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US20020106707A1 - Compositions and methods for detecting and quantifying COX-2 activity and anandamide metabolites - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for detecting and quantifying COX-2 activity and anandamide metabolites Download PDF

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US20020106707A1
US20020106707A1 US09/924,082 US92408201A US2002106707A1 US 20020106707 A1 US20020106707 A1 US 20020106707A1 US 92408201 A US92408201 A US 92408201A US 2002106707 A1 US2002106707 A1 US 2002106707A1
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Lawrence Marnett
Kevin Kozak
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Vanderbilt University
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    • C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
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    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/573—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for enzymes or isoenzymes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57484—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57484—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites
    • G01N33/57488—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites involving compounds identifable in body fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/88—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving prostaglandins or their receptors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the cyclooxygenases and their roles in human pathology, including cancer and inflammation. More particularly, this invention pertains to methods and articles of manufacture for detecting or measuring COX-2 activity by detecting and measuring COX-2 specific enzymatic products including prostaglandin ethanolamides and thromboxane ethanolamides.
  • COX is a prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase enzyme (cyclooxygenase, COX, EC 1.14.99.1), which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) H 2 .
  • PG prostaglandin
  • Two isoforms of COX are known, COX-1 and COX-2.
  • COX-1 is constitutively expressed.
  • COX-2 is inducible in a variety of cells, especially those of the central nervous and immune systems (Masferrer et al. 1994 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3228-3232; Vane et al. 1994 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • COX-2 activity is associated with a variety of human inflammatory diseases. These diseases include, but are not limited to, acute appendicitis, asthma, myocardial infarction, certain immunological disease processes, infection, malignancy, endotoxemia and reperfusion injury. In addition, inappropriate COX-2 expression or over-expression is associated with certain types of cancers, including, but not limited to, carcinoma of the colon, rectum, stomach, esophagus, lung, and skin. The amount of COX-2 expression is related to the stage or progression of cancer (Fosslien, E, et al. 2000, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 30:3-21). COX-2 has become a major pharmaceutical target for developing treatments for these and other diseases. Methods of detecting and measuring COX-2 activity are highly desired.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,297 to Cromlish et al. describes measuring total COX activity (COX-1 activity and COX-2 activity) in separate samples, with and without a COX-2 specific inhibitor, and then indirectly estimating COX-2 specific activity by subtracting the total COX activity observed with the inhibitor from the total COX activity observed without the inhibitor.
  • One major weakness of this method is that the dynamics of enzymatic inhibition change based upon numerous variables including time, temperature, concentration, specificity, sample preparation, etc.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,021 to Marnett et al. describes a method of measuring the activity of purified COX-2 by measuring O 2 -uptake during catalysis. This method requires purification of the enzyme.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,773 to Isakson et al. describes a method for measuring COX-2 activity in a mammal by administering a positron-emitting radioisotopelabeled COX-2 selective-binding agent to the mammal and then detecting the label by positron-emission tomography (PET).
  • PET positron-emission tomography
  • Weaknesses of this method include the invasive nature and expense of PET equipment.
  • the method only localizes COX-2 protein but does not detect or measure activity.
  • the present invention provides, in part, articles of manufacture and methods for selectively detecting and measuring COX-2 enzymatic activity.
  • One object of the invention is to provide a system for distinguishing between COX-2 activity and COX-1 activity.
  • COX-1 and COX-2 are well known to catalyze the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGH 2 . Downstream events, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, further convert the PGH 2 into a variety of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
  • the present invention provides herein a system and methods to exploit a COX-2 selective enzymatic reaction with AEA for specifically detecting and measuring COX-2 enzymatic activity.
  • COX-2 enzymatic activity is detected or measured by detecting or measuring novel PGH 2 -EA metabolites, including, but not limited to: PGB 2 -EA, PGD 2 -EA, PGE 2 -EA, PGF 2 ⁇ -EA, TxB 2 -EA, 6-keto-PGF 1 ⁇ -EA, 15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, PGG 2 -EA, PGH 2 -EA, PGA 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA derivatives, bicyclo-PGE 2 -EA, TxA 2 -EA and PGI 2 -EA.
  • the COX-2 specific enzymatic activity is compared to COX-1 activity, for example, a COX-2/COX-1 ratio is reported.
  • One aspect of the present invention is a method of detecting COX-2 activity in a biological system or subject comprising detecting a PGH 2 -EA metabolite in a sample of the system.
  • detection or measurement of a PGH 2 -EA metabolite is performed wherein the metabolite is PGB 2 -EA, PGD 2 -EA, PGE 2 -EA, PGF 2 ⁇ -EA, TxB 2 -EA, 6-keto-PGF 1 ⁇ -EA, 15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, PGG 2 -EA, PGH 2 -EA, PGA 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA derivatives, bicyclo-PGE 2 -EA, TxA 2 -EA or PGI 2 -EA.
  • the inventors provide standards for determining a relative or absolute measurement of COX-2 activity by comparison to a standard or a standard curve generated using the standard.
  • a standard can be used to generate a standard curve for normalization of particular test results.
  • the present invention provides standards including compounds related to reaction products derived from COX-2 action on AEA incorporating isotopic (e.g., radioactive), fluorescent, enzymatic labels and the like.
  • a determination of the amount of COX-2 activity, by the measurement of PGH 2 -EA metabolites, is used to detect inflammation or cancer.
