US1725770A - Manufacture of irregular objects - Google Patents

Description

Aug. 27, 1929. L. E. ro|= HAM MANUFACTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJCTS Aug. 27, 1929. L, E, T'QPHAM A 1,725,770

MANUFACTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS Filed June 14. lez 3 sheets-sheet 2 l K I A l0 Figx. l f 62. l /0' l l Il I u 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 L. E. TOPHAM MANUFAGTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS Filed June 14 1928 Aug. 27, 1929.

I the others.

Patented ti/ig. E?,

Unirse STATES PATENT GFFlllE.

LAURENCE E. TOPI-IAM, OF WENT-IAM, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CORPORATION, OF PATERSON, NEVI JERSEY, A CORPRATION Ol NEW' JERSEY.

Application filed June 14,

This invention relates to the manufacture of irregular objects in a copying lathe and is illustrated as embodied in a lathe for turning lasts.

Tt is often desirable in last or model making to alter a given model by twistiny portions of it relatively to others around its longitudinal axis. This problem has a peculiar application to the fitting of new style foreparts to standard heel parts, where it is sometimes necessary to distort the rear end of the forepart a little in order to malte it fit properly the front end of the standard heel part.

In its method aspect, the present invention solves this problem by relatively twisting the thin laminze, into which the model may be regarded as divided, around the longitudinal axis of the model, to which the laminae are perpendicular, in reproducing them in the block, and this method of reproduction, having several aspects which will be better understood after consideration of the annexed specification, forms an important part of the invention.

In its machine aspect, the invention provides a mechanism whereby the method can be practiced, and lasts of the desired character produced. By means of this machine l am enabled to produce an effective relative rotational displacement during the repro-V duction from the given model, of one of the four primary instrumentalities of the copying lathe (the model holder, block holder, model wheel and cutter), around the axis of rotation of the model or block, relatively to Such displacement will persist through at least one rotation of the model and bloc; in orc er that the one or more thin slices or laminae of the model reproduced in the work during such rotation may be rotated relatively to those adjacent to them.

In the illustrated machine this object is accomplished by displacing the model wheel angularly around the axis of rotation of the model. This machine comprises mechanism for n'ioving the model wheel in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the model and for keeping it, in that plane, at a predetermined uniform angular displacement from its standard position (that position which is characteristic of exact 1:1 reproduction), seen from the axis of rotation of the model. This will cause the model section or lamina 1928. Serial No. 285,468.

perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the model, which is being reproduced, to lie in a correspondingly rotated position in the block relatively to those formed with the model wheel in its standard position, and if the predetermined angle above mentioned is changed during the cut from one end of the last to the other, as is provided for, the model will be reproduced in twisted form in the block.

This and other features of the invention in its machine aspect will be better understood from a consideration of the illustrated machine as described in the annexed specification and shown in the drawings, in which- Fig. l is a sectional elevation of a machine embodying the invention in its machine aspeet;

Fig. 2 is a plan of the model wheel car riage of the machine;

Fig. 3 is a diagram; and

Fig. t is a plan of the entire machine.

A mechanical description of the machine will be first given, followed by its theory and a discussion of its operation.

The swing frame of the illustrated last lathe comprises arms 10, l extending from a heavy pivot shaft 12, as shown more in detail in my application Serial No, 530,214, filed January 18, 1922. Pivoted to a stud 14 on one of the arms l0 is a link 16 which extends to the back of the machine and is pivoted at 18 to a fanboard 20. The fanboard 2O is pivoted at 22 to the frame of the machine. The illustrated fanboard has nothing to do with width grading, as will be seen, but is similar in shape, appearance and movement tothe ordinary width grading fanboard and has therefore herein been called by this name.

