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US20040040838A1 - Electrolyzer - Google Patents

Electrolyzer Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040040838A1
US20040040838A1 US10/418,472 US41847203A US2004040838A1 US 20040040838 A1 US20040040838 A1 US 20040040838A1 US 41847203 A US41847203 A US 41847203A US 2004040838 A1 US2004040838 A1 US 2004040838A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrolyte
outlet
inlet
conduit
anode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/418,472
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English (en)
Inventor
Joachim Helmke
Hans-Joachim Kohnke
Gabi Balan
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Hy Drive Technologies Ltd
Original Assignee
Fatpower Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fatpower Inc filed Critical Fatpower Inc
Assigned to FATPOWER INC. reassignment FATPOWER INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALAN, GABI, HELMKE, JOACHIM, KOHNKE, HANS-JOACHIM
Publication of US20040040838A1 publication Critical patent/US20040040838A1/en
Assigned to HY-DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. reassignment HY-DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FATPOWER INC.
Priority to US11/539,497 priority Critical patent/US7651602B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C25B1/044—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water producing mixed hydrogen and oxygen gas, e.g. Brown's gas [HHO]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/05—Pressure cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrolyzer and, in particular, an electrolyzer for producing hydrogen gas from water.
  • Electrolyzers for producing hydrogen gas from water are known. Such electrolyzers are particularly useful for producing hydrogen and oxygen gases in a vehicle, the gases being used to supplement and enhance the fuel supply to the vehicle's engine.
  • An electrolysis cell has been invented that allows an increase in power density, and a reduction in size and weight over previous electrolyzer cells. Hydrogen and oxygen, although both generated in the cell, are maintained separate so that concerns over explosion are reduced or eliminated.
  • An electrolyzer unit can include one or more of the electrolysis cells.
  • an electrolysis cell for producing hydrogen and oxygen from a concentrated liquid electrolyte, the cell comprising: a housing, a plurality of porous cathode plates, a plurality of porous anode plates disposed between the cathode plates, a hydrogen gas conduit in fluid flow communication between the cathode plates and a hydrogen gas outlet port on the housing; an oxygen gas conduit in fluid flow communication between the anode plates and an oxygen gas outlet port on the housing, an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet, the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet arranged such that electrolyte flows through the anode plates and the cathode plates and a separator disposed between each adjacent anode plate and cathode plate, a separator disposed adjacent each of the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet, the separators being selected to be permeable to electrolyte and impermeable to hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
  • an electrolyzer unit for producing hydrogen and oxygen from a concentrated liquid electrolyte, the unit comprising: a housing; two electrolysis cells within the housing, each electrolysis cell including an inner chamber and disposed therein a plurality of porous cathode plates, a plurality of porous anode plates, the porous cathode plates alternating between the anode plates and a separator disposed between each adjacent anode plate and cathode plate, the separators being selected to be permeable to electrolyte and impermeable to hydrogen gas and oxygen gas bubbles; a hydrogen gas conduit in fluid flow communication with the cathode plates and a hydrogen gas outlet port on the housing; an oxygen gas conduit in fluid flow communication with the anode plates and an oxygen gas outlet port on the housing, a secondary electrolyte inlet and a secondary electrolyte outlet, the secondary electrolyte inlet and the secondary electrolyte outlet arranged such that electrolyte flows
  • an electrolyzer unit for producing hydrogen and oxygen from a concentrated liquid electrolyte, the unit comprising: a housing; a first electrolysis cell within the housing and a second electrolysis cell within the housing, each electrolysis cell including a plurality of porous cathode plates, a plurality of porous anode plates disposed between the cathode plates, a hydrogen gas conduit in fluid flow communication with the cathode plates and a hydrogen gas outlet port on the housing; an oxygen gas conduit in fluid flow communication with the anode plates and an oxygen gas outlet port on the housing, a first and a second electrolyte inlet and a first and a second electrolyte outlet, the electrolyte inlets and the electrolyte outlets arranged such that electrolyte flows through the anode plates and the cathode plates and a separator disposed between each adjacent anode plate and cathode plate, a separator disposed adjacent each of the electrolyte
  • an electrode for use in an electrolysis cell comprising: a porous conductor having an outer surface, an active layer material on the outer surface of the porous conductor, a catalyst dispersed within the active layer material, and a contact for electrical connection to a power source, the contact molded into contact with the porous conductor.
  • FIG. 1 is an end elevation of an electrolysis cell according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic section along line II-II of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic section along line III-III of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic section through an electrolyzer unit according to the present invention, the section being along the electrolyte inlet conduits.
  • FIG. 5 a is a plan view of an anode according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 b is a sectional view along line VI-VI of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 6 a is a perspective view of a folded electrode useful in the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 b is a side elevation of a folded electrode useful in the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view through a cell showing electrolyte flow.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view through an electrolyzer with the components within the cell removed.
  • FIG. 9 is an exploded view of an electrolyte distribution assembly useful in the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an electrolyzer unit showing the electrical connections.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the electrolysis unit in a vehicle.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 an electrolysis cell according to the present invention is shown.
  • the cell contains a plurality of anodes 4 and cathodes 6 and operates using a concentrated liquid electrolyte such as 3 to 7 molar potassium hydroxide.