  • a relative or absolute determination of inflammation or cancer in the subject is made.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of the chemical structure for arachidonic acid (AA).
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of the COX biosynthetic pathway of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the COX biosynthetic pathway of arachidonic acid to PGH 2 , showing the chemical structure of the substrate and the metabolites.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of the chemical structure for arachidonylethanolamide.
  • FIG. 5 is a general diagram of enzymatic oxidation of prostaglandin (or thromboxane) ethanolamide (1) and enzymatic hydrolysis of prostaglandin (or thromboxane) ethanolamide (2).
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram of certain metabolic pathways of PGE 2 -EA illustrating a selection of the type-specific enzymatic and nonenzymatic biotransformations that prostaglandin ethanolamides (PG-EAs) and thromboxane ethanolamides CTx-EAs) undergo.
  • This diagram of PGE 2 -EA biotransformations can be similarly constructed for other PG-EAs and Tx-EAs (see, FIGS. 7 and 8).
  • prostaglandin and thromboxane biotransformation pathways can be used as a pattern by one of ordinary skill in the art for the same purpose, in light of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of the prostaglandins enzymatically generated following COX-2 action on AEA and in the presence of enzymes downstream of COX-2 (for instance, certain in vivo environments).
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram of certain prostaglandins generated following COX-2 action UP on AEA in vitro.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram of tetradeuterated prostaglandin or thromboxane ethanolamide standards.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the recovery of PGE 2 -EA from human urine.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the stability of PGE 2 -EA incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. in bovine, canine, and human cerebrospinal fluid.
  • FIG. 12(A) is a graph showing the stability of PGE 2 -EA in plasma.
  • PGE 2 -EA (4 mg/mL) is incubated in rat plasma for the indicated times and subjected to LC/MS analysis with selected ion monitoring for the mass corresponding to the dehydration product of PGE 2 -EA (m/z 400). Chromatograms are normalized to the 2 minute sample.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing the in vivo pharmacokinetics of PGE 2 -EA in a rat given 2 mg/kg PGE 2 -EA by IV.
  • a large apparent volume of distribution was observed (300-400 mL) and both PGE 2 -EA and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA were routinely detected at 2 hours post-dosing.
  • the present invention provides novel compositions, methods and articles of manufacture for detecting and measuring cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in a subject or a sample thereof. Certain aspects of the present invention focus on detecting and measuring metabolites of AEA, such as, but not limited to, PGE 2 -EA, PGD 2 -EA and TxA 2 -EA.
  • the present invention provides novel compositions, methods and kits for detecting and measuring COX-2 activity, methods for identifying tumors in a subject, evaluating relative tumor severity, and following tumor response to therapy, and methods for detecting inflammation in a subject and evaluating relative inflammation severity. No aspect, embodiment or element, including the claims, of the present invention is bound by theory or mechanism.
  • the term in vivo includes the meaning of processes occurring in an animal, in tissue or cell culture, or in samples taken from an animal or culture.
  • in vitro includes the meaning of processes occurring in systems wholly or partially purified from the natural environment, such as with purified enzymes or defined enzyme systems.
  • Purified means partially or wholly isolated away from the natural milieu of factors normally associated with a particular macromolecular species.
  • the purified factor comprises 50 percent or more (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present in the isolated form.
  • a purified composition will comprise more than about 80 percent of all macromolecular species present.
  • a purified composition comprises more than about 90 percent of all macromolecular species present.
  • the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (contaminant species cannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods) wherein the composition consists essentially of a single macromolecular species. Solvent species, small molecules ( ⁇ 500 Daltons), and elemental ion species are not considered macromolecular species.
  • “purified” is based upon dry weight and the same percent purities stated above are embodied.
  • a COX-2 selective substrate is a substrate that is transformed to an enzymatic reaction product by the COX-2 enzyme; but is not transformed, or is not significantly transformed, to a reaction product by the COX-1 enzyme. It is most preferred that a COX-2 selective substrate of the present invention is not enzymatically transformed to a reaction product by COX-1.
  • COX-1 may have some activity on the COX-2 selective substrate, but it is not significant relative to the COX-2 activity. Relatively insignificant activity can be determined, for example, by measuring the ratio of substrate oxygenation using purified COX-1 and COX-2.
  • the ratio of COX-1 activity versus COX-2 activity for a COX-2 selective substrate is about 50% or less; in certain embodiments, 40% or less; in certain embodiments, 30% or less; in certain embodiments, 25% or less; in certain embodiments, 20% or less; in certain embodiments, 10% or less; in certain embodiments, 5% or less; in certain embodiments, 3% or less; in certain embodiments, 2% or less; and in certain preferred embodiments 1% or less.
  • a highly preferred COX-2 selective substrate is metabolized by COX-2, but is not metabolized by COX-1.
  • COX-2 specific substrate and “COX-2 selective substrate” are used interchangeably herein.
  • enzyme activity refers to the rate at which substrate is consumed or product is formed in an enzymatic reaction under a given set of reaction conditions.
  • the Standard International (SI) unit for enzyme activity is an enzyme unit (U) and is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to produce 1 ⁇ mole product/minute.
  • a unit may be defined differently herein (e.g., the amount of enzyme needed to produce 1 mole product per minute or the amount of enzyme needed to consume 1 ⁇ mole substrate per minute). Additional determinations of enzyme activity can be compared when utilizing similar or preferably identical reaction conditions.