A model wheel carriage 2i is arranged to slide longitudinally of the machine on guides in the ordinary manner and has an upwardly extending standard 26 in which is mounted a model wheel carrying),` slide 28 arranged to slide forward and backward in the standard. This slide effects the horizontal component of the motion of the model wheel necessary to produce its angular displacement about the model axis, which has been mentioned above. The slide 28 is moved as follows. Tt contains a hole 30 through which extends a spindle 32 mounted in the standard 26, the hole permitting free backward and -forward movement of tac slide. A cam member 34 is mounted on the spindle 32 and is oseillate'd on the axis ot' this spindle by toothed gearing 86, one element ot which is mounted upon the cam member 84 and the other upon a bellncrank 38 pivoted at 40 on the standard 26. The bellcrank 38 is operated by a link 42-44- 46 connecting it to the fanboard 2O (the notation 42-44-46 and similar expressions indicating that the link 44 is pivoted to its connected members at 42 and 46). The connection at 46 is a sliding one, to a rod 47 integral with the anboard (Fig. 2), to permit the model wheel carriage to slide along the 'anboard. A. model wheel 48 is carried by a spindle 52 mounted in the model wheel slide 28, the axis of which spindle is parallel to the direction of travel of the model wheel carriage. IThe spindle 52 is rotatably mounted in the end of a lever arm 54 which is pivoted at 56 upon the slide 28 with the pivotal axis 56 extending through the slide and playing forward and backward with the slide in a cut-out 57 in the standard 26. The further end of the axis 56, as seen in Fig. 1, carries a lever arm 58 extending in the opposite direction to the arm 54 and having on its end a cam roll 60 which runs in a cam slot 62 in the cam member 84. Thus the movement of the fanboard is communicated through the gearing 86 to the cam member 34 to the lever arm 58, spindle 52 and model wheel slide 28.

The vertical movement of the model wheel 48 is effected as follows. The lever arm 58 is connected by a link 646668 to a. bellcrank -72-74 (this nomenclature indieating that the bell-crank has arms 70-74 and is pivoted at 7 2) pivoted on the standard 26. T he pivot 72 of this crank extends through the standard 26 and the arms are on opposite sides 'of the standard. rThe arm 74 oi this bell-crank is adjustably connected by a link 76-7880 to the fanboard 20. The connection at 8O is a roll which can be adjusted up and down on the fanboard and can slide longitudinally on it as the model wheel carriage moves. Thus the anboard 1novement will move the lever arm 58 vertically, causing' a corresponding movement of the model wheel 48.

The model wheel 48 is itself (Fig. 2) mounted on a little spindle 79 mounted integrally upon the spindle 52 but making a horizontal angle oi' about 30o therewith for the purpose explained in United States Letters Patent No. 1,380,841, granted February 17, 1920, on the application of F. S. Buck, and the center 81 of the wheel is in the central axis of the spindle 52. As stated, the spindle 52 with the spindle 79 and model wheel carried on it are rotatable in the end ot' the lever arm 54. `They are rotated by the crank arm 82 mounted upon an enlargement 88 2) connecting the spindles 52 and 79, and the crank arm 82 is connected by a link 84-86-88 to the arni 90 of the bell-crank 90-56-92 which is rotatably mounted upon the axis 56. The members 82, 86, 90, 54 form a parallelogram. The arm 92 et the bell-crank last referred to is connected by a link 94--96-98 to the arm 100 of a bell-crank 100-102-104 pivoted on the standard 26 at 102 and the bell-crank arm 104 is connected by a link 106-108110 to the link 78. Thus the movement of the fanboard is enabled to rock the shaft 52 with the model wheel axis 79 carried by it.

A link 107-109-111 connects the link 78 to a block 112 which is adjustable in a circular slot 114 formed in a correspondingly shaped member 115 pivoted at 116 en the model wheel carriage. The block 112 is also connected by a` link 111-4-120-122 to the end of a crank 124 pivoted at 126 to the standard 26 and carrying` a toothed segment 128 which cooperates with a worm 180 on a shaft 182 operated by a handle 134. This handle, therefore, will adjust the block 112 in the circular slot 114 and thus move the link 109 to adjust the roll 80 on the fanboard 20.

A cam 186 pivoted at 187 on the model Wheel carriage cooperates with a cam roll 138 on the end of a crank arm 140 mounted integrally with the member 115. The crank arm is pulled upwardly to hold the cam roll in contact with the cam by a spring 141. The cam is rotated in exact timed rela-tion to the model by a gear 142 integral with the cam and driven from a toothed shaft 144 which extends longitudinally through the machine, allowing the gear 142 to maintain cont-act with it in all positions of the model wheel carriage.

