US1776391A - Hydraulic apparatus - Google Patents

Description

,Sept 23, 193. L F MOODY y HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28, 192'? Sept. 23, 1930. I L. F; MooDY 1,776,391

HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28, 1927 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 #N l N ['/d/ L-avl-s Moomr 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28, 1927 Nw v ' his atta/13 sept. 23, 1930.

L. F. MOODY 1,776,391

HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28. 1927 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR I6 .MOY

Lew

sept. 23, 1930.

L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC APPARA'rus Filed May 2s, 1927 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 W g1/wanton Lwxs MOODY Sept. 23, 1930.

L. F. MooDY HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28. 1927 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR Lawxs FMoop Sept. 23, 1930. l.. F. MooDY 1,776,391

aYnnAuLc APPARATUS Filed may 2s. 1927 s sheets- Sheet v reiaiion between Specific Speed elevations o-f Runner Throa above Specific Speed. -Srac DmfHead A Heighi o Runner Tnr'oai aboveTailwaier. E 32 t ai ordinary iempemiures und aliiiudcs. 1;, For Francis Turbines Z; N5|25 H m0 For E LLI D` W E ze if! EFFECTIVE HEAU H Ff.

E E, Abproximaie relclfon between Runner Elevaiion andLs hsz' HR Capacfy for u Consiani Speed. E 3 Absnssas give ne i oo R.PM. H.R|0N) 5 4 *er For another speed N, H.P=(H.P|00N)x(9)2 E 20 9% l 190%# Curves ploed from approximate formulas. g "Q 95. (H Rmomii H? (hb-hSHor FruncisTurbines. l g a Y0. 1^-2.25 H /e (nb-@for PropenerTurbines in whim m hb- Bnrometric Head s52 F1. ai ordinary iemperaiurcs y \K and annum. l :l: f L; swimmer 4 Il Tau wam A D Pr 2) \fbbe// [ler I# w \5' {Yv e E E -20 LLI iopno moon aaooo 40.000

Mmmm 1 loo RPM. SWDWCO'L Lewis MoaDY @391g his @l1/t.

` Sept. 23, 1930. L. F. MooDY 1,776,391

HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 28, 1927 8 Sheets-Sheet B llrlll l "'nlpmii lli: I wld |4 sam n hls RN `Patented Sept.li23, 1930 Y "i 'y y 'Lnwrs 'FERRYivroom'r, 041i PHILADELPHIA, vvrnrrlvsYLvAivIA f HirnnAuLIo APPARATUS l ,i l Vinipieafcigiriaiimijga, 1927. vserial nu. 195305,*1l n I i invention relates to hydraulic tur# whieharetherefore suitedonlyfor the sameV bines and.'partieularly tothe/se ofvertical elevation' and specific speed.y For reasons 'shafttype l' y' which will b e apparent hereinafteijflthese v -k Inthe eort to increase the speed of aftur-V prlorrunners vare designed for the lower 5 bineunder a given head soas to perrnit a respeeiiespee'd'eonditions under whic'hfthe up- 58 .v -notion in the, sizeof the` generator :driven by per runner Qperatesjthus eliminating avita' Y the. turbine aswell as the side` of theturbine tion of the upper runner and permitting it a itselfVV and thea-e001 panying power house to operate eifielentlyalthough this is done struoture, `runners having 'eXtr-enielyrfl1igli at the expense of ylimiting the Voutput of the lo values of spcifie speed'y have beendeveloped, lower runner. The total speeifiespeed ofthe 60 l f butthese neeessarilyrequire the'loeationof prior units will,1therefore, be the'resultantof the runner vat afl'w .pointwith respeetjto twoldellttcal rllnnelfs'v`eafeh havinga Yspecific 'i tail' water. .Asfhereinafterexplainedinf de@ Speed. limited@ ASUhQGIeYLL/OI 0f :th

' 'Y '15. therunner must ybe rpla'eec'l witlrrespeetto cally designed to have a highmspeqfie Sfpsdjo Y tail water,and'oonversely'the'higher the run- 1n aeicordanee with the elevation of thelowe'r ner ispaed withfrespeet toltailwatejr, the runner and thereby Cause therlO-Weryrunner ower'willv be'itsperrnissiblefspeeifiespeed. O Operate enlciently, thenthe runner would 4With 'the highv speeifie speed"runnery located Il @CGSSaIlly be 111,151? for operationiat the eleva? W at the 'equirdlQwjiit there is, ih'mahy P1011 O f theupper. one du@ tohavitation' and '1 plants, available"spaeeabovethe runner 'for Ineliciencyvof operation. 'Henceit Ais seen the location of second ,runner "connected d l if ,bOh .TUHUGIS are designed fOl" ,the C9114 withfthejsame'shaf@ whichifitcouid beadded dlt-lons 0f 'the lowermest runner the upper "to ythe unit Would-materiallyincrease the runner'is subjected to prohibitive oonditions' power output and, fconsiequenhyxih@ wel While i'ffbo'th emersa@ designed fora@ 15 speciospeed of the entire uniti ,K i @Ghltohs ofthe uppermost .runner then the" j The object of my invention is 'to provide lower liuhher 1S Subieted teulmehesshry Tima turbine inwhi'ch this space above the lowl'mlOI'TO IS'POWBF- Thus, theSQPIOl dOlble, ;v fer runner eontainsan auxiliary upper runner IUDDGIS have Doff @Omblld `illy a Single lllit 1 f runner 'and so combined therewith that the Sleedlong Wifi-PTCP??OPQ'tOIO-flboth lower runner may have a high speeiiic speed F ,m1119115 as 1S.mad@PiOSSl'blWlthgmy Present `while at the same tiine the auxiliary upper lvelltlyon: l i v Y i f 1 runnerv is adaptedQto operate vat a lowerv Ihele Plesellfh Pipllhllple ,'vhlttleseldisf speeiiie speed suitable'for its higher elevation'v advantages C311 be yObV-lklted,l and that 1n 5 )85.

