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US20040197669A1 - Electrolyte for use in phosphate based lithium ion/polymer cells - Google Patents

Electrolyte for use in phosphate based lithium ion/polymer cells Download PDF

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US20040197669A1
US20040197669A1 US10/762,846 US76284604A US2004197669A1 US 20040197669 A1 US20040197669 A1 US 20040197669A1 US 76284604 A US76284604 A US 76284604A US 2004197669 A1 US2004197669 A1 US 2004197669A1
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Prior art keywords
carbonate
present
amount
battery according
ethyl methyl
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Eileen Saidi
Jon Parke
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Valence Technology Inc
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Valence Technology Inc
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Assigned to VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PARKE, JON, SAIDI, EILEEN
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrolytes containing ethyl methyl carbonate as a solvent for use in lithium batteries, including lithium metal, lithium ion and lithium ion polymer batteries with metal phosphate cathodes.
  • This invention further relates to electrolytes comprising ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate for use in lithium batteries, including litium metal, lithium ion and lithium ion polymer batteries, with metal phosphate cathodes, and to batteries employing such electrolytes.
  • the electrolytes of the present invention are an improvement over other electrolytes used in lithium batteries with metal phosphate cathodes in that the electrolytes are less prone to gassing and therefore have better shelf stability.
  • lithium batteries are prepared from one or more lithium electrochemical cells containing electrochemically active (electroactive) materials.
  • Such cells typically include, at least, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte interposed between the positive and negative electrodes.
  • Lithium ion batteries are well known. Lithium ion batteries have an insertion anode, such as a lithium metal chalcogenide, lithium metal oxide, coke or graphite. These types of electrodes are typically used with lithium-containing insertion cathodes to form an electroactive couple in a cell. The resulting cells are not charged in an initial condition. Before this type of cell can be used to deliver electrochemical energy, it must be charged. In the charging operation, lithium is transferred from the lithium-containing electrode cathode to the negative electrode. During discharge the lithium is transferred from the negative electrode back to the positive electrode. During a subsequent recharge, the lithium is transferred back to the negative electrode where it reinserts. Thus with each charge/discharge cycle, the lithium ions (Li + ) are transported between the electrodes. Such rechargeable batteries are called rechargeable lithium ion batteries or rocking chair batteries.
  • the lithium ion battery In order for the lithium ion battery to be successful it requires the use of an electrolyte that has a high ionic conductivity in order to sustain good performance at reasonable charge/discharge rates.
  • the electrolyte needs to be electrochemically stable while delivering acceptable cycle life and to exhibit stability during storage while being cost effective.
  • the performance of the lithium ion batteries is greatly affected by the quality of the electrolyte. Therefore, the battery industry is constantly attempting to improve the qualities and properties of electrolytes.
  • electrolyte solvents in conventional lithium ion batteries.
  • electrolytes When used with suitable solutes to form electrolytes, such electrolytes generally have relatively good ionic conductivities.
  • electrolytes consist of a metal salt dispersed in nonaqueous solvents or polymers.
  • dimethyl carbonate is commonly used in electrolytes in lithium ion batteries. It is has a relatively low viscosity, is used as a viscosity reducer and hence a conductivity enhancer.
  • dimethyl carbonate can react on lithiated carbon anodes to form gaseous by-products. This is problematic in cells, especially in cells with flexible packaging. This problem is commonly referred to as gassing.
  • electrolytes of the present invention are beneficial in that they avoid gassing in cells containing lithium metal phosphate cathodes while maintaining high conductivity and good chemical and thermal stability.
  • the present invention relates to electrolytes containing ethyl methyl carbonate as a solvent for use in lithium batteries, including lithium metal batteries, lithium ion batteries and lithium ion polymer batteries with metal phosphate cathodes.
  • the invention further relates to electrolytes comprising a quaternary solvent system comprised of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) for use in lithium batteries, including lithium metal batteries, lithium ion batteries and lithium ion polymer batteries with metal phosphate cathodes, and to batteries employing such electrolytes.
