US1968614A - Treatment of emulsions - Google Patents

Description

T. A. NOVOTNEY ET AL TREATMENT OF EMULS I ONS Filed May 11, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTORS KW a. 7mm

July 31, 1934.

y 1934- T. A. NOVOTNEY El AL TREATMENT OF EMULSIONS Filed May 11, 1932 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 IlIIIIlI/I Patented July 31, 1934 f UNITED s'r'rss 1,968,614 TREATMENT OFEM'ULSIONS Thomas A. Novotney and Louis N. Hunter, J ohnstown, Fa, assignors, by mesne assignments, to National Radiator Corporatioma corporation of Maryland Application May 11, 1932, Serial No. 610,730

3 Claims.

This invention relates to the treating of emulsions; it consists both in methodof treatment and in apparatus by which treatment is effected; it finds practical application in the treatment of 5 petroleum carrying, as it comes from the ground,

water, (ordinarily salt water) in emulsified condition; and its object is to effect separation of the. water from the petroleum expeditiousy, completely, and economically. In this application the method is claimed; in companion applications Serial No. 691,338, filed September 28, 1933, and Serial No. 711,571, filed February 16, 1934, the apparatus is claimed. V

In the accompanying drawings Fig. I is a view in plan from above of an installation in which and in the operation of which the present invention is found; Fig. la is a fragmentary view in elevation, illustrating a structural detail; Fig. II is a view, partly in front elevation, partly in vertical section, of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig.1; Fig. III is a view in section, on the plane indicated by the line III-III, Fig. II; Fig. IV is a fragmentary view in horizontal section, on the planeindicated at IVIV, Fig. III; Fig. V is a view similar to Fig. II, but showing a modification in structure, and a variation in the assembly of the units of which this portion of the apparatus is built up; ig. VI is a fragmentary view in vertical section, on the plane indicated at VIVI, Fig. V; Figs. VII and VIII are fragmentary views in horizontal section, on the planes indicated at VII VII and VIIIVIII (Fig. VIII being drawn to somewhat larger scale); Figs. IX and X are views to still larger scale and serve to illustrate in front and side elevation a particular novel configuration of the surface of a wall which forms a limiting surface of a fiue.

Thepetroleum emulsion after it comes from the ground is carried, preferably bygravity flow, in a suitable conduit in a loop-formed course, with the branches of the loop in heat-interchanging relation. In the turn of the loop the cross-sectional area of the conduit is increased, with consequent diminution in the velocity of fiow, and heat is ap-v plied, with the effect that the water .carried in emulsified condition is precipitated. The precipitated water accumulates, and the conduit is so shaped as to retain water so accumulating in a pool; andthe oncoming stream of emulsion is caused to rise through the pool of water. In so rising through the heated water the entering emulsion is more rapidly and completely stripped of its burden of water; precipitation is more completely accomplished. Not only so, but in the'turn Of the loop the stream issubdivided into a'plu-J' rality of parts, and each part or subdivision is dealt with in the manner indicated, with the consequence and efiect that operation is expedited and rendered more complete. After precipitation and separation have been effected, the unburdened and now heated petroleum is returned through the heat exchanger and at reduced temperature is delivered at length to a suitable receiver, ordinarily a tank open to the air. It will be delivered at or substantially at atmospheric temperature, and there will be no substantial loss of readily volatilizable fractions. Although the petroleum as it fiows through the return branch of g the loop will already have been relieved of all or of substantially all of its burden of water in emulsified condition, it may, and as operation progressesit inevitably will, carry with it water. The water so carried will, however, be in aggregated condition, in the form of slugs within the conduit; and the water so carried will readily separate gravitationallyfromthe oil when both come into the receiving tank.

Referring, first, to Fig. I of the drawings, a long, double-chambered pipe 1;is provided, of which the inner.- central chamber will be understood to be, the conduit for the incoming stream of petroleum emulsion (the entering branch of the loop) and the outer, concentrically arranged chamber'willbe understood to be the conduit for the outgoing stream of unburdened petroleum (thedeliverybranch of the loop). The stream of emulsion as-it enters this conduit (at the righthand end, Fig.1) will Ordinarily be at atmospheric temperature; the return stream of unburdened petroleum as its enters the opposite end (the lefthand end) of this double-chambered pipe is at high temperature (at about200 F., as the operation 'is ordinarily conducted); and as the two streams fiow counter-current through the doublechamberedpipe, heat will pass from onestream to the other until the entering emulsion passing from the left-hand end of pipe 1 has been brought to an elevated temperature (140 F, more or less) and the outflowing petroleum has been brought approximately to atmo pheric temperature.

