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US20020185126A1 - Controlled gas-supply system - Google Patents

Controlled gas-supply system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020185126A1
US20020185126A1 US09/341,975 US34197599A US2002185126A1 US 20020185126 A1 US20020185126 A1 US 20020185126A1 US 34197599 A US34197599 A US 34197599A US 2002185126 A1 US2002185126 A1 US 2002185126A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
gas
metering
supply system
sensor
gas supply
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US09/341,975
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English (en)
Inventor
Christian Krebs
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INO Therapeutics GmbH
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INO Therapeutics GmbH
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Priority claimed from DE19701617A external-priority patent/DE19701617A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19746742A external-priority patent/DE19746742A1/de
Application filed by INO Therapeutics GmbH filed Critical INO Therapeutics GmbH
Assigned to INO THERAPEUTICS GMBH reassignment INO THERAPEUTICS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MESSER GRIESHEIM GMBH (NEW BY CHANGE OF NAME, MESSER AUSTRIA GMBH)
Publication of US20020185126A1 publication Critical patent/US20020185126A1/en
Assigned to INO THERAPEUTICS GMBH reassignment INO THERAPEUTICS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MESSER GRIESHEIM GMBH (NOW BY CHANGE OF NAME, MESSER AUSTRIA GMBH)
Priority to US10/737,431 priority Critical patent/US7861717B1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/12—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/20—Valves specially adapted to medical respiratory devices
    • A61M16/201—Controlled valves
    • A61M16/202—Controlled valves electrically actuated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/105—Filters
    • A61M16/106—Filters in a path
    • A61M16/107—Filters in a path in the inspiratory path
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
    • A61M2016/0015—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors
    • A61M2016/0018—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical
    • A61M2016/0021—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical with a proportional output signal, e.g. from a thermistor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/02—Gases
    • A61M2202/0208—Oxygen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/02—Gases
    • A61M2202/0266—Nitrogen (N)
    • A61M2202/0275—Nitric oxide [NO]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/02—Gases
    • A61M2202/0291—Xenon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/03—Gases in liquid phase, e.g. cryogenic liquids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2206/00—Characteristics of a physical parameter; associated device therefor
    • A61M2206/10—Flow characteristics
    • A61M2206/14—Static flow deviators in tubes disturbing laminar flow in tubes, e.g. archimedes screws

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for the controlled metering of gases, in particular for the controlled addition of NO or oxygen to a respiratory gas in apparatus for artificial respiration or respiratory donation.
  • Artificial respiration apparatus are used for mechanical artificial respiration, for anesthesia and for respiratory therapy by treatment with gases, e.g. oxygen donation or treatment with nitrogen monoxide (NO).
  • gases e.g. oxygen donation or treatment with nitrogen monoxide (NO).
  • An inhalation-anesthesia apparatus is described, for example, in DE 37 12 598 A1. It is used to meter anesthetic gas into the respiratory gas.
  • DE 43 25 319 C1 describes an apparatus for continuously metering NO to the respiratory air of patients, containing a respirator, an NO metering vessel, a metering unit with control unit and an analyser for determining the NO concentration in the respiratory air.
  • the control unit (monitoring and regulating unit) is responsible for metering the NO to be metered by determining the volumetric flow rates of respiratory gas and NO, taking into account the NO analysis parameter.
  • the NO metering is proportional to volume or to volumetric flow rate, so that the NO concentration in the respiratory gas is always kept constant.
  • the essential technical principles involved in metering NO in NO therapy are described in: “C. Krebs et al., Technological basis for NO application and environmental security, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Supplement 109, Vol. 40, 1996; pp. 84-87”.
  • the gases are administered either via so-called nasal spectacles or a nasal probe (nasal application: in the most simple case, a gas supply tube, the opening of which is arranged to be open beneath the nasal orifices of the patient) or by means of a breathing mask (particularly in the case of CPAP).
  • a pulse-oxymeter is used to adapt the respiratory gas volume to be fed to the patient to the blood gas saturation level determined.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing an apparatus for supplying patients with one or more gases, the gas metering into a respiratory gas being individually adapted to a patient by means of a control unit of the apparatus.