  • reaction conditions can be changed and a new enzyme activity scale determined (e.g., by generating a standard curve of enzyme activity and use thereof, a process which is known to one of ordinary skill in the art).
  • the specific activity of a particular enzyme preparation refers to the total enzyme units divided by the total amount of protein present in the preparation.
  • a preferred unit of specific activity is U per mg of protein (U/mg).
  • references to COX include both COX-1 and COX-2.
  • Arachidonyl ethanolamide is defined herein to be a COX-2 selective substrate.
  • prostaglandin ethanolamides are included in the meaning of COX-2 selective metabolites.
  • Certain abbreviations include: cyclooxygenase (COX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG), prostaglandins (PGs), ethanolamide (EA), prostaglandin ethanolamides (PG-EAs), arachidonyl ethanolamide (AEA), prostaglandin-ethanolamide (PG-EA), thromboxane (Tx).
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • COX-1 cyclooxygenase-1
  • COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
  • PG prostaglandin
  • PGs ethanolamide
  • EA prostaglandin ethanolamides
  • AEA arachidonyl ethanolamide
  • P-EA thromboxane
  • PG-EAs can include, but are not limited to: PGB 2 -EA, PGD 2 -EA, PGE 2 -EA, PGF 2 ⁇ -EA, TxB 2 -EA, 6-keto: PGF 1 ⁇ -EA, 15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, PGG 2 -EA, PGH 2 EA, PGA 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA derivatives, bicyclo-PGE 2 -EA, TxA 2 -EA and PGI 2 EA (also referred to herein as prostacyclin-EA).
  • Tumor type typically references the tissue of tumor origin, but can also refer to the current tissue in which a tumor is located (e.g., colon cancer, liver cancer, or pancreatic cancer).
  • the stage and grade of a tumor is related to severity and medical definitions of stages and grades within a continuum are known in the art for each tumor or cancer type.
  • Each specialty within oncology e.g., hematology, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, brain, dermatology, etc.
  • Tumor grade is determined by the appearance of the tumor under the microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread.
  • grading systems are different for each type of cancer, but are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • grade I tumors are the least malignant appearing
  • grade II tumors are moderately differentiated with a moderately malignant appearance
  • grade III tumors are less differentiated and show enhanced signs of tissue invasion
  • grade IV tumors display the least differentiation and are the most malignant appearing.
  • the grade of a tumor is determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the stage of a tumor refers to the extent of a cancer, how advanced the tumor is in the patient (e.g., whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body).
  • the stage of a tumor is generally determined by radiographic studies such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging and/or ultrasound.
  • CT computed tomography
  • MRI magnetic resonance
  • Tumor staging is determined by one of ordinary skill in the art and can vary by tumor type or as a field advances, standard staging practices may change.
  • Staging refers to performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
  • Cyclooxygenase (COX; prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, EC 1.14.99.1) catalyzes the bis-dioxygenation of arachidonic acid (FIG. 1) generating prostaglandin (PG) H 2 (FIGS. 2 - 3 ). This is the committed step in prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis.
  • Two isoforms of COX have been cloned from animal cells including constitutively expressed COX-1 (DeWitt, D. L., and Smith, W. L. 1988 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:1412-1416; Merlie, et al. 1988 , J. Biol.
  • Prostaglandins produced as a result of the activity of COX are known to have numerous physiological functions. These functions include the antithrombogenic action of prostacyclin released by the vascular endothelium and the cytoprotective effect of prostaglandins produced by the gastric mucosa (Whittle, et al. 1980 , Nature, 284:271-273).
  • COX-2 is typically expressed following the activation of normal cells and certain atypically proliferating cells, by various pro-inflammatory agents including certain cytokines (Hla, T. and Nielson, K. 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:7384-7388; Feng, et al. 1993 , Arch. Biochem.
  • Prostaglandins represent a class of substances produced in a wide variety of cells.
  • PGs act on the cells that produce them, on neighboring cells, or over short distances and can be classified as autocrine hormones.
  • PGs and their relatives are usually thought of as potent local hormones (autocrine and paracrine) acting over a short lifetime.
  • PGs, and related compounds prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), and lipoxins (LP), derive from fatty acids stored in cellular membranes as phospholipids or triglycerides, especially arachidonic acid, with an open chain, 20-carbon structure (FIGS. 1 - 3 ).
  • Prostaglandins generally resemble hairpins structurally with a five-membered ring and two chains extending from the ring. In general, substituents on the five-membered ring determine the subclass and activity of the prostaglandins. A series of synthetic reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the membranes, and certain non 5 enzymatic transformations, culminate in the release of prostaglandin product.
  • AEA is an unique substrate specific for COX-2 (FIG. 4).
  • COX-2 catalyzes the conversion of AEA to prostaglandin H 2 ethanolamide (PGH 2 -EA) (see FIG. 5- 8 ; Yu, M., et al 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272:21181-21186, incorporated herein by reference).
  • the PGH 2 -EA is subsequently enzymatically and nonenzymatically metabolized to a variety of compounds, such prostaglandin E 2 ethanolamide (PGE 2 -EA) and prostaglandin D 2 ethanolamide (PGD 2 -EA).
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites include, but are not limited to, PGB 2 -EA, PGD 2 -EA, PGE 2 -EA, PGF 2 ⁇ -EA, TxB 2 -EA, 6-keto-PGF 1 ⁇ -(EA, 15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, PGG 2 -EA, PGH 2 -EA, PGA 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA, PGJ 2 -EA derivatives, bicyclo-PGE 2 -EA, HETEs, TxA 2 -EA and PGI 2 EA., which are metabolized directly from AEA by COX-2, will also be referred to as PGH 2 -EA metabolites in this application.
  • prostaglandin and thromboxane ethanolamides are susceptible to enzymatic oxidation of the ethanolamide moiety and can undergo oxidation (FIG. 5).
  • a representative example for PGE 2 -EA is shown in FIG. 6.
  • individual metabolites can enter the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase/ ⁇ 13 -15-keto-prostaglandin reductase pathway to generate 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolites, for example 15-keto PGA 2 -EA and 13,14-dihydro-PGA 2 -EA.
  • PGE 2 -EA metabolites can undergo dehydration to enter the PGA 2 -EA/PGB 2 -EA pathway.
  • 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoPGE 2 -EA can dehydrate to yield 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGA 2 -EA and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGB 2 -EA.
  • oxidative transformation by P450-mediated ⁇ -oxidation e.g., C-19, C-20
  • AEA AEA is found endogenously (Devane et al. 1992, Science 258:1946-1949, hereby incorporated by reference).
  • the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in a biological sample correlates with the COX-2 specific activity in the subject from which the sample was collected.
  • the amount of COX-2 activity is a marker of or a measurement of inflammatory or cancerous disease processes.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods and materials for making sensitive measurements of picogram quantities of PGH 2 -EA metabolites. Further embodiments of the present invention include using these measurements of COX-2 activity to clinically grade or stage a disease process and to assess therapeutic outcomes.
  • detecting includes determining if a substance or compound is present in a sample.
  • the substance or compound being detected is a PGH 2 -EA metabolite.
  • Detecting can include measuring.
  • measuring means determining the relative or absolute amount of a substance or compound detected. Measurement is generally, but not always, performed relative to a standard. For example, the amount of the standard may be correlated with an amount of COX-2 activity or expression. Therefore, comparing the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites measured in a sample from a subject indicates an amount of COX-2 activity or expression in the subject.
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites may be detected and measured in a variety of ways (see Examples 1-6).
  • a sample is collected from a subject, and a selective COX-2 substrate, such as AEA, is added. Then, a metabolite of the COX-2 specific PGH 2 -EA product is measured.
  • downstream metabolites are measured because the half-life of PGH 2 -EA in aqueous solution is approximately 20 seconds. Certain downstream metabolites are more stable and are preferred for measurement.
  • a highly preferred downstream metabolite for measurement is PGE 2 -EA.
  • both a COX-1 substrate such as arachidonic acid
  • a COX-2 selective substrate such as AEA
  • the samples can be incubated with the substrates over time and a series of measurements of metabolites taken and compared in relation to the amount of time that passed.
  • no substrate is added to the sample. Instead, the PGH 2 -EA metabolites derived from the endogenous AEA is detected and measured.
  • a highly preferred downstream metabolite for measurement is 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 -EA, a novel lipid formed by the sequential oxidation and reduction of PGE 2 -EA by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and ⁇ 13,15-keto-prostaglandin reductase.
  • This metabolite is formed in vivo following intravenous dosing of PGE 2 -EA to rats and is detectable in plasma by the methods described herein.
  • AEA is administered to the subject prior to sample collection, followed by sample collection, and detection and measurement of PGH 2 -EA metabolites present in the sample.
  • the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites measured in the sample is related to an amount of COX-2 activity in the sample or the subject.
  • Samples from the subject can be processed is several ways (see Examples 5-6).
  • the sample may be extracted at least one time with a solvent, to remove the PGH 2 -EA metabolites from the sample for analysis. Extraction can be followed by evaporation. The resulting residue may be redissolved in another solvent and analyzed. This process might involve several rounds of the extraction, evaporation and redissolving steps.
  • the solution resulting from one or more extractions of the sample may be filtered and analyzed.
  • the sample is extracted, filtered and analyzed for PGH 2 -EA metabolite content.
  • One aspect of the present invention is a method of detecting COX-2 activity in a biological sample, comprising: incubation of the biological sample with AEA, extracting the sample with a solvent, evaporating the solvent to leave a residue and analyzing the residue for PGH 2 -EA metabolites wherein the presence of PGH 2 -EA metabolites is indicative of COX-2 activity (for instance, see Examples 1, 2, and 3).
  • the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites is measured and related to the quantity of COX-2, COX-2 expression, or COX-2 activity.
  • the analysis of PGH 2 -EA metabolites includes, but is not limited to, detection by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Examples 1-2, 5-6).
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of detecting COX-2 activity in a biological sample, comprising: extracting PGH 2 -EA metabolites present in the sample with a solvent, evaporating the solvent to leave a residue and quantifying PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the residue, wherein the presence of PGH 2 -EA metabolites is indicative of COX-2 activity.
  • the quantity of PGH 2 -EA metabolites detected are related to a quantity of COX-2 activity.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method of detecting a COX-2 activity in a biological sample, comprising: extracting the sample at least one time with a first solvent, evaporating the solvent to leave a residue, dissolving the residue in a second solvent, separating at least one PGH 2 -EA metabolite from the dissolved residue with a separation device, lyophilizing the separated PGH 2 -EA metabolite, dissolving the lyophilized PGH 2 -EA metabolite in a third solvent and detecting the dissolved PGH 2 -EA metabolite with a detection device, wherein the presence of the PGH 2 -EA metabolite is indicative of the COX-2 activity (for instance, see Examples 1, 2, and 3).
  • the amount of PGH 2 EA metabolite is measured and related to a quantity of COX-2 protein, COX-2 expression, or COX-2 activity.
  • the separation device for separating the PGH 2 -EA metabolite from a residue in the second solvent includes, but is not limited to, a liquid chromatography device.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is a method of detecting COX-2 activity in a biological sample, comprising: extracting at least one PGH 2 -EA metabolite from the sample with a solvent, evaporating the solvent to leave a residue, dissolving the residue in a second solvent, filtering the dissolved residue and detecting a PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the filtered solution with a detection device, wherein the presence of PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the sample is indicative of COX-2 activity.
  • the detected PGH 2 -EA metabolite is measured and the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite measured is related to a quantity of COX-2 activity.
  • isotopically labeled PGH 2 -EA metabolites such as PGE 2 -EA and TxA 2 -EA
  • PGE 2 -EA and TxA 2 -EA are used as an internal standard in quantifying PG-EAs.
  • mass spectrometric quantification of PGH 2 -EA metabolites is performed.
  • isotopically labeled ethanolamides of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is shown in FIG. 9.
  • isotopically labeled PG- or Tx-EA are prepared by coupling the target PG or Tx free acid with anhydrous, isotopically labeled ethanolamide and purified by chromatography.
  • labeled standard ethanolamides of prostaglandins and thromboxanes can be labeled by substituting 2 H or 3 H for a 1 H attached to at least one of the carbons 2-20 of the arachidonyl carbon chain.
  • a PGH 2 -EA metabolite can be labeled by substituting 13 C or 14 C for at least one 12 C in the arachidonyl carbon chain.
  • Labeled PGH 2 -EA metabolites can also be made by reacting labeled AEA with COX-2, followed by purification of the reaction products.
  • labeled PGH 2 -EA metabolites may also be synthesized by substituting at least one atom in the molecule with an isotope.
  • the isotope is non-positron emitting. In certain embodiments, the isotope is positron emitting.
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites can be derivatized to produce chemiluminescent or fluorescent standards, which can be used, for example, in PGH 2 -EA quantitation using high performance liquid chromatographic separation coupled with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detectors.
  • Labeled PG-EA or Tx-EA standard curves which correlate with the presence or absence of cancer in a patient, can be generated. For example, this can be accomplished by collecting samples from groups of patients with different types, stages, or grades of cancer, measuring the amount of a PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the samples, and graphing the amounts of the PGH 2 -EA metabolite versus the types of cancer.
  • types can be varieties. In preferred embodiments, the types are a range of particular cancers measured on a clinical scale of severity or aggressiveness.
  • Such a standard curve may indicate that the larger the amount of cancer or the more progressed the cancer in the patient, the more PGH 2 -EA metabolite found in the sample from the patient.
  • a threshold level of PGH 2 -EA metabolites will be observed at which amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolites below the threshold will correlate with the lack of cancer in the patient.
  • amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolites measured in a sample that are above the threshold level correlate with the presence of cancer in the patient.
  • a standard curve can be developed which correlates the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites observed in a sample from a patient with an amount of inflammation.
  • Such a standard curve can be generated by collecting samples from a patient population suffering from inflammatory processes, and correlating the amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the samples with the severity of disease in the patient population.
  • no standard or standard curve is used. Instead, a series of samples may be collected from a single patient over a period of time, and the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite in each sample measured. Then the amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolite measured would be compared and correlated with the amount of time which had passed between sample collections. If the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the samples increased over time, for example, this would indicate that the patient's disease state is worsening, or that therapeutic intervention is not effective. On the other hand, if the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite measured in the samples decreased over time, for example, this would indicate that the patient's disease state is improving or that therapeutic intervention is successful.
  • a detection device for detecting PGH 2 -EA metabolites includes, but is not limited to, a mass spectrometer, a chromatography-coupled mass spectrometer, an immunoassay or an enzyme-linked immunoassay, or other means for detecting PGH 2 -EA metabolites known in the art (see Examples 1-6).
  • LC/MS liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
  • LC/MS liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
  • Sodiated analytes are eluted with increasing concentrations of MeCN in 0.001% aqueous sodium acetate.
  • Evaluation of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in biological samples is conducted with selected ion monitoring and quantification is accomplished using tetradeutereated standards, such as tetradeutereated PGE 2 -EA.
  • Electrospray ionization (ESI) is carried out using nitrogen as sheath (76 psi) and auxiliary gas (14 psi) to assist with nebulization. A potential of 5.5 kV is applied to the ESI needle and the capillary temperature is maintained at 220° C. Mass spectral parameters are optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity without sacrificing unit resolution.
  • separation devices include, but are not limited to, extraction columns, affinity columns, filters, thin-layer chromatography plates and gels.
  • a PGH 2 -EA metabolite in a sample may be isolated or purified (separated partially or substantially from the natural constituents of a PGH 2 -EA metabolite containing sample) using one or more techniques known in the art for the separation of chemical and especially prostaglandin compounds, for example, but not limited, to liquid chromatography.
  • the subject includes a mammal, such as a rodent, preferably a human, or a cultured cell of a mammal, including a cultured cell of a human.
  • a mammal such as a rodent, preferably a human, or a cultured cell of a mammal, including a cultured cell of a human.
  • Other subjects include farm animals and show animals (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and swine, goats, fowl, and the like), pets (dogs, cats, parrots, canaries and the like), animals kept in zoos and endangered species (elephants, lions, tigers, antelope, zebra, anteaters, water buffalo, pandas, cheetahs, kangaroos, ostriches, eagles, condors, finches, and the like) or a cultured cell of said animal.
  • the sample is urine or may be collected from or processed from urine.
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites can be measured in urine by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
  • a fixed volume of urine is treated with an appropriate internal standard (e.g., tetradeutereated PGE 2 -EA) and then loaded on reversedphase extraction cartridges.
  • the sample is then washed (e.g., 1 ml pH 4.0 20 mM sodium acetate) and PGH 2 -EA metabolites, including the added internal standard, are eluted with organic solvent (e.g., two 1 ml aliquots of MeCN).
  • organic solvent e.g., two 1 ml aliquots of MeCN.
  • the solvent is evaporated and the residue is analyzed by LC/MS.
  • a typical procedure wherein synthetically generated PGE 2 -EA and d 5 -PGD 2 -EA is added to fresh human urine is depicted in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 13 shows the in vivo pharmacokinetics of PGE 2 -EA in a rat given 2 mg/kg PGE 2 -EA intravenously.
  • the sample is blood, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, sputum, bile, joint fluid, biopsy, immune cells, cancer cells, tumor cells, malignant cells, inflammatory cells, non-tumor cells, non-immune cells, cells not activated by inflammatory stimuli or may be collected from or processed from one or more of these fluids and tissues.
  • the sample may be conditioned media from a cell culture.
  • a plurality of samples may be collected from the subject, with a period of time being allowed to pass between consecutive collections of the samples.
  • the amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolites present in these samples are measured, compared and related to the periods of time that had been allowed to pass between collections.
  • the subject is a patient and the samples are taken in order to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapy and to evaluate tumor state, severity or load in the patient.
  • samples can be collected from or prepared from cultured cells (Example 6).
  • a variety of cells lines known to one skilled in the art are acceptable.
  • primary cell cultures can be used. Methods for collecting and culturing primary cell cultures are well known in the art.
  • Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to PGH2-EA metabolites or their metabolites can be made using standard antibody generation techniques in light of the present invention (Cohen, et al., U.S. patent Ser. No. 5,589,575, herein incorporated by reference; McCafferty, et al. 1996 , Antibody Engineering, a Practical Approach , IRL Press; Mernaugh & Mernaugh 1994 , Methods for the Production of Monoclonal Antibodies , in Molecular Methods in Plant Pathology).
  • monoclonal antibodies against PGE 2 are commercially available from Cayman Chemical (118 E. Ellsworth Rd., Ann Arbor, Mich.
  • chemiluminescent ELISA kits for several PGs, HETE and TxB 2 are available from Assay Designs, Inc. (800 Technology Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48108; 734-668-6113).
  • Assay Designs, Inc. 800 Technology Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48108; 734-668-6113.
  • the cyclopentyl substituents and amide moieties of the PGE 2 -EA are protected using standard techniques. Then the protected PGE 2 -EA is chemically linked to an appropriate conjugate (e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)) preferably via covalent attachment at carbon 15.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • the haptenized product is deprotected and the resultant immunogen is used to innoculate mice, rabbits, or goats using standard techniques. According to standard protocols, serum would be collected from the immunized animals and antibodies are purified from the serum. Alternative antibody development strategies using the same immunogen could also be employed (single-chain antibodies, hybridomas, etc.).
  • a wide variety of human diseases are associated with inflammation. These range from acute appendicitis to asthma, myocardial infarction, specific immunological disease processes, infection with viruses or bacteria, malignancy and metastasis, endotoxemia and reperfusion injury. Since COX-2 activity is important in the progression of these diseases, the present invention is a useful method of diagnosing or monitoring disease state.
  • the present invention is also useful in detecting and treating non-malignant or immunological-related cell-proliferative diseases such as psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, Behcet's syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemic heart disease, post-dialysis syndrome, leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, septic shock and other types of acute inflammation, and lipid histiocytosis.
  • non-malignant or immunological-related cell-proliferative diseases such as psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, Behcet's syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemic heart disease, post-dialysis syndrome, leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, septic shock and other types of acute inflammation, and lipid histiocytosis.
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • ischemic heart disease post-dialysis syndrome
  • leukemia leukemia
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome septic shock and other types
  • a sample is collected from a patient suspected of having an inflammatory disease or diagnosed with an inflammatory disease and PGE 2 -EA in the sample is detected and measured.
  • the amount of PGE 2 -EA present in the sample correlates with COX-2 activity in the patient and is a marker of the progress or severity of that disease or disease process.
  • a series of samples are collected from the patient over a period of time. During that period of time, the patient undergoes treatment for the inflammatory disease. Changes in the amount of PGE 2 -EA measured over time are indicative of changes in COX-2 activity and changes in the patients disease state. This information would be used by the physician to evaluate the patient's condition as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention, wherein a decrease in the PGH 2 -EA metabolites or COX-2 activity is indicative of an improvement in the patient's condition or effective therapy.
  • COX-2 expression is increased in colon cancer cells compared to the adjacent colonic mucosa; similar observations have been made in experimental models of colon cancer (Eberhart, C E, et al. 1994, Gastroenterology 107:1183; Sheng, H, et al. 1997, J. Clin. Invest 99:2254; DuBois, R N, et al. 1996, Gastroenterology 110:1259).
