US20030156971A1 - Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion - Google Patents
Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030156971A1 US20030156971A1 US10/077,014 US7701402A US2003156971A1 US 20030156971 A1 US20030156971 A1 US 20030156971A1 US 7701402 A US7701402 A US 7701402A US 2003156971 A1 US2003156971 A1 US 2003156971A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- corrosion
- metallic
- corrosive
- subject invention
- alcohol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011609 ammonium molybdate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001089 [(2R)-oxolan-2-yl]methanol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- BSYVTEYKTMYBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1CCCO1 BSYVTEYKTMYBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;hydron;hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].O VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000069 corrosive reaction Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009993 protective function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/40—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing molybdates, tungstates or vanadates
- C23C22/42—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing molybdates, tungstates or vanadates containing also phosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
Definitions
- the invention which is the subject of this patent application is directed to a process for protection of the exterior of a metallic product from corrosion, such as oxidation resulting in rusting of the metallic surface or exterior.
- the general area of focus is directed to means to cover the exterior of the product from oxidation or other chemical reactions that cause the surface to be corroded.
- Another focus of the subject invention is to remove rust, or other corrosive by-products from the exterior surface of a metal.
- the subject process herein described is adapted to both protect and shield a metallic surface from corrosive activity, as well as clean and remove from the metal surface already existing corrosive substances.
- the latter cleanser process may be utilized to precede painting on the metallic surface as an additional protective layer;
- metallic surfaces are invariably subject to and susceptible to corrosive processes, in which the metallic surfaces reacts chemically with the surrounding elements, most usually oxygen. These reactions result in differing chemical reactions and thus varying chemical processes, generally referred to as corrosive reactions leaving a layer of corrosive material on the outer surface of the metal.
- corrosive reactions One of the most frequently encountered corrosive processes is oxidation of iron resulting in a layer of iron oxide, commonly referred to as rust.
- the subject invention is conceived as an improvement over the existing products and processes that are used in this general area Consequently, the subject invention is directed as a specific improvement over the general area of products and processes used in this regard. Accordingly, the following objects of the subject invention are directed accordingly.
- An additional object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of shielding a iron based structure from rusting .
- a further object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of removing corrosive products from a metal surface.
- Yet another object of the subject invention is to provide an improved product for removing rust and/or corrosion substances from a metal surface.
- a further object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of preparing a metal surface for painting.
- Still another object of the subject invention is to provide means to protect a metal surface from deterioration.
- a corrosive removal substance comprising generally of water, ammonium components, alcohol and a solvent premix which is comprised of alcohol and mineral spirits;
- the subject process may include the further process of painting of the surface of the metallic surface after the above described anti-corrosive substance is applied.
- the solvent premix issued in this latter formulation is: Tetrahydro furfuryl alcohol 82.2 Odorless mineral spirits 17.8 100.00
- a solvent premix is used, such solvent premix being comprised of tetrahydro furfilryl alcohol at a ratio of 82.2% and mineral spirits, preferably odorless, at a ratio of 7.8%.
- the solvent pre-mix is used in place of tetrahydro furfuryl alcohol
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The subject invention is a process for preserving metallic products from deterioration from corrosion or oxidation, comprising the application of a protective product including the following the steps of applying,
(a) cleaning the exterior of the metallic product of removing scaling or other externally disposed by products of corrosion;
(b) applying a corrosive removal substance comprised of water, ammonium components, alcohol and a solvent premix which is in turn comprised of alcohol and mineral spirits.
The subject process may include the further process of painting the surface of the metallic surface after the above described anti-corrosive substance is applied and in some cases removed.
Description
- The invention which is the subject of this patent application is directed to a process for protection of the exterior of a metallic product from corrosion, such as oxidation resulting in rusting of the metallic surface or exterior.
- The general area of focus is directed to means to cover the exterior of the product from oxidation or other chemical reactions that cause the surface to be corroded. Another focus of the subject invention is to remove rust, or other corrosive by-products from the exterior surface of a metal.
- In short the subject process herein described is adapted to both protect and shield a metallic surface from corrosive activity, as well as clean and remove from the metal surface already existing corrosive substances. The latter cleanser process may be utilized to precede painting on the metallic surface as an additional protective layer;
- In the perspective and context of the subject invention, as is known, metallic surfaces are invariably subject to and susceptible to corrosive processes, in which the metallic surfaces reacts chemically with the surrounding elements, most usually oxygen. These reactions result in differing chemical reactions and thus varying chemical processes, generally referred to as corrosive reactions leaving a layer of corrosive material on the outer surface of the metal. One of the most frequently encountered corrosive processes is oxidation of iron resulting in a layer of iron oxide, commonly referred to as rust.