  • the object is achieved by means of a program-controlled or a program- and sensor-controlled gas supply system, in particular by means of a gas supply system with controlled metering of at least one gas, in which system the gas is a pure gas or a gas mixture, the gas is metered in an inspiration-synchronized, program-controlled and/or sensor-controlled manner, and the volume of gas metered in one respiratory cycle is dependent on the respiratory gas volume.
  • Gas supply systems are arrangements or devices which feed one or more gases to a patient or provide one or more gases to a patient for respiration.
  • the gases in particular medical gases, are preferably mixed with air, a respiratory gas or oxygen, so that gas mixtures which maintain respiration are obtained.
  • a gas supply system is, for example, an artificial respiration system comprising artificial respiration apparatus and gas metering device for one or more gases.
  • An artificial respiration system comprises, for example, hose connections or gas lines, gas source, gas metering device (gas metering unit), breathing mask, preferably a respiratory gas humidifier and, if appropriate, one or more gas filters (e.g. NO 2 filter).
  • Artificial respiration systems having an artificial respiration apparatus are generally used for the in-patient treatment of patients.
  • Gas-supply systems may be stationary or mobile, in particular portable, apparatus.
  • Gas supply systems according to the invention are preferably used to treat humans or mammals with one or more gases, in particular for inhalation treatment of the lungs.
  • Gas supply systems are, for example, also gas-donating apparatus for spontaneously breathing patients. Such a gas supply system is described in DE 43 09 923 A1, to which reference is made.
  • the gas supply system generally contains a breathing mask or nasal spectacles.
  • the gas supply system preferably contains a humidifier for the respiratory gas and/or gas.
  • the gas supply system preferably contains one or more gas sources.
  • Gas sources are, for example, compressed-gas sources containing a compressed gas, such as compressed-gas vessels, compressed-gas cylinders, pressure boxes, compressed-gas lines or vessels containing cold-liquefied gas (e.g. for delivering evaporated, gaseous oxygen).
  • a gas generator may also serve as a gas source.
  • a gas generator is, for example, an on-site gas generator, e.g. for producing nitrogen monoxide (NO), in particular NO in nitrogen, by low discharge in a nitrogen/oxygen gas mixture.
  • Further gas generators are, for example, electrolysis cells (e.g. for generating hydrogen) or chemical reactors (e.g. reaction chambers in which chemical reactions take place in order to generate gas).
  • the gases are preferably medical gases.
  • Medical gases are gases or gas mixtures which are used in the medical sector, for example for treating disorders; therapy, prophylaxis, anesthesia, diagnostics, improving the respiratory function or state of health of humans or mammals. Medical gases often have a pharmacological action. However, medical gases may also be used for other properties (e.g. as contrast agents for tomography, in particular NMR computer tomography of the lung or other image-generating procedures). Medical gases are, for example, oxygen, anesthetic gases such as laughing gas (N 2 O) or xenon, hydrogen, noble gases such as helium, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen monoxide (NO) or gas mixtures containing one or more of the abovementioned gases as a constituent, e.g.
  • helium/oxygen gas mixtures helium/oxygen/NO gas mixtures or helium/oxygen/CO 2 gas mixtures.
  • the individual components or individual components and partial gas mixtures may also be metered in parallel (simultaneously or at different times) to, for example, a respiratory gas.
  • Medical gases generally have a high purity.
  • the metering of one or more gases advantageously takes place only during inspiration phases. No gas metering takes place during expiration. Gas metering which is synchronized to the respiratory cycles is achieved by means of a trigger effect with the aid of a sensor. The start of inspiration or the start and end of inspiration is detected by a control unit on the basis of sensor measured values. Gas metering takes place continuously (e.g. with a fixed volume or concentration of the metered gas per inspiration over the entire operating time) or discontinuously (e.g. with metering breaks), preferably
  • This type of gas metering is referred to as pulse-modulated gas metering.
  • the duration t max of inspiration and the beginning and end of inspiration are advantageously determined by means of a sensor.