The cooling. of the outflowing stream of petroleum may be expedited by forming externally upon pipe 1 radiation fins 2; even so, the quantities of heat given up to the central stream of emulsion flowing in through the central chamber 5 will be greater than the quantities dissipated outwardly'to the'circumambient air. 7

The double-chambered pipe will preferably be made of castiron, a material superior for the purpose to steel, because less susceptible to corrosion by salt water and other corrosive agents which are or may be carried by the emulsion under treatment.

I [It willbe manifest that byproviding such ai double-chambered pipe'of great lengthiwith the cross-secticnal areas of its chambers of approximately equal size, and of a size very much smaller than that of the turn of the loop (presently to beconsidered). the velocities of the entering and outgoing: streams relatively great, the opposite surfaces of the separating wall are swept by rapidly moving-streams of liquid, and in conse- ,quence, the rate'oi flow of heat through the separating wall of metal is expedited.

.. Fig. I shows this heat-exchanger to be .built up. of sections of double-chambered pipe. The ends of the sections are flanged, as indicated at 3, theiaces of the flanges are ground, and in the asseznbly gaskets 4 are interposed between the meeting faces. Thus theheat exchanger, formed of an assembly of a'number of standard units of constitutes the heat-exchanger may'extend in straight-away course, and may constitute a substantial part of-, r even the whole of, atransmission line between suitably placed tanks (for.

the storage of the emulsion and of the treated petroleum) and the bank of heating units, yet to be described. Alternatively the component straight-away lengths of double-chambered. pipe may be arranged. in side-by-sidel'positions and connected by similarly chambered return bends 5,

' as indicated in Fig. I. Coils so constituted may be built in a succession of superposed layers or decks,

and in such cases the connecting flanges 3 maybe out segmentally. and flattened for compact and firm assembly, as indicated in Fig. Ia.

The heat-eXchanger-so designed is not only formed of standard units, well suited to handling and shipment, and susceptible to assembly in any desired number (whereby the structure is flexible, to varying needs), but it is readily accessible for cleaning. In the assembly illustrated in Fig. I, for example, manifestly the return bends 5 may be removed and the intervening lengths cleaned, without disturbance from assembled position. a Y

The heat-exchanger constitutes the conduit for the two branches of the loop-formed stream in which the material under treatment is caused to flow. In the turn of the loop the conduit is greatly t, increased in cross-sectional area, in consequence of which the velocity of flow (high velocity has value for heat-exchange purposes) is greatly reduced (low velocity has value for purposes of separation). Furthermore, in the turn of the loop the stream is subdivided into a plurality of parallel fractional streams, and this is advantageous both in facilitating and hastening the desired separation, and in making available a sectional and elastic structure; so that, in every particular installation, the number of sections employed may be suited to the circumstances.

The sections which in the turnof the loop constitute the conduits for the subdivided stream are assembled, and in assembly they together constitute a heater, with fire-box and flues. In this heater the entering emulsion is subjected to those conditions of h at and percolation which accomplish the desired separation.

The sections are of three specific shapes-rightend sections 6, left end sections 7, and intermedi atesections 8-and in every installation two at least of. these three shapes are assembled (the rightand left-end sections) and, if there be in-' termediate sections, the number to these may vary indefinitely. The assembly of Figs. I and.

II is an assembly which includes with the two end sections two intermediate sections; the assembly of Fig. V includes but one intermediate section. Each section is a chambered casting (of cast-iron) adapted to stand in the position indicated, of relatively great height-and depth,

but of relatively small breadth. The end sections are provided at their lower edges with flanges 9 which extend'throughout' their depth and across their breadth; the intermediate sections are provided at their lower edges with flanges l0, 10, which extend acrosstheir breadthat front and rear only; and all of the sections are provided, on those sides which in the assembly stand face to face wit-lithe sides of other sections, with marginal flanges 11. 'At the upper ends of the sections, however, the marginal flanges 11 are in- .terrupted by spaces 12-. When, therefore, two

or more appropriate sections are assembled, the flanges 9 and 10 form the continuous side-walls of'a fire-box, and the'sidesof the'sections, spaced apart by the flanges 11 constitute a flue or fiues which leadupward from the fire-box, while the spaces 12 form passageways through which products of combustion may escape to chimney.