The model and block are driven as follows. Mounted on the shaft 144 at the end of the main frame is a gear 146 which, through a suitable gear train located in the main trame, rotates a model 148, carried by the swing frame, by means of a gear 150 pivoted upon the axis of the shaft 12 and engaging a gear 152 mounted on spindle 154 in the swing frame, to which gear 152 is rigidly connected, another gear 156 engaging a gear 158 mounted on the model spindle 160. The gear 156 has just half as many teeth as the gear .158 which, as eX- plained in my copending application Serial No. 580,214, hereinbefore referred to, will cause a radial plane of the model 148 which passes through the standard position ot the model wheel center to continue to pass through that position irrespective of rotation of the swing frame itself.

The means for suspending the model 148 and the lwork block 162 in the swing frame, the cutter carriage 168 carrying the cutter in an angular relation to the axis of rotation ci the block similar but opposite to that described between the model wheel and the axis of rotation of the model, and the drive ot the model wheel and cutter carriages in opposite directions by a right and lett screw 165, are all substantially as explained in my application Serial No. 530,- 214 and need not be discussed in detail here.

The theory oit the machine will next'be explained. ln order to design the machine a. so-called mean radius 't the model is empirically adopted on which to base. the performance of the machine. This is indicated at 16d in Fig. 8, the swing 'frame 1() being swung out to the position it would take it the end of this radius ot the model 148 lay on thc tace ot the model wheel 18. An arc 166 is described from the center 160 as center with the distance 160-81 as radius, 81 in Fig. 3 being the normal position ot the model wheel center, that is, the position taken by it when the cam roll 60 is on the center 32 (Fig. 1), and when the spindle 52 is in the same horizontal plane with the centers 56 and 82. (This is the position f characteristic of exact 1: 1 reproduction. lt

is in exact alinement with the cutter center.) The shape oit the cam slot 62 is determined by carrying the center 81 (Fig. 3) around the arc 166, as at 81a, keeping the tulcrum 56 ein: the lever 5er- 58, as at 56, in the line 81.-32 (Fig. 8) along which it slides by the movement of the slide 28. The path ot the cam roll. 60 is then plotted as the curve 62 8), only the lower half of which is 'there shown. The curve 62 will not be circular, and the upper and lower branches oft it will not necessarily be alike.

The desired angular position of the cam roll 6() along this curve, that is, the position which will effect, for example, a. 5o displacement or the model wheel center 81 around the chosen position of the model center is obtained by a suitable setting of the handle 184, which adjusts the link 78 up and down the ifanboard 20, the position of which is determined by the adopted position oli the swing frame 10, and through the bell-crank -72-74 and the link 64b-66# 68, determines the position of the cam roll 60 in the cam slot 62. Any setting ott the handle 134 will thus swing the model wheel cent-er 81 through the corresponding` anglev on a circle about the adopted position of the model center, and will thus displace thecenter of the model wheel 48 angularly about the center 160 relatively to the cutter (or to the standard position of the model wheel).

1t new the model in Fig. 3 be conceived to rotate so as to bring the end of a longer radius 16st on the face ot the model wheel, moving the center 160 in Fig. 3fto 160', and the design ot' the cam slot 62 repeated for this condition of things, as shown by the primed numerals in Fig; 3, it will be found that the corres-pending` cam slot 62 (Fig. 3)

will intersect the cam slot 69. at the point 82 and also at the point corresponding to the intersection at 8lb of the two arcs 166 and 166. ln practice only a very small portion et the arcs 62, 69.', near the point 3Q, will be used, and this port-ion of the arc 62', though very slightly diterent in shape 'trom the corresponding portion of the arc 62, can be regarded merely as a slightly rotated position of the arc 62 itself, around the point 32. The error due to the adoption of the same shape ot cam slot for all conditions is so small as to be regarded as 'immaterial. '.lhe proper angular position of the cam slot about the center 32 is, however, important and is secured by the mechanism 36--38-40-42-44-46. As the model turns, the swing trame swings and moves the 'anboard 2O correspondingly, and the above-mentioned mechanism is so designed as to throw the cam slot 62 into the proper position for any position of' the swing trame 10.