  • the pulse width t i is less than or equal to the duration t max .
  • the values of pulse width, pulse height and number of pulses within one inspiration may be fixed in advance or variable.
  • a gas is advantageously metered by the combination of a basic metering, preferably with constant settings for V i ′, n i and t i , and an additive metering with variable (controlled) settings of V i ′, n i and t i .
  • Basic metering and additive metering of a gas are preferably carried out using separate metering devices (e.g. controlled solenoid valves).
  • the basic metering may in this case provide a basic supply of a gas and the gas volume and gas concentration are regulated by the additive gas metering.
  • the additive gas metering may be program- or sensor-controlled.
  • Measured values from the preceding inspiration e.g. the duration of inspiration (t max ) and/or the respiratory gas volume (V ges ), are used to control the metering of a gas.
  • Controlled variables are, for example, the gas concentration C i or the mixing ratio of gases (e.g. V 1 /V 2 ).
  • the gas metering can be varied between a lower limit value and an upper limit value, e.g. the gas concentration can be increased and reduced over a series of inspirations (e.g. in a regular sequence with an even or uneven ratio of raising and lowering the gas concentration; advantageous for NO metering).
  • the gas metering may also advantageously be controlled on the basis of a response curve previously determined on the patient.
  • a sensor is used to measure a body parameter of the patient (e.g. oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood and/or heart rate, determined by means of pulse-oxymeter) as a function of the metered volume of gas or gas concentration, and the temporal gas demand required to establish a uniform body condition is determined.
  • the sequence of the program used to control the metering of a gas is dependent on certain measured variables, which are detected by one or more sensors, being reached. For example, if a measured variable falls below or exceeds a threshold, program sequences of the gas metering may be triggered.
  • One threshold may activate a program section which brings about a metering sequence for high, average or low gas metering.
  • the gas metering is advantageously a metered addition of the gas (e.g. oxygen or NO or NO-containing gas) to the respiratory gas in metering intervals of a defined sequence (sequential gas metering).
  • the gas metering is carried out, for example, via a repeating sequence of inspiration cycles with gas metered to the respiratory gas (gas metering) and inspiration cycles without gas being added (exclusion).
  • the sequential gas metering is, for example, a repetition of the following sequences (regular sequences) with an equal duration of the metering intervals (e.g. metered addition of oxygen or NO during artificial respiration or for spontaneously breathing patients):
  • a metered gas addition may also comprise variable (irregular) sequences, e.g. a succession of sequences with increasing or decreasing numbers of metered gas additions.
  • the sequential gas metering has the advantage that for a time high levels of gas can be metered, while nevertheless on average, over a period of time, a very low concentration or volume of gas is added.
  • a sequence of one or more (two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more) inspirations can be used to administer a standard NO dose (e.g.
  • a sequence of inspirations one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or twenty, thirty, forty, fifty or more inspirations
  • a sequence of inspirations one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or twenty, thirty, forty, fifty or more inspirations
  • the sequential gas metering of two, three or more gases can be combined.
  • the controlled gas metering leads to a lower consumption of gas, in particular to a lower overall volume of gas administered, so that side-effects from the gas (e.g. NO) on the patient can be reduced.
  • a further advantage is that discontinuation and withdrawal of the gas therapy (e.g. NO therapy) are made easier. It is generally advantageous when withdrawing artificially respirated patients who need NO to continuously reduce the amount of NO administered.
  • a further significant advantage is that the level of toxic NO 2 formed overall from NO in the artificial respiration is lower.
  • Control equipment for gas metering can advantageously be controlled electrically.
  • Control equipment used is, for example, time- and/or sensor-controlled solenoid valves (e.g. solenoid valve with upstream-connected electronics, sold by Burkert, Germany), mass throughput regulators (e.g. appliance type MFC from Brooks, the Netherlands), automatically adjustable pressure regulators (e.g. adjustable by means of stepper motor or electric motor) or control valves for the direct, in particular automatic, adjustment of the gas pressure.