The sections a suitable are provided-,in thesides which in the assembly stand face to face with the sides I of other sections, each with a nipple port'lB at the bottom and a nipple port is at the top. Push nipples 15 are set in these nipple ports of aligned sections, and assembly is 'eliected' and the heater completed by drawing the sections together and securing them with flanges 11 in abutment and with push nipples in place, by means of heavy pull-rods 16 which engage perforate lugs 17 formed externally upon the sections. The top of the assembled heater is conveniently inclined, as indicated in Fig. III, and the nipple ports 14 are advantageously situated precisely at the highest point of the assembly.

With particular attention to Figs. II and III, it will be perceived of the chambers of the sections that, whereas they are elsewhere of uniform breadth, toward their lower ends they are tapered; and that, accordingly, in this portion of the assembly the fines formed by and between the sections widen downwardly and merge in the firebox. The bosses that surround the nipple ports 13 accordingly are of greater height than those that surround the orifices 14 but these bosses rise substantially to a common plane coincident with that in which the edges of the flanges 11 extend.

One of the sections (the end section 6, as here shown) is provided, at its lower end, with an inlet opening where, through pipe connection 18, the stream flowing through the central passageway of the heat-exchanger may have entrance; and another section (the end section 7) is provided, at its upper end, with an outlet opening where, through connection 19, the returning stream may pass to the outer passageway of the heat-exchanger. Through an appropriate pipe connection 20 of known form secured to the terminal unit of the heat-exchanger the indicated course of circulation is completed.

terial under treatment passes in subdivision i whirls.

through the assembled sections,-from headerto header. Any tendency toward, delay of flow through one section relatively to the others will have the efiect of increase of temperature of the material within that section; and the efiect of such increase of temperature must be acceleration of flow in that section. Thus automatically distribution of flow in the sections is accomplished.

In addition to the openings to and from which the pipe connections 18 and 19 lead, the sections are provided with flanged openings capped as indicated at 21, 22, 23, 24, through which, the caps being removed, and without other disturbance of assembly, the interior of the sections is accessible for cleaning. And, manifestly, any baiiies formed within the sections will be so arranged as to leave the spaces accessible for clean ing. The lower flanged openings, 21 and '24,. are available for drainage; and the upper, 22 and 23, for vapor take-offs.

Tappings may be made through the walls of the sections, for gauge glasses, such as are indicated at 29.

The continuity of the flanges ll, interrupted above to form chimney passages 12, is interrupted in front also to form clean-out openings 25. Removable cover plates 26 are provided for these openings, and when these are removed the fiues formed by and between the sections are accessible for cleaning.

The flue-defining surfaces of the sections are minutely shaped to afford maximum'absorption of heat and consequently in ximurn heating effect upon the material under treatment. ready it has been explained that the sections are at their lower ends tapered to form passageways which narrow upwardly from fire-box to flue; and in this portion of their extent the external surfaces of the sections are provided with outstanding closely set vertically extending ribs 27. In the higher portions, where the walls of the sections extend in substantially parallel planes, the external surfaces are provided with outstanding bosses 28, shaped as shown in Figs.

IX and X, and arranged as indicated in Figs. VI and X. Each boss is tapered from a relatively broad base upwardly and outwardly, and vpresents to the ascending stream of flame surfaces shaped like a double plowshare which tend to divide the rising stream, and to deflect the two branches in opposite directions laterally, and at the same time outwardly and away from the surface from which the boss rises.