The mechanism connecting the handle 184iivith the link 7 8 must be laid out by trial. Preferably all the mechanism will be laid out to fit exactly the conditions corresponding to the mean model radius and to the Zero model radius, when it will be well enough adapted to other conditions.

ln another way of looking at the matter, suppose the swing frame 10 (Figs. 1 and to be swung outward. The tanboard 20, the lever d-S, and the cam slot 62 will swing clockwise. The radius 164 (Fig. will always continue 'to make the same angle with the line 160-81-because et the gear relation 156-158, and will swing counterclockwise as the point 160 moves along the circle 81-160 about the center 12, and the movement of the model wheel center 81 will just keep the point 160 on this radius.

The eiieect of this construction is easily seen. The model wheel will always contact with the model at a point on a model radius which makes a. constant angle with the line 160-81. This line 160-81 represents also the line joining the axis of the block with the cutter center, so that the whole model section (perpendicular to the axis of rotation 160), which is then under treatment when reproduced in the block will be shifted around in space about this anisr relatively to its position in the model, ii the cam 136 is circular. It the cam 136 is not circular, or if the handle 134i be moved during one revolution of the model, the model section will be distorted in the block, and dilerent parts of it when reproduced in the block, will be angularly shifted around the axis et rotation of the model and block by varying amounts.

In case the lathe has its model wheel and cutter mounted on axes parallel to the model and block axes, nothing further than the soy mechanism already discussed is necessary for proper performance. In the disclosed lathe, however, the axes ot the modelY wheel and cutter are similarly oblique to t-he axes ot the model and block, respectively, and it is necessary to preserve the similarity ot this relation in the revolution of the model wheel about the center ot' the model, that is, the model wheel axis 79 as well as the model wheel center 81, must be revolved. This is accomplished by the parallelogram 5dr-82- 86-90 and its attached crank 92, operated by the link 96, bell-cranlr l100-102-10/1 and links 108, 78, from the fanboard. This mechanism is laid out by trial as suggested above. The rotation ot the spindle 52 on its own axis necessary to turn the spindle 79 through'the proper angle is obviously equal to the angular move-ment of the center 81 about the then position of the model center 150.

The preceding theoretical description has proceeded under the theory that the member 115 has remained motionless, as it would do if the cam 136 were circular. It such a cam were used, and the handle 134 set and lett uncisturbed, the last cutI would be exactly lilre the model, but the last and model would be relatively angularly displaced in the machine about their common axis 160. It the setting of the handle 134C be changed as the cutting proceeded, so as to change the amount of the revolution of the model wheel center about the model center at diierent points along the length of the last, the last produced will have its different parts lying one after the other along its longitudinal axis, relatively twisted or rotated around this axis. This change in settino' the handle 13sL will ordinarily be slow so that the relative rotation between the laminas formed during two successive rotations oi"V the block will be small. Such rotation is herein termed ditferential.

This phenomenon can be regarded from two points of view. The model can be regarded as composed of a series of parallel laminas all perpendicular to its axis of rotation 160, and these laminas will be relatively angularly displaced about the axis 160. The model can also be regarded as being composed ot a series of wedge-shaped sectors all radiating from the axis 160, and

the procedure just-i described will bend or warp these sectors.

The cam 136, it non-circular, as shown in Fig, 1, moves the member 115, and since the am rotates synchronously with the model, it effects a cycle ot' movement ot the model wheel around the model axis 160 in each revolution ot the model. Consider, as be.- fore, the model as divided into a large number'ot' sectors by equally angularly spaced planes all passing through the axis 160. The eiiect ot the cam 136 is to reproduce these planes in the block planes, but in unequally angularly spaced relation to one another, causing Vsome ot the sectors to be thickened and others to be thinned. It produces the same effect as would a cycle of varying settings of the handle 134, the length of the cycle corresponding with a. rotation ot the model.

By the combined use of the handle 1311 and the cam 136, the effects of the cam cycle can be magnilied or diminished by changing thek handle setting, at differentpoints along the length orn the last.

lt might be stated that the movement ot the model wheel around the model center is zero when the cam roll 60 is over the center 32, and that this happens when the roll is on the center 22. At such times the distance from the center 107 to the center 11oV is equal to the length ot' the link 109, so that by setting the pivot 111 to the center 116, by the handle 1311, this neutral condition can be maintained.

bviously, several points of view as to the effect produced by the mechanismare proper. For example, the model may be regarded as distorted and reproduced, as so distorted, in the block: or the distortion may be regarded as originating in the block itself during the reproduction from an undistorted model.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent ot the United States is:

1. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing in a block substantially parallel sections of a model differentially rotated upon one another around an axis perpendicular to their planes.