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • PC propylene carbonate
  • the electrolytes of the present invention are an improvement over other electrolytes used in lithium batteries with metal phosphate cathodes in that the electrolytes are less prone to gassing and therefore have better shelf
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an electrolyte comprised of a metal salt and a quaternary solvent system wherein the quaternary solvent system is comprised of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
  • the ethylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 20 to about 80 weight (wt) %.
  • the propylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 20 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 10 to about 80 wt % and the diethyl carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 30 wt %.
  • the invention also relates to batteries or cells containing the electrolytes of the present invention.
  • batteries and cells are comprised of a cathode which is comprised of a metal phosphate and more preferably a lithium metal phosphate.
  • Preferred embodiments of cathodes useful in the present invention are cathodes wherein the active material is LiMg x Fe 1 ⁇ x PO 4 wherein x is greater than about 0.01 and is less than about 0.15 or a lithium vanadium phosphate active material.
  • FIG. 1 shows the cycling performance of the electrolyte solutions of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows that acceptable cycle life can be achieved using the electrolytes of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to electrolytes containing ethyl methyl carbonate as a solvent for use in lithium batteries, including lithium metal batteries, lithium ion batteries and lithium ion polymer batteries with metal phosphate cathodes.
  • the invention further relates to electrolytes comprising a quaternary solvent system comprised of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) for use in lithium batteries with metal phosphate cathodes, and to batteries employing such electrolytes.
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • PC propylene carbonate
  • the electrolytes of the present invention are an improvement over other electrolytes used in lithium batteries with metal phosphate cathodes in that the electrolytes are less prone to gassing and therefore have better shelf stability.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an electrolyte comprised of a metal salt and a quaternary solvent system wherein the quaternary solvent system is comprised of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
  • the ethylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 20 to about 80 wt %.
  • the propylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 20 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount from about 10 to about 80 wt % and the diethyl carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 30 wt %.
  • Such electrolytes have been found to be highly conductive and reduce formation of gaseous by-products formed by unwanted side reactions between the electrolyte and other components of the batteries or cells.
  • the invention also relates to batteries or cells containing the electrolytes of the present invention.
  • batteries and cells are comprised of a cathode which is comprised of a metal phosphate and more preferably a lithium metal phosphate.
  • the cathodes are cathodes wherein the active material is LiMg x Fe 1 ⁇ x PO 4 wherein 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15 or a lithium vanadium phosphate active material.
  • Dimethyl carbonate is commonly used in electrolytes in lithium batteries as a viscosity reducer to enhance conductivity.
  • dimethyl carbonate has a low boiling point and can react on lithiated carbon anodes to form gaseous CH 4 and C 2 H 6 . This can be problematic in cells with flexible packaging in that the gases become trapped in the flexible packaging and with enough gassing the flexible packaging can distort or burst.
  • EMC Ethyl methyl carbonate
  • MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
  • Lithium ion batteries represent a growing segment of the battery industry because of their high electrochemical potential and high performance capabilities. Some lithium ion and lithium ion polymer batteries have demonstrated high energy density, high voltage and excellent pulse capability.
  • a specific example of a lithium ion battery is a lithium ion polymer battery that utilizes a phosphate based cathode material.
  • Such battery exhibits high energy density, high efficiency, cost effectiveness, safety and is environmentally safe.
  • Such phosphates have recently been developed and offer many benefits over the existing battery materials.
  • the phosphate materials employed in the battery of the present invention may be classified as materials built up from one or more phosphate (PO 4 ) tetrahedron or from the condensation of several PO 4 groups sharing, one, two or three oxygens.
  • phosphate PO 4
  • oxygens such as F, Cl, S and H replace one or more of the oxygen atoms in the phosphates, substituted phosphates are created.
  • the most common form of phosphate, the monophosphates, are salts derived from the orthophosphoric acid, H 3 PO 4 . These salts are characterized by a simple isolated PO 4 3 ⁇ group comprising a central phosphorous atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the comers of an almost regular tetrahedron.