  • solenoid valves e.g. solenoid valve with upstream-connected electronics, sold by Burkert, Germany
  • mass throughput regulators e.g. appliance type MFC from Brooks, the Netherlands
  • automatically adjustable pressure regulators e.g. adjustable by means of stepper motor or electric motor
  • control valves for the direct, in particular automatic, adjustment of the gas pressure.
  • the evaporation of the gas is advantageously regulated by means of a heating device in the storage vessel.
  • the heating device is preferably an electrical resistance heater
  • Sensors are generally measurement sensors.
  • the term also comprises (in a broad sense) measurement appliances and analysis devices.
  • the use of sensors can be divided into sensors for triggering the gas metering (trigger sensors), sensors for controlling the sequence of gas metering (regulating sensors) and sensors for monitoring the safety of the gas supply system (e.g. for triggering an alarm or for safety shut-off of apparatus functions, in particular by means of gas sensors).
  • a suitable trigger sensor is a pressure sensor which measures the gas pressure, in particular a low-pressure sensor.
  • the measured signal from the sensor can itself be used as a control signal (e.g. in the case of a so-called “smart sensor”) or can be converted into a control signal by means of an electronic processing and control unit.
  • the sensor may, for example, measure the pressure (gas pressure) in or in front of the nose (e.g. by means of a sensor which is integrated in the breathing mask or nasal spectacles).
  • a pressure sensor is also suitable for detecting the profile of the inspirational reduced pressure and can be used to control a gas metering which is adapted to requirements (e.g. higher gas metering for deep inspirations, lower gas metering for shallow inspiration). It is also possible to measure differential pressures and use these for control purposes (e.g. differential pressure with respect to pressure at corresponding phase of preceding inspiration), since at a defined setting these pressures indicate the square of the flow rate.
  • Regulating sensors are, for example, pressure sensors, gas-specific sensors or gas sensors (e.g. electrochemical gas sensors for O 2 , NO or NO 2 ) and, in particular, sensors for detecting physical reactions, body functions or body states of the patient (patient-oriented measured values), sensors for measuring the oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood, e.g. pulse-oxymeters (e.g. ASAT appliance from Baxter, USA), sensors for blood gas analysis (e.g. 995 HO appliance from AVL, Austria; “Perotrend” appliance from Crosstec), sensors for measuring blood pressure or sensors for measuring pulmonary blood pressure (also pulmonary pressure or pulmonary artery pressure; by means of a catheter floating in the pulmonary artery, e.g.
  • gas-specific sensors or gas sensors e.g. electrochemical gas sensors for O 2 , NO or NO 2
  • sensors for detecting physical reactions, body functions or body states of the patient patient-oriented measured values
  • sensors for measuring the oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood e.g. pulse-oxymeters (e.g.
  • Heart rate and oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood can be measured by means of pulse-oxymeters.
  • the simultaneous detection of both parameters is advantageously used to control the gas metering, e.g. when metering oxygen and/or NO in artificial respiration systems or systems for spontaneously breathing patients, in particular in the gas therapy of COPD patients.
  • sensors in particular pressure sensors
  • the sensor may also be arranged at a distance from the actual measurement site, e.g. may be positioned in the metering line, or may be connected to the measurement site by means of a suitable hose line.
  • vacuum measurement apparatus pressure measuring apparatus
  • sensors measurement apparatus, analysis apparatus
  • concentration of a gas component e.g. NO concentration, carbon dioxide concentration or oxygen concentration.
  • the NO metering is advantageously controlled using a curve indicating the response of the patient to NO.
  • the response curve of the patient is determined in advance, i.e. the temporal dependence of a measured variable (a parameter) on the quantity or concentration of NO administered.
  • the response curve may, for example, be determined by measuring the increasing oxygen content in the peripheral blood which is brought about by the NO metering and/or by the pulmonary pressure, which falls during NO metering. This response curve can be used to determine the most suitable NO metering.
  • An empirically determined set value can be compared with the measured variable in order to control the NO metering and, on this basis, a control unit (e.g. flow regulator or solenoid valve) can be actuated, the NO quantity, for example, being controlled in such a way that the temporal change in the measured variable measured on-line comes closer to the response curve.