  • a concentrated liquid electrolyte such as 3 to 7 molar potassium hydroxide.
  • the use of highly concentrated electrolyte allows the cell to operate in low temperatures without freezing.
  • Each adjacent anode and cathode has therebetween an electrolyte-permeable, gas-impermeable separator 8 .
  • the electrodes and separators are formed as thin plates and arranged in a stack.
  • a separator 8 is also disposed at each end of the stack.
  • the electrolysis cell is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 2 and 3, in that the thickness of each electrode and each separator is overemphasized and out of proportion.
  • the electrodes and separators are each less than 1 mm thick, while being much larger in plan (i.e. for example 10 to 20 cm wide
  • An outer housing 10 is disposed about the stack of anodes 4 , cathodes 6 and separators 8 .
  • the housing defines an inner chamber 11 in which the anodes, cathodes and separators are disposed.
  • the housing is arranged closely about the electrodes and separators.
  • the cell is formed such that the electrodes and separators are embedded in the material of the housing. This is achieved by arranging the electrodes and separators in a mold and injecting the housing material in liquid form about the arranged parts and allowing the housing to set, as will be more fully described hereinafter.
  • Housing 10 has a plurality of inlet and outlet ports extending therethrough.
  • the housing includes inlet ports 12 for electrolyte, outlet ports 14 for electrolyte, outlet ports 16 for generated hydrogen and outlet ports 18 for generated oxygen.
  • Ports 12 to 18 can be tapped or otherwise prepared to receive connectors 19 for connection to fluid lines.
  • Ports 12 , 14 , 16 and 18 are in fluid flow communication with conduits extending through the cell.
  • ports 16 and 18 are in fluid flow communication with hydrogen conduit 20 and oxygen conduit 22 , respectively
  • ports 12 and 14 are in communication with electrolyte inlet and outlet conduits 24 , 26 , respectively.
  • Each of the electrolyte conduits 24 , 26 have openings 24 a , 26 a to inner chamber 11 where the electrodes and separators are disposed.
  • An electrolyte distribution assembly 27 is disposed at each end of the stack between the conduit openings 24 a , 26 a and the end separators 8 .
  • Electrolyte distribution assembly 27 includes a plate 27 a that forms the ends of conduits 24 , 26 and defines openings 24 a , 26 a and a diffusing member 70 .
  • An electrical contact 28 , 30 is connected to each anode and cathode, respectively. They extend out through the housing to be accessible for connection to a power source.
  • all of the anode contacts 28 are disposed in line on the housing and all of the cathode contacts 30 are disposed in line on the housing and out of line with anode contacts 28 .
  • This facilitates connection to the power source.
  • all contacts of the same type can be molded together to form one unitary contact 31 for all cathodes of the cell and another unitary contact for all anodes.
  • each cell will have only two terminals to connect supply current to eight plates.
  • electrolyte flows through conduits 24 , through to inner chamber 11 , outlet conduits 26 and out of the cell.
  • the electrolyte flow parameters and specifically the pressure of inlet fluid and the pressure of outlet fluid and the relative positioning of the inlets and outlets of the cell are selected such that at least some of the electrolyte flows through the planes of the electrodes and separators before passing into outlet conduits 26 . While two of each electrolyte conduit 24 , 26 are shown in the cell, any number of electrolyte inlets and outlets can be used. If one of each inlet and outlet conduit is used, they should be positioned at opposite ends of the cell such that electrolyte must flow though the electrodes when passing from the inlet to the outlet.
  • the cell can be manufactured in various ways. However, in one preferred manufacturing process the electrodes and separators are formed with generally similar widths and lengths and the electrodes and separators are stacked in a selected and aligned arrangement with their planes substantially parallel. The stack is then placed in a mould and while being maintained in this stacked configuration in the mould, a liquid form of the housing material is injected about the stack such that, when the liquid solidifies, the stack is cast within the housing material. In particular, the edges of any porous member such as the electrode and diffuser are infiltrated with housing material while the centers of these members remain open and untouched by housing material.
  • the housing material surrounds the stack and infiltrates the edges of any porous members such as the anodes and cathodes.
  • the inner chamber will actually be formed inwardly of the edges of the individual plate members, as shown.
  • sealants can be applied around the edges of the porous members or the edges can be formed to inhibit infiltration thereto. This will be further discussed with respect to FIGS. 5 a and 5 b .
  • the elements of the electrolyzer are pressed together and present mechanical barriers of compatible material allowing the liquid to access and fill only desired volumes.
  • conduits 20 to 26 can be formed in various ways.
  • conduits 20 and 22 are made by forming apertures on the electrodes, separators and electrode distribution plates and aligning these apertures when arranging the stack.
  • the liquid housing material is then injected about the stack and is selected to infiltrate about the formed apertures. When the housing material sets, it forms a solid barrier to isolate the selected apertures from the inner chamber of the cell. This will be described in more detail, hereinafter.
  • the potential difference between any exposed conductive parts such as, for example, pump components, electrodes or fittings, in the electrolyte path outside of the separators should be no greater than 1.2 volts and preferably no greater than 1.4 volts. Potential differences greater than 1.2 volts will generally occur when an anode or both an anode and a cathode are exposed in a conduit. Thus, conduits 24 , 26 should have no reactive electrode surfaces exposed therein. Thus, it is preferred that the manufacture process ensures that the reactive electrode surfaces are recessed back from the exposed surfaces of conduits 24 , 26 outside of the separators.