  • the physical and chemical properties of the monophosphates have been well documented and they are considered to be both chemically and thermally very stable.
  • transition metal phosphates Another class of monophosphates is the transition metal phosphates.
  • Such transition metal phosphates, and in particular lithiated metal phosphates, have recently been introduced as cathode active materials for lithium ion batteries.
  • These transition metal phosphates are insertion type compounds like their oxide based counterparts.
  • transition metal phosphates allow great flexibility in design of lithium ion batteries. Simply by changing the identity of the transition metal allows for regulation of voltage and specific capacity of the active materials. Such active materials are disclosed and described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/484799 (filed Jan. 18, 2000), U.S. Ser. No. 09/484919 (filed Jan. 18, 2000), U.S. Ser. No. 10/116276 (filed Apr. 3, 2002), U.S. Ser. No. 10/116450 (filed Apr. 3, 2002) and U.S. Ser. No. 10/115802 (filed Apr. 3, 2002) hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • Doped lithium metal phosphates useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, lithium metal phosphates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,568 issued May 14, 2002 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/014822 filed Oct. 26, 2001.
  • Lithium vanadium phosphates, a particular class of transition metal phosphates, useful in the present invention include but are not limited to, the lithium vanadium phosphates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,866 issued Feb. 16, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,716 issued Jun. 1, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,472 issued Oct. 24, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,333 issued Oct. 28, 2000; U.S.
  • cathode active material is a material having the formula LiFe 1 ⁇ x Mg x PO 4 wherein x is from about 0.01 to about 0.15.
  • cathode active materials are lithium vanadium phosphate materials, such as Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 or materials of the formula LiM x Fe 1 ⁇ x PO 4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, Nb, Mg, Zn and Ca.
  • a battery produced using a transition metal phosphate and a plasticized polymer electrolyte, that eliminates free liquid in the battery cell, is herein known as a lithium ion polymer battery.
  • a lithium ion polymer battery since it does not contain a liquid electrolyte can be packaged in foil. Such a package design is beneficial in that it significantly reduces battery weight and enhances design flexibility.
  • a battery recently produced using a lithium transition metal phosphate and an electrolyte of 2:1 (by weight) of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate with 1M LiPF 6 salt in a flexible package was prone to gassing.
  • Various solutions were sought to rectify such problem.
  • One such solution that was considered was the use of ethyl methyl carbonate and elimination of the use of the dimethyl carbonate.
  • Ethyl methyl carbonate is less volatile than dimethyl carbonate and is also less prone to breakdown and gas generation.
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
  • battery refers to a device comprising one or more electrochemical cells for the production of electricity.
  • Each electrochemical cell comprises an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte.
  • anode and “cathode” refer to the electrodes at which oxidation and reduction occur, respectively, during battery discharge. During charging of the battery, the sites of oxidation and reduction are reversed.
  • the electrolytes of the present invention are prepared by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the present invention relates to electrolytes comprising ethyl methyl carbonate for use in batteries comprising metal phosphate cathodes.
  • the present invention further relates to batteries comprised of a metal phosphate cathode which employs such electrolytes. More specifically the electrolytes of the present invention are comprised of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
  • the ethylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 20 to about 80 weight (wt) %.
  • the propylene carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 20 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 10 to about 80 wt % and the diethyl carbonate is preferably present in an amount from about 0 to about 30 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount from about 10 to about 40 wt %; ethylene carbonate is present in an amount from about 30 to about 70 wt %; propylene carbonate is present in an amount from about 2 to about 20 wt %; and diethyl carbonate is present in an amount from about 2 to about 30 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount from about 10 to about 30 wt %; ethylene carbonate is present in an amount from about 50 to about 70 wt %; propylene carbonate is present in an amount from about 2 to about 10 wt %; and diethyl carbonate is present in an amount from about 5 to about 30 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 25 wt %; ethylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 60 wt %; propylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 5 wt %; and diethyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 10 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 10 wt %; ethylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 60 wt %; propylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 5 wt %; and diethyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 25 wt %.