  • a control unit e.g. flow regulator or solenoid valve
  • Limit values for the NO concentration to be set (minimum, maximum concentration), number of respiratory cycles with and without metered addition and optimum parameters for controlling the gas metering can be determined in a preceding determination or during the therapy itself (determination of the control parameters: desired gas concentration profile over the course of time).
  • the following procedure can be used to optimize the NO metering (automatic detection and adaptation of the most favorable (minimum required) NO quantity): 1.
  • Constant increase in quantity of NO (NO increase) from lower limit (e.g. 0.1 ppm NO) to upper limit (e.g. 100 ppm), involving measuring the oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood and/or the pulmonary pressure (observing the reaction of the patient response).
  • Determining the appropriate NO concentration (becomes set value for control) .
  • the optimum NO profile (NO concentration curve in the respiratory gas) is achieved when a constant oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood or a minimum, constant pulmonary pressure is established (adaptive control of gas metering).
  • the gas supply system is used, for example, in the treatment of hypoxia or high lung pressure with NO. It is also advantageously used for the following disorders/clinical pictures: ARDS (Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome), asthma, PPH (Primary Pulmonary Hypertension), COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder), heart malformation, immature lungs in the case of premature and newborn infants.
  • ARDS Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • asthma PPH (Primary Pulmonary Hypertension)
  • COPD Choronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
  • heart malformation immature lungs in the case of premature and newborn infants.
  • discontinuous measurement methods for determining the oxygenation in the circulation can be used as measured and regulating variables, e.g. by means of the HO 995 apparatus from AVL (Austria), or alternatively continuous measurement methods, e.g. using the “Perotrend” appliance from Crosstec, can be used.
  • Blood gas analysis generally determines arterial blood gas, venous blood gas or mixed-venous blood gas.
  • the gas supply system for automatic oxygen metering in oxygen therapy is advantageously suitable for use in both spontaneously breathing and artificially respirated patients.
  • pulse-modulated metering of oxygen or other additional gases is advantageously controlled on the basis of measured variables such as blood oxygen content and/or pulmonary blood pressure or blood oxygen content and/or heart rate.
  • Program control for the oxygen metering and, if appropriate, further metered gases allows a gas supply system to have a particularly simple design, in particular to be a portable gas supply system for chronically ill patients (e.g. COPD patients).
  • the gas supply system is particularly advantageously suited to controlled, adapted gas metering of two or more gases, e.g. selected from the gases NO, oxygen, hydrogen gas, helium and carbon dioxide.
  • the controlled metering of helium is used to improve the airing of the lungs, while carbon dioxide stimulates respiration.
  • a sensor control system and/or a program control system may be provided for each gas.
  • Two or more gases can be metered on the basis of the determination of overall volumetric flow rate or partial volumetric flow rates of the individual gases.
  • the gases can be metered in the same way as one individual gas is metered.
  • a mutually adapted metering of the gases is preferred.
  • the gas mixing ratio may be selected as a control parameter.
  • the respiratory gas for pulse-modulated gas metering, in particular for metering two or more gases, it is important for the respiratory gas to be as homogeneously mixed as possible, in order to avoid concentration peaks of a gas in the respiratory gas. It is advantageous to homogenize the gas mixture by means of a mixing body in the hose system, preferably in the respiratory tube.
  • a mixing body in the hose system, preferably in the respiratory tube.
  • a hollow-cylindrical part which has a helically twisted part (e.g. metal strip or plastic strip with ends rotated through 180° with respect to one another) is fitted in the tube system as the mixing body.
  • the mixing path is both for tube systems used in the intensive care sector (22 mm tube diameter for artificial respiration of adults, 15 mm for children, 10 mm for newborn infants) and, for example, for 8 mm or 10 mm tube systems for home therapy of the chronically ill, in particular COPD patients.
  • Filters, absorbers or humidifiers e.g. in a respiratory tube, also improve the homogenous mixing of gases.
  • a filter for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) e.g. filters containing polyphenylene sulfide as filter material or sodium carbonate cartridges (Sodalime). It is also advantageously possible to combine an on-site generator for NO with a NO 2 filter.