The assembly of bosses upon each surface is in rows of both vertical and horizontal alignment, as indicated in full lines, Fig. VI; but, as be.- tween the opposite walls which define each flue, the sets of bosses are staggered. In'Fig. VI the positions of the bosses on the opposite side of the flue are indicated in dotted representationg'and this relative position will be made additionally plain on considering Fig. X, Given such formatien and arrangement of bosses, and realizing too that in the assembly now particularly under consideration the bosses rise nearly to the meeting plane of the flanges 11, the effect of the bosses will be both to subdivide the rising stream of flame and to throw the subdivisions into helical The streams of flame so set whirling sweep again and again over the wall surfaces and more fully give up to the metal walls their burden of heat.

The assembly of a plurality of sections forms,

-. at the base of the assembly, a fire-box, in which a-burner'ior. burners 30' are arranged, and, risingfrom the fire-box, one ormore flues, Gas is brought. through a supply pipe 31.to a manifold 3-2.. This,'.in the. particular installation illustrated, is a length of"two-and-a-half-inch, extra heavy; spellerized' steel pipe. From the manifold-branch pipes-33-lead (one for each burner), and flow through each branchpipe is controlled by a cock-34. Each branch pipe terminatesin an orifice of'proper'size' and each discharges intoa mixing tube- 35. The mixing tube is preferably of. Venturi type, and will conveniently be formed :of cast-iron. An adjustable mixing shield 36 is provided,- for the usual purpose of regulating the proportions of the combustible mixture which reachesthe-burner. From the mixing tube the aerated gas flows to and through the burner 3G. The. burnerrests on the mixing tube; and-the mixingtube in turn rests on'a support 37 :providedfor it.. The cap upon one end ofthe manifoldBZ'is provided with a tap 38, to which a manometer may be connected, for measuring gas pressure.-

-A pressure regulator39 is set in the line of gas supply, to. reduce high line pressure to a pressure suitable for the burners; and, as a matter of detail of actual operation, the burner equipment is such as to'operate at thecomparatively low pressure of 5' inches of water pressure, and that means apressureof about 3 ounces in the mam-'- fold.- The burner will, however, operate efficiently atjmuch lower pressure; and there may be a considerable range of fluctuation in line pressure, without prejudice to the successful operation of the burner.

A throttle valve is introduced in the gas supply line, between the regulator and the manifold, and this valve is'controlled by a thermostat arrange'din the stream of oil as 'it'passes from the bend of the return branch. The casing for this valve is indicated at 40 and the thermostat rod at 41. The gas supply'is by this valve so controlledthatthe outlet temperature of the oil is maintained constant; :and' the thermostat may, in well-known manner, be: so adjusted as to fix that constant temperature at will at any desired degree within awide range.

Upon the assembled sections and surround ing the openin'gs "l2is set a'cast-iron flue top'42, and from this flue" top draft diverters 43 of familiar type may rise, to prevent disturbance of combustion Winch otherwise would be created by high winds (the apparatus being exposed to outdoor conditions).

"In operation the flames from the burners rise through the'flues formed by and between the adjacent sections an'd'the products of combustion pass :out' through the draft diverters. The flames as they rise are; by' the assembly of bosses 28,

subdivided and directed into whirling streams,

with theconsequence'and effect that they give up heat more'rapidly to the section walls and to the bodies of liquid within the sections. The 'emulsion streams in through pipe connection 18 and entersthe sections, and from the sections the pe troleum relieved of its burden of water streams outthrough pipe connection 19. The temperature-of;;the.-material under treatment will ordinarily approximate but will not ordinarily greatly exceed the boiling point of water, as a maximum. The sections themselves are at all times filled with liquid, and within them, under the influence of heat, the incoming emulsion is continuously being dissociated. The velocity of the stream is within these sections greatly reduced, and in necessarily) consequence the Water (ordinarily,- salt water) precipitated from emulsion collects by gravity in pools in the lower part of the sections and the oil relieved of its burden rests upon the pools of Water; and as operation progresses, the entering emulsion, introduced at the lower ends of the sections, and ascending, percolates through the pools of hot salt water, and such penetration of the salt water by the emulsion expedites the separation of the emulsified water from the petroleum which carries it. Though the gauges 29 the heights at which the pools of salt water stand may be observed, and, by drawing off the excess, the best conditions of operation may be maintained. As has been said, tendencies to inequalities of circulation through the sections automatically correct themselves.