  • COX-2 expression is a marker for the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells and is related to patient survival (Tsujii, M, et al. 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3336; Sheehan, K M, et al.
  • COX-2 expression was determined in 76 patients with a variety of stages of colorectal cancer (Sheehan, K M, et al., 1999, JAMA 282:1254). Such studies can be used to generate a standard curve for COX-2 expression in cancer and colon cancer in particular (see supra). Ten-year survival was significantly higher in patients with the lowest levels of COX-2 expression (68 versus 35 percent). These findings suggest that COX-2 activation promotes tumor growth. Consistent with this hypothesis is a study in which human colon cancer cells that expressed high levels of COX-2 were implanted into nude mice.
  • Certain aspects of the present invention include methods of detecting a tumor in a patient in need thereof, comprising: obtaining a sample from the patient and detecting at least one PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the sample (for instance, see Example 5).
  • the presence of the PGH 2 -EA metabolite in the sample is a marker for the presence of the tumor in the patient. More preferably, an amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite detected in the sample of the patient will be measured, wherein the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolite measured is indicative of the amount or severity of tumor present in the patient.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a method of measuring and monitoring the size, grade, and/or stage of a tumor, comprising: collecting a first sample of a subject and measuring the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the first sample. Then a period of time is allowed to pass, during which the subject may, or may not, undergo anti-cancer therapy. After the period of time has passed, a second sample is collected from the subject and the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the second sample is measured. The amounts of the PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the first and second samples are compared, wherein the difference between the amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in the two samples is indicative of changes in the metabolism of the cancer cell.
  • a plurality of samples may be collected from the subject, with a period of time being allowed to pass between consecutive collections of the samples.
  • the amounts of PGH 2 -EA metabolites present in these samples are measured, compared and related to the periods of time that had been allowed to pass between collections.
  • the subject is a patient and the samples are collected in order to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapy and to evaluate tumor severity or tumor load in the patient.
  • the effectiveness of the anti-cancer therapy is evaluated based on the changes in the amount of sample PGH 2 -EA metabolite observed over time. For example, increases in the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites over time indicate continued tumor growth and failure of therapeutic intervention; whereas decreases in the amount of PGH 2 -EA metabolites over time are indicative of therapeutic success and tumor regression.
  • the sample is a culture of cancer cells used as an experimental model or a culture of cancer cells taken from a patient.
  • the cultured cancer cells may be treated with an anti-cancer therapy in vitro in order to evaluate the effectiveness of that therapy in relation to alternative cancer therapies. In certain embodiments, this procedure is done in order to determine an optimal anti-cancer therapy for that individual patient.
  • the attending health professional may characterize both an inflammatory process and a malignancy in the subject by detecting or measuring an amount of a prostaglandin ethanolamide in a sample of a subject specifically produced by the offending malignancy and inflammatory lesion.
  • compositions, methods and kits for screening candidate molecules for their ability to regulate COX-2 using cultured cells, tissues, or whole animals Examples 9-10.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention provide an article of manufacture for the detection and/or measurement of COX-2 activity by the detection and/or measurement of PGH 2 -EA metabolites by radioassay or immunoassay, comprising an antibody and a set of instructions delineating a process for relating a detection and/or measurement of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in a sample to a detection and/or measurement of COX-2 in a subject or a sample thereof.
  • the article of manufacture further comprises an antibody against PGH 2 -EA metabolites. More preferably, the article of manufacture further comprises the standard reagents required to perform an immunoassay, such as buffers, multi-well plates, additional antibodies and the like.
  • the article of manufacture further comprises one or more solid phase extraction columns for the isolation/purification of PGH 2 -EA metabolites.
  • the article of manufacture further comprises a set of standards. More preferably, the article of manufacture further comprises an unlabeled PGH 2 -EA metabolite internal standard for standard curve development.
  • the present invention provides an article of manufacture for the detection and/or measurement of COX-2 activity by mass spectrometry, which comprises: a set of instructions delineating a process for relating a detection and/or measurement of PGH 2 -EA metabolites in a sample to a detection and/or measurement of COX-2 in a subject or a sample thereof and a C18 solid phase extraction column.
  • the article of manufacture further comprises a set of standards. More preferably, the article of manufacture further comprises an unlabeled PGH 2 -EA metabolite positive control, and a tetradeuterated PGH 2 -EA metabolite internal standard.
  • COX-2 enzymatic products can be detected or measured by a variety of methods.
  • reversed phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to detect or measure COX-2 enzymatic products.
  • HETE-EAs HETE-EAs
  • PG-EAs 418
  • Tx-EA and 6-keto-PGF1 ⁇ -EA 6-keto-PGF1 ⁇ -EA
  • LC/MS reveals the presence of five primary products in AEA/COX-2 reaction mixtures. Two closely eluting polar products each display m/z 418 consistent with the non-enzymatic PGH 2 -EA isomerization products PGE 2 -EA and PGD 2 -EA. Tetradeutereated standards of PGE 2 -EA and PGD 2 -EA are synthesized and coeluted with these two polar products under multiple chromatographic conditions. An intermediate polarity product with m/z 346 is observed that is consistent with the PGH 2 -EA degradation product HHT-EA.
  • Cellular COX-2 enzymatic activity can be determined by exposing cells to exogenous AEA and measuring the COX-2 specific products.