  • the ethyl methyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 30 wt %; ethylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 60 wt %; propylene carbonate is present in an amount of about 5 wt %; and diethyl carbonate is present in an amount of about 5 wt %.
  • polymeric electrolytic cells comprise polymeric film composition electrodes and separator membranes.
  • rechargeable lithium battery cells comprise a separator that is plasticized by the electrolytes. Lithium ions can move through such polymer electrolyte between the electrodes during the charge/discharge cycles of the cell.
  • an ion source electrode is a lithium compound or other material capable of intercalating lithium ions.
  • the electrolytes of the present invention are useful in cells containing transition metals as the active material and more preferably containing lithium transition metal phosphates as the active materials.
  • Preferred active materials are lithium vanadium phosphates and LiMg x Fe 1 ⁇ x PO 4 wherein x is about 0.01 to about 0.15.
  • An electrode separator membrane comprises a polymeric matrix made ionically conductive by the incorporation of an organic solution of a dissociable lithium salt (solute) which provides ionic mobility.
  • a dissociable lithium salt solute
  • Strong, flexible polymeric electrolytic cell separator materials retain electrolyte lithium salt solutions and remain functional over a wide range of temperatures.
  • These electrolyte membranes are used either in the usual manner as separator elements with mechanically assembled battery cell components, or in composite battery cells constructed of successively coated layers of electrode and electrolyte compositions.
  • the electrolytes of the present invention exhibit high conductivities, good chemical stability, good mechanical properties, good thermal stability and low toxicity. Cycling tests have shown that the electrolytes of the present invention are useful in lithium batteries wherein the cathode is comprised of an electroactive metal phosphate.
  • a typical laminated battery in which such electrolyte can be employed includes, but is not limited to, batteries disclosed in the above listed patents.
  • a typical bi-cell comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and another negative electrode wherein an electrolyte/separator is interposed between each of the counter electrodes.
  • the negative and positive electrodes each include a current collector.
  • the negative electrode comprises an intercalation material such as carbon or graphite or a low voltage lithium insertion compound, dispersed in a polymeric binder matrix, and includes a current collector, preferably a copper collector foil, preferably in the form of an open mesh grid, embedded in or laid on one side of the negative electrode.
  • a separator is positioned upon the negative electrode on the side opposite of the current collector.
  • a positive electrode comprising a metal phosphate active material is positioned on the opposite side of the separator from the negative electrode.
  • a current collector preferably an aluminum foil or grid is then positioned on the positive electrode opposite the separator.
  • Another separator is positioned on the side opposite the other separator and then another negative electrode is positioned upon that separator.
  • the electrolyte is then dispersed into the cell using conventional methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • a protective bagging material covers the cell and prevents infiltration of air and moisture.
  • two positive electrodes can be used in place of the two negative electrodes and the negative electrode is then replaced with a positive electrode.
  • the lithium salt (solute) useful for dispersion in the electrolyte include but are not limited to LiBF 4 , LiBF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiBr, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , Li[B(O 4 C 2 )] 2 and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical alkali metal salts useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to salts having the formula M + X ⁇ where M + is an alkali metal cation such as Li + , Na + , K + , and combinations thereof; and X ⁇ is an anion such as Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I ⁇ , ClO 4 , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , SbF 6 ⁇ , CH 3 CO 2 ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 31 , N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ⁇ , C(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ⁇ and combinations thereof.
  • the lithium salt is LiBF 4 or LiPF 6 .
  • Anode materials useful in the batteries of the present invention include, but are not limited to lithium, carbon, graphite, CMS graphite (Shanghai Shanshan Technology), cokes, meso carbons, tungsten oxides, titanates, metal oxides (particularly transition metal oxides), metal phosphates (particularly transition metal phosphates), sulfates, silicates, vanadates, metal chalcogenides and lithium alloys, such as alloys of lithium with aluminum, mercury, manganese, iron, and zinc and physical and chemical mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred anode materials are CMS graphite or carbon, such as coke or graphite, specifically MCMB: mesophase-carbon micro-beads (Osaka Gas Company, Limited, Japan) and MCF: mesophase-pitch based carbon fiber (Petoca Corporation Limited, Japan).