The sectional structure of the heater which has been described admits of a structural adapta tion suiting the apparatus to either of two conditions of use. The sections may be assembled, spaced apart at wider intervals with spacer panels 44 between, as illustrated in Figs. V-VIII, and with spacer rings 45 inserted to retain aplurality of ali ned push nipples l5.connecting aligned orifices 14. The spacer panels are applied externally, and are bolted to place, spanning the intervals between the flanges 11 of adjacent sections; and the sections are provided with brackets 46, upon which the vertically disposed panels 44 may be supported. Change from the assembly of Figs. I-IV to that of Figs. V-VIII may be effected by removing the flue top 42, separating the sections, and assembling them again with the panels 44, the rings 45 and the additional push nipples properly introduced and then applying another flue top of suitable proportions. In places where the cost of gas is great, the arrangement shown in Figs. I-IV will be preferred, and this arrangement may be characterized as that of high efiiciency; but where the cost of gas is small, and perhaps negligible, the arrangement shown in Figs. V-VIII may be preferred. This arrangement has a capacity of output greater than j the arrangement of Figs. I-IV, and may be characterized. as that of high capacity. This greater capacity, however, may be realized, only by sacrifice of efficiency.

The apparatus is advantageously (though not so situated that flow of liquid through it is efiected by gravity, and to such end the emulsion may be conducted from a tank arranged at higher level and the unburdened petroleum may be delivered to a tank at lower level.

These are characteristic features of the apparatus of the invention: the breaking-down of the emulsion is accomplished solely by the application of heat, under the conditions described; vaporization losses of the oil are prevented by bringing the treated oil approximately to atmospheric temperature, before exposing it to atmospheric conditions; both the heat-exchanger portion and the heater portion of the apparatus are built up of sections and by the building up of sections the apparatus is elastic, and, being composed of standard parts, may be suited in size to the requirements of any particular place of service, and may be varied to suit changing requirements;

parts are interchangeable; the parts of the entire equipment may be taken down, removed, and reassembled, so that in moving from one lease to another, salvage is complete; in the case of a growing development, it is possible to begin with equipment adequate to early needs and to enlarge indefinitely as needsincrease; no housing is required; the interior and exterior surfaces of the component sections are readily accessible for cleaning; particularly, the sections of the heater portion are accessible interiorly for the cleaning out of sludge and other accumulations, and the spaces between the sections which constitute the gas passages are accessible without tearing the assembly down for the removal of deposits on the walls; the heater may be assembled either as a high-capacity installation or as a high-efiioiency installation, as circumstances dictate; the temperature is automatically controlled, and consequently constant attendance is not required; the apparatus may be formed of cast-iron, and thus rendered highly durable; in consequence of such durability, shut-down for repairs is infrequent; when repair is necessary, the parts are accessible for ready replacement.

We claim as our invention:

1. The method herein described of treating an emulsion and efiecting the separation of its components which consists in causing the emulsion to flow in a loop-formed stream with the branches of the loop in heat-exchanging relation, heating the stream in the turn of the loop and caus ng succeeding volumes of emulsion at lower temperature to rise in the turn of the loop through an accumulation of the heavier component precipitated from antecedent volumes and maintained by such heating at higher temperatures than the volumes or" emulsion so rising through the accumulation.

2. The method herein described of treating an emulsion and effecting separation of its components which consists in causing the emulsion to flow in a loop-formed stream with the branches of the loop in heat-exchanging relation, and at relatively great velocity in both of the two branches of the loop and at relatively small velocity in the turn of the loop, causing succeeding volumes of emulsion to rise in the turn of the loop through an accumulation of the heavier component precipitated from antecedent volumes, while applying heat to such accumulation in the turn of the loop of the heavier component.

3. The method herein described of treating an emulsion and effecting separation of its components which consists in causing the emulsion to flow in a loopformed stream with the branches of the loop in heat-exchanging relation, the stream being subdivided in the turn of the loop into a plurality of parallel fractions, causing succeeding volumes of each fraction of the subdivided and advancing stream of emulsion to rise through pools of the heavier component precipitated from antecedent volumes of emulsion and accumulated in the paths of the subdivided stream, while applying heat to such accumulated pools of'the heavier component.

THOMAS A. NOVOTNEY.

LOUIS N. HUNTER.

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