  • the mould is selected such that portions of the contacts 28 , 30 extend out from the housing and are accessible for connection to the power source.
  • the housing material is selected to be thermally stable in conditions ranging from ⁇ 45 to +100° C., and resistant to the chemical and electrical conditions present in the cell.
  • the housing material must also be useful for molding in liquid form.
  • One useful housing material is epoxy.
  • electrolysis cell shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 is constructed for individual use. However, with reference to FIG. 4, cell 2 with a few modifications can be assembled with other cells 2 a , 2 b in series to form an electrolyzer unit 32 for providing sufficient generated gases for any particular application. Where a plurality of cells are installed in one unit, electrolyte inlet conduits 24 , the electrolyte outlet conduits (cannot be seen in this sectional view) and gas conduits 20 , 22 can communicate to each cell in the whole unit.
  • a housing 10 extends around the entire unit and includes internal walls 10 b to isolate each cell from its adjacent cells.
  • the electrolyzer unit can be formed in the same way as an individual cell by arranging the stacks of electrodes, cathodes, separators and electrolyte distribution assemblies for each cell in end-to-end configurations with internal walls 10 b therebetween and then casting the housing about the stack. To stabilize the overall unit preferably there is an end plate 34 at each end.
  • an anode according to the present invention is shown.
  • the illustrated anode is ready for assembly to form a cell.
  • a useful anode is known as NiH33TM, available from Gaskatel GmbH, Germany.
  • oxygen is produced at the anodes in the present cell.
  • the anode is a gas diffusion electrode including a porous conductor 40 having adhered thereto an active layer 42 including a support containing a catalyst. The catalyst cannot be seen in the drawing as it is finely divided and distributed throughout active layer 42 .
  • Conductor 40 is electrically connected to contact 28 .
  • Active layer 42 includes a support including hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions formed of a polytetrafluoraethylene (PTFE) mixture.
  • the support provides the active layer with hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic pores therethrough. Therefore, active layer 42 permits passage of gas through the hydrophobic regions separately from the electrolyte, which passes through the hydrophilic pores. Active layer 42 is pressed into close engagement with the conductor.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoraethylene
  • the catalyst is the surface at which the electron transfer takes place in the electrolysis reaction.
  • Catalysts such as, for example, nickel, perovskit (LaO.6CaO.4CoO 3 ), carbon or titanium oxide are suitable for use in the generation of oxygen.
  • the catalyst is Raney-nickel.
  • perovskit is used.
  • Conductor 40 conducts electrons from electrical contact 28 and is porous to permit the flow of a liquid therethrough. Any conductive material can be used that does not break down upon contact with the electrolyte. Nickel or stainless steel is preferred, with nickel being the most preferred material because of its resistance to corrosion. To provide porosity, conductor 40 is preferably formed as a mesh, screen or sponge.
  • the active layer 42 need be applied only to one side of conductor 40 . No benefit is gained by adding active layer to both sides of the electrode.
  • the active layer can be secured to the conductor in various ways. In the illustrated embodiment, the active layer is secured by pressing into engagement with the conductor, as shown by the cross lines.
  • Contact 28 can be made of any conductive material such as tin, nickel or copper.
  • the electrical connection can be made by welding or, preferably, molding the contact on to an edge of the porous conductor. Molding is done by dipping the conductor into molten contact material, which is preferably contained in a mold. Molding is preferred over welding as it reduces the effects of charge concentration between conductor 40 and contact 28 . Tin is the preferred contact material for use where the contact is molded to the conductor.
  • the liquid housing material for example epoxy
  • the molding parameters of temperature, time and pressure are select with consideration as to active layer 42 to inhibit the migration of liquid housing material beyond the perimeter of area 53 , into other areas of the electrode where material migration is not desired.
  • Anode 4 has apertures 46 formed therethrough which, when aligned with similar apertures on the other electrodes, separators etc., define the oxygen conduits 22 .
  • apertures 48 define hydrogen gas conduits 20 and aperture 52 defines one of the electrolyte outlet conduits 26 .
  • apertures 46 While in the final cell, apertures 46 will be open to the center reaction area 53 of the anode, a gas and liquid impermeable block such as the housing material will be provided about apertures 48 , 52 on the anode so that the conduits 20 , 26 will be isolated from gases evolved on the anode.
  • the active layer 42 is removed from the conductor to form channels 55 so that housing material can be easily injected thereto.
  • Sealant such as active layer material can be applied to control the injection of housing material about the apertures.
  • aperature 52 need not be present for the proper formation of the electrolyte conduit, it is necessary for effective current transfer through the conduit that the conductor have maximum contact with contact 28 . Thus, it is desireable to extend the conductor upwardly through the position of one of the conduits 26 and to cut out an aperature 52 for the electrolyte conduit. The conductor can be extended even wider to reduce charge concentration, if desired.
  • the aperature has a diameter greater than the desired final diameter of the conduit and the aperture is lined with housing material, as by allowing the housing material during molding to migrate into the aperature and then drilling out the conduit along the center axis of the aperature, without drilling through the conductor.