  • NO 2 nitrogen dioxide
  • FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a breathing mask 2 with sensor 1 (e.g. pressure sensor) and gas supply tube 3 (e.g. oxygen) as parts of a gas supply system.
  • sensor 1 e.g. pressure sensor
  • gas supply tube 3 e.g. oxygen
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows nasal spectacles 4 with sensor 1 (e.g. pressure sensor) and gas supply tube 3 (e.g. oxygen).
  • sensor 1 e.g. pressure sensor
  • gas supply tube 3 e.g. oxygen
  • a plurality of nasal spectacles 4 may be arranged on the patient in order to supply the patient with different gases.
  • coaxial tubes in which a different gas flows through each lumen.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the nasal pressure P N as a function of time t without gas metering, measured by means of a pressure sensor in front of the nasal orifice.
  • the marks a and b indicate the start and end of an inspiration interval.
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the measured nasal pressure P N as a function of time t when metering oxygen.
  • the bottom diagram shows the volumetric flow rate of metered oxygen in the metering interval a to b (inspiration interval).
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the measured nasal pressure P N as a function of time t with pulsed metering of oxygen.
  • the bottom diagram shows the volumetric flow rate of pulsed, metered oxygen in the metering interval a to b (inspiration interval).
  • FIG. 6 diagrammatically shows a sensor-controlled gas supply system with a plurality of sensors 1 (P 1 : pressure), 1 ′ (P 2 : pressure) and 1 ′′ (T: temperature) and a gas source 7 (e.g. oxygen) .
  • a gas source 7 e.g. oxygen
  • the pressure of the gas e.g. oxygen
  • the diameter of one or possibly more nozzles 5 or constrictions may also, for example, be the diameter of the valve inlet or valve seat
  • the temperature temperature sensor
  • determine the volumetric flow rate by means of a pressure/temperature back-calculation for the precise standard volumetric flow rate.
  • the trigger of the start of the inspiration phase and hence the beginning of opening of the solenoid valve can be triggered by the low-pressure sensor P 2 .
  • the duration of opening and therefore the volume to be administered is displayed or adjusted by means of a volume assigned to a potentiometer on the control unit 6 (or by input/display of a more highly electronicized system, such as for example microprocessor/controller).
  • FIG. 7 diagrammatically shows a gas supply system with pressure-reducing device at the gas source 7 .
  • this may be a compressed-gas vessel with pressure-reducing device or a liquefied-gas vessel with evaporation device, with or without pressure-reducing device, the volumetric flow rate can be altered. This is detected by means of the pressure measurement and the new time or the new volume administered can be displayed and calculated/controlled.
  • FIG. 8 diagrammatically shows the profile of the total volumetric flow rate analogously to the nasal pressure P N (bottom diagram) when metering a plurality of gases with the respective volumetric flow rates V 1 , V 2 , V n .
  • a suitable gas supply system is shown in FIG. 11.
  • FIG. 9 shows the profile of volumetric flow rates produced for various gases.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 are examples of different mixing ratios produced for a plurality of gases.
  • FIG. 10 diagrammatically shows a gas supply system with a plurality of gas sources 7 , 7 ′ and 7 ′′ and assigned pressure sensors 1 , 1 ′ and 1 ′′.
  • FIG. 11 diagrammatically shows a gas metering system with a plurality of gas sources 7 , 7 ′ and 7 ′′ and associated pressure-reducing devices (e.g. nozzles) 5 , 5 ′ and 5 ′′ and a sensor 1 for controlling the solenoid valves by means of a control unit 6 .
  • a gas metering system with a plurality of gas sources 7 , 7 ′ and 7 ′′ and associated pressure-reducing devices (e.g. nozzles) 5 , 5 ′ and 5 ′′ and a sensor 1 for controlling the solenoid valves by means of a control unit 6 .
  • FIG. 12 shows the delivery of gas from the gas sources 7 (e.g. oxygen) and 7 ′ (e.g. NO source) via a sensor 1 and/or a gas analysis unit.
