin mRNA; Table 6).
  • a value that was >90% sensitive had poor specificity (FIG. 8A).
  • the mean age among nine non-lung cancer and four lung cancer individuals was 54 and 55 years, respectively.
  • the mean level of GSHPx expression among the cancer cases 35.9 molecules/10 3 molecules of ⁇ -actin
  • Gender Among the primary NBECs from lung cancer and non-lung cancer patients combined, no differences in gene expression or any gene expression index were found due to gender.
  • the present invention involves a dramatic improvement over previously described approaches for evaluating interindividual aeration in risk for damage to normal bronchial epthiothial cells.
  • Anttila S., Luostarinen, L., Hirvonen, A., Elovaara, E., Karjalainen, A., Nurminen, T., Hayes, J. D., Vainio, H., and Ketterer

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US20060183144A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-08-17 Medical College Of Ohio Methods and compositions for assessing nucleic acids
US20090181383A1 (en) * 2007-09-17 2009-07-16 Willey James C Cancer Risk Biomarker
US20090186951A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2009-07-23 Brody Jerome S Identification of novel pathways for drug development for lung disease
US20100035244A1 (en) * 2005-04-14 2010-02-11 The Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic for lung disorders using class prediction
US20100055689A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2010-03-04 Avrum Spira Multifactorial methods for detecting lung disorders
US10526655B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-01-07 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for evaluating COPD status
US10927417B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-23 Trustees Of Boston University Gene expression-based biomarker for the detection and monitoring of bronchial premalignant lesions
US11639527B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2023-05-02 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for nucleic acid sequencing
US11977076B2 (en) 2006-03-09 2024-05-07 Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic and prognostic methods for lung disorders using gene expression profiles from nose epithelial cells
US11976329B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-05-07 Veracyte, Inc. Methods and systems for detecting usual interstitial pneumonia
US12110554B2 (en) 2009-05-07 2024-10-08 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for classification of tissue samples as positive or negative for cancer
US12297505B2 (en) 2014-07-14 2025-05-13 Veracyte, Inc. Algorithms for disease diagnostics
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EP2327796A1 (fr) * 2003-06-10 2011-06-01 The Trustees Of Boston University Méthodes de détection de troubles poulmonaires
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US20030186246A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2003-10-02 Willey James C. Multiplex standardized reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reacton method for assessment of gene expression in small biological samples
US20150184240A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2015-07-02 The University Of Toledo Compositions of Standardized Mixtures and Kits Therefor
US20060183144A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-08-17 Medical College Of Ohio Methods and compositions for assessing nucleic acids
US20060190192A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-08-24 Medical College Of Ohio Databases for assessing nucleic acids
US20060188908A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-08-24 Medical College Of Ohio Compositions and methods of use of standardized mixtures
US7527930B2 (en) * 2005-01-21 2009-05-05 Gene Express, Inc. Compositions and methods of use of standardized mixtures for determining an amount of a nucleic acid
US9683261B2 (en) * 2005-01-21 2017-06-20 The University Of Toledo Standardized mixtures for assessing amounts of target nucleic acids in a sample, and kits therefore
US10808285B2 (en) 2005-04-14 2020-10-20 Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic for lung disorders using class prediction
US20100035244A1 (en) * 2005-04-14 2010-02-11 The Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic for lung disorders using class prediction
US9920374B2 (en) 2005-04-14 2018-03-20 Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic for lung disorders using class prediction
US11977076B2 (en) 2006-03-09 2024-05-07 Trustees Of Boston University Diagnostic and prognostic methods for lung disorders using gene expression profiles from nose epithelial cells
US20090181383A1 (en) * 2007-09-17 2009-07-16 Willey James C Cancer Risk Biomarker
US8765368B2 (en) 2007-09-17 2014-07-01 The University Of Toledo Cancer risk biomarker
US10570454B2 (en) 2007-09-19 2020-02-25 Trustees Of Boston University Methods of identifying individuals at increased risk of lung cancer
US20090186951A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2009-07-23 Brody Jerome S Identification of novel pathways for drug development for lung disease
US20100055689A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2010-03-04 Avrum Spira Multifactorial methods for detecting lung disorders
US12305238B2 (en) 2008-11-17 2025-05-20 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for treatment of thyroid cancer
US12110554B2 (en) 2009-05-07 2024-10-08 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for classification of tissue samples as positive or negative for cancer
US12297503B2 (en) 2009-05-07 2025-05-13 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for classification of tissue samples as positive or negative for cancer
US10526655B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-01-07 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for evaluating COPD status
US11976329B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-05-07 Veracyte, Inc. Methods and systems for detecting usual interstitial pneumonia
US12297505B2 (en) 2014-07-14 2025-05-13 Veracyte, Inc. Algorithms for disease diagnostics
US11639527B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2023-05-02 Veracyte, Inc. Methods for nucleic acid sequencing
US10927417B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-23 Trustees Of Boston University Gene expression-based biomarker for the detection and monitoring of bronchial premalignant lesions

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WO2002072866A3 (fr) 2003-02-20
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WO2002072866A2 (fr) 2002-09-19
AU2002250285A1 (en) 2002-09-24

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