  • MCMB mesophase-carbon micro-beads
  • MCF mesophase-pitch based carbon fiber
  • Active cathode materials useful in the batteries of the present invention include transition metal phosphates, and more preferably lithium transition metal phosphates.
  • the preferred cathode materials are transition metal phosphates including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/484799 (filed Jan. 18, 2000), U.S. Ser. No. 09/484919 (filed Jan. 18, 2000), U.S. Ser. No. 10/116276 (filed Apr. 3, 2002), U.S. Ser. No. 10/116450 (filed Apr. 3, 2002) and U.S. Ser. No. 10/115802 (filed Apr. 3, 2002) hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • lithium vanadium phosphates including but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,866 issued Feb. 16, 1999; U.S. Pat. NO. 5,908,716 issued Jun. 1, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,472 issued Oct. 24, 2000; U.S. Pat. NO. 6,153,333 issued Oct. 28, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,568 issued May 14, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,951 issued Sep. 10, 2002; WO 01/54212 published Jul. 26, 2001; and U.S. Ser. No. 10/014822 filed Oct. 26, 2001 hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • the most preferred cathode active material is a material having the formula LiFe 1 ⁇ x Mg x PO 4 wherein x is from about 0.01 to about 0.15.
  • Other preferred cathode active materials are lithium vanadium phosphate materials or materials of the formula LiMFePO 4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, Nb, Mg and Ca.
  • Electronically conductive fillers useful in the batteries of the present invention include materials such as carbon black, graphite, powdered nickel, metal particles, metal coated particles, conductive ceramics, conductive fibers, conductive polymers (e.g. characterized by a conjugated network of double bonds like polypyrrole and polyacetylene) and the like.
  • a preferred electronic conductive filler is carbon black.
  • Ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate are all commercially available solvents.
  • EC, PC, DEC and EMC were mixed in the following weight ratios to obtain solvents useful in electrolytes.
  • Weight % (1 M LiPF 6 ) EC PC DEC EMC 60 5 10 25 60 5 5 30 60 5 25 10 66 0 0 33 60 0 20 20 60 0 10 30 60 0 30 10
  • film type polymeric batteries were prepared according to the following methodology.
  • a free standing cathode film was laminated onto aluminum mesh and coated with an adhesion promoter.
  • a free standing anode film was laminated onto copper mesh and coated with an adhesion promoter. Portions of these assemblies were then punched out to make electrodes.
  • Two anode electrodes and one cathode electrode were laminated with layers of separator between them to form an anode/separator/cathode/separator/anode cohesive assembly, known as a bicell.
  • the bicell can be prepared using two cathodes and one anode.
  • the full cell can also comprise one or more bicells welded together in parallel.
  • the cell was then extracted and dried.
  • the electrolytes of the present invention were then added in an amount such that it was fully absorbed by the polymer, and no loose electrolyte remained in the cell.
  • the cell was then hermetically sealed in a packaging material.
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of cycling tests with the above electrolytes.
  • FIG. 1 shows that the cycle life of a cell using direct substitution of DEC for DMC is adversely affected, in that the capacity retained after 100 cycles is significantly reduced. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that the use of EMC in place of DMC has a smaller effect and has acceptable performance in some applications.
  • FIG. 2 shows that by using the preferred electrolytes formulations of the present invention that acceptable cycle life can be achieved even with removal of DMC from the solvent mixture.

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US20090233178A1 (en) * 2008-03-13 2009-09-17 Saidi M Yazid Lithium-ion batteries
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US11945971B2 (en) 2018-05-08 2024-04-02 Global Graphene Group, Inc. Anti-corrosion material-coated discrete graphene sheets and anti-corrosion coating composition containing same
US11965115B2 (en) 2018-07-09 2024-04-23 Global Graphene Group, Inc. Anti-corrosion coating composition

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