- These described corrosive processes leave the metallic surface susceptible to deterioration and if left long enough causes deeper penetration of the corrosion into the metallic object, causing an eventual weakening and deterioration of the entire metallic object. This may adversely affect other interconnected systems or structures. For example, if one portion of an iron-based bridge structure become substantially weakened the entire bridge integrity and strength is adversely affected. Thus, rust protection and rust proofing of all integrated metallic sub-structures of a bridge is one of the most important aspects of maintaining the bridge.
- There have been innumerable processes and products concerned and used since the advent of man's use of metallic substances for protection against corrosion. Some of these products have been directed to the simple process of removing a rust or corrosion covered surface, while others have been addressed to solely a protective function. Other products have evolved that are directed to both functions, with some employing expensive chemical or other processes and products. A number of these products have been found to be cumbersome in use, while others have not been effective as a means for quick and effective removal of such existing rust or corrosive coverings.
- The subject invention is conceived as an improvement over the existing products and processes that are used in this general area Consequently, the subject invention is directed as a specific improvement over the general area of products and processes used in this regard. Accordingly, the following objects of the subject invention are directed accordingly.
- The following are objects of the subject invention:
- It is object of the subject invention to provide an improved process for protection metallic surfaces from corrosion.
- It is also an object of the invention to provide means to shield a metallic surface from rust or other corrosive processes.
- An additional object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of shielding a iron based structure from rusting .
- A further object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of removing corrosive products from a metal surface.
- Yet another object of the subject invention is to provide an improved product for removing rust and/or corrosion substances from a metal surface.
- A further object of the subject invention is to provide an improved method of preparing a metal surface for painting.
- Still another object of the subject invention is to provide means to protect a metal surface from deterioration.
- Other and further objects of the subject invention can be seen in the following description and claims read in view of the drawings herein.
- In the most general form of the embodiment of the subject invention, the process in this case involves the following general steps as an overall basis for implementation of the subject invention.
- (a) clearing the rough scales and corrosive substances;
- (b) applying a corrosive removal substance comprising generally of water, ammonium components, alcohol and a solvent premix which is comprised of alcohol and mineral spirits;
- The subject process may include the further process of painting of the surface of the metallic surface after the above described anti-corrosive substance is applied.
- It is to be stated that the above process and above discussed substances can be used on all types of metallic substances and may be applicable to all types of corrosion on any type of metallic surface.
- In describing the preferred embodiment of the subject invention it is to be stressed that the following description is only of one specified embodiment of the invention. In so describing a specified embodiment no limitation on the scope of the subject invention will be construed as a result. Further, in describing the subject invention and the components of the anti-corrosive substance it is to be understood that the individual components, as specifically delineated, may include other compounds or elements that fall within the same general chemical classification for such specific product. If such substitute substances are not specifically described it shall not limit the scope of the invention and the claims herein
- In the most general form of the embodiment of the subject invention, the process in this case involves the following general steps as an overall basis to implementation of the subject invention.
- (a) clearing the rough scales and corrosive substances;
- (b) applying a corrosive removal substance comprised of water, ammonium components, alcohol, and a solvent premix which is in turn comprised of alcohol and mineral spirits;
- More specifically the product which incorporates features of more particularly delinated substances include the following substances in ratios specified.
A Water 77.00 B Ammonium molybdate 00.10 C Rhodafac RE-610 1.91 D Triton x-100 0.48 E Tetrahydro furfurrly alcohol 2.31 F Phosphorus acid 18.20 100.00 - In this latter formulation, the water and ammonium hydrate are intermixed until the ammonium hydrate is dissolved, with all remaining specified substances being intermixed while basic water and ammonium are in the process of being mixed.
- In an alternate embodiment of the subject invention, the following components are intermixed.
A Water 77.50 B Ammonium molybdate 00.10 C Rhodafac RE-610 1.91 D Triton x-100 0.48 E Solvent Premix 2.81 F 75% Phosphorus acid 18.20 100.00 - The solvent premix issued in this latter formulation is:
Tetrahydro furfuryl alcohol 82.2 Odorless mineral spirits 17.8 100.00 - As can bee seen with this latter formulation a solvent premix is used, such solvent premix being comprised of tetrahydro furfilryl alcohol at a ratio of 82.2% and mineral spirits, preferably odorless, at a ratio of 7.8%. As can be seen in this latter embodiment the solvent pre-mix is used in place of tetrahydro furfuryl alcohol
Claims (2)
1. A process for removing corrosion or rust from a metallic surface.
A Water 77.00
B Ammonium molybdate 00.10
C Rhodafac RE-610 1.91
D Triton x-100 0.48
E Tetrahydro furfurrly alcohol 2.31
F Phosphorus acid 18.20
100.00
(a) applying a corrosive removal substance comprised of:
2. A process for removing rust or corrosion from a metallic substance comprising of steps of applying the following composition to a metallic surface.