  • Oxygen gas that is evolved on area 53 of the anode will pass through a network created by the hydrophobic regions of PTFE active layer 42 and will migrate to oxygen aperture 46 by the pressure of the generated gases.
  • one or more gas passageways 56 are formed on the anode through active layer 42 to create an open path to apertures 46 .
  • the gas passageway is an opening in the Active layer 42 and is formed by either removing the catalyst-containing active layer from the conductor at that area or by avoiding that area during application of the active layer.
  • Gas passageways 56 reduce the flow resistance of oxygen gas to apertures 46 and, therefore, should be positioned to reduce the length of the flow path to passageway 56 from any point on the gas generation surface.
  • the gas passageways extend along the edges of area 53 and in another embodiment, they extend more centrally through the gas generation area, for example diagonally inwardly from apertures 46 .
  • Hydrogen gas is evolved at cathodes 6 .
  • the preferred cathode is generally similar to the anode, as described with respect to FIGS. 5 a and 5 b . While similar conductors, catalysts and supports can be used; materials can be selected without worrying overmuch about oxidation issues. Thus, preferably a better conductor such as a copper mesh can be used.
  • the reaction area of the cathode is in fluid communication with hydrogen gas apertures 48 and conduit 20 and access to oxygen gas apertures 46 is scaled off, as by injection of housing material thereabout.
  • the contacts of two adjacent electrodes of the same type can be formed as one unitary member.
  • the unitary contact is connected between two electrodes and folded to permit the electrodes to be disposed in side-by-side relation with the contact at the edge of each.
  • the adjacent electrodes are formed from one piece of conductor 40 which has been folded to create a folded edge 43 and two electrode plates on either side thereof. Active layer 42 is applied to the reactive face of each electrode plate.
  • the contact 28 a is formed along folded edge 43 . Contact 28 a can be formed by dipping the folded edge of the conductor material into molten contact material.
  • Separators 8 are provided between each adjacent anode and cathode and at the ends of each stack of electrodes.
  • the separators are non-electrically conductive and maintain the generated hydrogen and oxygen separate while permitting the electrolyte to pass therethrough.
  • the separators have passages formed and sized to allow the electrolyte ions and water molecules to pass but to exclude the passage of oxygen or hydrogen gas bubbles.
  • the passages tend to be what and have a diameter of less than 1 micrometer and preferably between about 0.03 and 0.05 micrometer.
  • the separators must be thick enough to avoid the creation of shortcuts between electrodes. However, increasing the thickness of the separator increases the effective distance between electrodes resulting in lower efficiency.
  • the separators are about 0.4 mm thick.
  • Separators 8 arc preferably formed of microporous, hydrophilic plastic such as, for example, polypropylene or polyethylene, which are chemically stable in electrolyte and thermally stable in temperatures ranging from ⁇ 45 to +100° C. Asbestos can also be used, but is not preferred because of the health and environmental concerns with respect to its processing.
  • electrolyte is made to flow through the cell and at least some passes through the planes of electrodes 4 , 6 and separators 8 .
  • This flow of electrolyte reduces gas blinding by enhancing movement of bubbles toward the gas outlets, refreshes the electrolyte about the electrodes and enhances cooling.
  • the electrolyte flows from inlet openings 24 a to outlet openings 26 a .
  • at least some electrolyte must flow through the entire cell.
  • the cell can operate with one or more inlet and one or more outlet, preferably there are two spaced apart inlets and two spaced apart outlets. Since there can be considerable amounts of heat generated in the system, preferably the outlets are positioned to evacuate heated electrolyte without transferring the heat throughout the entire cell. Thus, preferably the outlet ports are disposed adjacent the upper end, with respect to gravity, of the cell.
  • the outlets are preferably positioned as close as possible to the upper limits of the inner chamber. The inlets and outlets open on the sides of the chamber so that flow is directed through the plane, rather than parallel to the plane, of the electrodes.
  • a pressure differential can be established between the inlets and the outlets.
  • a pressure differential albeit less than that at the inlets, will also occur at the outlets. This is explained with reference to FIG. 7, wherein the two inlets of cell 2 are identified as 24 a ′ and 24 a ′′ and the two outlets are identified as 26 a ′ and 26 a ′′.
  • Flow of each electrolyte entering though inlet 24 a ′ is indicated by solid arrows, while flow entering through inlet 24 a ′′ is indicated by outlined arrows.
  • electrolyte flows efficiently through all regions of the inner chamber of the cell to act against gas blinding and to refresh the electrolyte about the electrodes.
  • the pressure differential at the inlets can be established in any desired way, as by pressure regulators or by spacing the inlets along the electrolyte inlet conduit and differential sizing of the inlet and outlet conduits.
  • the difference between the highest-pressure inlet ( 24 a ′′ in FIG. 7) and the lowest-pressure outlet ( 26 a ′ in FIG. 7) should be maintained at about 200 to 300 mBar.
  • conduits 24 L, 24 H for supplying electrolyte and two conduits 26 L, 26 H through which electrolyte is evacuated from the cell.