t above tailwaten .The fact that runners of Single tlllbinelllrt an -UPPBFFHDQPIDW be Y.diereint speoieyspeed areadaptedtooper- Used t0 ulcreasethe Power; O f91` .,t,h? Salma atenorlnally at the saine actual speed permits 1905,31 POWIT the @Cum-1 fSPeedDf the Ullt may the two' runnersjamb@ mounted onrthesame helhreaseiby apgplylhgrhhhehsOlfqdielet i Shaft Y ,In this Way the high ,Specific speed form and Capacity S0 thatthhhrper runner "v"v vofjthelower runner isjrnaintained, and atk the Win beQf `1`e1ativ91y Power' @ndlevss Sp* Sametime additionalpoweriseflicienuy gen-f Cf'Speedaidthelbwehltuhher @trelatively,Y

eratedian ddelive'redto the shaft bythe lower greater Power QLgTQf/Spclieedibut i specific speed upper runner, thus increasing bhWH bekeyeddtlo ghyisflmlhfnd Winl if whole. i 5 A Further objectsY invention yin ,the fThey double runner yturbines of the prior form'andulcooperation of theturbine pants artare unable to operate niostgei'icientlybewill appear from the yfollowing ydescription l cause there is mountedoll Lhasa-1,11 shaft at taken in,eonneetion-withftheaceornpanying 'least two substantially" dentlealrunnei's drawings, in which Figure 1 is a vertical sectional elevation of a turbine unit embodying the invention,

' taken on line 1-1 of Figure 2;

illustrating a modilication.; l

Y f line 4 '44 of Figure 3; 1 io Figure l is va horizontal vksectionaljview on Figure 5 isa view illustrating a modifieationfj;` i'f;

line 6-6 of Figure 5.; and i, f=

sages 13.v into tail water dicatedatt.v

y The runners y in Figuresl and Qfthe yflow Figures 7 and .8 are 4 explanatory of the principlesunjderlying the invention. f f F i Figure Qfis' Y runnercombination. "In the emlriodi lent of theI invention shown enters the. turbine form, passing'the fixed` stay varies A varies 17 ytoV the transition spacel't between the uppery runner '14 and the lowerV runner through .intake I'in spiral water with a whirl through 15.3. The yflow.y isf-guided into .the two .runy Ynersfbyr'the double conical distance ,piece ork sleevev andr is discharged, yusually with. a l

draft tube .11 .and-

Whflvi UPWMH l h v downwardintof Vthe f'draft tubel 12,- both of these'- tubes being of the. annular spreadingV type ad,aptedto'. conve4 tthe velocity head ofb'o'th'the meridian and tangential velocity.

components 'intol pressure vhead. Thel draft tubes 141,` 12` discharge Ythrough outlet pas-` having itslevel inii, itl 'are' 'of the tigt Spcifie l speedjpropeller type, the [upper runner 14 of Z10 feet;

being smallerin diameter and of less power' of lowerv specific speed/than thel'ower. runevv ner. The unitv shown is .n adaptedy to Vvdevelop 9500 horsepower at 200' R. P. M. and ahead The throat of the lower 'runner v isfl'ocatedlf ,9.jbelofw tail water `so that the velocity headfregained-in the draft tube plus a-actor'to coverlocal cavitation-,plus th@ Staflvdmfb head will equal the baro? metric pressure' water 'column. LASV thus installed lthe lower runnergl will develop, aboutr 6000 'of the totall NQOOhOrSe'pOwerZ-and its spccifie speed will be'yfaboutlll.: A Thel yupper :runner 14j at the jsame", actual i speedf-will lhavefa specific speed of aboi'itllSfand will developfapproxif l mately3500y horse'powerkdetermined bythe Y c draft'headacting 'uponfit the'throat,

I said.draft:headvfrbeing'computed asY above indicated asthesuin'of the staticv draft vrhead ,y plus the velocity'head'regained` in 'the ldraftfplii'spthefactor to cover local cavita-r This:y total .eiiceed' '1327.83

from.eraiapricipies eriaeriyinguas in;

tion of the effective head. similar to Figure'l but diagrammatic lcharts from. headwater 16`I and adjustable; guide I j within the .runner is :not co corresponding .to 32.83;.feetlk vpressure i sure head vor' the atmosphere.,'y

runner is progressively. modifiedy to increase its specificspeed, rthe velocity head of thev t water passing through it continuously in` y fraccrea'ses andy represents an increasing Y *y `Assuming that the runner willbe equipped with an efficient portion of the vvelocity head discharged therefromgthe height at which the runner, may be located with respectrto tail water be .s y so, -v

cornesy inoreand' more limited, requiring it to be placedat continually lower elevations, `asthe specific speed increases. ,additionYV however to this allowance based on the average velocity of the lstream passing rthroughthe runner, a Second .factor mustalso be considered, namely,`what Iliave rtermed flocalcavitation,v orv local.' pressure reduction.v The 1 staticA pressure existing A ristant.th'roughont the entire k.waterway but varies from the pe. rphery Atqwzurd .the

'alsolvarie's across each bucketfromtheface of',` on'elfvaneto the, back of Qthe neXtvane anl there is therefore 'a localreductien of'vpressure atv some .pointsffof',the'lkru'nner causing rvation of the turbine runner with respect Yto tail water, the effective head on the runner `and its specilic speed. Asy the 'design of a 1., .'drafttub'ej.capablefofregaining'a large pro- Figure 6. is a horizontal sectional view on Vfor velocityy head .90 K. aXiszof the runner and this 'local `pressure to V,be a' considerable amount .below the average-pressure iii-the entire waterway. This, local1 pressure` reduc'-V tion may bei expressedas thexproduct `of a 'coefficient multipliedbyy they effective head.' This coeiiicient lvaries somewhat' dependingV onthe peculiarity 'of theindivi'dual runner design, but: in general' `it increases withy theV specific speed of 'the4 runner, andv for afrun ner ofany given design characteristics, Vthis coeliicient must increase if the specific speed .is lcfeasdf .y i' l l A curve may befdrawn-shewing thevfunc'- 1 ltional relation'between thiscoehcient andthe specilic speed." Such' a curve will represent thegeneraleect of specic-specd for runc'allyf how the coethcie'nt ot cavit'ation in*T creases with 'an increase in specificspeed. Y designing any turbine installation, the specific respectto` tail .Wat'eig the's'uin 'of thestatic L y speedfselectedjfor the runner inust'be such 'Y g that at/'agiven 'elcvatio-not the runner with nersofusual characteristicsfandshow graphif f elevation ofthe runner above tailwateriplus i the amount olf velocity head regained in the ltffollows that if a runner specific speed is placed) too high labove `tail waterso that the absolute pressure at a local l vpointy within the Vturbiifieapproaches'tooy close lvapor pressure ofwateij, the water may izo draft tube,`plusfthejproduct ofLtlie ,cavitafgl Y by the elice'c:

of a ygiyen lpartfrom the Vane surfacesleaving afcavity filled with vapor,v and at' suchvipoints pitting orv corrosion ofthe metal is 1 lilrely'to occur Iii/s vis the elevation {ofgthe' runner as fwell as Vibration and possible impair.A Inentfof the power,andefficiency.,` i throat t p .or `point of minimum diameter-lof the turbine f p passageiabove tailwater; f Iig, the baronietric head the locaties K runcltion ofthespecificspeed. i od, Vitus vfound that' in ,K the efective-headcn be found .suchfthat theabsolute pressure at any local pointvnithin the turbine Will not fall below thevaporjpressure ofthe Water r :for turbines ofxnorlnal l yrari/ous specific speeds,v *Y f the available data representing the characteristics `sfor experience in existing'tplants, the effects of lregained Velocityvheadginwthedraft tube and the...lo`cal. pressure reduction Within the `turbineQmay be`v combined ,and expressed as va this inethorder 'l i propersafeguard against caritationa specific `turbines.of-'fthe general formt f.

MNsg125f LA Y turbines `of the'pro'peller typeef l' [I Y Y, 'are vsuilicief1'-it for' runners 'of nary calculations. "In Vactual tu frire @eficiente Spf iet ma 15o 'are of characteristics, but .the "abete round figures usual design to Y provide ageneral 'guida-fn ,l making.' pre1 mi l n Y I y l y gmphrsiplottedon this i jthfefsep'arate effectsfofl cavi'tationand 'VelocitS'7 ziiection 'their ina-deV`v inl the elevation of runner aboffe tailwntei fead rega'in'fmay Ab the 'particu-lar' design an d anyk necessary corL g shows' i chart j represeiitiiigr `this lrelation' i logarithmiccoordinatesQand the graphs.

65 Whene :the `separate y runners nnust ybe placed "graphically, 935D:

lthe specific ,speed relation to elevation l v"and the head'on ythe" turbine for side fr'eni the .exact Value-'ofthe coeiii l' natureof-the functional l,relation between the ,quantities Figrf iswplottedv-mith straightlines. l i it In 'a :multifun'ner vvertical shaft turbine being' e dclinitelyf calculated for" at diii'erentelevations, the above vformulas p 'f i s/ay n n Y, nreiaeoo, (hb-a) i i Vlior propeller type turbines- .Y H322' ,fl

'HP= 22,500. We (la la) in which N equals the revolutions 'per minute of the shaft. f n f :The functional relationsrepresented by these formulas jare shown on Figure 8 in which the horsepower capacities of individual runners are'plotted 'forfa standard speed of 100 l. P, M. and for heads of 20, 40 'and 60 feet-'inirelation to theelevationfof the finditidual runner with respect to tailWat-er.

'The horsepower yfor any otherspeedcan be found by multiplying' the horsepower at 100 b y RYB nM7@@noted by .(HPlooN), by ,N v

the revolutionsv per minute.

runner using in the case of each t amine@ noted that the feiaionberweea the vrhorsepowers of individual runners at constant speed andthe runner elevations'is va linear one, that is,if We take anelevation at a height above tailwater equalfto 'the baroinetric head; which at ordinary temperatures :and 'altitudesinaybetaken as appr0Ximately' 352/A feet, then the horsepower-s t of a series of runners fatfdifferent elevations Vkeyed tothe same shaftfwill be very nearlyproportional to their Vertical distance below this3'2 foot elevationfwhen fthe vrunners are,` of the saine rgeneral type. I;'I-`heref0re, all of Ithe chart are' straight lines radiating Ifroin a point at.32 feet elevation on theverticalaxis ofthe chart. VIt twill also mo y lli() Y be notedthat a differentslope of line must v be used'forturbines of Francis type from that required byl the propeller type. f

i Therefore, the conditions insome cases will call 'forithe lower rrunner 'of a multi-runner .verticalshlaft t'urbine'to be of 'a diierent type fromfthe upperrunner.Y For exainple, in a turbine for 60lrfeet head, if the upper runner above tailwatei,the conditions forthis upper `turnier Would not be' suitable `for a propeller l a, runner of vusual characteristics..according to their individual absolute s fore have a very much greater capacity thanthe upper runner.y l

If in the `alcove formulas, the quantityy ith-#hs is called the absolute static draftliead,

thenitfollows hat the power Capacities of al series of runners vmounted on lav common shaft should .be approximatelyproportional Vto tatic draft heads when the runners are of similar type. j j

By thus'conibinin'g with the lowergrunner the upper runner of less power and of lower y specific speed, theiipower outputgis greatly increased I'and' the sameactualspeedfof rotation is maintained. ln the example given (Figs. 1 an`d'2) the power is increased by over one-half to attain a total output ofg 95001-1 1?'.Toattain thissaine'horse-power in a single runner atthe same head and same actual speed, fthe specific' speed of the unit wouldbe 193.5 and the runner shouldvfbe placed. about seventeen in orderfto keep the total draft head of the unit equal to orfless than 32.83.* With this that 'would develop *highV specificspeed av runner would'be used considerably lower than the totaleficiency of fthe combinedunit of Figs. 1 and2. The single runner unit, due tothe high. negative static draft head, would the other "hand," ifvthe same specific speed were used'for .the single runner unit as in the lower runnerV 'of the unit shown, lthe actual v yspeed;would:.be'materially reduced, theelii ciencyf somewhat lower, vand the. size of the runner andy of thewhole unit considerably greater.A n f Thenew-results of my: invention are attainedvin the turbine of Figs. 1 and 2 simply byy interposing thel upper or auxiliaryl -runner-14 onthe shaft 21 between the lower runey i ner-15f and the generator 22, and providing passages forv the AAo'flllie "single ringof this runner withftlie supply and .discharge flow'through volves simply.alengtheningv of the entrance guidetv'anes and the provisionof the flow pas: sager and Adischarge outlet passage for the upperrunner. Af continuous columnar support isiprovidedxfromvthe siib foiindation to the generator iioor-.by-the lstay vane rings L20,16 and 19, and the shaft unit' as a whole is made vertically vcremovable vand. replaceable by beyond the upper; guide bearing 23 in removable Vdraft tubecone 24, a lower guide `bearing25 is addedin theflo'werdraft tube cone 26;'the'sei bearings being supp cant throughY pipe connections27 and 28,.

guide vanes`17 Vserving feet below 'tailwater a maximum kelcieney Y also require a much deeper' excavation than the double unit. @n

it. f. This in-V .except speed of 89.`

for'both runners isoperated by submerged operating mechanism comprising ring 40 andk links 41'between the ring and varies, ythey ring Ybeing connected byreach rods`18 and rocker the vertical shaftv'42 i# `from power'means'controlled bythe governor arm'43 to be turnedby on the power housefloor above.V 'f u In the embodiment'of the invention 'shown l in Figs. 3 and 4, th'efintake 31 is divided, having upper and lolfer y'sections 32 and 33, directing'the lflow'to the runners mounted on vertic'alshaft 36.r rllhe section 32 directs the flow downwardly to the upper runner 34, through the downwardly flaringdraft tube 37 to'theiconimon," single collector 38, and the sectiony 33 directs the iiow upwardly toV the lowerk runner .35, through the ,upwardly Haring draftftube 39 tothe commom'sin'gle collector 38. The 4flow from bothsections of the intake passage flows upwardly and downwardly into` Acommon collector 38, passing out through passage 40a. to tail water.l The liner of the ,downwardly kflaring draft tubev 37 Vis made removable so that theentireiunit canbe eo 40band 41 inthesections 32 and 33' and sepa- Y' f dismantled: from'above. Separate stay vanes rate stay vanes 42l "in thecollector 38 carry the vertical loads of the powerhouse.. .Fixed diagonal guide vanes 43 and 44' d irecttheflow into the runners'34v andy 35,"causing the unit Vto run at maximum 'efficiency at all times.

The load variations, however, can be taken up on some other unit inthe power system so Y Y thatth'is turbine ofjFigs.3 and 4 is particu-l p A,

ioo y larly: advantageous 1n large interconnecte systems.

i The twotguide bearings 45andV 46-for the shaft 36 have independent `water supplies 47 and 48 receiving their water from any convenient source.

In this turbine of Figs. 3 and 4,.'the installaa. speed of 200B. yThe lower runner entirelyoverlappingwould be similarto that described in Fig.k`1, developing 6000 ower, and the ythroatrplacedfat an elevation of 4.75 below tail water.

forl having thek blades substantially l Y .iro horsef tion has been worked up kfor a head of 40 and The upper runner y' would develop' 2000 horsepower lat a specific j i' hasfbeen worked out in this case by the method outlined above for Fig. draft headat the runner throat vIf.av'single'runner unit were usedfin place ofv the "two runners proposed, it wouldv haveV 8000y horsepower, -40 head, v200 R. P. M.,

vThe .power of the upper'runner` v 1, sothat the total will not exwhich corresponds to a specific speed of 177.5. i

This single runner unit would be placed with the throaty of the runner-about 12 below low in that shown in Fig. 1, the single runner yunit would require a considerably `larger throat,A

tail water.v In'v this installation and likewise diameter than either of the runners in theyY i two-'runner unit.'

'Due tothe highk specific musei 5f 'j speed, the eiciency of -thisrsingle-'ufnit would'A enoughtopermit` its removal upward'through f yprobably be 4%' or 57% 'lower than the `coni-p` the-throat of the upperturbinewithoutrequir-4 Y' bined'eifciency ofthe twojrunners; Or, if ing the remowi'l` ofa'draft tube ring. The

the'. saineeiiciencyfshould'fberequired, the upperrunner has separate ',cast stay" variesl 'speed'V v'vould'have tobe materiallyreduced 64 setinthe concrete outside' of thegui'de 70 andthe-runner andother parts be inade much venes@y p larger than either of the tw'orunners shown,"` Byy iny invention a multi-runner lverticalV Since with aturbine of my invention'one" shaft turbine is createdwliich will'have aconof the runners will be at al higher 'elevation siderablygreater powerand a totaler co1nthan the other and usuallyabove tailwater bined specific speedthan it is possible tose- 75 level, it may, in'inanyinstanceg be advanl cure bya single runner undergiven conditions 7 ta'geous to connethe regulationof the flow of efficiency andl securityI against cavitation. to the upper runner orrunnersf, leavingk the In general this unit will require for its lower' lowerlnost runner or runners to'have a con-vy runner arunner of higher specific Speed than etant How. 1 f y r' u its upper runner and inv some cases the, spe- 3Q In Figs. 5-andv 6, for instance, the verticale cie speeds will besuch that the lower runlshaft turbine shownreceives itsflowfthroughA ner will be of ahigh speed propeller*type entra-ncepassage50-supplying'theivolute in'- while the upper runner 75 will' heofa lower takesfl andi`53 leadingto upper' runner 52j speciiic'speed Francis.oriniXed-ii'oilv'type, as

` i yand :lower runner 5 4 which ypass the Howon shown 4in Fig. 9. ,To accomplish" ythis dife g5 i intothedraft tubesl55 undV56 respectively, ference inspecific speed between the'upper discharging into fthe jcentraldraft chest 57 andlower runners'and also to 'obtainfurtlier vfr-onuwhichy theqdischa'rge ilo'wv passes out advantages one or bothk oftheiunners, but 4 throughoutlet -pa-ssageS to tailwater having preferably the upper runner,"can be ofthe ad-l its level att. n. AfpierS'- divides passage 58,y justable blade' type such as yshown ineither of 9ol i f1'tbeing,notedthat inFigf bothrunnersgand my ycopendiug applications Serial Nos. 5,53;

yt eiropen'ingsare 'similarly offset with rc- 294 and 631,955, led respectively April` 15, o spect to the longitudinalcenter'linejof the 1922 and April' 14, 1923, A 'lhe'inventionis f f V Y thus notliniitedto any particularltype ofrun'- lhe lowervrunnerk 54isprovidedwith'iigred ner and itis obvious that incre thantwo AI"11,`I1f n guidevanes 65 Whichgservef at the sanietnne nersmayjbe used,andasjshoWn-nFigand as. SWW Valles. J60 lSUPIJOI'JN SUPGHIIIPOSG others the flowto the runnersmayfbeindieripartoffthe turbine is therefore of very the feature thatboth runncrsandtheiropensirnple constructiomthe' only working'parts: ingslie on the longitudinal centralaxis of powerhousestructure,andlower-runner1 viduallycontrolled asbyfuny llSllalmechal' thereforehas-no 'regulatingrimane.` The low-L nism,'fsu0h as Wicketgatgeps,'76,: Ajside;fivQm 00 u the being' the-'runner and'bearing belowthe runcomplete outlet 58 and are thereby synnnetri'- i yner,thusavoidinganymechanismwhich will callyv disposed withrespect thereto, the re'- sible location.

requirel'attention inrthis, relatively inaccesmaining structurev of'Fig. 9 issimilar to that e l .v o "ff L?" shown in Fig'andtherefore thecorres'pond.- 105 The upperrunner 1s provldedwlth WlcketA ing parts are given'the samev refereuee-,nfumv gates @with uSdEOperaftIig mechanism 66' bers.y Since the actual speedof all' runners Y in` the turbine pit y68H ,Where fity isfaccessible; must be the same to permit theirheing keyed Thisjunittherefore'would befcapab-leof gov to they same shaft, the lower specifick speed erningA forload changes up to about u "third ofthe upper runner necessarily requires "that liu of. the full capacity of-"thef unit, which inlgit shallhave lowerhorsepower capacity and,

Inostlcase's would befsuicientto .takecare'r quantity of discharger than'thefjlower one". .v

of theusualdead/fluctuations occurring dur- The: result-ing combination: e produces a unit ing normal"l operation.: lBelo'vi'rabout twoc which, ishigher/in the e'eCtVS?A Spd' of the i 1 thirds loads, it will beine Saryto -CIOSB the unit' than can be produced either by a single mi f head gatessand shutfdowncthe unit, theloadf runner or bya multifrunner-unit having runthengbeing taken up by other untsinthe sta'- v nefgofidenticsfl size and design v` f 't The draft Chest 571 PIOVdP/SILClearopening;v l`1. ahydrafuli'c turbinethecoinbiiation Y for/the withdrawal-lof the` lowerY runner 54 wthasingleshaft, of a-plurality offrunners 12u 'upwardv by iirst removingthe upper head thereonhavingdifferentspecificspeeds and c Y cover-,79,'gu1de valles 6runneri5g2,lower dlS- adapted forfsiniultaneous normaloperation.` Y .tributor ring 69 `and drafttube r1ng62. *The `In a hydraulic turbinethe' combination Vshaft 60 is,.divided intofa separate section for i with a single shaft, of a, plurality of ,runnersv each runner forfconvenience in handling, the1` thereon at different elevations andhavingdifn 125 intermediate coupling being provided with ay ferent specificA speedswhile' simultaiieous'lyy nut guard *61 formed tov vSuit the hydraulic lnormally .operatin'g,ry` o f, ow; *l A' f 'f 3. Ina hydraulic'turbine thecoinbination vkIn some cases', 'the lower runner 54 could withla single shaft, of a plii-ralityof runners t u bemadein sections, each'sectionbeing srnallfk spa'cedfr'oin each"`other'on`said shaft, said 131' runners haying diiferentpower capacities and Vatlonsjon vsaid shaft,

Y a lowerrunner'thereofl ooi ` at different elevations, vanupper runner therea power; clapacityfthanv a lower runner thereof.

39 thereon 'havlng'diferent specific speeds andr I and ajlower v runnerfgf `relatively greater larl type mounted thereon and having power capacities approximately proportional to Srooe on said shaft,` said runners having different f with a shaft, of a'plurality of runners',therey 'i von' at difliere'nt.l elevations, anl upper runner thereofhauing alower specific speed witha single shaft, off a lower runner'driyingl thesanie actual normalspeeds atall times.l .4.l In a hydraulic turbine the .combination with a single. shaft, cfa plurality. of lrunners d from yeach other at dierenteleyations rootroooli powerca'paoities.: 7 5f, lIn ahydraulic turbine` the combination withasingle shaft, of aplurality of run'- ners spaced'from each other at different elesaidrunners having different power capacities and different spe citicspeedsv f L 6.v In' la hydraulic turbinegthe combination `r15.111y o lessfpower capacity and ylower specificv sfpeed for each of ksaid runners draft head plus theyelocity; head regained Vin f its olreftgtrloo plus, "ca vitatipn approaehes-butrdoes not exceed atl on a t different elevations,v anupperrunner thereof having a lower specific. speed than 1731s @hydraulic trotinette comtituenwith a shaftjofa plurality of runnersthereon thewli-elf: i

of havifgless discharge capacity'than a low 8.l Ina hy draulicturbiue the combination vwith a'fshafjt', of a plurality of 'runners theref driying, said-,shaft andorra n ner onsai and less 9; a hydraulicturbine, the fcombination witha single shaft, of a pluralityof runners adapted for simultaneous' normal operation7 the lower runner ,be"i ng below tailwaterleyel andtheupper 'runner aboveftailwater level. 10i. In a ,hydrauli yturbine the combination A of o, plurality oitrenners ferentl specific speeds, one of ysaid runners at a lower elevation haymgjnon-'adj ustable guidysaid shaft 'and having during normal opera- ,tion thefullpermissiblespeed corresponding to its elevation, andan'upp'e'r runner on said iow tolit. 'f shaft aboye/ saidlo'wer Vrunner and 'having durin'g'normal operationthefull permissible speed correspondi'ilg'toiits elevatiomsaid permissiblesp'eedsbeing identicalQ Ililn a hydraulic tu vbinethe combinationwith a" shaft; of an upper runner lof yrelatively i less power capacity and lower specifiespeedjl with a shaftfof a plurality roffrlunners moun fed. thereon in other, nonadjustable gui PowerY ooreofy e'ofl relatively bisher one# cific speed', saidfsha-ft and runners rotatingV el? tllef full rermleslole l speed for the ,lower w- With a1 Shaftpzof; agplurality of runners 112: In a hya tu@ tutti@ uit ambulant with a shaft7 ofa plurality of runners of simitheir respective', bsolutey static draft heads. .Y

whereby said 'turb1ne 1s adapted Vto operatef 13. In a hydraulic turbine the'combination witha shaft, ofa plurality of runners thereon at different elevations, each of said runners owbetween 'sind mmrsf e having a specific speed and power capaeity `suchthatthe sum ofits static draft headv plus. the velocity headr'egainedfin its drafttube@Y plus the factor to coyerit'slocal cayitation iis less than 32.83 feetj 'i f r -ll- 111 o hrdroolo. turlonethe oomloloolfloof mounted] thereon with a's'haft, of an upper runner ofrelatively andov a lower .runnerof relatiyelygfgreatermospherlo pressure' -minus yap'oif' pressure of tionwith @Single-shaft,-ofa 'l`ower runner: f

i @during nor-'l l melonerotoo the-full' permissible ,epeooloora respondingtoits elevat dir ,andanupper rune ol;eheftsaboreeedf-lower: runner, and h'ayingduring uorm'alop rationthe -fullf permissible epeeoloorreeio enclins' tot its ele-va# tion, said permissible Spee degbenulidentical,y the lower runner, below tailwlater leyel. and ille-orner runner ebovetellweterlevel g;

1.7, ln hy'drauliQ` turbine,` thefcombina-f tion Withef Single. vertioelly; disposed l Shotty thereonhavin'g v dife Y the, Howto it' Wlole.v en `Il iorer "18. 'ln a hydraulicturbine tioning ofthe; totalow between said runners.;`

f fixed relation to eachother, non-adjustable guide means vfor pals'singfthe flow to oneo'f'f said. runners, and adjustable means fo-r ,reguf lating 'the flow toanother` of" said runners H kIn' ahydraulic turb'ne the combinanionV 3 with. a ishaft, of plurality 'of'wrunners in fiXed frelatio'n to each'f.

l other,` non-adjustable guidefm'eans Vfor 'passi `ngthe to ,a lowerrunner7 and adj u'stable i for/regulating; lllloulo @Il lioreo; ff'

hydraulic turbine oombinationA rforefoeioeolir oodfl'olotrelyfhsher epeofioir Speefli the Speed of Seid Shoftbelngleoohrhat thesum of its staticj s@ theootorto ,Cover its loool runneijflhas adjustable means Yregulatingz the 'fixed yrelation toY each,l

ellos' melone for re-SS- ing1 the flow to one ofsaidrunnersandadj ust-` 2lbl.e more for regolotngrthe floujtopenother1in of 5 'said runners whereby said turbine is,y adaptedrto voperate withfa yariablegproporf j Y 19.,v In ahydraul-ic'turbine the combination?V d' mounted" thereon at dilferentfelevations 3in1.v

iai;

wifhfafyariable' proportiomng of v totali 1 g 'f vrunner whereby said turbinel is adapted to n operate with a variable proportioningof the Y total flow between'said runners.

- other,

said runners.

with ashaft, of a' 21.A In a hydrauliciturbine the combination yplurality of runners mounted thereon in 4fixed relation to `each non-adjustable guide means for passing the flow to a runner belo-w tailwater level and adjustable means for regulating the flow to a runner above tailwater level whereby said turbine is adapted tooperate with a variable proportioning of the total flow between e 22. In a hydraulicturbine'a divided intake passage, a shaft, a runner on the end of said shaft receiving its iow upwardly,la second runneroffdiiferent speciiicj speed and power output than the rstf mentioned runner receiving [its flow" downwardly and spaced therefrom, oppositely; disposed draft tubes' a common collector pasfor said runners, and

i "sage for receiving'the discharge froin'both i of saiddraft tubes.

23,. In a hydraulic turbinea. divided intake ,passage, avert'ical shaft, a runner on the lower end of said j'shaft receiving its flow upwardly, Y Vspeed' from the yrst mentioned runnner Nso plurality j of runners of a second runner ofdifferent specific mounted on said shaft and spaced from the first mentionedrunner, Aoutwardly Haring draft tubes forsaid runners, and a central common collector passage receiving' the flow from said draft tubes.

24. Ina hydraulic turbine, an intake passage, a discharge'passage, a vertical shaft, a Vdifferent specific yspeeds and' output spaced from each other" on i said shaft, draft tubesA for receiving the dis- I. sage, a dischargepassage, speeds and output spaced from each other on charge from said runners, the upper draft tube having removable portions to permit the complete dismantling of the entire turbine from above.`

an intake pasa vertical shaft, a different'y specific 25. In ahydraulic turbine,

plurality of runners of said shaft, draft tubes for-receiving the flow i `lfrom said runners,`the` upper draft tube havf ingremovable liners 5o 26. Infa hydraulic to permit the complete dismantling of the entire turbine from above. turbine, the combination with a shaft, of a plurality of runners-,therelon,fineans forconducting fluid to each of said runners, includingy runners, and means for controlling flow to 1 fanothervof said runners'whereby iiow to one fixed non-adjustable means for directing fluid to certain of said V'of said runners canbe stopped while coni 'ners thereon spaced at tinuing to the other of said runners.

27. In a hydraulic turbine, the combination with a vertical shaft-,of a plurality of run- `different elevations,

yL the power capacity of each runnerbeing approximately proportional to its depth below the barometric elevation above tail water.V

speeds of the runners relation to their elevat-ionswith"respect to` axial direction,

the level `of tailwater.

i 30. In a hydraulic-turbine, the combination.'

comprising a single kvertically disposed shaft,- and `a plurality of runners .thereon having different specific speeds and adapted for simu vtaneous normal operation, each of said runners being ofthe/propeller type.

f 3l.V In a hydraulic turbine, the combination comprising asingle vertically/disposed shaft,j

a plurality of propeller type runners thereon having different specific speeds' and adapted for simultaneous normal operation, and passage forming means whereby fluid flowing to each of said runners is turned from` a radial to an axial direction.

32. In a hydraulic turbine, the combination a plurality of propeller type runners thereon having different vspecific speeds and adapted a i i for simultaneous normal operation, passage forming means whereby fluid flowing to each of said runners is turned from aI radial to an and guide vanes in said passages spaced from said runners to form4 a vane-free transition space.

33. In a hydraulic turbine,-the`combina tion comprising a single vertically ydisposed f shaft, aplurality of runners thereon having different specific speeds and adapted for simultaneousnormal operation, means forming passages whereby the fluid is directed to said runners, and only fixed guide vanes kin said passages. f f

ai comprising a single vertically disposed shaft,

34. In a hydraulic turbine,the combination comprising a single a plurality of propeller type runners thereon having different specific speeds and adapted for simultaneous normal operation, means forming passages leading to said runners, vanes disposed in each of the to said runners, and additional vanes of the adjustable type disposed in the passage lead-l ing to one of said runners whereby the fiuid How may be variably controlled.

l 35. Inahydraulic turbine, thecombination comprising a single verticallydisposed shaft, a plurality of propeller type runners thereon having dierent specific speeds and adapted for simultaneous normal operation, means leading to said runners,

forming passages vanes disposed in each of the passages leading vertically disposed shaft,

passages leading i Lil) to said Arunners, andr` additional vanes offthe y en.

which they cooperate thereby forming a vane-V- ree transition space.4 ,f

36. 1n a hydraulic turbine, theconibination i coinprisinga single vertically disposed shaft,

, ,Ot-,plurality of runners thereon having dili'erentI specilic speeds and Vadapted for simultaner of the propeller type.

Y 87. ln a hydraulic turbine,thecombination comprising a single vertically disposed shaft, a plurality rof runners thereon having dierentspeciiic speeds andV :adapted vfor simulta neous' norinal operation, the upper runner f v beingof the Francis type and the lower runner being oiE .the .propeller type, means. or1n ing passages leading tosaid'runners and ad-- justable guide vanes orfthe Francis runner disposed Within the passageleading thereto. o v 'LEWIS FERRYMOODY;

neous normal` operation, the upper runner i f fbeing for the Francis vtype andthe lower run-v

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