The solvent premix used in this latter formulation is:
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/077,014 US20030156971A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 | 2002-02-15 | Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/077,014 US20030156971A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 | 2002-02-15 | Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20030156971A1 true US20030156971A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
Family
ID=27732568
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/077,014 Abandoned US20030156971A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 | 2002-02-15 | Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20030156971A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20030158063A1 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2003-08-21 | Whitman Robert E. | Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion |
Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3909200A (en) * | 1967-05-22 | 1975-09-30 | Petrolite Corp | Use of guanidine derived compounds as corrosion inhibitors |
| US3959177A (en) * | 1973-12-07 | 1976-05-25 | Petrolite Corporation | Multifunctional corrosion inhibitors |
| US4187277A (en) * | 1975-03-07 | 1980-02-05 | Petrolite Corporation | Process of inhibiting corrosion with quaternaries of halogen derivatives of alkynoxymethyl amines |
| US4217216A (en) * | 1977-04-01 | 1980-08-12 | The Mogul Corporation | Corrosion inhibiting compositions |
| US4246030A (en) * | 1978-12-08 | 1981-01-20 | The Mogul Corporation | Corrosion inhibiting compositions and the process for using same |
| US4514325A (en) * | 1984-04-13 | 1985-04-30 | J. Hall Company | Aqueous metal treating compositions and method of use |
| US4548787A (en) * | 1981-10-26 | 1985-10-22 | Basf Wyandotte Corporation | Aqueous liquids containing metal cavitation-erosion corrosion inhibitors |
| US4798683A (en) * | 1988-04-21 | 1989-01-17 | Calgon Corporation | Method for controlling corrosion using molybdate compositions |
| US5853890A (en) * | 1993-12-24 | 1998-12-29 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Water-based coating composition |
| US5854145A (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-12-29 | Cortec Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor solution applicator |
| US5985047A (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1999-11-16 | Ici Australia Operations Pty. Ltd. | Anticorrosion treatment of metal coated steel having coatings of aluminium, zinc or alloys thereof |
| US6228283B1 (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 2001-05-08 | Ashland Inc. | Aqueous corrosion inhibitor |
| US6270884B1 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 2001-08-07 | Metal Coatings International Inc. | Water-reducible coating composition for providing corrosion protection |
-
2002
- 2002-02-15 US US10/077,014 patent/US20030156971A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3909200A (en) * | 1967-05-22 | 1975-09-30 | Petrolite Corp | Use of guanidine derived compounds as corrosion inhibitors |
| US3959177A (en) * | 1973-12-07 | 1976-05-25 | Petrolite Corporation | Multifunctional corrosion inhibitors |
| US4187277A (en) * | 1975-03-07 | 1980-02-05 | Petrolite Corporation | Process of inhibiting corrosion with quaternaries of halogen derivatives of alkynoxymethyl amines |
| US4217216A (en) * | 1977-04-01 | 1980-08-12 | The Mogul Corporation | Corrosion inhibiting compositions |
| US4246030A (en) * | 1978-12-08 | 1981-01-20 | The Mogul Corporation | Corrosion inhibiting compositions and the process for using same |
| US4548787A (en) * | 1981-10-26 | 1985-10-22 | Basf Wyandotte Corporation | Aqueous liquids containing metal cavitation-erosion corrosion inhibitors |
| US4514325A (en) * | 1984-04-13 | 1985-04-30 | J. Hall Company | Aqueous metal treating compositions and method of use |
| US4798683A (en) * | 1988-04-21 | 1989-01-17 | Calgon Corporation | Method for controlling corrosion using molybdate compositions |
| US5985047A (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1999-11-16 | Ici Australia Operations Pty. Ltd. | Anticorrosion treatment of metal coated steel having coatings of aluminium, zinc or alloys thereof |
| US6287394B1 (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 2001-09-11 | Bhp Steel (Jla) Pty. Ltd. | Anti corrosion treatment of metal coated steel having coatings of aluminium, zinc or alloys thereof |
| US5853890A (en) * | 1993-12-24 | 1998-12-29 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Water-based coating composition |
| US5854145A (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-12-29 | Cortec Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor solution applicator |
| US6228283B1 (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 2001-05-08 | Ashland Inc. | Aqueous corrosion inhibitor |
| US6270884B1 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 2001-08-07 | Metal Coatings International Inc. | Water-reducible coating composition for providing corrosion protection |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20030158063A1 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2003-08-21 | Whitman Robert E. | Process and product for application for preserving metallic products from corrosion |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |