[go: up one dir, main page]

US20010034361A1 - Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use - Google Patents

Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20010034361A1
US20010034361A1 US09/818,201 US81820101A US2001034361A1 US 20010034361 A1 US20010034361 A1 US 20010034361A1 US 81820101 A US81820101 A US 81820101A US 2001034361 A1 US2001034361 A1 US 2001034361A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
amide
indomethacin
arh
cox
acid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
US09/818,201
Other versions
US6399647B2 (en
Inventor
Amit Kalgutkar
Lawrence Marnett
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US09/818,201 priority Critical patent/US6399647B2/en
Publication of US20010034361A1 publication Critical patent/US20010034361A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6399647B2 publication Critical patent/US6399647B2/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE ORDER 9424, CONFIRMATORY LICENSE Assignors: VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention in general, relates to conversion of the carboxylic acid moiety of various compounds into amide derivatives of the compounds. More specifically, the present invention relates to secondary amide derivatives of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly of indomethacin (an NSAID), that exhibit inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) far exceeding inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and also, that still exhibit the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect of the compound, i.e., of the NSAID, and moreover, also exhibit cancer inhibition, i.e., an antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic effect, in warm blooded vertebrate animals, including humans.
  • NSAIDs non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  • COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
  • COX-1 cyclooxygenase-1
  • cancer inhibition i.e., an antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic effect
  • NSAID non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug COOH carboxylic acid moiety COX cyclooxygenase PGH 2 prostaglandin H 2 PGD 2 prostaglandin D 2 PGHS prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase PER peroxidase SAR structure-activity relationship GI gastrointestinal IC 50 concentration in micromoles of indomethacin (or the indomethacin derivative) at which there is 50% inhibition of COX activity-the lower the IC 50 is, then the more potent the drug is DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide 14 C-AA [1- 14 C]-arachidonic acid HPLC high performance liquid chromatography TLC thin layer chromatography mg milligram kg kilogram mL milliliter ⁇ M micromole/liter ⁇ L microliter N normal (when used in conjunction with acid concentrations) NMR nuclear magnetic resonance Et 2 O diethyl ether EtOAc ethyl acetate Et 3 N triethyl
  • the COX enzyme is really two enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which serve different physiological and pathophysiological functions.
  • COX-1 and COX-2 which serve different physiological and pathophysiological functions.
  • antiinflammatory and/or analgesic doses, indomethacin, aspirin, and other NSAIDs effect great inhibition of COX-1, which protects the lining of the stomach from acid, along with relatively minimal inhibition of COX-2, which provokes inflammation in response to joint injury or a disease like arthritis.
  • certain NSAIDs possess essentially the same inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2.
  • zeroing in on inhibition of COX-2 alone has been the goal of drug developers for several years in order to reduce or eliminate the GI irritation caused by COX-1 inhibition.
  • COX-1 and COX-2 that COX activity originates from two distinct and independently regulated enzymes, termed COX-1 and COX-2, is described in DeWitt and Smith, “Primary Structure of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase from Sheep Vesicular Gland Determined from the Complementary DNA Sequence”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988) Vol. 85, pp. 1412-1416; Yokoyama and Tanabe, “Cloning of Human Gene Encoding Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase and Primary Structure of the Enzyme”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1989) Vol. 165, pp. 888-894; and Hla and Neilson, “Human Cyclooxygenase-2-cDNA”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) Vol. 89, pp. 7384-7388.
  • COX-1 is the constitutive isoform and is mainly responsible for the synthesis of cytoprotective prostaglandins in the GI tract and for the synthesis of thromboxane, which triggers platelet aggregation in blood platelets. See, Allison, Howatson, Torrence, Lee, and Russell, “Gastrointestinal Damage Associated with the Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs”, N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) Vol. 327, pp. 749-754.
  • COX-2 is inducible and short-lived. Its expression is stimulated in response to endotoxins, cytokines, and mitogens. See, Kujubu, Fletcher, Varnum, Lim, and Herschman, “TIS10, A Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoter Inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 Cells, Encodes a Novel Prostaglandin Synthase/Cyclooxygenase Homologue”, J. Biol. Chem. (1991) Vol. 266, pp.
  • COX-2 plays a major role in prostaglandin biosynthesis in inflammatory cells (monocytes/macrophages) and in the central nervous system. See, Masferrer, Zweifel, Manning, Hauser, Leahy, Smith, Isakson, and Seibert, “Selective Inhibition of Inducible Cyclooxygenase-2 in vivo is Antiinflammatory and Nonulcerogenic”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) Vol. 91, pp.
  • the differential tissue distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 provides a basis for the development of drugs that are selective COX-2 inhibitors (i.e., specificity for inhibition of COX-2 far exceeds inhibition of COX-1) as antiinflammatory, analgesic, and/or antipyretic agents with minimization of or without the GI and hematologic liabilities from COX-1 inhibition that plague most all currently marketed NSAIDs, most of which inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, with specificity for COX-1 inhibition greatly exceeding that for COX-2 inhibition, although some have essentially similar inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2.
  • a derivative namely sulindac sulfone (which contains a COOH moiety as well as a methyl sulfone moiety) does not inhibit either COX-1 or COX-2, but still exhibits inhibition of tumors.
  • COOH-containing drugs such as COOH-containing NSAIDs
  • COOH-containing NSAIDs which are not selective COX-2 inhibitors (either display an inhibition for COX-1 far exceeding inhibition of COX-2 or display essentially the same inhibition for COX-1 and COX-2) that would, when converted into certain derivatives, become selective COX-2 inhibitors (display an inhibition for COX-2 far exceeding inhibition for COX-1), as well as retain the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect of the drug, and yet exhibit other effects not exhibited by the drug prior to derivatization, such as cancer inhibition.
  • the present invention Surprisingly with the present invention, it has been found that derivatization of the carboxylic acid moiety of certain compounds, such as certain NSAIDs, that are not selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as indomethacin, into secondary amide analogs creates isozyme specificity for COX-2. Moreover, the resultant secondary amide derivative is not only a selective COX-2 inhibitor, but also is a cancer inhibitor, i.e., exhibits antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic activity, and preferably, also retains the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic of the compound.
  • the present invention provides a method for cancer treatment in a warm blooded vertebrate animal.
  • the method comprises administering to the animal a treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer of a carboxylic acid secondary amide derivative of a compound.
  • the derivative is selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.
  • the compound (a) is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor but is not selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and (b) contains a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the cancer treatment is also analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic, absent the concomitant administration of an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic drug, such as an NSAID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic drug such as an NSAID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention involves a method for treating cancer in an animal that is a warm-blooded vertebrate. Therefore, the invention concerns mammals and birds.
  • Contemplated is the treatment of mammals such as humans, as well as those mammals of importance due to being endangered (such as Siberian tigers), of economical importance (animals raised on farms for consumption by humans) and/or social importance (animals kept as pets or in zoos) to humans, for instance, carnivores other than humans (such as cats and dogs), swine (pigs, hogs, and wild boars), ruminants (such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels), and horses.
  • mammals such as humans, as well as those mammals of importance due to being endangered (such as Siberian tigers), of economical importance (animals raised on farms for consumption by humans) and/or social importance (animals kept as pets or in zoos) to humans, for instance, carnivores other than humans (such as cats and dogs), swine (pigs, hogs, and wild boars), ruminants (such as cattle
  • fowl i.e., poultry, such as turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and the like, as they are also of economical importance to humans.
  • contemplated is the treatment of livestock, including, but not limited to, domesticated swine (pigs and hogs), ruminants, horses, poultry, and the like.
  • livestock including, but not limited to, domesticated swine (pigs and hogs), ruminants, horses, poultry, and the like.
  • a treatment effective amount of a secondary amide derivative of a carboxylic acid-containing compound is administered to the warm-blooded vertebrate animal.
  • the invention comprises administration of the secondary amide derivative in concentrations calculated to provide the animal being treated with the appropriate milieu to provide prevention, control, or cessation of cancer.
  • the secondary amide derivative possesses an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic property as possessed by the carboxylic acid-containing compound prior to derivatization, and thus, the cancer treatment provides an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect in the animal and is free of concomitant administration of another drug for providing such effect.
  • carboxylic-acid containing compound or COOH-containing compound as used herein in connection with the present invention, it is intended to include pharmaceutically acceptable acid salts of the compound.
  • the COOH moiety includes COOM, where M is Na and the like.
  • the derivatives useful in the method of the present invention are secondary amide derivatives of drugs having a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for instance, secondary amide derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs having a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • secondary amide derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs having a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the NSAID may be selected, therefore, from a variety of chemical classes including, but not limited to, fenamic acids, such as flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, and mefenamic acid; indoles, such as indomethacin, sulindac, and tolmetin; phenylalkanoic acids, such as suprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen; and phenylacetic acids, such as diclofenac.
  • fenamic acids such as flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, and mefenamic acid
  • indoles such as indomethacin, sulindac, and tolmetin
  • phenylalkanoic acids such as suprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen
  • phenylacetic acids such as diclofenac.
  • NSAIDs are listed below:
  • NSAIDs include NSAIDs: etodolic acid loxoprofen alcofenac fenbufen meclofenamate amfenac fenclofenac naproxen benoxaprofen fenclorac orpanoxin bromfenac fenoprofen pirprofen carprofen fleclozic acid pranoprofen clidanac indoprofen tolfenamic acid diflunisal isofezolac zaltoprofen efenamic acid ketoprofen zomopirac
  • preferred secondary amide derivatives useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, secondary amide derivatives of the following COOH-containing NSAIDs: 6-methoxy- ⁇ -methyl-2-naphthylacetic acid (and its Na acid salt form known as naproxen), meclofenamic acid, and diclofenac, with secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin being preferred, and that indomethacin derivative described below as compound 11 being especially preferred.
  • the secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin where the Cl at the 4-position of the benzoyl moiety is replaced with Br or F, should work in the present invention.
  • indomethacin including, but are not limited to, indomethacin-N-methyl amide, indomethacin-N-ethan-2-ol amide, indomethacin-N-octyl amide, indomethacin-N-nonyl amide, indomethacin-N-(2-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((R)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((S)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-phenethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-fluorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-chlorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-phenethyl) amide
  • the secondary amide derivative may be administered to the animal as a suppository or as a supplement to fluids that are administered internally or parenterally, for instance nutriment fluids such as intervenous sucrose solutions.
  • intraoral (such as buccal or sublingual) administration or transdermal (such as with a skin patch) administration to the animal is also contemplated.
  • intraoral administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,447 issued Oct. 21, 1980 to Porter and U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,086 issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Ellinwood and Gupta.
  • transdermal administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,652 issued May 21, 1991 to Rose and Jarvik.
  • administration to the animal may be by various oral methods, for instance as a tablet, capsule, or powder (crystalline form) that is swallowed.
  • oral administration may include that the secondary amide derivative is admixed in a carrier fluid appropriate therefor so that it is administered as a liquid (solution or suspension) that is drunk.
  • appropriate fluids include, but are not limited to, water, rehydration solutions (i.e., water with electrolytes such as potassium citrate and sodium chloride, for instance the solution available under the trade name RESOL® from Wyeth Laboratories), nutritional fluids (i.e., milk, fruit juice), and combinations thereof.
  • the oral administration may be as a component of the diet, such as human food, animal feed, and combinations thereof.
  • contemplated in addition to oral administration such as by way of the mouth, contemplated also is administration of a solution or suspension to the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum, such as by gavage, i.e., by way of a feeding tube.
  • Gavage type of administration is useful for when the cancer has progressed and the animal can no longer swallow food, medicine, et cetera, by mouth.
  • Medicaments other than a secondary amide derivative may include, but are not limited to, osmolytic polyols and osmolytic amino acids (i.e., myo-inositol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, proline, and taurine), cardiotonics (i.e., glycocyamine), analgesics, antibiotics, electrolytes (i.e., organic or mineral electrolytes such as salts), and combinations thereof.
  • osmolytic polyols and osmolytic amino acids i.e., myo-inositol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, proline, and taurine
  • cardiotonics i.e., glycocyamine
  • analgesics antibiotics
  • electrolytes i.e., organic or mineral electrolytes such as salts
  • a suitable dosing amount of secondary amide derivative for administration to the animal should range from about 0.5 mg to about 7.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, more preferably from about 1.5 mg to about 6.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, and even more preferably from about 2.0 mg to about 5.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day. Administration may be one or more times per day to achieve the total desired daily dose. Of course, the amount can vary depending on the severity of the cancer and/or the age of the animal.
  • the present invention should be useful in the treatment of cancer in animals, wherein the cancer is caused by pathogens (i.e., parasites, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, including toxic agents in food), nutritional factors (i.e., excess mineral salts, excess protein, allergic agents in food, undigestible food components, or poor quality ingredients in food), environmental factors that act as stressors or pollutants (i.e., heat, chilling, shipment of animals, or toxins such as from air and/or water pollution), and/or physiological disorders such as those of the digestive tract, pulmonary/circulatory system, liver, kidneys, colon, and/or pancreas.
  • pathogens i.e., parasites, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, including toxic agents in food
  • nutritional factors i.e., excess mineral salts, excess protein, allergic agents in food, undigestible food components, or poor quality ingredients in food
  • environmental factors that act as stressors or pollutants i.e., heat, chilling, shipment of animals, or
  • the present invention indicates that COOH-containing drugs that are not COX-2 selective inhibitors, such as the NSAID known as indomethacin, when converted into secondary amides, results in isozyme specificity for COX-2 and thus presents an efficient strategy for the generation of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors.
  • COX-2 selective inhibitors such as the NSAID known as indomethacin
  • indomethacin the NSAID known as indomethacin
  • amides that were made and their selective COX-2 inhibition properties are listed in the Table below.
  • a total of 31 analogs (31 amide derivatives) of indomethacin were prepared.
  • Various nitrogen-containing substituents i.e., amines
  • that replaced the OH of the COOH in order to create an amide, included aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, aminoarylalkyl, aminoethers, or aminopyridinyl moieties as part of the nitrogen-containing substituent.
  • the most potent amide analogs in the indomethacin derivative series displayed IC 50 values for inhibition of purified human COX-2 in the low nanomolar range with COX-2 selectivity ratios ranging from >1000 to 4000.
  • IC 50 values for the inhibition of purified human COX-2 or ovine COX-1 by test compounds were determined by the TLC assay discussed below.
  • Ovine COX-1 was used because it is very easy to isolate and to purify the enzyme from sheep seminal vesicles, whereas human COX-1 is normally obtained by over expression in an insect cell system and is very difficult to handle and especially to purify.
  • COX-1 from sheep is >90% similar to COX-1 from humans.
  • NSAIDs inhibition of COX-1 from these two sources by NSAIDs has been reported in the published literature and the IC 50 values are similar, suggesting no dramatic active site differences.
  • COX-1 was purified from ram seminal vesicles obtained from Oxford Biomedical Research, Inc. (Oxford, Mich.).
  • the specific activity of the protein was 20 ( ⁇ MO 2 /minute)/mg, and the percentage of holoprotein was 13.5%.
  • Samples of human COX-2 (1.62 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) were obtained by expression of insect cell cloned human COX-2 carried on baculovirus vectors, followed by purification.
  • the enzymes obtained after purification were apo (i.e., they lacked the hemprosthetic group). They were reconstituted with hematin purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.) in the assays to render them to their natural states which is holo (i.e., natural COX-1 and natural COX-2 contain the hemprosthetic group) so that the inhibition by test compounds had physiological relevance.
  • time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity for ovine COX-1 (44 nM) and human COX-2 (66 nM) using the TLC assay was determined as follows. Reaction mixtures of 200 ⁇ L contained hematin-reconstituted protein in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 500 ⁇ M phenol, and [1- 14 C]-arachidonic acid (50 ⁇ M, ⁇ 55-57 mCi/mmol).
  • hematin-reconstituted COX-1 44 nM
  • COX-2 66 nM
  • hematin-reconstituted COX-1 44 nM
  • COX-2 66 nM
  • [1- 14 C]-arachidonic acid 50 ⁇ M
  • [1- 14 C]-arachidonic acid ⁇ 55-57 mCi/mmol
  • NS-398 and 2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-sulfoamidophenyl oxazole which are two of the above-mentioned acidic sulfonamides: namely, NS-398: IC 50 (COX-2) ⁇ 0.12 ⁇ M; IC50 (COX-1)>66 ⁇ M; and 2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-sulfoamidophenyl oxazole: IC 50 (COX-2) ⁇ 0.06 ⁇ M; IC 50 (COX-1)>66 ⁇ M.
  • the N-methyl amide derivative (compound 1) displayed selective COX-2 inhibition (IC 50 (COX-2) ⁇ 0.70 ⁇ M; IC 50 (COX-1)>66 ⁇ M).
  • Increments in COX-2 inhibitory potency and selectivity was observed with the higher octyl homolog (compound 3); however, further increase in chain length to the nonyl derivative (compound 4) led to some loss of COX-2 selectivity (compound 3: IC 50 (COX-2) ⁇ 37.5 nM; IC 50 (COX-1) 66 ⁇ M; compound 4: IC 50 (COX-2) ⁇ 40 nM; IC 50 (COX-1) ⁇ 16.5 ⁇ M).
  • the 4-methylbenzyl amide derivative (compound 6) was 133-fold selective for COX-2, whereas the corresponding 2-methylbenzyl isomer (compound 5) was >440 times more selective as a COX-2 inhibitor.
  • the R--methyl-(4-methylbenzyl) enantiomer (compound 7) was a better inhibitor of COX-2 than the corresponding S-methyl enantiomer (compound 8).
  • the secondary amides were selective COX-2 inhibitors, whereas the tertiary amides were devoid of any inhibitory effect towards either isozyme i.e., measurement of COX-2 inhibition for the tertiary amides was stopped at an extremely high IC value (see the value of 33 for both compounds 9 and 10) and still >80% COX-1 activity remained.
  • Arg106 is the only positively charged residue in the fatty acid binding site and is important for binding the carboxylic acid moiety of an NSAID with Tyr341Ala, which is juxtaposed to Arg106 at the constriction site and is responsible for the selective binding of the S-enantiomers but not the R-enantiomers in the 2-phenylpropionate class of NSAIDs including flurbiprofen.
  • NSAIDs include flurbiprofen.
  • the inhibition profile of the Val509IleArg499HisVal420Ile mutant also known as the VRV mutant which incorporates the major amino acid changes between COX-2 and COX-1 in the side pocket region and is responsible for binding the diarylheterocycles.
  • indomethacin displayed a slightly better potency against wild-type mouse COX-2 than compound 11 (indomethacin: IC 50 (mouse COX-2) ⁇ 25 nM; compound 11: IC 50 (mouse COX-2) ⁇ 35 nM). Furthermore, the Tyr341Ala and the triple mutant VRV was resistant to inhibition by each of indomethacin and compound 11, whereas the Arg106Gln mutant was resistant to inhibition by indomethacin but was effectively inhibited by compound 11 (IC 50 ⁇ 25 nM).
  • indomethacin displayed greater inhibition of the mouse enzyme than of the human isoform (IC 50 (mouse COX-2) ⁇ 350 nM; IC 50 (human COX-2) ⁇ 1 ⁇ M).
  • an indomethacin-amide derivative compound 11 was a better inhibitor of human COX-2 than of murine COX-2 (compound 11: IC 50 (mouse COX-2) ⁇ 120 nM; IC 50 (human COX-2) ⁇ 75 nM).
  • Compound 14 was tested in a standard in vivo assay of inflammation—the rat foot pad edema model. This assay is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate antiinflammatory compounds. Rats were injected with carrageenan, which triggers a rapid edema (swelling) within 3 hours that can be quantitatively measured by volume displacement. A single dose of compound 14 (2 mg/kg) given orally 1 hour after carrageenan injection caused a dramatic decrease in swelling.
  • mice 25 g, 6-8 weeks old, Harlan Sprague-Dawley mice (25 g, 6-8 weeks old, Harlan Sprague-Dawley)were injected intraperitoneally with 100 ⁇ L vehicle (5% ethanol, 5% Tween 80 in sterile aqueous PBS) or 100 ⁇ L compound 11 in vehicle immediately prior to subcutaneous implantation of 5 ⁇ 10 6 HCA-7 (human colon adenocarcinoma, colony 29) cells in PBS into the dorsal surface.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Rheumatology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Indole Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

A method of treating animals having cancer by administration of secondary amide derivatives of various COOH-containing drugs, such as COOH-containing NSAIDs, for instance, indomethacin.

Description

    GOVERNMENT INTEREST
  • [0001] This research was funded by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health (Research Grant No. CA47479). Thus, the United States government has certain rights in the invention.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention, in general, relates to conversion of the carboxylic acid moiety of various compounds into amide derivatives of the compounds. More specifically, the present invention relates to secondary amide derivatives of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly of indomethacin (an NSAID), that exhibit inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) far exceeding inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and also, that still exhibit the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect of the compound, i.e., of the NSAID, and moreover, also exhibit cancer inhibition, i.e., an antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic effect, in warm blooded vertebrate animals, including humans. [0002]
    • TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
  • [0003]
    Abbreviations Definitions
    NSAID non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug
    COOH carboxylic acid moiety
    COX cyclooxygenase
    PGH2 prostaglandin H2
    PGD2 prostaglandin D2
    PGHS prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase
    PER peroxidase
    SAR structure-activity relationship
    GI gastrointestinal
    IC50 concentration in micromoles of
    indomethacin (or the indomethacin
    derivative) at which there is 50%
    inhibition of COX activity-the lower
    the IC50 is, then the more potent the
    drug is
    DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
    14C-AA [1-14C]-arachidonic acid
    HPLC high performance liquid
    chromatography
    TLC thin layer chromatography
    mg milligram
    kg kilogram
    mL milliliter
    μM micromole/liter
    μL microliter
    N normal (when used in conjunction
    with acid concentrations)
    NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
    Et2O diethyl ether
    EtOAc ethyl acetate
    Et3N triethyl amine
    AcOH acetic acid
    CDCl3 deuteriated chloroform
    rt room temperature (about 72° F., 22° C.)
    BOP-Cl bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphonic
    chloride (sold by Aldrich in
    Wisconsin), and also see the journal
    article, Diago-Meseguer, Palomo-
    Coll, Fernandez-Lizarbe, and
    Zugaza-Bilbao, “New Reagent for
    Activating Carboxyl Groups;
    Preparation and Reactions of N,N-
    Bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]
    phosphorodiamidic Chloride”,
    Synthesis (1980) pp. 547-551
    mp melting point
    FBS fetal bovine serum
    DMEM Dulbecco's modified essential medium
    LPS lipopolysaccharide
    PBS phosphate-buffered saline
    IFN-g interferon gamma
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • As discussed in more detail below, the COX enzyme is really two enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which serve different physiological and pathophysiological functions. As is well known, at antiinflammatory and/or analgesic doses, indomethacin, aspirin, and other NSAIDs effect great inhibition of COX-1, which protects the lining of the stomach from acid, along with relatively minimal inhibition of COX-2, which provokes inflammation in response to joint injury or a disease like arthritis. Also, certain NSAIDs possess essentially the same inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2. Thus, zeroing in on inhibition of COX-2 alone has been the goal of drug developers for several years in order to reduce or eliminate the GI irritation caused by COX-1 inhibition. [0004]
  • More specifically, as discussed in Smith, Garavito, and DeWitt, “D.L. Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthases (Cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2”, [0005] J. Biol. Chem., (1996) Vol. 271, pp. 33157-33160, the pertinent step in prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis involves the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGH2, which is catalyzed by the sequential action of the COX and PER activities of PGHS, as set out in the following reaction scheme:
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00001
  • That COX activity originates from two distinct and independently regulated enzymes, termed COX-1 and COX-2, is described in DeWitt and Smith, “Primary Structure of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase from Sheep Vesicular Gland Determined from the Complementary DNA Sequence”, [0006] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988) Vol. 85, pp. 1412-1416; Yokoyama and Tanabe, “Cloning of Human Gene Encoding Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase and Primary Structure of the Enzyme”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1989) Vol. 165, pp. 888-894; and Hla and Neilson, “Human Cyclooxygenase-2-cDNA”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) Vol. 89, pp. 7384-7388.
  • COX-1 is the constitutive isoform and is mainly responsible for the synthesis of cytoprotective prostaglandins in the GI tract and for the synthesis of thromboxane, which triggers platelet aggregation in blood platelets. See, Allison, Howatson, Torrence, Lee, and Russell, “Gastrointestinal Damage Associated with the Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs”, [0007] N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) Vol. 327, pp. 749-754.
  • On the other hand, COX-2 is inducible and short-lived. Its expression is stimulated in response to endotoxins, cytokines, and mitogens. See, Kujubu, Fletcher, Varnum, Lim, and Herschman, “TIS10, A Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoter Inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 Cells, Encodes a Novel Prostaglandin Synthase/Cyclooxygenase Homologue”, [0008] J. Biol. Chem. (1991) Vol. 266, pp. 12866-12872; Lee, Soyoola, Chanmugam, Hart, Sun, Zhong, Liou, Simmons, and Hwang, “Selective Expression of Mitogen-Inducible Cyclooxygenase in Macrophages Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide”, J. Biol. Chem. (1992) Vol. 267, pp. 25934-25938; and O'Sullivan, Huggins, Jr., and Mccall, “Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression of Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 in Aveolar Macrophages is Inhibited by Dexamethasone by not by Aspirin”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) Vol. 191, pp. 1294-1300.
  • Importantly, COX-2 plays a major role in prostaglandin biosynthesis in inflammatory cells (monocytes/macrophages) and in the central nervous system. See, Masferrer, Zweifel, Manning, Hauser, Leahy, Smith, Isakson, and Seibert, “Selective Inhibition of Inducible Cyclooxygenase-2 in vivo is Antiinflammatory and Nonulcerogenic”, [0009] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) Vol. 91, pp. 3228-3232; Vane, Mitchell, Appleton, Tomlinson, Bishop-Bailey, Croxtall, and Willoughby, “Inducible Isoforms of Cyclooxygenase and Nitric Oxide Synthase in Inflammation”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) Vol. 91, pp. 2046-2050; Harada, Hatanaka, Saito, Majima, Ogino, Kawamura, Ohno, Yang, Katori, and Yamamoto, “Detection of Inducible Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 in Cells in the Exudate of Rat Carrageenin-Induced Pleurisy”, Biomed. Res. (1994) Vol. 15, pp. 127-130; Katori, Harada, Hatanaka, Kawamura, Ohno, Aizawa, and Yamamoto, “Induction of Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 in Rat Carrageenin-Induced Pleurisy and Effect of a Selective COX-2 Inhibitor”, Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, and Leukotriene Research (1995) Vol. 23, pp. 345-347; and Kennedy, Chan, Culp, and Cromlish, “Cloning and Expression of Rat Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase (Cyclooxygenase-2) cDNA”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1994) Vol. 197, pp. 494-500.
  • Hence, the differential tissue distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 provides a basis for the development of drugs that are selective COX-2 inhibitors (i.e., specificity for inhibition of COX-2 far exceeds inhibition of COX-1) as antiinflammatory, analgesic, and/or antipyretic agents with minimization of or without the GI and hematologic liabilities from COX-1 inhibition that plague most all currently marketed NSAIDs, most of which inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, with specificity for COX-1 inhibition greatly exceeding that for COX-2 inhibition, although some have essentially similar inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2. See, for instance, Meade, Smith, and DeWitt, “Differential Inhibition of Prostaglandin Indoperoxide Synthase (Cyclooxygenase) Isozymes by Aspirin and Other Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs”, [0010] J. Biol. Chem., (1993) Vol. 268, pp. 6610-6614.
  • Detailed SAR studies have been reported for two general structural classes of selective COX-2 inhibitors (specificity for COX-2 inhibition far exceeds COX-1 inhibition) including certain acidic sulfonamides and diarylheterocyclics. The in vivo activities of these selective COX-2 inhibitors validate the concept that selective COX-2 inhibition is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic, as discussed in the following journal articles. Gans, Galbraith, Roman, Haber, Kerr, Schmidt, Smith, Hewes, and Ackerman, “Anti-Inflammatory and Safety Profile of DuP 697, a Novel Orally Effective Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitor”, [0011] J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1990) Vol. 254, pp. 180-187; Penning, Talley, Bertenshaw, Carter, Collins, Docter, Graneto, Lee, Malecha, Miyashiro, Rogers, Rogier, Yu, Anderson, Burton, Cogburn, Gregory, Koboldt, Perkins, Seibert, Veenhuizen, Zhang, and Isakson, “Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the 1,5-Diarylpyrazole Class of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: Identification of 4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (SC-58635, Celecoxib)”, J. Med. Chem. (1997) Vol. 40, pp. 1347-1365; Khanna, Weier, Yu, Xu, Koszyk, Collins, Koboldt, Veenhuizen, Perkins, Casler, Masferrer, Zhang, Gregory, Seibert, and Isakson, “1,2-Diarylimidazoles as Potent Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective, and Orally Active Antiinflammatory Agents”, J. Med. Chem. (1997) Vol. 40, pp. 1634-1647; Khanna, Weier, Yu, Collins, Miyashiro, Koboldt, Veenhuizen, Curie, Siebert, and Isakson, “1,2-Diarylpyrroles as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2”, J. Med. Chem. (1997) Vol. 40, pp. 1619-1633; Tsuji, Nakamura, Konishi, Tojo, Ochi, Senoh, and Matsuo, “Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 1,5-Diarylyrazoles and Related Derivatives”, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1997) Vol. 45, pp. 987-995; Riendeau, Percival, Boyce, Brideau, Charleson, Cromlish, Ethier, Evans, Falgueyret, Ford-Hutchinson, Gordon, Greig, Gresser, Guay, Kargman, Léger, Mancini, O'Neill, Quellet, Rodger, Thérien, Wang, Webb, Wong, Xu, Young, Zamboni, Prasit, and Chan, “Biochemical and Pharmacological Profile of a Tetrasubstituted Furanone as a Highly Selective COX-2 Inhibitor”, Br. J. Pharmacol. (1997) Vol. 121, pp. 105-117; Roy, Leblanc, Ball, Brideau, Chan, Chauret, Cromlish, Ethier, Gauthier, Gordon, Greig, Guay, Kargman, Lau, O'Neill, Silva, Thérien, Van Staden, Wong, Xu, and Prasit, “A New Series of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: 5,6-Diarylthiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]-triazoles”, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1997) Vol. 7, pp. 57-62; Thérien, Brideau, Chan, Cromlish, Gauthier, Gordon, Greig, Kargman, Lau, Leblanc, Li, O'Neill, Riendeau, Roy, Wang, Xu, and Prasit, “Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5,6-Diarylimidazo[2.1-b]thiazoles as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors”, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1997) Vol. 7, pp. 47-52; Li, Norton, Reinhard, Anderson, Gregory, Isakson, Koboldt, Masferrer, Perkins, Seibert, Zhang, Zweifel, and Reitz, “Novel Terphenyls as Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors and Orally Active Anti-Inflammatory Agents”, J. Med. Chem. (1996) Vol. 39, pp. 1846-1856; Li, Anderson, Burton, Cogburn, Collins, Garland, Gregory, Huang, Isakson, Koboldt, Logusch, Norton, Perkins, Reinhard, Seibert, Veenhuizen, Zhang, and Reitz, “1,2-Diarylcyclopentenes as Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors and Orally Active Anti-Inflammatory Agents”, J. Med. Chem. (1995) Vol. 38, pp. 4570-4578; Reitz, Li, Norton, Reinhard, Huang, Penick, Collins, and Garland, “Novel 1,2-Diarylcyclopentenes are Selective Potent and Orally Active Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors”, Med. Chem. Res. (1995) Vol. 5, pp. 351-363; Futaki, Yoshikawa, Hamasaka, Arai, Higuchi, Iizuka, and Otomo, “NS-398, A Novel Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug with Potent Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects, which Causes Minimal Stomach Lesions”, Gen. Phamacol. (1993) Vol. 24, pp. 105-110; Wiesenberg-Boetcher, Schweizer, Green, Muller, Maerki, and Pfeilschifter, “The Pharmacological Profile of CGP 28238, A Novel Highly Potent Anti-Inflammatory Compound”, Drugs Exptl Clin Res. (1989) Vol. XV, pp. 501-509; Futaki, Takahashi, Yokoyama, Arai, Higuchi, and Otomo, “NS-398, A New Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Selectively Inhibits Prostaglandin G/H Synthase/Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) Activity in vitro”, Prostaglandins (1994) Vol. 47, pp. 55-59; Klein, Nusing, Pfeilschifter, and Ullrich, “Selective Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2”, Biochem. Pharmacol. (1994) Vol. 48, pp. 1605-1610; Li, Black, Chan, Ford-Hutchinson, Gauthier, Gordon, Guay, Kargman, Lau, Mancini, Quimet, Roy, Vickers, Wong, Young, Zamboni, and Prasit, “Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of 5-Methanesulfonamido-1-indanone Derivatives”, J. Med. Chem. (1995) Vol. 38, pp. 4897-8905; Prasit, Black, Chan, Ford-Hutchinson, Gauthier, Gordon, Guay, Kargman, Lau, Li, Mancini, Quimet, Roy, Tagari, Vickers, Wong, Young, and Zamboni, “L-745,337: A Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor”, Med. Chem. Res. (1995) Vol. 5, pp. 364-374; Tanaka, Shimotori, Makino, Aikawa, Inaba, Yoshida, and Takano, “Pharmacological Studies of the New Antiinflammatory Agent 3-Formylamino-7-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. 1st Communication: Antiinflammatory, Analgesic and Other Related Properties”, Arzniem.-Forsch./Drug Res. (1992) Vol. 42, pp. 935-944; Nakamura, Tsuji, Konishi, Okumura, and Matsuo, “Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Agents. I. Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 2′-(phenylthio)methanesulfonamides and Related Derivatives”, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1993) Vol. 41, pp. 894-906; Chan, Boyce, Brideau, Ford-Hutchinson, Gordon, Guay, Hill, Li, Mancini, Penneton, Prasit, Rasori, Riendeau, Roy, Tagari, Vickers, Wong, and Rodger, “Pharmacology of a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor, L-745,337: A Novel Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agent with an Ulcerogenic Sparing Effect in Rat and Nonhuman Primate Stomach”, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) Vol. 274, pp. 1531-1537; and Graedon and Graedon, “Pills Promise Relief without Ulcers”, The Raleigh, N.C. News and Observer, p. 8D (Sep. 13, 1998) which addresses, in general terms, the development of celecoxib, meloxicam, and vioxx as selective COX-2 inhibitors.
  • Representative acidic sulfonamides and diarylheterocyclics that have been reported as selective COX-2 inhibitors in the journal articles mentioned in the above paragraph are: [0012]
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00002
  • Although acidic sulfonamides and diarylheterocyclics have been extensively studied as selective COX-2 inhibitors, there are very few reports on converting NSAIDs that are selective COX-1 inhibitors into selective COX-2 inhibitors. See, Black, Bayly, Belley, Chan, Charleson, Denis, Gauthier, Gordon, Guay, Kargman, Lau, Leblanc, Mancini, Quellet, Percival, Roy, Skorey, Tagari, Vickers, Wong, Xu, and Prasit, “From Indomethacin to a Selective COX-2 Inhibitor: Development of Indolalkanoic Acids as Potent and Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors”, [0013] Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1996) Vol. 6, pp. 725-730; Luong, Miller, Barnett, Chow, Ramesha, and Browner, “Flexibility of the NSAID Binding Site in the Structure of Human Cyclooxygenase-2”, Nature Structural Biol. (1996) Vol. 3, pp. 927-933; and Kalgutkar, Crews, Rowlinson, Garner, Seibert, and Marnett, “Aspirin-Like Molecules that Covalently Inactivate Cyclooxygenase-2”, Science (1998) Vol. 280, pp. 1268-1270.
  • Also, interesting is U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,964 (issued in 1997) to Ashton et al., assignors to the University of Kentucky Research Foundation, which shows conversion of indomethacin (an NSAID) into certain ester derivatives with concomitant reduction of GI irritation (see, FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,964 for the structure of the ester derivatives). Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,966 (Parent) (issued in 1997) and 5,811,438 (CIP) (issued in 1998), both to Hellberg et al., assignors to Alcon Laboratories, show conversion of various NSAIDs (such as indomethacin) into certain ester derivatives and amide derivatives (which are useful as antioxidants and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase) but do not address COX-2 selective inhibition. [0014]
  • Moreover, although U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,285,908 (issued in 1966) and 3,336,194 (issued in 1967), both to Shen, assignor to Merck & Co., Inc., describe various secondary and tertiary amide derivatives of indomethacin, the patents fail to address COX inhibition, probably because COX inhibition (both COX-1 and COX-2) was undiscovered in the 1960's, and thus fail to recognize that tertiary amide derivatives do not inhibit either COX-1 or COX-2. (Also, see comparison compounds 9 and 10 in the Examples below.) However, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,436,265 (issued in 1995) to Black et al. and 5,510,368 (issued in 1996) to Lau et al., both patents assigned to Merck Frosst Canada, Inc., describe, respectively, 1-aroyl-3-indolyl alkanoic acids and N-benzyl-3-indoleacetic acids as COX-2 selective inhibitors. [0015]
  • In the present investigation, the possibility has been explored for designing selective COX-2 inhibitors using as templates various compounds, such as NSAIDs, (1) that are selective COX-1 inhibitors or (2) that have essentially the same inhibitory activity for both COX-1 and COX-2. These two kinds of compounds are collectively referred to as compounds that are not selective COX-2 inhibitors. [0016]
  • More particularly, analysis of the human COX-2 crystal structure complexed with zomepirac-derived selective COX-2 inhibitors indicates that the structural basis for selectivity by zomepirac-derived compounds is different from that of diarylheterocyclics. See, Luong et al. mentioned above. Unlike diarylheterocyclics, zomepirac analogs do not utilize the side pocket; instead they breech the constriction at the mouth of the COX active site occupied by Arg106 and Tyr341 and project down the lobby region. The projection into this sterically uncongested region in the COX-2 active site opens the possibility that making a wide range of analogs of COOH-containing NSAIDs, each with a different pendent functional group replacing the OH of the COOH, would accomplish many purposes related to drug discovery or development. For example, certain pendent groups could improve water-solubility, bioavailability, or pharmacokinetics. Another possibility would be to attach a pendent pharmacophore in order to target a completely different protein leading to compounds with dual pharmacological functions. [0017]