  • the pressure of electrolyte supplied through conduit 24 L is at a lower pressure than electrolyte supplied through conduit 24 H and likewise the pressure generated at the opening to conduit 26 L is lower than the pressure generated in the electrolyte at the opening to conduit 26 H.
  • the openings 24 a , 26 a of the electrolyte conduits are preferably formed in such a way that flow therethrough is diffused and spread over a large surface area.
  • the openings 24 a , 26 a are elongate extending at least 2 ⁇ 3 the width of inner chamber 11 and positioned adjacent the bottom and tops of the inner chamber, respectively.
  • each electrolyte distribution assembly 27 is disposed at the end of each cell 2 .
  • Each assembly 27 can be formed in various ways and with various parts depending on the desired structure of the cell and the number of cells that are installed together in one electrolyzer unit.
  • each electrolyte distribution assembly includes a diffusing member 70 positioned adjacent openings 24 a , for effectively diffusing and homogenizing the electrolyte entering the cell.
  • the diffusing member includes a plurality of tortuous flow passages.
  • the diffusing member is formed of materials such as stainless steel, nickel or polymeric materials that are resistant to degradation in the conditions of the cell.
  • the diffusing member is a stainless steel, pressed sponge. The sponge is about 2.5 mm thick before rolling and about 0.8 mm after rolling.
  • a suitable diffusing member is for example, available from Gaskatel GmbH, Germany.
  • the diffusing member can be mounted in a frame or used on its own.
  • the diffusing member is molded directly into the housing by arranging at the end of the stack of electrodes and separators prior to injection of the housing material.
  • a sealant material such as a line of polypropylene, must be applied around the perimeter of the diffusing member to prevent epoxy infiltration.
  • the line of polypropylene seals the passages through the diffusing member and act like an o-ring wherein it compresses against adjacent solid surfaces to form a seal therebetween.
  • two cells are arranged in end-to-end configuration in an electrolyzer unit.
  • the electrodes, separators and diffusing members have been removed to facilitate understanding.
  • the electrolyte distribution assemblies house electrolyte inlet conduits 24 ′ and electrolyte outlet conduits 26 ′. These conduits 24 ′, 26 ′ connect to the main conduits 24 , 26 , respectively, extending through the cell.
  • the electrolyte conduits can be formed, as shown, to provide the necessary galvanic separation between the cells for example of about 95%. It will be appreciated that for proper functioning of adjacent cells, in one electrolyzer unit, the ohmic loss between the anode and cathode in one cell must be smaller that the ohmic loss between any two cells in an electrolyzer unit.
  • Sufficient galvanic separation between the cells can be provided by forming the entire conduit between adjacent cells including for example the length of conduit 24 ′, conduit 24 ′′ and conduit 24 therebetween, to be at least 20 times and preferably 100 times greater than the distance between adjacent electrodes in one cell.
  • the distance between electrodes is up to about 1 mm and, thus, the run of conduits between cells is 20 mm in length or more.
  • this desired length is achieved by forming the outlet and/or inlet conduits 24 ′, 26 ′ as labyrinths (shown in phantom), having at least one bend therein to produce an elongate flow path.
  • the conduits should be formed to provide galvanic separation without overly restricting flow or creating hydraulic loss. In particular, their cross sectional area, the number of sharp turns and the surface smoothness should be selected to reduce the size of pump required to circulate the electrolyte and to keep the pressure of the electrolyte at a minimum, while maintaining galvanic separation.
  • Electrolyte distribution assembly 27 a can be formed by adhering a plurality of layers together in a laminate arrangement.
  • Electrolyte distribution assembly 27 a includes a center plate 10 b , which forms the barrier between adjacent cells and a frame 72 for supporting diffusing member 70 .
  • Three plates 74 , 76 , 78 are disposed between center plate 10 b and frame 72 .
  • Plates 10 b , 74 , 76 , 78 each have slots, for example, 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 24 a , 81 a , 81 b , 81 c and 26 a therethrough and are built up so that the slots align to form labyrinth conduits 24 ′ and 26 ′.
  • Plates 74 , 76 , 78 and frame 72 are adhered together and adhered against first side 84 of center plate 10 b to form one assembly.
  • Another set of plates, indicated as group 85 similar to 74 , 76 , 78 and a frame similar to frame 72 are adhered to the opposite side 86 of the center plate to form the conduits for the adjacent cell.
  • Each plate 10 b to 78 and frame 72 includes apertures 46 , 48 , 50 and 52 which, when the plates and frame are adhered together, align to form portions, respectively, of the oxygen conduit, the hydrogen conduit, two electrolyte inlet conduits (i.e. with reference to FIG. 7, one to supply the high pressure inlets 24 a ′′ and one to supply the lower pressure inlet 24 a ′) and two electrolyte outlet conduits (i.e. one to evacuate flow through the higher pressure outlet 26 a ′′ and one to evacuate flow from the lower pressure outlet 26 a ′).
  • Apertures 50 , 52 are open to selected ones of the slots 80 a , 81 a on plate 10 b depending on whether the slots form an electrolyte inlet or an electrolyte outlet.
  • conduits on the electrolyte distribution assembly 27 a of FIG. 9. are the one inlet and one outlet for one cell and one inlet and one outlet for an adjacent cell.
  • the slots on the plates are arranged such that there is no flow between any of the conduits 24 ′ and 26 ′ on the assembly and that all flow through each conduit passes through the labyrinth rather than directly from the electrolyte apertures to the inlets 24 a , 26 a .
  • Exemplary electrolyte flow though two groups of slots is shown by arrows.
  • Notches 87 , 88 are formed in the plates and frame to assist in housing material injection during manufacture of the electrolyzer unit so that barriers are formed around the gas channels.
  • the plates and frame 72 are formed of a non-conductive material, which is thermally and chemically stable at the cell conditions.
  • a particularly useful polymeric material is polysulphone.
  • a plurality of cells 2 , 2 a , 2 b , 2 c is joined to form an electrolyzer unit 32 , preferably the cells are connected in series to a power source 89 .
  • power source 89 is the vehicle battery or alternator and is conditioned by a power regulator (not shown).
  • a series connection permits the use of a convenient power source.
  • an electrolyzer unit having two to five cells connected in series can be conveniently operated from a car battery or alternator.
  • the electrodes are arranged such that all anode contacts 28 for one cell are lined up on the housing or formed integral and these contacts align with the cathode contacts 30 from the next adjacent cell in the unit.
  • each cell contains eight electrodes arranged in a series, as follows: an end cathode, a pair of anodes, a pair of cathodes, a pair of anodes and an end cathode.
  • gases generated by the electrolysis cell or electrolyzer unit 32 are passed through a gas delivery system 90 to a vehicle engine (not shown) for injection into the engine fuel line, air intake or as an after treatment in the exhaust.
  • the generated hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are transported in separate lines 91 , 92 and maintained separate until injection to the engine.
  • the gas delivery system includes pressure regulators 94 for each of the hydrogen and oxygen lines. Pressure regulators 94 ensure that the pressure of gas in unit 32 is maintained above a selected pressure that is greater than the pressure of electrolyte in the unit. This prevents the electrolyte from coming out through the gas ports.
  • the gas delivery system also includes a moisture remover 96 for each line 91 , 92 .
  • Moisture remover 96 can be chemical-based, using for example silica gel, mechanical, using a Gore-TexTM membrane, or electrical, using a Peltier effect condenser.
  • a line 98 extends from each moisture remover to an electrolyte reservoir 100 .
  • Electrolyte flows through a circuit 101 between unit 32 and electrolyte reservoir 100 .
  • Reservoir 100 includes controls 102 to ensure that the temperature of the electrolyte is below a selected value of about 80° C. and a level detector 104 to ensure that a suitable volume of electrolyte is available for supplying the unit.
  • a mixer 106 is also provided to ensure that the electrolyte homogeneity is maintained.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
US10/418,472 2002-08-28 2003-04-18 Electrolyzer Abandoned US20040040838A1 (en)

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CA2400775A CA2400775C (fr) 2002-08-28 2002-08-28 Electrolyseur
CA2,400,775 2002-08-28

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EP (1) EP1540040A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005536642A (fr)
KR (1) KR20050046746A (fr)
CN (1) CN1685084A (fr)
AU (1) AU2003257326B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2400775C (fr)
MX (1) MXPA05002267A (fr)
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US20080256933A1 (en) * 2005-09-12 2008-10-23 Gary Black Internal Combustion Engine Having On-Board Electrolyzer And Method Of Using Same
US20090139469A1 (en) * 2006-03-08 2009-06-04 Martinrea International Inc. Electrolyte Delivery System and Method
US20100025258A1 (en) * 2006-01-27 2010-02-04 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Hydrogen generating apparatus with hydrogen concentration sensors
US20100043730A1 (en) * 2006-01-30 2010-02-25 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Hydrogen generating system for operation with engine turbo condition
US20100276296A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-11-04 Etorus, Inc. Electrolytic hydrogen generating system
US20100300381A1 (en) * 2009-06-02 2010-12-02 James Harper Electrolytic Reactor and Related Methods for Supplementing the Air Intake of an Internal Combustion Engine
WO2013093130A1 (fr) * 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 Ingeteam Power Technology, S.A. Cellule électrochimique et réacteur formé par celle-ci
WO2013185169A1 (fr) * 2012-06-12 2013-12-19 Monash University Électrode perméable au gaz et procédé de fabrication
US20140373868A1 (en) * 2011-12-14 2014-12-25 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast- Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno Surface cleaning device and a method of cleaning a surface
WO2015200147A1 (fr) * 2014-06-24 2015-12-30 Chemetics Inc. Cellule d'électrolyse non divisée à espace étroit
WO2016105188A1 (fr) * 2014-12-22 2016-06-30 Exintec Beheer B.V. Générateur de gaz produit d'électrolyse, système et procédé de génération de gaz produit