  • unactivated RAW264.7 cells a murine macrophage cell line
  • IFN- ⁇ and LPS induce COX-2 expression
  • the major arachidonic acid metabolite in these cells is PGD 2
  • RAW264.7 cells permit the simultaneous evaluation of AEA oxygenation to PGH 2 -EA as well as endoperoxide metabolism by PGD synthase (Landino, L.
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites are not detectable in the medium from unactivated RAW264.7 cells following addition of AEA (20 ⁇ M) (Kozak et al. 2000, supra). However, treating cells with LPS (1 ⁇ g/mL) and IFN- ⁇ (10 units/mL) results in the synthesis and release of copious amounts of PGD 2 -EA, following the addition of AEA (20 ⁇ M).
  • a LC-mass spectrogram showing the PGD 2 -EA production and extracellular release by activated RAW264.7 macrophages can be generated. Products are eluted with a 15-minute gradient of 20% to 100% acetonitrile in H 2 O (0.001% sodium acetate). Chromatograms are normalized to total ion current of AEA-treated activated macrophages.
  • PGD 2 -EA biosynthesis is inhibited both by indomethacin (3 ⁇ M) and the highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, 2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-phenethylacetamide (indomethacin phenethylamide, 3 ⁇ M). No significant endogenous PGD 2 -EA biosynthesis is detected in the absence of exogenous substrate under these conditions.
  • a sample may be urine or may be collected from or processed from urine.
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites can be measured in urine by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
  • a fixed volume of urine is treated with an appropriate internal standard (e.g., tetradeutereated PGE 2 -EA) and then loaded on reversed-phase extraction cartridges.
  • the sample is then washed (e.g., 1 ml pH 4.0 20 mM sodium acetate) and PGH 2 -EA metabolites including the added internal standard are eluted with organic solvent (e.g., two 1 ml aliquots of MeCN). The solvent is evaporated and the residue is analyzed by LC/MS.
  • FIG. 10 A typical procedure wherein synthetically generated PGE 2 -EA and d4-PGD 2 -EA is added to fresh human urine is depicted in FIG. 10 and demonstrates that this technique provides precise and linear quantitation over the tested range (0-40 ng PGE 2 -EA per ml urine).
  • COX-2 expression and activity are generally linked with the inflammatory process, which accompanies a plethora of pathologies including, but not limited to, arthritis/arthropathy, infectious disease, neurodegenerative disease, neoplasia and autoimmune disease.
  • the quantification of prostaglandin PGH 2 -EA metabolites from biological fluids obtained non-invasively e.g., blood, urine
  • serial testing will allow for the tracking of the natural course of the disease as well as the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy.
  • a model for this application would be the ubiquitous use of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the diagnosis and assessment of diseases associated with inflammation.
  • CRP C-reactive protein
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolites in this context instead of more traditional diagnostic markers, such as CRP, involve the highly specific nature of PGH 2 -EA metabolite production. PGH 2 -EA metabolites are elevated only when COX-2 activity is elevated whereas CRP elevations, for example, are very non-specific.
  • COX-2 expression and activity are linked to several solid tumors, most notably colorectal adenocarcinoma.
  • the quantification of PGH 2 -EA metabolites from biological fluids, described herein, provides a noninvasive “early-warning” for clinically undetectable neoplasia.
  • serial testing following diagnosis will allow for the tracking of the natural course of the cancer as well as the efficacy of it) antineoplastic therapy.
  • a model for this application would be the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis and assessment of prostate adenocarcinomas.
  • PSA prostate specific antigen
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolite quantification includes (a) relative noninvasiveness, (b) sensitivity (most cancers are advanced once symptomatic) and (c) cost (simple lab diagnostic technique versus colonoscopy for example).
  • PGH 2 -EA metabolite levels are markedly elevated, indicating the recurrence of carcinoma.
  • the physician recommends colonoscopy, which reveals the presence of carcinoma. Aggressive chemotherapy is initiated and urinary PGH 2 -EA metabolite levels are monitored.
  • Compound X which may become a new COX-2 specific treatment of inflammatory diseases or cancer. In further experiments, the researchers determine that compound X does not inhibit COX-1. Compound X is, therefore, identified as a COX-2 specific inhibitor.
  • the present invention can be employed to identify a previously undescribed small molecule modulator of COX-2 activity. This can be done with the following method. Briefly, RAW264.7 cells at 30-40% confluence are activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 ng/mL) and treated with a series of concentrations of a test compound. Cells are incubated for 12 h at 37° C. and then medium is removed and replaced with buffered saline. Cells are then treated with 50 ⁇ M AEA and incubated an additional 30 min at 37° C. Following incubation, buffered saline is collected and treated with tetradeutereated PGH 2 -EA metabolite standard.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • Buffered saline is extracted twice with equal volumes of 2:1 CHCl 3 :MeOH.
  • the combined organic extract is evaporated under a stream of argon.
  • Quantitation of COX-2 activity is accomplished by comparing the area of the PGH 2 -EA metabolite peak to that of the internal standard.
  • Kalgutkar A S, Crews, B C, Rowlinson, S W, Marnett, A B, Kozak, K R, Remmel, R P, & Marnett, L J. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 925-930.

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ATE420201T1 (de) 2009-01-15
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US7189504B2 (en) 2007-03-13
WO2002012445A1 (fr) 2002-02-14
US20020064804A1 (en) 2002-05-30
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