  • Abbott Laboratories and Parke-Davis have attempted the pharmacophore approach. See, respectively, Kolasa, Brooks, Rodriques, Summers, Dellaria, Hulkower, Bouska, Bell, and Carter, “Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Scaffolds for the Design of 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors”, [0018] J. Med. Chem. (1997) Vol. 40, pp. 819-824; and Flynn, Capiris, Cetenko, Connor, Dyer, Kostlan, Niese, Schrier, and Sircar, “Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Hydroxamic Acids. Dual Inhibitors of Both Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase”, J. Med. Chem. (1990) Vol. 33, pp. 2070-2072. Both Kolasa et al. and Flynn et al. reported that replacement of the carboxylic acid group in NSAIDs with a hydroxamic acid moiety or a hydroxyurea moiety provided dual inhibitors of COX and 5-lipoxygenase. Nevertheless, none of the analogs displayed any significant selective COX-2 inhibition, and furthermore the hydroxamates underwent facile hydrolysis.
  • However, nothing in the above-discussed literature suggests that converting a COOH-containing drug, such as a COOH-containing NSAID, that is not selective for COX-2 inhibition into a derivative that is selective for COX-2 inhibition would also result in that derivative being a cancer inhibitor. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that sulindac sulfide (an NSAID which contains a COOH moiety as well as a methyl sulfide moiety) is a 40-fold more potent inhibitor against COX-1 than COX-2, yet also exhibits inhibition of tumors. On the other hand, a derivative, namely sulindac sulfone (which contains a COOH moiety as well as a methyl sulfone moiety) does not inhibit either COX-1 or COX-2, but still exhibits inhibition of tumors. [0019]
  • Thus, it would be desirable to find certain COOH-containing drugs, such as COOH-containing NSAIDs, which are not selective COX-2 inhibitors (either display an inhibition for COX-1 far exceeding inhibition of COX-2 or display essentially the same inhibition for COX-1 and COX-2) that would, when converted into certain derivatives, become selective COX-2 inhibitors (display an inhibition for COX-2 far exceeding inhibition for COX-1), as well as retain the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect of the drug, and yet exhibit other effects not exhibited by the drug prior to derivatization, such as cancer inhibition. [0020]
    • SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
  • Surprisingly with the present invention, it has been found that derivatization of the carboxylic acid moiety of certain compounds, such as certain NSAIDs, that are not selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as indomethacin, into secondary amide analogs creates isozyme specificity for COX-2. Moreover, the resultant secondary amide derivative is not only a selective COX-2 inhibitor, but also is a cancer inhibitor, i.e., exhibits antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic activity, and preferably, also retains the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic of the compound. [0021]
  • Therefore, the present invention provides a method for cancer treatment in a warm blooded vertebrate animal. The method comprises administering to the animal a treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer of a carboxylic acid secondary amide derivative of a compound. The derivative is selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. The compound (a) is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor but is not selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and (b) contains a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferably, the compound is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0022]
  • Hence, it is an object of the invention to provide a cancer treatment that minimizes or obviates GI irritation. [0023]
  • Moreover, it is an advantage of the present invention that the cancer treatment is also analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic, absent the concomitant administration of an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic drug, such as an NSAID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0024]
  • Some of the objects of the invention having been stated above, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds, when taken in connection with the Laboratory Examples as described below. [0025]
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention involves a method for treating cancer in an animal that is a warm-blooded vertebrate. Therefore, the invention concerns mammals and birds. [0026]
  • Contemplated is the treatment of mammals such as humans, as well as those mammals of importance due to being endangered (such as Siberian tigers), of economical importance (animals raised on farms for consumption by humans) and/or social importance (animals kept as pets or in zoos) to humans, for instance, carnivores other than humans (such as cats and dogs), swine (pigs, hogs, and wild boars), ruminants (such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels), and horses. Also contemplated is the treatment of birds, including the treatment of those kinds of birds that are endangered, kept in zoos, as well as fowl, and more particularly domesticated fowl, i.e., poultry, such as turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and the like, as they are also of economical importance to humans. [0027]
  • Thus, contemplated is the treatment of livestock, including, but not limited to, domesticated swine (pigs and hogs), ruminants, horses, poultry, and the like. [0028]
  • More particularly, a treatment effective amount of a secondary amide derivative of a carboxylic acid-containing compound is administered to the warm-blooded vertebrate animal. Thus, the invention comprises administration of the secondary amide derivative in concentrations calculated to provide the animal being treated with the appropriate milieu to provide prevention, control, or cessation of cancer. Moreover, in the preferred embodiment, the secondary amide derivative possesses an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic property as possessed by the carboxylic acid-containing compound prior to derivatization, and thus, the cancer treatment provides an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect in the animal and is free of concomitant administration of another drug for providing such effect. [0029]
  • By carboxylic-acid containing compound or COOH-containing compound as used herein in connection with the present invention, it is intended to include pharmaceutically acceptable acid salts of the compound. Thus, for instance, the COOH moiety includes COOM, where M is Na and the like. [0030]
  • The derivatives useful in the method of the present invention are secondary amide derivatives of drugs having a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for instance, secondary amide derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs having a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A number of chemical classes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been identified, as described in [0031] CRC Handbook of Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, and Related Lipids, Volume II, Drugs Acting Via the Eicosanoids, pages 59-133, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1989).
  • The NSAID may be selected, therefore, from a variety of chemical classes including, but not limited to, fenamic acids, such as flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, and mefenamic acid; indoles, such as indomethacin, sulindac, and tolmetin; phenylalkanoic acids, such as suprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen; and phenylacetic acids, such as diclofenac. Further examples of NSAIDs are listed below: [0032]
    aceloferac etodolic acid loxoprofen
    alcofenac fenbufen meclofenamate
    amfenac fenclofenac naproxen
    benoxaprofen fenclorac orpanoxin
    bromfenac fenoprofen pirprofen
    carprofen fleclozic acid pranoprofen
    clidanac indoprofen tolfenamic acid
    diflunisal isofezolac zaltoprofen
    efenamic acid ketoprofen zomopirac
  • More specifically, preferred secondary amide derivatives useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, secondary amide derivatives of the following COOH-containing NSAIDs: 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthylacetic acid (and its Na acid salt form known as naproxen), meclofenamic acid, and diclofenac, with secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin being preferred, and that indomethacin derivative described below as compound 11 being especially preferred. Also, the secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin, where the Cl at the 4-position of the benzoyl moiety is replaced with Br or F, should work in the present invention. [0033]
  • Even more preferred are the secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin including, but are not limited to, indomethacin-N-methyl amide, indomethacin-N-ethan-2-ol amide, indomethacin-N-octyl amide, indomethacin-N-nonyl amide, indomethacin-N-(2-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((R)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((S)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-phenethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-fluorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-chlorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-acetamidophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methylmercapto)phenyl amide, indomethacin-N-(3-methylmercaptophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(3-ethoxyphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)amide, indomethacin-N-(3-pyridyl) amide, indomethacin-N-5-((2-chloro)pyridyl) amide, indomethacin-N-5-((1-ethyl)pyrazolo) amide, indomethacin-N-(3-chloropropyl) amide, indomethacin-N-methoxycarbonylmethyl amide, indomethacin-N-2-(2-L-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-2-(2-D-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylmethylphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-pyrazinyl) amide, indomethacin-N-2-(4-methylthiazolyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-biphenyl) amide, and combinations thereof. [0034]
  • The secondary amide derivative may be administered to the animal as a suppository or as a supplement to fluids that are administered internally or parenterally, for instance nutriment fluids such as intervenous sucrose solutions. Furthermore, intraoral (such as buccal or sublingual) administration or transdermal (such as with a skin patch) administration to the animal is also contemplated. A good discussion of intraoral administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,447 issued Oct. 21, 1980 to Porter and U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,086 issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Ellinwood and Gupta. A good discussion of transdermal administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,652 issued May 21, 1991 to Rose and Jarvik. [0035]
  • Additionally, administration to the animal may be by various oral methods, for instance as a tablet, capsule, or powder (crystalline form) that is swallowed. Also, oral administration may include that the secondary amide derivative is admixed in a carrier fluid appropriate therefor so that it is administered as a liquid (solution or suspension) that is drunk. When the secondary amide derivative is admixed in a carrier fluid, appropriate fluids include, but are not limited to, water, rehydration solutions (i.e., water with electrolytes such as potassium citrate and sodium chloride, for instance the solution available under the trade name RESOL® from Wyeth Laboratories), nutritional fluids (i.e., milk, fruit juice), and combinations thereof. Thus, the oral administration may be as a component of the diet, such as human food, animal feed, and combinations thereof. [0036]
  • In addition to oral administration such as by way of the mouth, contemplated also is administration of a solution or suspension to the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum, such as by gavage, i.e., by way of a feeding tube. Gavage type of administration is useful for when the cancer has progressed and the animal can no longer swallow food, medicine, et cetera, by mouth. [0037]
  • Hence, it is also contemplated that additional ingredients, such as various excipients, carriers, surfactants, nutriments, and the like, as well as various medicaments other than a secondary amide derivative, or combinations thereof, may be present together with the secondary amide derivative, whatever the form that the derivative is in. Medicaments other than a secondary amide derivative may include, but are not limited to, osmolytic polyols and osmolytic amino acids (i.e., myo-inositol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, proline, and taurine), cardiotonics (i.e., glycocyamine), analgesics, antibiotics, electrolytes (i.e., organic or mineral electrolytes such as salts), and combinations thereof. [0038]
  • A suitable dosing amount of secondary amide derivative for administration to the animal should range from about 0.5 mg to about 7.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, more preferably from about 1.5 mg to about 6.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, and even more preferably from about 2.0 mg to about 5.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day. Administration may be one or more times per day to achieve the total desired daily dose. Of course, the amount can vary depending on the severity of the cancer and/or the age of the animal. [0039]
  • The present invention should be useful in the treatment of cancer in animals, wherein the cancer is caused by pathogens (i.e., parasites, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, including toxic agents in food), nutritional factors (i.e., excess mineral salts, excess protein, allergic agents in food, undigestible food components, or poor quality ingredients in food), environmental factors that act as stressors or pollutants (i.e., heat, chilling, shipment of animals, or toxins such as from air and/or water pollution), and/or physiological disorders such as those of the digestive tract, pulmonary/circulatory system, liver, kidneys, colon, and/or pancreas. [0040]
  • The present invention indicates that COOH-containing drugs that are not COX-2 selective inhibitors, such as the NSAID known as indomethacin, when converted into secondary amides, results in isozyme specificity for COX-2 and thus presents an efficient strategy for the generation of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The below-discussed extensive SAR study conducted with indomethacin suggests that a variety of secondary amide substituents are tolerated for replacing the OH in the COOH moiety of indomethacin, and these resultant derivatives are as potent and selective as COX-2 inhibitors as are the diarylheterocyclics discussed above. Thus, this strategy has great potential in the development of nonulcerogenic antiinflammatory agents. Moreover, as illustrated in the Examples below, the secondary amide derivatives of the invention also exhibit an anticancer effect.[0041]
    • LABORATORY EXAMPLES
  • The following is noted in connection with the materials and procedures below. [0042]
  • The amides that were made and their selective COX-2 inhibition properties are listed in the Table below. A total of 31 analogs (31 amide derivatives) of indomethacin were prepared. Various nitrogen-containing substituents (i.e., amines) that replaced the OH of the COOH, in order to create an amide, included aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, aminoarylalkyl, aminoethers, or aminopyridinyl moieties as part of the nitrogen-containing substituent. The most potent amide analogs in the indomethacin derivative series displayed IC[0043] 50 values for inhibition of purified human COX-2 in the low nanomolar range with COX-2 selectivity ratios ranging from >1000 to 4000.
  • Well established methodology was utilized in the synthesis of amide derivatives of indomethacin by treatment of the indomethacin with an appropriate amine (designated as R) utilizing BOP-Cl as the carboxylic acid activator to replace the OH of the COOH with R and create an amide. If R was a primary amine, the resultant derivative was a secondary amide, and if R was a secondary amine, the resultant derivative was a tertiary amide. [0044]
  • More specifically, a reaction mixture containing indomethacin (300 mg, 0.84 mmol) and BOP-Cl (218 mg, 0.84 mmol) in 5 mL of anhydrous CH[0045] 2Cl2 was treated with Et3N (167 mg, 0.84 mmol) and allowed to stir at rt for 10 minutes. The mixture was then treated with the appropriate amine (0.94 mmol) designated as R and stirred overnight at rt. Following dilution with CH2Cl2 (30 mL), the resultant solution was washed with water (2×25 mL), 3 N NaOH (2×25 mL), water (2×30 mL), dried (in the presence of MgSO4), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The crude amide was purified by chromatography on silica gel or recrystallization in the appropriate solvent. The reaction scheme was as follows:
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00003
  • IC[0046] 50 values for the inhibition of purified human COX-2 or ovine COX-1 by test compounds were determined by the TLC assay discussed below. Ovine COX-1 was used because it is very easy to isolate and to purify the enzyme from sheep seminal vesicles, whereas human COX-1 is normally obtained by over expression in an insect cell system and is very difficult to handle and especially to purify. COX-1 from sheep is >90% similar to COX-1 from humans. Finally, inhibition of COX-1 from these two sources by NSAIDs has been reported in the published literature and the IC50 values are similar, suggesting no dramatic active site differences. COX-1 was purified from ram seminal vesicles obtained from Oxford Biomedical Research, Inc. (Oxford, Mich.). The specific activity of the protein was 20 (μMO2/minute)/mg, and the percentage of holoprotein was 13.5%. Samples of human COX-2 (1.62 μg/μl) were obtained by expression of insect cell cloned human COX-2 carried on baculovirus vectors, followed by purification.
  • The enzymes obtained after purification were apo (i.e., they lacked the hemprosthetic group). They were reconstituted with hematin purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.) in the assays to render them to their natural states which is holo (i.e., natural COX-1 and natural COX-2 contain the hemprosthetic group) so that the inhibition by test compounds had physiological relevance. [0047]
  • HoloCOX-2 (66 nM) or holoCOX-1 (44 nM) in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 containing 500 μM phenol was treated with several concentrations of indomethacin or an amide derivative of indomethacin at 25° C. for 20 minutes. Since the recombinant COX-2 had a lower specific activity than the ovine COX-1, the protein concentrations were adjusted such that the percentages of total products obtained following catalysis of arachidonic acid (purchased from Nu Chek Prep, Elysian, Minn.) by the two isoforms were comparable. [0048]
  • More specifically, time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity for ovine COX-1 (44 nM) and human COX-2 (66 nM) using the TLC assay was determined as follows. Reaction mixtures of 200 μL contained hematin-reconstituted protein in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 500 μM phenol, and [1-[0049] 14C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM, ˜55-57 mCi/mmol). For the time-dependent inhibition assay, hematin-reconstituted COX-1 (44 nM) or COX-2 (66 nM) was preincubated at rt for 20 minutes with varying inhibitor concentrations in DMSO followed by the addition of [1-14C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM) for 30 seconds at 37° C. [1-14C]-arachidonic acid (˜55-57 mCi/mmol) was purchased from New England Nuclear, Dupont, or American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, Mo.).
  • Reactions were terminated by solvent extraction in Et[0050] 2O/CH3OH/1 M citrate, pH 4.0 (30:4:1). The phases were separated by centrifugation at 2000 g-force for 2 minutes and the organic phase was spotted on a TLC plate (obtained from J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.). The plate was developed in EtOAc/CH2Cl2/glacial AcOH (75:25:1) at 4° C. Radiolabeled prostanoid products were quantitatively determined with a radioactivity scanner (obtained from Bioscan, Inc., Washington, D.C.). The percentage of total products observed at different inhibitor concentrations was divided by the percentage of products observed for protein samples preincubated for the same time with DMSO.
  • Control experiments in the absence of indomethacin indicated ˜25-30% conversion of fatty acid substrate to products, which was sufficient for assessing the inhibitory properties of all test compounds. Under these conditions, indomethacin displayed selective time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of COX-1 (i.e., IC[0051] 50 (COX-1)˜0.050 μM; IC50 (COX-2)˜0.75 μM), whereas the secondary amide derivatives displayed selective COX-2 inhibition and the tertiary amide derivatives did not inhibit either COX-1 or COX-2 (i.e., measurement of COX-2 was stopped at an extremely high IC50 and still >80% COX-2 activity remained). Also, the following is noted for NS-398 and 2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-sulfoamidophenyl oxazole, which are two of the above-mentioned acidic sulfonamides: namely, NS-398: IC50 (COX-2)˜0.12 μM; IC50 (COX-1)>66 μM; and 2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-sulfoamidophenyl oxazole: IC50 (COX-2)˜0.06 μM; IC50 (COX-1)>66 μM.
  • For certain comparison tests, inhibition of COX-2 activity in activated murine RAW264.7 cells was determined as follows. Low passage number murine RAW264.7 cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS. Cells (6.2×10[0052] 6 cells /T25 flask) were activated with 500 ng/mL LPS and 10 units/mL IFN-g in serum-free DMEM for 7 hours. Vehicle (DMSO) or inhibitor in DMSO (0 to 1 μM) was added for 30 minutes at 37° C. Inhibition of exogenous arachidonic acid metabolism or inhibition of PGD2 synthesis was determined by incubating the respective cells with 20 μM 14C-AA for 15 minutes at 25° C. Aliquots (200 μL) were removed into termination solution and total products were quantitatively determined by the TLC assay as described earlier.
  • Melting points were determined using a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Chemical yields were unoptimized specific examples of one preparation. NSAIDs (i.e., indomethacin) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All other chemicals were purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Methylene chloride was purchased as anhydrous from Aldrich and was used as received. All other solvents were HPLC grade. Analytical TLC (Analtech uniplates™) was used to follow the course of reactions. Silica gel (Fisher, 60-100 mesh) was used for column chromatography. [0053] 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra in CDCl3 were recorded on a Bruker WP-360 spectrometer or an AM-400 spectrometer. Chemical shifts were expressed in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane as an internal standard. Spin multiplicities were reported as s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), q (quartet), and m (multiplet). Coupling constants (J) were reported in hertz (Hz).
    • Example I
  • The following carboxylic acid amide derivatives of indomethacin, designated as compounds 1 through 31, were made. (Note: compounds 1, 2, and 9 through 13 are also disclosed in the above-discussed U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,285,908 and 3,336,194, both to Shen, assignor to Merck & Co., Inc.) [0054]
  • Indomethacin-N-methyl amide (compound 1) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90 then 50:50) as a bright yellow solid (271 mg, 79%). mp=187-189° C.; [0055] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.67 (dd, 2H, J=6.6 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (dd, 2H, J=6.7 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 6.88-6.89 (dd, 1H, J=9.1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 6.84-6.87 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 5.22 (bs, 1H, NH), 3.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.65 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.75-2.76 (d, 3H, J=4.8 Hz, CH3), 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-ethan-2-ol amide (compound 2) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc) as a pale yellow solid (143 mg, 39%). mp=162-164° C.; [0056] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.66-7.68 (dd, 2H, J=6.7 Hz and 1.7 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (dd, 2H, J=6.9 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 6.85-6.89 (d and s, 2H, J=9.2 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 6.03 (bs, 1H, NH), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.67 (bs, 4H, 2CH2), 3.35-3.40 (q, 2H, J=4.8 Hz, CH2), 2.44 (bs, 1H, OH), 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-octyl amide (compound 3) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) as a yellow solid (164 mg, 42%). mp=109-111° C.; [0057] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.62-7.65 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.46-7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 6.85-6.89 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.68-6.71 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 5.67 (s, 1H, NH), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.64 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.16-3.22 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.39 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.19 (m, 10H, 5CH2), 0.83-0.88 (t, J=6.2 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-nonyl amide (compound 4) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) as a yellow solid (191 mg, 47%).%). mp=128-130° C.; [0058] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.67 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.89 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.85-6.88 (d, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 5.60-5.63 (bt, J=5.3 Hz, NH), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.64 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.16-3.22 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.36-1.41 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.19-1.28 (m, 12H, 6CH2), 0.84-0.89 (t, J=6.5 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(2-methylbenzyl)amide (compound 5) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 50:50) as a yellow solid (218 mg, 56%). mp=177-179° C.; [0059] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.60-7.61 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.44-7.46 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.06-7.15 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.83-6.89 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.67-6.70 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 5.84 (s, 1H, NH), 4.40-4.41 (d, 2H, J=5.3 Hz, CH2), 3.79 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.70 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.19 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-methylbenzyl)amide (compound 6) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a yellow solid (142 mg, 37%). mp=191-192° C.; [0060] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.63-7.60 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.46-7.44 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.08-7.01 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.88 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.87-6.85 (d, 1H, J=6.3 Hz, ArH), 6.71-6.67 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 5.89 (bt, 1H, NH), 4.38-4.36 (d, 2H, J=5.9 Hz, CH2), 3.78 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-((R)-4-dimethylbenzyl) amide (compound 7) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol to yield a pale yellow solid (124 mg, 31 %). mp=201-202° C.; [0061] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.62-7.64 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.08 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.87-6.90 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.83-6.84 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 5.76-5.78 (bd, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, NH), 5.09-5.14 (m, 1H, CH), 3.76 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.63-3.64 (d, 2H, J=2.8 Hz, CH2), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.35-1.38 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-((S)-4-dimethylbenzyl) amide (compound 8) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a pale yellow solid (163 mg, 41 %). mp=200-201° C.; [0062] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.53-7.55 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.37-7.40 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.94-7.01 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.76-6.82 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.61-6.64 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 5.77-5.79 (bd, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, NH), 5.02-5.07 (m, 1H, CH), 3.69 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.58-3.59 (d, 2H, J=2.9 Hz, CH2), 2.27 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.23 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.28-1.30 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH3).
  • Comparison [0063]
  • Indomethacin-N-methylphenethyl amide (compound 9) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 50:50) as a yellow solid (288 mg, 72%). mp=61-63° C.; [0064] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.67 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.81-6.84 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.63-6.66 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.71 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.57-3.60 (t, 2H, J=5.4 Hz, CH2), 3.43-3.46 (t, 2H, J=5.3 Hz, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.59-1.61 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.52-1.53 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.42-1.43 (m, 2H, CH2).
  • Comparison [0065]
  • Indomethacin-N-piperidinyl amide (compound 10) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 40:60) as a pale yellow solid (146 mg, 41%). mp=161-163° C.; [0066] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.67 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.81-6.84 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.63-6.66 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.71 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.57-3.60 (t, 2H, J=5.4 Hz, CH2), 3.43-3.46 (t, 2H, J=5.3 Hz, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.59-1.61 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.52-1.53 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.42-1.43 (m, 2H, CH2).
  • Indomethacin-N-(2-phenethyl) amide (compound 11) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) as a bright yellow solid (169 mg, 44%). mp=148-150° C.; [0067] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.58-7.60 (d, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.46-7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.12-7.14 (m, 3H, ArH), 6.85-6.95 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.69-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=8.9 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 5.61 (s, 1H, NH), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.59 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.43-3.49 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.68-2.72 (t, 2H, J=6.7 Hz, CH2), 2.04 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-fluorophenyl) amide (compound 12) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 5:95 to 20:80) as an orange solid (217 mg, 57%). mp=200-202° C.; [0068] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.65-7.67 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.32-7.35 (m, 3H, ArH), 6.94-6.99 (m, 3H, ArH, NH), 6.85-6.88 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.0 Hz, ArH), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.79 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-chlorophenyl) amide (compound 13) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a pale yellow solid (234 mg, 56%). mp=209-210° C.; [0069] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.58-7.61 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.40-7.42 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.13-7.27 (m, 5H, ArH), 6.84 (s, 1H, NH), 6.77-6.80 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.62-6.65 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 3.72 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.72 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-acetamidophenyl) amide (compound 14) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a pale yellow solid (221 mg, 54%). mp=256-257° C.; [0070] 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 10.14 (s, 1H, NH), 9.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.62-7.70 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.48 (s, 4H, ArH), 7.18 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.90-6.93 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.73 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.71 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.27 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-methylmercapto)phenyl amide (compound 15) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 50:50) as a bright yellow solid (162 mg, 40%). mp=195-196° C.; [0071] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.70 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.50 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.30-7.33 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.17-7.22 (m, 3H, 2ArH and NH), 6.92-6.93 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.85-6.88 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.69-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 3.80 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.79 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.45 (s, 3H, C3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(3-methylmercaptophenyl) amide (compound 16) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 15:85) as a yellow solid (218 mg, 54%). mp=129-131° C.; [0072] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.62-7.64 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.39 (s, 1H, NH), 7.09-7.18 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.94-6.96 (m, 3H, ArH), 6.86-6.89 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 6.69-6.72 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 3.80 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.78 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.42 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) amide (compound 17) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90 to 25:75) as an orange solid (239 mg, 61%). mp=201-202° C.; [0073] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.70 (dd, 2H, J=6.8 Hz and 1.8 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.51 (d, 2H, J=7.1 Hz, ArH), 7.28-7.29 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.20 (s, 1H, NH), 6.94-6.95 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.86-6.89 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.78-6.84 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.69-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3, 3.79 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.76 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(3-ethoxyphenyl) amide (compound 18) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a bright yellow solid (297 mg, 74%). mp=152-154° C.; [0074] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.68-7.70 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.24 (s, 1H, NH), 7.13-7.18 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.94-6.82 (m, 3H, ArH), 6.70-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz), 6.61-6.65 (dd, 1H, J=8.2 Hz and 1.7 Hz, ArH), 3.96-4.03 (q, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.80 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.36-1.40 (t, 3H, J=7.0 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) amide (compound 19) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90 to 30:70) as a light orange solid (191 mg, 44%). mp=239-241° C.; [0075] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.69 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.20 (s, 1H, NH), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.74 (m, 3H, ArH), 3.78-3.81 (m, 14H, 3CH3 & CH2), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(3-pyridyl) amide (compound 20) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 50:50 to 75:25) as a yellow solid (190 mg, 52%). mp=204-205° C.; [0076] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.39-8.40 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz, ArH), 8.32-8.34 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz, ArH), 8.04-8.08 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.66-7.70 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.48-7.52 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.38 (s, 1H, NH), 7.22-7.25 (m, 1H, ArH), 6.93-6.94 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.85-6.88 (d, 1H, J=9.1 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.74 (dd, 1H, J=9.1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.84 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-5-((2-chloro)pyridyl) amide (compound 21) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 5:95 to 50:50) as a pale yellow solid (221 mg, 56%). mp=196-198° C.; [0077] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.19-8.20 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz, ArH), 8.03-8.06 (dd, 1H, J=8.7 Hz and 2.9 Hz, ArH), 7.59-7.63 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.46-7.51 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.24 (s, 1H, NH), 6.92-6.93 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.84-6.87 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.74 (dd, 1H, J=9.1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.84 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.46 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-5-((1-ethyl)pyrazolo) amide (compound 22) was obtained upon recrystallization from methanol as a pale yellow solid (153 mg, 40%). mp=193-194° C.; [0078] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.66-7.68 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.00 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.83-6.86 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.69-6.72 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 6.35 (s, 1H, ArH), 4.01-4.04 (bd, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, CH2), 3.90 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.24-1.29 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(3-chloropropyl) amide (compound 23) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) as a off-white solid (153 mg, 40%). [0079] 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.11 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.62-7.69 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.09 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.92-6.95 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.71 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz, ArH), 3.80 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.58-3.67 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz, CH2), 3.52 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.15-3.17 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.20 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.81-1.85 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz, CH2).
  • Indomethacin-N-methoxycarbonylmethyl amide (compound 24) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) as a yellow solid (265 mg, 76%). [0080] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.66-7.68 (dd, 2H, J=6.7 Hz and 1.7 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (dd, 2H, J=6.9 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 6.92-6.95 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.70-6.73 (m, 1H, ArH), 6.03 (bs, 1H, NH), 3.98-4.00 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz, CH2), 3.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.71 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-2-(2-L-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide (compound 25) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70 and then 50:50) as a yellow solid (300 mg, 84%). [0081] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.70 (dd, 2H, J=8.5 Hz and 1.85 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (dd, 2H, J=8.4 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 6.91-6.96 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.69-6.73 (m, 1H, ArH), 6.16-6.18 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz, NH), 4.57-4.62 (m, 1H, CH), 3.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.70 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.65 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.32-1.34 (d, 3H, J=7.2 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-2-(2-D-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide (compound 26) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 40:60) as a yellow solid (803 mg, 67%). [0082] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.70 (dd, 2H, J=8.5 Hz and 1.85 Hz, ArH), 7.47-7.50 (dd, 2H, J=8.4 Hz and 1.9 Hz, ArH), 6.91-6.96 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.69-6.73 (dd, 1H, ArH), 6.16-6.18 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz, NH), 4.57-4.62 (m, 1H, CH), 3.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.70 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.65 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.32-1.34 (d, 3H, J=7.2 Hz, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl) amide (compound 27) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 40:60) as a yellow solid (198 mg, 47%). [0083] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.91-7.94 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, ArH), 7.61-7.65 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 7.19-7.21 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, ArH), 6.83-6.88 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.68-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 5.97-5.99 (bt, 1H, J=5.9 Hz, NH), 4.45-4.47 (d, 2H, J=6.1 Hz, CH2), 3.90 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.72 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylmethylphenyl) amide (compound 28) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 20:80) as an yellow solid (100 mg, 23%). [0084] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.70 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.33-7.36 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.18-7.23 (d and bs, 3H, ArH and NH), 6.92-6.93 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.85-6.88 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.73 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.0 Hz, ArH), 3.81 (s, 5H, CH2 and CH3), 3.67 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.56 (s, 3H, CH2), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(2-pyrazinyl) amide (compound 29) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70 to 50:50) as a bright yellow solid (251 mg, 69%). [0085] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 9.58 (d, 1H, J=1.4 Hz, ArH), 8.33-8.34 (d, 1H, J=2.5 Hz, ArH), 8.16-8.17 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.86 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.69-7.71 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.49-7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 6.92-6.93 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.84-6.87 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 6.70-6.72 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.5 Hz, ArH), 3.86 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-2-(4-methylthiazolyl) amide (compound 30) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70 and then 70:30) to afford the pure product as a pale yellow solid which was recrystallized from ethyl ether (241 mg, 63%). [0086] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.68 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.70-7.74 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 7.48-7.52 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.79-6.85 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.67-6.71 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.52 (s, 1H, Thiazole-H), 3.88 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.79 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.27 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • Indomethacin-N-(4-biphenyl) amide (compound 31) was obtained upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 30:70) to afford the pure product as a pale yellow solid (421 mg, 59%). [0087] 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.68-7.71 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.32-7.55 (m, 11H, ArH), 6.95-6.96 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.86-6.89 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.73-6.74 (dd, 1H, J=1.7 Hz, ArH), 3.83 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3).
  • The structures and IC[0088] 50 values for indomethacin and Compounds 1 through 31 are set out in the Table below.
    TABLE
    Selective COX-2 Inhibition by Amide Derivatives of Indomethacin
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00004
    IC50 (μM)a
    Compound R COX-2 COX-1 Selectivityb
    Indomethacin OH 0.75 0.05 0.066
     1 NHCH3 0.70 >66c >94
     2
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00005
         		0.25 >66 287
     3
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00006
         		0.0375 66 1760
     4
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00007
         		0.04 16.5 412.5
     5
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00008
         		0.15 >66c >440
     6
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00009
         		0.06 8.0 133
     7
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00010
         		0.0625 4.0 64
     8
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00011
         		0.20 4.0 20
     9
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00012
         		>33c >66 —
    (Comparison)
    10
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00013
         		>33c >66 —
    (Comparison)
    11
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00014
         		0.06 >66 >1100
    12
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00015
         		0.06 >66c >1100
    13
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00016
         		0.062 >66c >1064
    14
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00017
         		0.12 >66c >550
    15
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00018
         		0.12 >66c >550
    16
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00019
         		0.22 >66c >300
    17
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00020
         		0.056 >66c >1178
    18
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00021
         		0.65 52.5 81
    19
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00022
         		>1.0 >66 >66
    20
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00023
         		0.052 >66 >1269
    21
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00024
         		0.047 >66c >1404
    22
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00025
         		0.70 >66c >94
    23
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00026
         		0.050 45 900
    24
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00027
         		4.0 >66 >16.5
    25
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00028
         		0.4 >66 >165
    26
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00029
         		0.19 >66 >347
    27
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00030
         		0.080 >66 >825
    28
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00031
         		0.058 >66 >1138
    29
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00032
         		4.0 >66 >16.5
    30
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00033
         		4.0 >66 >16.5
    31
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00034
         		0.5 >66 >132
    • DISCUSSION OF SECONDARY AMIDE DERIVATIVES OF INDOMETHACIN
  • Carboxylic Acid Aliphatic Secondary Amides Derivatives of Indomethacin [0089]
  • The N-methyl amide derivative (compound 1) displayed selective COX-2 inhibition (IC[0090] 50 (COX-2)˜0.70 μM; IC50 (COX-1)>66 μM). Increments in COX-2 inhibitory potency and selectivity was observed with the higher octyl homolog (compound 3); however, further increase in chain length to the nonyl derivative (compound 4) led to some loss of COX-2 selectivity (compound 3: IC50 (COX-2)˜37.5 nM; IC50 (COX-1) 66 μM; compound 4: IC50 (COX-2)˜40 nM; IC50 (COX-1)˜16.5 μM).
  • Carboxylic Acid Aromatic Secondary Amides Derivatives of Indomethacin [0091]
  • Incorporation of methylene spacer units (compound 11) between the amide nitrogen and the phenyl ring also generated potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors. [0092]
  • For instance, the 4-methylbenzyl amide derivative (compound 6) was 133-fold selective for COX-2, whereas the corresponding 2-methylbenzyl isomer (compound 5) was >440 times more selective as a COX-2 inhibitor. Furthermore, the R--methyl-(4-methylbenzyl) enantiomer (compound 7) was a better inhibitor of COX-2 than the corresponding S-methyl enantiomer (compound 8). [0093]
  • Additionally, the aromatic amides containing the 4-fluoro (compound 12), 4-methylmercapto (compound 15), or the 3-pyridyl substituent (compound 20), displayed potent and selective COX-2 inhibition, as noted below. [0094]
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00035
  • Tertiary Amides (Comparison Compounds 9 and 10) [0095]
  • Another interesting aspect in the SAR studies with the indomethacin amides was that N,N-methyl-2-phenethyl (compound 9) and the piperidinyl (compound 10) amide derivatives, both of which are tertiary amides, were inactive against COX-2. In other words, only the secondary amides were selective COX-2 inhibitors, whereas the tertiary amides were devoid of any inhibitory effect towards either isozyme i.e., measurement of COX-2 inhibition for the tertiary amides was stopped at an extremely high IC value (see the value of 33 for both compounds 9 and 10) and still >80% COX-1 activity remained. [0096]
    • Example II
  • Comparison with Sulfonamides of Another Study [0097]
  • A similar SAR study was previously reported in the above-noted journal article by Li et al. for acidic sulfonamides. (See, the structures drawn above for compounds L-745,337 and NS-398.) Specifically, Li et al. found that replacement of the N—H proton in the NHSO[0098] 2CH3 moiety of L-745,337 or NS-398 with a methyl group led to complete loss of inhibitory potency towards either the COX-1 or COX-2 isozyme.
  • This behaviour may be explained from the recently solved crystal structure of murine COX-2 complexed with NS-398. See, Kurumbail et al., Abstract 197, Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases, [0099] Fifth International Conference, La Jolla, Calif. (Sep. 17-20, 1997). Unlike the diarylheterocyclics, NS-398 does not utilize the side pocket even though it contains a sulfonamide group. Instead the sulfonamide binds to Arg106 in a fashion similar to the carboxylic acid-containing NSAIDs.
  • Although the carboxylic acid secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin in the present invention do not contain any electron-withdrawing substituents, the above-discussed SAR observations on the lack of inhibition by the carboxylic acid tertiary amide derivatives suggest that the —CONH—R[0100] 1 group probably binds to a group on the enzyme (see below). This can be seen from contrasting the data immediately below for the inventive secondary amide derivative (compound 11) with the comparison tertiary amide derivatives (compounds 9 and 10) and the comparison derivative of prior art compound NS-398 in which the N—H proton in the NHSO2CH3 moiety was replaced with methyl.
    Figure US20010034361A1-20011025-C00036
    • Example III
  • Additional Inhibitory Activity Testing with Mouse COX [0101]
  • Compound 11 [0102]
  • The structural basis for COX-2 selectivity by compound 11 also was probed by site directed mutagenesis. More particularly, the inhibitory potency of indomethacin as compared to that of indomethacin-N-phenethyl amide (compound 11) was evaluated against site directed murine COX-2 mutants (Arg106Gln and Tyr341Ala) which represent key residues involved in the binding of the carboxylic acid-containing NSAIDs. Arg106 is the only positively charged residue in the fatty acid binding site and is important for binding the carboxylic acid moiety of an NSAID with Tyr341Ala, which is juxtaposed to Arg106 at the constriction site and is responsible for the selective binding of the S-enantiomers but not the R-enantiomers in the 2-phenylpropionate class of NSAIDs including flurbiprofen. In addition to these mutants, also analyzed was the inhibition profile of the Val509IleArg499HisVal420Ile mutant (also known as the VRV mutant) which incorporates the major amino acid changes between COX-2 and COX-1 in the side pocket region and is responsible for binding the diarylheterocycles. The results were that indomethacin displayed a slightly better potency against wild-type mouse COX-2 than compound 11 (indomethacin: IC[0103] 50 (mouse COX-2)˜25 nM; compound 11: IC50 (mouse COX-2)˜35 nM). Furthermore, the Tyr341Ala and the triple mutant VRV was resistant to inhibition by each of indomethacin and compound 11, whereas the Arg106Gln mutant was resistant to inhibition by indomethacin but was effectively inhibited by compound 11 (IC50˜25 nM).
  • Compound 17 [0104]
  • Inhibition of COX-2 activity in intact mouse cells by Compound 17 was assayed in murine RAW264.7 macrophages in which COX-2 activity was induced by pathologic stimuli. The macrophages were treated with LPS (500 ng/mL) and interferon-g (10 U/mL) for 7.5 hours to induce COX-2 and then treated with several concentrations of the 4-methoxyphenyl amide derivative of indomethacin (compound 17) for 30 minutes at 37° C. The IC[0105] 50 value for PGD2 by compound 17 was 62.5 nM. Under these conditions, indomethacin was a better inhibitor of COX-2 activity in intact mouse cells (IC50˜10 nM) than compound 17.
  • Indeed, comparison of the potency of indomethacin as a inhibitor of purified mouse COX-2 versus purified human COX-2 revealed that indomethacin displayed greater inhibition of the mouse enzyme than of the human isoform (IC[0106] 50 (mouse COX-2)˜350 nM; IC50 (human COX-2)˜1 μM). On the other hand, an indomethacin-amide derivative (compound 11) was a better inhibitor of human COX-2 than of murine COX-2 (compound 11: IC50 (mouse COX-2)˜120 nM; IC50 (human COX-2)˜75 nM).
  • These results also strengthen another researcher's previous observations which suggest that COX enzymes from the rat are pharmacologically different from those from humans, as reported in Ramesha, “Human and Rat Cyclooxygenases are Pharmacologically Distinct”, [0107] Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1997) Vol. 407, pp. 67-71.
    • Example IV
  • Testing for Reduction in Inflammation [0108]
  • Compound 14 was tested in a standard in vivo assay of inflammation—the rat foot pad edema model. This assay is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate antiinflammatory compounds. Rats were injected with carrageenan, which triggers a rapid edema (swelling) within 3 hours that can be quantitatively measured by volume displacement. A single dose of compound 14 (2 mg/kg) given orally 1 hour after carrageenan injection caused a dramatic decrease in swelling. [0109]
  • In these experiments, the carrageenan that was injected was in 0.1 mL of aqueous saline so that 0.1 mL volume increase was due to the injection alone. Taking this into consideration, approximately an 80-85% reduction in inflammation following treatment with compound 14 was found. For comparison, indomethacin was also tested in this assay at a dose of 2 mg/kg orally, and comparable reduction in inflammation was found. [0110]
  • More specifically, male Sprague-Dawley rats (150 g) received a subplantar injection of carrageenan (0.1 mL of a 1% suspension of carrageenan in sterile aqueous saline) into the right hind footpad while mildly anesthetized with methoxyflurane. At 1 hour post-injection, the rats were gavaged with 0.5 mL corn oil containing either 90 μL DMSO or 90 μL compound 14 for the doses specified below. The ipsilateral footpad volume (mL) was measured with a water displacement plethysmometer at time=3 hours post-injection and compared to the time=0 pre-injection paw volume for edema calculations. [0111]
  • For each dose, 6 rats were injected, and the results are summarized below. [0112]
    Compound 14
    Concentration (mg/mL) 3 hour edema (mL) standard deviation
    0 0.87 0.1
    0.2 0.55 0.04
    0.5 0.47 0.07
    1.0 0.39 0.03
    2.0 0.38 0.07
    • Example V
  • Testing for Tumor Inhibition [0113]
  • The ability of compound 11 to inhibit the growth of a human colon cancer cell line in nude mice (human tumor xenograft assay) was determined. Following subcutaneous inoculation of the mice with the human tumor cells, the animals were injected intraperitoneally 3 times a week with vehicle alone or vehicle containing 5 mg/kg of compound 11. [0114]
  • More specifically, male athymic Nude-nu (nu/nu) mice (25 g, 6-8 weeks old, Harlan Sprague-Dawley)were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μL vehicle (5% ethanol, 5% Tween 80 in sterile aqueous PBS) or 100 μL compound 11 in vehicle immediately prior to subcutaneous implantation of 5×10[0115] 6 HCA-7 (human colon adenocarcinoma, colony 29) cells in PBS into the dorsal surface. The mice, 5 animals per group, received injections of vehicle or vehicle containing compound 11 (5 mg/kg) 3 times per week. Tumor volume was determined by external measurement with an electronic caliper.
  • From comparison of the growth of the tumors as summarized below, it can be seen that compound 11 significantly inhibited tumor growth. [0116]
    Control tumor compd 11
    Day of Explant (vol. cm3) (tumor vol. cm3)
    22 0.34 0.10
    25 0.47 0.11
    27 0.62 0.13
    29 0.70 0.14
    31 0.76 0.17
  • It will be understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation—the invention being defined by the claims. [0117]

Claims (14)

What is claimed is:
1. A method for cancer treatment in a warm blooded vertebrate animal, comprising administering to the animal a treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer of a carboxylic acid secondary amide derivative of a compound, wherein:
(1) the derivative is selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, and
(2) the compound (a) is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor but is absent selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and (b) contains a carboxylic acid moiety or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the cancer treatment is antiangiogenic treatment and the amount sufficient to inhibit cancer is sufficient to inhibit blood cells that feed cancer or blood vessel cells that feed cancer.
3. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the cancer treatment is antitumor treatment and the amount sufficient to inhibit cancer is sufficient to inhibit tumor growth.
4. The method of
claim 3
, further including the derivative possesses an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic property as possessed by the compound and the treatment provides an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect in the animal absent concomitant administration of another compound for providing such effect.
5. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the compound is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug.
6. The method of
claim 5
, wherein the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug is selected from the group consisting of fenamic acids, indoles, phenylalkanoic acids, phenylacetic acids, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of
claim 5
, wherein the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug is selected from the group consisting of indomethacin, 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthylacetic acid, meclofenamic acid, diclofenac, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, mefenamic acid, sulindac, tolmetin, suprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, aceloferac, alcofenac, amfenac, benoxaprofen, bromfenac, carprofen, clidanac, diflunisal, efenamic acid, etodolic acid, fenbufen, fenclofenac, fenclorac, fenoprofen, fleclozic acid, indoprofen, isofezolac, ketoprofen, loxoprofen, meclofenamate, naproxen, orpanoxin, pirprofen, pranoprofen, tolfenamic acid, zaltoprofen, zomopirac, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
8. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the secondary amide derivative is a secondary amide derivative of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug.
9. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the secondary amide derivative is selected from the group consisting of secondary amide derivatives of fenamic acids, indoles, phenylalkanoic acids, phenylacetic acids, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the secondary amide derivative is selected from the group consisting of secondary amide derivatives of indomethacin, 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthylacetic acid, meclofenamic acid, diclofenac, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, mefenamic acid, sulindac, tolmetin, suprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, aceloferac, alcofenac, amfenac, benoxaprofen, bromfenac, carprofen, clidanac, diflunisal, efenamic acid, etodolic acid, fenbufen, fenclofenac, fenclorac, fenoprofen, fleclozic acid, indoprofen, isofezolac, ketoprofen, loxoprofen, meclofenamate, naproxen, orpanoxin, pirprofen, pranoprofen, tolfenamic acid, zaltoprofen, zomopirac, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the secondary amide derivative is selected from the group consisting of indomethacin-N-methyl amide, indomethacin-N-ethan-2-ol amide, indomethacin-N-octyl amide, indomethacin-N-nonyl amide, indomethacin-N-(2-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((R)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-((S)-,4-dimethylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-phenethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-fluorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-chlorophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-acetamidophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methylmercapto)phenyl amide, indomethacin-N-(3-methylmercaptophenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(3-ethoxyphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(3-pyridy) amide, indomethacin-N-5-((2-chloro)pyridyl) amide, indomethacin-N-5-((1-ethyl)pyrazolo) amide, indomethacin-N-(3-chloropropyl) amide, indomethacin-N-methoxycarbonylmethyl amide, indomethacin-N-2-(2-L-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-2-(2-D-methoxycarbonylethyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-methoxycarbonylmethylphenyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(2-pyrazinyl) amide, indomethacin-N-2-(4-methylthiazolyl) amide, indomethacin-N-(4-biphenyl) amide, and combinations thereof.
12. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer ranges from about 0.5 milligram to about 7.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
13. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer ranges from about 1.5 milligrams to about 6.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
14. The method of
claim 1
, wherein the treatment effective amount sufficient to inhibit cancer ranges from about 2.0 milligrams to about 5.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
US09/818,201 1999-01-07 2001-03-27 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use Expired - Fee Related US6399647B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/818,201 US6399647B2 (en) 1999-01-07 2001-03-27 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/226,693 US6207700B1 (en) 1999-01-07 1999-01-07 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use
US09/818,201 US6399647B2 (en) 1999-01-07 2001-03-27 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/226,693 Continuation US6207700B1 (en) 1999-01-07 1999-01-07 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20010034361A1 true US20010034361A1 (en) 2001-10-25
US6399647B2 US6399647B2 (en) 2002-06-04

Family

ID=22850011

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/226,693 Expired - Lifetime US6207700B1 (en) 1999-01-07 1999-01-07 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use
US09/818,201 Expired - Fee Related US6399647B2 (en) 1999-01-07 2001-03-27 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/226,693 Expired - Lifetime US6207700B1 (en) 1999-01-07 1999-01-07 Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (2) US6207700B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1146788B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002534362A (en)
CN (1) CN1195515C (en)
AT (1) ATE362758T1 (en)
AU (1) AU760555B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9916800A (en)
CA (1) CA2358289C (en)
DE (1) DE69936150T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2288039T3 (en)
IL (2) IL144127A0 (en)
WO (1) WO2000040088A1 (en)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070244122A1 (en) * 2006-01-04 2007-10-18 Southern Research Institute Office Of Commercialization And Intellectual Property Derivatives of sulindac, use thereof and preparation thereof
US20070259829A1 (en) * 2006-03-24 2007-11-08 Maen Abdelrahim Uses of diphenyl/diphenylamine carboxylic acids
US20070292352A1 (en) * 2006-06-19 2007-12-20 Vanderbilt University Methods and compositions for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of COX-2
US20080139449A1 (en) * 2005-01-04 2008-06-12 Wolfgang Jahnke X-Ray Structure of Human Fpps and Use For Selecting Fpps Binding Compounds
US20080261911A1 (en) * 2006-03-24 2008-10-23 Safe Stephen H Uses of diphenyl/diphenylamine carboxylic acids
US20090118290A1 (en) * 2004-04-26 2009-05-07 Vanderbilt University Indoleacetic acid and indenacetic acid derivatives as therapeutic agents with reduced gastrointestinal toxicity
US20090252678A1 (en) * 2003-06-25 2009-10-08 Vanderbilt University Cox-2-targeted imaging agents
WO2010019549A3 (en) * 2008-08-12 2010-05-27 Osteogenex Inc Indoprofen derivatives for promoting bone growth
TWI450715B (en) * 2010-01-08 2014-09-01 Nat Univ Tsing Hua Fenbufen derivatives of cancer treatment

Families Citing this family (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002531396A (en) * 1998-12-02 2002-09-24 ファイザー・プロダクツ・インク Methods and compositions for restoring conformational stability of p53 family proteins
ATE420201T1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2009-01-15 Univ Vanderbilt DETECTION OF COX-2 ACTIVITY AND ANANDAMIDE METABOLITES
AR030345A1 (en) * 2000-08-14 2003-08-20 Alcon Inc METHOD OF TREATMENT OF DISORDERS RELATED TO ANGIOGENESIS
AU8531101A (en) * 2000-08-29 2002-03-13 Nobex Corp Immunoregulatory compounds and derivatives and methods of treating diseases therewith
KR100884877B1 (en) * 2000-12-28 2009-02-23 다이이찌 세이야꾸 가부시기가이샤 JAL-4 inhibitor
US8048924B2 (en) * 2001-08-29 2011-11-01 Biocon Limited Methods and compositions employing 4-aminophenylacetic acid compounds
US7217696B2 (en) 2002-02-28 2007-05-15 A & D Bioscience, Inc. Glycuronamides, glycosides and orthoester glycosides of fluoxetine, analogs and uses thereof
US20050107310A1 (en) * 2002-03-19 2005-05-19 Holick Michael F. Carboxylic acid glycuronides, glycosamides and glycosides of quinolones, penicillins, analogs, and uses thereof
US20050255038A1 (en) * 2002-04-12 2005-11-17 A And D Bioscience, Inc. Conjugates comprising cancer cell specific ligands, a sugar and diagnostic agents and uses thereof
WO2003094842A2 (en) * 2002-05-07 2003-11-20 A & D Bioscience, Inc. Conjugates comprising central nervous system active drug
US20050215487A1 (en) * 2002-06-27 2005-09-29 Holick Michael F Conjugates comprising an nsaid and a sugar and uses thereof
EP1610776A4 (en) * 2003-03-27 2007-03-28 Merck & Co Inc OPHTHALMIC COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING OCULAR HYPERTENSION
CA2770493A1 (en) 2003-07-24 2005-02-03 Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid compound
CA2563617A1 (en) * 2004-04-20 2005-11-03 Rnd Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of lipophilic, silicon-substituted, cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and derivatives
JP2005343802A (en) * 2004-05-31 2005-12-15 Norifumi Sakayama Method for suppressing proliferation of cancer cell by using non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic agent for external use
PL1773767T3 (en) 2004-07-07 2016-07-29 Biocon Ltd Synthesis of azo bonded immunoregulatory compounds
WO2007005941A2 (en) 2005-07-05 2007-01-11 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Liver targeted conjugates
CN101897718A (en) * 2010-07-13 2010-12-01 山东省医学科学院基础医学研究所 Growth inhibitor for tumor vessels
US20120022116A1 (en) * 2010-07-20 2012-01-26 Huayun Deng Compositions and methods for the treatment of pathological condition(s) related to gpr35 and/or gpr35-herg complex
WO2013059245A1 (en) 2011-10-17 2013-04-25 Vanderbilt University Indomethacin analogs for the treatment of castrate-resistant prostate cancer
EP2623098B1 (en) * 2012-02-03 2016-09-07 King Saud University Amide Amino Acid Esters of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) as Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Growth