2. That improvement in methods of rcproducing irregular' objects which consists` in ditlerel'itially rotating substantially parallel plane sections ot a model about an axis perpendicular to their planes, and reproducing them, so rotated, in a bloclr. Y

3. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in automatically reproducing in a block substantially parallel sections of a model diferentially rotated upon one another around an axis perpendicular to their planes.

4. That improvement in methods of reproducing irrenular objects which consists in automatically differentially rotating sul stantially parallel plane sections oll a model about an axis perpendicular to their planes, and Vreproducing them, so rotated, in a block.

5. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducingV in a block substantially parallel sections of a model differentially rotated upon one another around an axis perpendicular to their planes according to a predetermined law.

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6. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects Which consists in differentially rotating according to a predetermined law substantiallyT parallel plane sections ot a model about an axis perpendicular to their planes, and reproducing them, so rotated, in a block.

7. That improvement in methods of rearoducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing in a block those plane sections ot' a model which radiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in the block in rotated positions about the reproduction of the line.

8. T hat improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects which consists .in reproducing in a block those plane sect-ions ot a model which radiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in the block in rotated positions about the reproduction ot the line according to a predetermined laiv.

9. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing in a block those plane secg tions ot a model which radiate 'from a given line, the sections being reproduced in the bloclr` in relatively rotated positions about the reproduction ot the line. l

10. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing in a block those plane sections of a model Which radiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in the block in relatively rotated positions about the reproduction ol' the line according to a predetermined law.

11. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects ivhich consists in rotating around a line in a model those plane sections of the model Which pass through that line, and reproducing them, thus rotated, in a block.

i2. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in relatively rotating around a line in a model those plane sections ot' the model which pass through that line, and reproducing them, thus rotated, in a block.

13. rlliat improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing in warped positions in a block those plane sections ot a model which radiate trom al given line in tie model.

le. That improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects which consists in warping the plane sections of a model which radiate from a line in the model, and reproducing them, thus Warped, in a bloclr.

15. That improvement in methods ot ref producing irregular objects which consists in relativelj.7 warping the plane sections of a model which radiate 'trom a line in the model. and reproducing them, thus Warped, in a block.

16. That improvement in methods oi' reproducing irregular objects which consists in reproducing those plane sections of a model which radiate from a givenline in the model, in Warped and relatively rotated positions about the reproduction of the line.

17. That improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects which consists in Wai-ping the plane sections ot a model which radiate from a line in the model, relatively rotating them about the line, and reproducing them, thus Warped and rotated, in a block.

18. In a copying lathe, means for holding a model and a block, copying and cutting instrumentalities for following similarly around the model and the block to reproduce the model in the block, and means for relatively revolving the said instrumentalities around the model and block, respectively.

19. In a copying lathe, means tor holding a model and a block, copyingand cutting instrumentalities for following similarly around the model and the block to reproduce the model in the block, and means for relatively revolving the said instrumentalities around the model and block, respectively, and 'for holding them in their relatively revolved positions.

20. ln a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a bloclr relatively against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means tor varying the ratio of the said angular velocities.

21. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block relatively against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means for automatically varying the ratio of the said angular velocities.

22. ln a copyinglathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a bloclr relatively against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means for automatically varying the ratio ot the said angular velocities in a cycle corresponding to each rotation ot the model and block.

23. ln a copying lathe, a model Wheel` a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block relatively against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, normally at equal anguiar velocities, means for automatically varying the ratio ot' the said angular velocities in a cycle corresponding to each rotation of the model and block, and means for varying the cycle in different portions of the model and bloclr.

24. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,

respectively, at normally equal angular velocities,A and `means for angularly `relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axes ot rotation of the model and block respectively.

25. In a copying lathe, a model wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, and means for angularly relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively andv for maintaining the said relative displacement during a number of rotations ot the model and the block.

26. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel.l a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,

respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, and means for angularly relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axes of rotation of the model and block, respectively, in a cycle corresponding to the rotation period of the model and block.

27. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool, respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, means for angularly relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axes oi" rotation et the model and block, respectively, in a cycle corresponding to the rotation period of the model and block, and means for varying the cycle of relative displacement at Will. t

28. In a copying lathe, four primary 1nstrurnentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said lfour primary instru-y n'xentalities to reproduce in the block parallel sections ot the model relatively rot-ated on one another around an axis perpendicular to their planes.

29. In a copying lathe, .four primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said four primary instru mentalities to rotate upon one another parallel sections ont' the model, about an axis perpendicular to their pla-nes, and reproduce them, so relatively rotated, in the block.

30. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot' the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said tour primary instrumentalities to rotate relatively to one another about a line in the model, plane sections of the model passing through the line and reproducing them, so relatively rotated, in the block.

8l. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model Wheel and model controlling the depth o1c cut of the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said tour primary instrumentalities to reproduce plane sections ot' a model radiating from a line thereof, in the block in positions relatively rotated about the reproduction of the line.

32. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a'model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said tour primary instrumcntalities to Warp plane sections ot a model passing through a given line thereof, and to reproduce them, so Warped, in the block.

38. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot the tool in the block, and means for relatively moving said four primary instrumentalities to reproduce in the block plane sections of the model radiating from a given line thereof, in Warped positions.

34. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool,

and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and means tor relatively angularly shifting the model Wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation ot' the model and block respectively.

35. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a. block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, means for relatively angularly shifting the model Wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, and means .for maintaining the angular shift during a number of rotations of the model and block.

86. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model Wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling' the depth of cut ot the tool in the block, means for relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, and means it'or varying the amount of relative angular shift.

37. In a copying lathe, four primary instrument-alities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against. the model wheel 4and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth el' eut of the tool in the block, means for relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and the tool about the axes o'l rotation or" the model and block respectively, and means automatically for varying the amount et relative angular shift.

38. In a copying lathe., four primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth et cut of the tool in the block, means for relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, and a cam for varying the amount of relative angular shift.

39. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth et out of the tool in the block, means lor relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and the tool about. the axes of rotation et the model and block respectively, and means automatically Jfor varying the amount of relative angular shift during one revolution of the model and block.

40. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut oi the tool in the block, means tor relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and the tool about the axes ot' rotation of the model and block respectively, and means automatically for varying the amount of relative angular shift during` one revolution of the model and block, operating in a cycle having the same time length as a rotation of the model and block.

41. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against. the model wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot' the tool in the block, and means for relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and the tool about the aXes et rotation oit the model and block respectively comprising a pivoted member carrying the model wheel.

4:2. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a. model wheel, a. tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and means Jfor relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation ot the model and block respectively comprising a slide and a member pivoted on the slide and carrying the model wheel.

3. In a copying lathe', tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth ot cut of the tool in the block, and means Jfor relatively singularly shitting the model wheel and the tool about the axes of rotation of the model and blocl: respectively comprising a slide and a member pivoted on the slide and carrying the model wheel, and means for controlling the slide and the pivoted member.

4A. In a copying lathe, three primary instrumentalities, viz, a model wheel, a tool, and a swing trame. having holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, means for relatively angular-ly shifting the model wheel and the tool about the axes ot rotation of the model and block respectively conuarising a slide and a member pivoted on the slide and carrying the model wheel, and means, governed by the swing trame, for controlling lthe slide and the pivoted member.

45. In a copying machine, a tool, a swing.;` frame a 1ranged to carry a model and block, a lever arranged for a movement ot combined rotation and translation and carrying a model wheel, a connection between the swing frame and the lever arranged to rotate the lever as the swing frame moves, and a cam connected to the swing trame to cause the translatory movement of the lever, the said cam and connections being arranged to keep the model wheel center in a. plane passing through the axis ot the model and making a. predetermined. fixed angle other than Zero with a plane passing through the tool center and the axis et rotation of the block.

46. In a copying lathe, a lever carrying a. model wheel on one end, a slide carr l In the pivot of the lever, a pivoted cam enga-ging the other end of the lever, a swing :trame and a connection between the swing frame and the cam arranged to move the cam, and a connection between the swing frame and the lever to move the second-named end of the lever on the cam.