  • gas sources 7 e.g. oxygen
  • 7 ′ e.g. NO source
  • FIG. 13 shows a gas supply system with a plurality of gas sources 7 to 7 ′′′ (e.g. oxygen, NO source, helium, carbon dioxide) using sensors 1 to 1 ′′′ and patient-mounted sensor 1 IV and filter element 9 .
  • gas sources 7 to 7 ′′′ e.g. oxygen, NO source, helium, carbon dioxide
  • FIG. 14 diagrammatically shows a gas supply system for liquid oxygen and NO-containing gas.
  • the valves V 1 and V 2 e.g. solenoid valves
  • the patient-mounted sensor 1 e.g. pressure sensor
  • FIG. 15 diagrammatically shows the temporal profile of volumetric flow rates of oxygen and NO-containing gas and of the measured nasal pressure P N .
  • FIG. 16 shows a mixing device for gases, comprising hollow-cylindrical part 11 and mixing body 10 , which is formed by a twisted flat body (e.g. made from metal, plastic or glass; ends of the flat body rotated with respect to one another, e.g. 180° or 360°).
  • the mixing device as mixing path, is preferably fitted in the respiratory tube of the gas supply system.
  • a portable unit for the combined metering of oxygen and NO contains a storage vessel for cold-liquefied oxygen with integrated evaporation system (capacity: 0.5 liters), a compressed-gas vessel for NO-nitrogen gas mixture (typically 800 to 1000 ppm NO in N 2 ; geometric cylinder volume: 0.2 to 1.0 liter; filling pressure: 150 to 200 bar), a control unit for controlling the metering of oxygen and NO gas mixture, at least 2 electrically controllable solenoid valves, gas hoses and nasal spectacles with pressure sensor, NO sensor and NO 2 sensor in the respiratory gas line, a warning system and safety device (alarm: when NO gas mixture cylinder empty, when oxygen storage vessel empty, excessive oxygen, NO or NO 2 concentration in the respiratory gas).
  • the pressure sensor is used to trigger the gas metering (inspiration-synchronized gas metering).
  • the solenoid valve for oxygen metering and the solenoid valve for NO gas mixture metering are opened.
  • a set oxygen volumetric flow rate V O2 ′ of 3000 ml/minute results in a pulse width t O2 of 1 second.
  • the NO gas mixture contains 1000 ppm NO.
  • the preset NO gas mixture volumetric flow rate V NO ′ amounts to 500 ml/minute.
  • V NO (V O2 *C NO )/(F ⁇ C NO ).
  • V O2 3000 ml
  • V NO 1.8 ml
  • V NO ′ 500 ml/minute.
  • it is advantageous for the metering conditions to be selected in such a way that the NO metering time is t NO 1 ⁇ 2t O2 . This is achieved by reducing the volumetric flow rate V NO ′ by lowering the preliminary pressure in the gas metering line.
  • the preliminary gas pressure is advantageously reduced by means of a controllable diaphragm or nozzle incorporated in the gas metering line (automatic adjustment of the diaphragm aperture or nozzle aperture).
  • the calculation example contains only one predetermined NO concentration. It is preferable for the NO concentration to be varied by means of a control program or a sensor control system.

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  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
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  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Fluid-Driven Valves (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
  • Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
  • Flow Control (AREA)
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US09/341,975 1997-01-17 1998-01-15 Controlled gas-supply system Abandoned US20020185126A1 (en)

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DE19701617A DE19701617A1 (de) 1997-01-17 1997-01-17 Gesteuertes Gasetherapiegerät
DE19746742A DE19746742A1 (de) 1997-10-23 1997-10-23 Gasversorgungssystem für spontanatmende Patienten
DE19746742.3 1997-10-23
US10/737,431 US7861717B1 (en) 1997-01-17 2003-12-16 Controlled gas-supply system

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AU5863898A (en) 1998-08-07
CA2278053C (en) 2010-03-23
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EP0973443A1 (de) 2000-01-26
EP0973443B1 (de) 2006-03-22
CA2278053A1 (en) 1998-07-23
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ATE320829T1 (de) 2006-04-15
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