Family Cites Families (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT290523B (en) 1962-01-05 1971-06-11 Merck & Co Inc Process for the production of new α- (3-indolyl) -carboxylic acids
US3285908A (en) 1963-04-30 1966-11-15 Merck & Co Inc Indolyl acid amides
US3336194A (en) 1963-04-30 1967-08-15 Merck & Co Inc Indolyl acid amides
US3654349A (en) 1970-05-01 1972-04-04 Merck & Co Inc Substituted indenyl acetic acids
US3725548A (en) 1970-05-01 1973-04-03 Merck & Co Inc Substituted indenyl acetic acids in the treatment of pain, fever or inflammation
FR2392008A1 (en) 1977-05-02 1978-12-22 Fabre Sa Pierre Ester(s) of hydroxyalkyl pyridine carboxylic amide(s) - with pharmaceutically active acid(s) showing enhanced activity
DE2735537A1 (en) 1977-08-06 1979-02-22 Troponwerke Gmbh & Co Kg INDOLACETOXYACETYLAMINO ACID DERIVATIVES, METHOD FOR THEIR MANUFACTURING AND USE AS A MEDICINAL PRODUCT
JPS5490174A (en) 1977-12-27 1979-07-17 Kanebo Ltd Novel indomethacin derivatives and their preparation
US4229447A (en) 1979-06-04 1980-10-21 American Home Products Corporation Intraoral methods of using benzodiazepines
DE2926472A1 (en) 1979-06-30 1981-01-15 Thomae Gmbh Dr K NEW BENZOYL DERIVATIVES, THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE AS MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
US4412994A (en) 1980-04-24 1983-11-01 Interx Research Corporation Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, compositions and use
US4381307A (en) 1980-10-31 1983-04-26 Merck & Co., Inc. Soft tertiary amine esters of bio-affecting carboxylic acids
PL131389B1 (en) 1980-11-13 1984-11-30 Krakowskie Zaklady Pharma Method of obtaining n-acyl derivatives of triptamines
DE3145465A1 (en) 1981-11-16 1983-05-19 Krakowskie Zakłady Farmaceutyczne "Polfa", Kraków Process for the preparation of N-acyl derivatives of tryptamines
CA1187488A (en) 1982-02-02 1985-05-21 Yoichiro Ogawa Indoleacetic ester derivatives and process for preparing same
DE3206885A1 (en) 1982-02-26 1983-09-15 Troponwerke GmbH & Co KG, 5000 Köln INDOLDER DERIVATIVES, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE AS MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
JPS58201763A (en) 1982-05-17 1983-11-24 Kowa Co Indolacetoxyacetic acid ester
IL67445A (en) 1982-12-09 1985-11-29 Teva Pharma Ethoxycarbonyloxy ethyl esters of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory carboxylic acids
JPS59161358A (en) 1983-03-04 1984-09-12 Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd Novel indole acetate derivative and method for producing the same
JPS60112760A (en) 1983-11-18 1985-06-19 Green Cross Corp:The Indoleacetic acid derivatives and their fat emulsions
JPS60214768A (en) * 1984-04-07 1985-10-28 Fujisawa Pharmaceut Co Ltd Oligopeptide compound
JPS6160649A (en) 1984-08-31 1986-03-28 Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd Novel ester derivative and its production method
US5016652A (en) 1985-04-25 1991-05-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and apparatus for aiding in the reduction of incidence of tobacco smoking
JPS63196598A (en) 1987-02-09 1988-08-15 Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd Novel prednisolone ester derivative
JPS63275593A (en) 1987-05-08 1988-11-14 Fujirebio Inc β-aminoethyl phosphate derivative
US5002935A (en) 1987-12-30 1991-03-26 University Of Florida Improvements in redox systems for brain-targeted drug delivery
EP0335545B2 (en) 1988-03-29 1998-09-23 University Of Florida Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral use
DE3811120A1 (en) 1988-03-31 1989-10-12 Merckle Gmbh NEOPENTYL ESTER DERIVATIVES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THEIR USE AS MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
US4943587A (en) 1988-05-19 1990-07-24 Warner-Lambert Company Hydroxamate derivatives of selected nonsteroidal antiinflammatory acyl residues and their use for cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibition
US5504086A (en) 1989-10-17 1996-04-02 Ellinwood, Jr.; Everett H. Intraoral dosing method of administering trifluorobenzodiazepines, propoxyphene, and nefazodone
US5032588A (en) 1989-12-08 1991-07-16 Abbott Laboratories Thiazole lipoxygenase-inhibiting compounds derived from non-steroidal antiinflammatory carboxylic acids
US5681964A (en) 1990-10-23 1997-10-28 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Permeable, non-irritating prodrugs of nonsteroidal and steroidal agents
GB9200114D0 (en) * 1992-01-04 1992-02-26 Scras Dual inhibitors of no synthase and cyclooxygenase
US6048850A (en) 1992-09-22 2000-04-11 Young; Donald A. Method of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in a human host
US5436265A (en) 1993-11-12 1995-07-25 Merck Frosst Canada, Inc. 1-aroyl-3-indolyl alkanoic acids and derivatives thereof useful as anti-inflammatory agents
NZ269773A (en) 1993-08-02 1997-11-24 Commw Scient Ind Res Org Therapeutic compound conjugates; such conjugates comprise a compound bound to one to three acyl groups derived from fatty acids
AU705226B2 (en) 1994-01-28 1999-05-20 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation, The Codrugs as a method of controlled drug delivery
ES2122555T3 (en) * 1994-02-22 1998-12-16 Merrell Pharma Inc NEW INDOLIC DERIVATIVES USEFUL TO TREAT NEOPLASMS AND DISORDERS RELATED TO ESTROGENS.
US5643943A (en) 1994-12-23 1997-07-01 Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Systemic administration of esters and amides of antioxidants which may be used as antioxidant prodrug therapy for oxidative and inflammatory pathogenesis
US5607966A (en) 1994-12-23 1997-03-04 Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Esters and amides of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory carboxylic acids which may be used as anti-oxidants, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prodrugs
US5510368A (en) * 1995-05-22 1996-04-23 Merck Frosst Canada, Inc. N-benzyl-3-indoleacetic acids as antiinflammatory drugs
GB2321455A (en) * 1997-01-24 1998-07-29 Norsk Hydro As Lipophilic derivatives of biologically active compounds

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090252678A1 (en) * 2003-06-25 2009-10-08 Vanderbilt University Cox-2-targeted imaging agents
US20090118290A1 (en) * 2004-04-26 2009-05-07 Vanderbilt University Indoleacetic acid and indenacetic acid derivatives as therapeutic agents with reduced gastrointestinal toxicity
US8168656B2 (en) 2004-04-26 2012-05-01 Vanderbilt University Indoleacetic acid and indenacetic acid derivatives as therapeutic agents with reduced gastrointestinal toxicity
US20080139449A1 (en) * 2005-01-04 2008-06-12 Wolfgang Jahnke X-Ray Structure of Human Fpps and Use For Selecting Fpps Binding Compounds
US20070244122A1 (en) * 2006-01-04 2007-10-18 Southern Research Institute Office Of Commercialization And Intellectual Property Derivatives of sulindac, use thereof and preparation thereof
US8044048B2 (en) 2006-01-04 2011-10-25 Southern Research Institute Derivatives of sulindac, use thereof and preparation thereof
EA016323B1 (en) * 2006-01-04 2012-04-30 Саутерн Рисерч Инститьют Derivatives of sulindac, use thereof and preparation thereof
WO2007081694A3 (en) * 2006-01-04 2007-11-01 Southern Res Inst Derivatives of sulindac, use thereof and preparation thereof
US20080261911A1 (en) * 2006-03-24 2008-10-23 Safe Stephen H Uses of diphenyl/diphenylamine carboxylic acids
WO2007112098A3 (en) * 2006-03-24 2008-11-27 Texas A & M Univ Sys Uses of diphenyl/diphenylamine carboxylic acids
US20070259829A1 (en) * 2006-03-24 2007-11-08 Maen Abdelrahim Uses of diphenyl/diphenylamine carboxylic acids
US20070292352A1 (en) * 2006-06-19 2007-12-20 Vanderbilt University Methods and compositions for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of COX-2
US7736624B2 (en) 2006-06-19 2010-06-15 Univ Vanderbilt Methods and compositions for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of COX-2
US8865130B2 (en) 2006-06-19 2014-10-21 Vanderbilt University Methods and compositions for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of COX-2
WO2010019549A3 (en) * 2008-08-12 2010-05-27 Osteogenex Inc Indoprofen derivatives for promoting bone growth
TWI450715B (en) * 2010-01-08 2014-09-01 Nat Univ Tsing Hua Fenbufen derivatives of cancer treatment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6207700B1 (en) 2001-03-27
IL144127A0 (en) 2002-05-23
US6399647B2 (en) 2002-06-04
CN1195515C (en) 2005-04-06
BR9916800A (en) 2001-10-23
EP1146788A1 (en) 2001-10-24
JP2002534362A (en) 2002-10-15
DE69936150T2 (en) 2008-01-31
AU2369800A (en) 2000-07-24
IL144127A (en) 2006-12-10
AU760555B2 (en) 2003-05-15
CA2358289A1 (en) 2000-07-13
CN1337850A (en) 2002-02-27
DE69936150D1 (en) 2007-07-05
CA2358289C (en) 2009-12-08
WO2000040088A1 (en) 2000-07-13
ATE362758T1 (en) 2007-06-15
EP1146788B1 (en) 2007-05-23
EP1146788A4 (en) 2003-09-10
ES2288039T3 (en) 2007-12-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6399647B2 (en) Amide derivatives for antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic use
DeWitt Cox-2-selective inhibitors: the new super aspirins
Laval et al. Recent advances in inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibition
RU2563833C2 (en) Novel compositions and methods for treating hyperproliferative diseases
EP1737454A2 (en) Method of food intake management
EA003696B1 (en) Cox-2 selective carprofen for treating pain and inflammation in dogs
EP1148783B1 (en) Converting cox inhibition compounds that are not cox-2 selective inhibitors to derivatives that are cox-2 selective inhibitors
KR20220140027A (en) Compositions and methods for use of eflornithine and derivatives and analogs thereof to treat cancers, including gliomas
US6762182B1 (en) Converting cox inhibition compounds that are not COX-2 selective inhibitors to derivatives that are COX-2 selective inhibitors
IL122960A (en) Pharmaceutical compositions comprising non-toxic nsaid for use in retarding or preventing transformation of colonic adenomas to a colonic adenocarcinoma
Rainsford Mode of Action, uses and side effects of antiinflammatory drugs
Willoughby et al. Inducible enzymes in the inflammatory response
WO2015009883A1 (en) Activators of nad-dependent protein deacteylases and uses thereof
Mukherjee Does a coxib-associated thrombotic risk limit the clinical use of the compounds as analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs?
Batta Bilirubin as savior of biological system
Pairet et al. Overview of COX-2 in inflammation: from the biology to the clinic
Syrova et al. Creation of anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical compositions
Korokina et al. Search for new pharmacological targets for increasing the efficiency of correction of cardiovascular diseases
CA2408818A1 (en) Prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes, complications thereof, or allograft rejection by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity with ns398 or pdtc
Singh Cox selective antiinflammatory drugs and its development
Bisht et al. Vorinostat: A Novel Anti Cancer Drug
CN1933835A (en) Methods of preventing weight gain

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 4

AS Assignment

Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF

Free format text: EXECUTIVE ORDER 9424, CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY;REEL/FRAME:021281/0942

Effective date: 20020723

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 8

REMI Maintenance fee reminder mailed
LAPS Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
STCH Information on status: patent discontinuation

Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362

FP Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee

Effective date: 20140604