US9683300B2 (en) 2012-06-18 2017-06-20 Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha Bipolar alkaline water electrolysis unit and electrolytic cell
US9708719B2 (en) 2010-12-10 2017-07-18 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Multi-layer water-splitting devices
US20170254259A1 (en) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-07 HyTech Power, Inc. Method of Generating and Distributing a Second Fuel for an Internal Combustion Engine
US20180223440A1 (en) * 2015-08-05 2018-08-09 Hsin-Yung Lin An electrolytic device
US10087536B2 (en) 2012-06-12 2018-10-02 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Breathable electrode and method for use in water splitting
CN110158116A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2019-08-23 凯莱英医药集团（天津）股份有限公司 电解装置及电解系统
US10400341B2 (en) * 2008-04-11 2019-09-03 Christopher M. McWhinney Membrane module mold
WO2019178183A1 (fr) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-19 Bartkowiak James Pile à combustible générant de l'hydrogène
US10494992B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2019-12-03 Hytech Power, Llc Temperature control for HHO injection gas
US10637068B2 (en) 2013-07-31 2020-04-28 Aquahydrex, Inc. Modular electrochemical cells
US11005117B2 (en) 2019-02-01 2021-05-11 Aquahydrex, Inc. Electrochemical system with confined electrolyte
US11008661B2 (en) * 2016-03-14 2021-05-18 Frimann Innoswiss Portable electrolyzer and its use
CN113166955A (zh) * 2018-07-09 2021-07-23 安吉尔·阿戈洛 用于降低车辆燃料消耗的装置
EP4071277A1 (fr) * 2021-04-08 2022-10-12 Hitachi Zosen Inova AG Électrolyseur
US20220333561A1 (en) * 2016-12-13 2022-10-20 C. Hugh Jonson Systems and methods for reduction of emissions and improving the efficiency of diesel internal combustion engines
WO2023183037A3 (fr) * 2022-03-21 2023-11-02 X Development Llc Régulation de contre-pression pour électrolyseur d'hydrogène sans membrane
US11879402B2 (en) 2012-02-27 2024-01-23 Hytech Power, Llc Methods to reduce combustion time and temperature in an engine

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FR3025055B1 (fr) * 2014-08-19 2016-08-26 Jomi Leman Dispositif electrochimique pour le stockage de l'energie electrique et la production d'hydrogene, et procede de production d'hydrogene
CN106014705B (zh) * 2016-06-30 2019-03-05 东莞市绿麒麟环保科技有限公司 一种交通工具用氢氧气体发生器
JP7409769B2 (ja) * 2018-12-27 2024-01-09 高砂熱学工業株式会社 水素製造セル及び水素製造セルを用いた水素製造方法
EP3699323A1 (fr) * 2019-02-20 2020-08-26 Hymeth ApS Système d'électrodes
CN113046764A (zh) * 2019-12-10 2021-06-29 深圳市前海银盾节能环保实业发展有限公司 氢氧机电解反应机构
WO2021217798A1 (fr) * 2020-04-29 2021-11-04 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Instrument oxhydrique portable
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US20080256933A1 (en) * 2005-09-12 2008-10-23 Gary Black Internal Combustion Engine Having On-Board Electrolyzer And Method Of Using Same
US20100025258A1 (en) * 2006-01-27 2010-02-04 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Hydrogen generating apparatus with hydrogen concentration sensors
US20100043730A1 (en) * 2006-01-30 2010-02-25 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Hydrogen generating system for operation with engine turbo condition
US20100064892A1 (en) * 2006-01-30 2010-03-18 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Gas/liquid separator for hydrogen generating apparatus
WO2007085093A1 (fr) * 2006-01-30 2007-08-02 Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd. Séparateur de gaz/liquide pour appareil de génération d'hydrogène
US8152897B2 (en) 2006-01-30 2012-04-10 Blutip Power Technologies Ltd. Gas/liquid separator for hydrogen generating apparatus
US8117999B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2012-02-21 Martinrea International Inc. Electrolyte delivery system and method
US20090139469A1 (en) * 2006-03-08 2009-06-04 Martinrea International Inc. Electrolyte Delivery System and Method
US20090301407A1 (en) * 2006-03-08 2009-12-10 Martinrea International Inc. Electrolyte Delivery System
US20090320807A1 (en) * 2006-03-08 2009-12-31 Martinrea International Inc. System and Method for Hydrogen-Assisted Cold Starting of An Engine
US10400341B2 (en) * 2008-04-11 2019-09-03 Christopher M. McWhinney Membrane module mold
US20100276295A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-11-04 Etorus, Inc. Electrolytic hydrogen generating system
US20100314259A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-12-16 Etorus, Inc. Electrolytic hydrogen generating system
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US20100276296A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-11-04 Etorus, Inc. Electrolytic hydrogen generating system
US20100300381A1 (en) * 2009-06-02 2010-12-02 James Harper Electrolytic Reactor and Related Methods for Supplementing the Air Intake of an Internal Combustion Engine
US8347829B2 (en) * 2009-06-02 2013-01-08 James Harper Electrolytic reactor and related methods for supplementing the air intake of an internal combustion engine
US9708719B2 (en) 2010-12-10 2017-07-18 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Multi-layer water-splitting devices
US10428431B2 (en) 2010-12-10 2019-10-01 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Multi-layer water-splitting devices