47. ln a copying lathe, a lever carrying a model wheel on one end, a slide carrying the pivot oil the lever, a pivoted cam engaging the other end of the lever, a swing frame and a connection between the swing frame and the cam arranged to move the cam, and a connection between the swing frame and the lever to move the second-named end of the lever on the cam, the first said connection being invariable and the second said connection being adjustable.

a8. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slide mounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheel on one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage and controlling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swing frame and the cam to rock the cam, a anboard linked to vthe swing frame, mechanism connecting the lever and the anboard to move the second-named end of the lever on the cam, and means Jor adjusting the connection between the mechanism and the fanboard.

19. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slide mounted therein, a lever pivoted onthe slide and carrying a model wheel on one ot its ends, a cam piv'oted on the model wheel carriage and controlling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swing frame and the cani to rock 'the cam, a anboard linked to the swing frame, mechanismconnecting the lever and the fanboard to move the secondnamed end or" the lever on the cam, and means comprising a second cam for adjusting the connection between the said mechanism and the anboard.

50. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slide mounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheel on one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage and controlling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swing :trame and the cam to roel; the cam, a i'anboard linked to the swine frame, mechanism connecting the lever and the anboard to move the secondnamed end ot the lever on the cam, and means for adjusting the connection between the mechanism and the '.tanboard comprising a periodic cam having a cycle of operation olE the same time length as the rotation period of a model in the swing trame.

5l. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slide mounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheel on one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage and controlling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swing frame and the cam to rock thecam, a anboard linked to the swing frame, mechanism connecting the lever and the fanboard to move the secondnamed end of the lever on the cam, means tor adjusting the connection between the mechanism and the lfanboard comprising a periodic cam having a cycle of operation of the same ltime length as the rotation period of a model in the swing frame, and manually operated means for varying the cycle of operation of the cam.

52. ln a copying lathe, means :tor holding and rotating a model and a block, a model and a cutter with their axes similarly oblique to the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, and arranged to contact with the model and the block respectively, and means i'or revolving the model wheel axis around the axis of rotation of the model.

53. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying a model and a block and for rotation of the model and block therein, a model wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and block respectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes of rotation of the model wheel and tool respectively, and means for revolving one of the said similarly oblique axes about the said axis of rotation related to it, from its normal position, through a predetermined angle, and for maintaining he angle between the normal and revolved positions, as measured from the said axis ci rotation, irrrespective of the position of the oscillating iframe.

5d. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying a model and a block and for rotation of the model and block therein, a model wheel and a tool arranged to cri-operate with the model and lock respectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes of rotation of the model wheel and tool respectively, and means for revolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from its normal position, about the axis of rotation ot' the model,` and for maintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolved positions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model. irrespective of the position of the model on its axis.

55. In a copying lathe, an oscillating fra-me arranged for carrying a model and a block and )forl rotation of the model and block therein, a model wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and block respectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique t the axes of rotation ot' the model wheel and tool respectively, and means for revolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from its normal position about the axis of rotation of the model, and for maintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolved positions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective of the position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a mechanism carrying the model wheel and ar anged to move it in a plane at right angles to 'the axis of rotation of the model, said mechanism being controlled by the movement of the oscillating frame.

56. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying a model and a block and tor rotation of the model and block therein, a model wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and block respectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes of rotation of the model Wheel and tool respectively, and means for revolving the model Wheel axis through a predetermined angle from its normal position, about the axis of rotation of the model, and for maintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolved positions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective of the position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a sliding lever carrying the model wheel axis on one of its ends, a connection between the oscillating frame and the lever for swinging' the model wheel center through the said predetermined angle, and a connection between the oscillating frame and the model Wheel axis arranged to rotate the model wheel axis aboutthe model Wheel center, through the same angle.

57. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for Carrying a model and a block and for rotation oi' the model and block therein, a model wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and block respectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes or' rotation oi? the model wheel and tool respectively, and means for revolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from its normal position, about the axis of rotation of the model, and Jfor maintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolved positions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective of the position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a sliding lever, a shaft mounted in the lever and carrying the model Wheel, a controlling mechanism for the lever operated by movement of the oscillating frame, arranged to swing the model wheel center through the said predetermined angle, and a controlling mechanism for the shaft arranged to rotate the shaft through the predetermined angle.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification.

LAURENCE n. rorHAM.

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