US20140373868A1 (en) * 2011-12-14 2014-12-25 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast- Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno Surface cleaning device and a method of cleaning a surface
WO2013093130A1 (fr) * 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 Ingeteam Power Technology, S.A. Cellule électrochimique et réacteur formé par celle-ci
US9752240B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2017-09-05 Ingeteam Power Technology, S.A. Electrochemical cell and reactor formed by the cell
US11879402B2 (en) 2012-02-27 2024-01-23 Hytech Power, Llc Methods to reduce combustion time and temperature in an engine
US10087536B2 (en) 2012-06-12 2018-10-02 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Breathable electrode and method for use in water splitting
WO2013185169A1 (fr) * 2012-06-12 2013-12-19 Monash University Électrode perméable au gaz et procédé de fabrication
AU2013273919B2 (en) * 2012-06-12 2018-02-08 Aquahydrex, Inc. Gas permeable electrode and method of manufacture
US9938627B2 (en) 2012-06-12 2018-04-10 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Gas permeable electrode and method of manufacture
US10577700B2 (en) 2012-06-12 2020-03-03 Aquahydrex Pty Ltd Breathable electrode structure and method for use in water splitting
US9683300B2 (en) 2012-06-18 2017-06-20 Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha Bipolar alkaline water electrolysis unit and electrolytic cell
US11018345B2 (en) 2013-07-31 2021-05-25 Aquahydrex, Inc. Method and electrochemical cell for managing electrochemical reactions
US10637068B2 (en) 2013-07-31 2020-04-28 Aquahydrex, Inc. Modular electrochemical cells
WO2015200147A1 (fr) * 2014-06-24 2015-12-30 Chemetics Inc. Cellule d'électrolyse non divisée à espace étroit
WO2016105188A1 (fr) * 2014-12-22 2016-06-30 Exintec Beheer B.V. Générateur de gaz produit d'électrolyse, système et procédé de génération de gaz produit
NL2014033B1 (en) * 2014-12-22 2016-10-12 Exintec Beheer B V Electrolysis product gas generator, system and method for generating a product gas.
US11021800B2 (en) * 2015-08-05 2021-06-01 Hsin-Yung Lin Electrolytic device
US20180223440A1 (en) * 2015-08-05 2018-08-09 Hsin-Yung Lin An electrolytic device
US20170254259A1 (en) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-07 HyTech Power, Inc. Method of Generating and Distributing a Second Fuel for an Internal Combustion Engine
US10605162B2 (en) * 2016-03-07 2020-03-31 HyTech Power, Inc. Method of generating and distributing a second fuel for an internal combustion engine
US11280261B2 (en) 2016-03-07 2022-03-22 HyTech Power, Inc. Systems for HHO gas second fuel distribution and control
US11815011B2 (en) 2016-03-07 2023-11-14 Hytech Power, Llc Generation and regulation of HHO gas
US11008661B2 (en) * 2016-03-14 2021-05-18 Frimann Innoswiss Portable electrolyzer and its use
US11808239B2 (en) * 2016-12-13 2023-11-07 C. Hugh Jonson Systems and methods for reduction of emissions and improving the efficiency of diesel internal combustion engines
US20220333561A1 (en) * 2016-12-13 2022-10-20 C. Hugh Jonson Systems and methods for reduction of emissions and improving the efficiency of diesel internal combustion engines
US11828219B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2023-11-28 Hytech Power, Llc Rollover safe electrolysis unit for vehicles
US10746094B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2020-08-18 Hytech Power, Llc Onboard HHO gas generation system for heavy duty trucks
US10494992B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2019-12-03 Hytech Power, Llc Temperature control for HHO injection gas
US10619562B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2020-04-14 Hytech Power, Llc Explosion safe electrolysis unit
WO2019178183A1 (fr) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-19 Bartkowiak James Pile à combustible générant de l'hydrogène
US11447878B2 (en) 2018-03-13 2022-09-20 James Bartkowiak Hydrogen generating cell
CN113166955A (zh) * 2018-07-09 2021-07-23 安吉尔·阿戈洛 用于降低车辆燃料消耗的装置
US11005117B2 (en) 2019-02-01 2021-05-11 Aquahydrex, Inc. Electrochemical system with confined electrolyte
US11682783B2 (en) 2019-02-01 2023-06-20 Aquahydrex, Inc. Electrochemical system with confined electrolyte
US12080928B2 (en) 2019-02-01 2024-09-03 Edac Labs, Inc. Electrochemical system with confined electrolyte
CN110158116A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2019-08-23 凯莱英医药集团（天津）股份有限公司 电解装置及电解系统
WO2022214613A1 (fr) * 2021-04-08 2022-10-13 Hitachi Zosen Inova Ag Électrolyseur
EP4071277A1 (fr) * 2021-04-08 2022-10-12 Hitachi Zosen Inova AG Électrolyseur
WO2023183037A3 (fr) * 2022-03-21 2023-11-02 X Development Llc Régulation de contre-pression pour électrolyseur d'hydrogène sans membrane

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1540040A2 (fr) 2005-06-15
US7651602B2 (en) 2010-01-26
US20070119707A1 (en) 2007-05-31
WO2004020701A3 (fr) 2004-09-30
CA2400775A1 (fr) 2004-02-28
WO2004020701A2 (fr) 2004-03-11
CA2400775C (fr) 2010-12-07
AU2003257326A1 (en) 2004-03-19
MXPA05002267A (es) 2005-10-18
CN1685084A (zh) 2005-10-19
AU2003257326B2 (en) 2009-06-11
JP2005536642A (ja) 2005-12-02
KR20050046746A (ko) 2005-05-18

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