US1216911A - Projection apparatus. - Google Patents

Description

A. AMES, JR.

PROJECTION APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 6.1916- Patented Feb. 20, 1917.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

A. AMES, JR. PROJECTION APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILE D JUNE 6,19I6.

' Patented Feb. 20, 1917.

g I 24 a ADELBERT AMES, JR., OF TEWKSIBURY, MASSACHUSETTS.

PROJECTION APPARATUS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed JuneG, 1916. Serial No. 102,086.-

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, ADELBERT Arms, J r.,

a citizen of the United States, and resident of Tewksbury, in the county of Middlesex and State of Massachusetts, have invented new and useful Improvements in Projection Apparatus, of which the following is a specification.

' This invention relates to light projection apparatus designed to project a sharply defined concentrated beam of light a considerable distance. More particularly the invention relates to a headlight for use. on automobiles and the like adapted to illuminate the roadway far in advance of the vehicle without producing upward glare, that is, without projecting substantially any light above a horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source, and at the same time adapted to produce distributed illumination for relatively short and intermediate distances along the roadway.

In my prior applications Serial No. 72,504 and Serial No. 72,505, both filed January 17, 1916, I have disclosed light projection apparatus comprising a paraboloidal or other concave reflector, a light source in the region of the focus of the reflector and a spherical or other auxiliary reflector for reflecting to said paraboloidal reflector the light radiating from the source in certain directions, whereby all or substantially all the light emanating from the source may be projected in and below a horizontal direction. This inventionvcomprises improvements for simply and eflectively controlling the projection of light by means of apparatus of this character.

The principal objects of the invention are to provide an auxiliary reflector or deflector, in combination with a paraboloidal reflector or other reflector adapted to project a concentratcd beam of light together with a light .--.ource having one or more substantial dimensions so that portions thereof are necessarily displaced from the focus of the reflector. the deflector being constructed and arranged to reflect light to the reflector in such manner that the light is projected in and below a horizontal direction; and to provide means for preventing light from the displaced portions of the light source from striking the reflector at vsuch angles as to be projected upwardly.

' Other objects of the invention, such as the shaping and relative positioning of parts of the apparatus, will be apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings, in which,

Figure 1 is a vertical axial section through the preferred form of my projection apparatus Patented Feb. 20, 1917. i

Fig. 2 is a vertical transverse sectional view on the line VV of Fig. 1, parts being omitted;

v Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the auxiliary reflector;

' Fig. 4 is a iliary reflector;

Fig. 5 is a vertical axial sectional view similar to Fig. 1, showing the lamp in position; and

Fig. 6 is a vertical axial section of a modified form of my improved apparatus.

Each of the particular embodiments of my invention illustrated in the drawings comprises a paraboloidal reflector P,. arranged to receive light only upon the lower half thereof, a light source L positioned in the rear of the focus fof the paraboloidal reflector, a deflector in the form of a spherical reflector S positioned upwardly and forlower reflector P in such a manner as to prevent upward glare the reflected rays should pass the axis HH in the rear of the focus, f. To cause the reflected rays to strike the parabfront elevation of the said anx from the light source to be reflected to the I oloidal reflector as if they had come from points back of the focus, the centers of the,

spherical surfaces forming the auxiliary reflector attachment must be back of the light source. These centers may, therefore. be positioned in the vertical line VV which is perpendicular to the axis HH at a point be hind the light source. The exact distance of the line VV back of the focal plane may be determined by the axial dimension of the source of light employed, but in practice it should be taken as the average or maximum length of common commercial headlight filaments.

It is desirable to have most of the rays reflected by the surfaces of the attachment pass as close behind the light source as pos sible, so that after reflection by the paraboloidal reflector they will form a continuous light pattern with those rays reflected directly by the paraboloidal surface. For this reason the line VV is preferably located as close as possible to the rear of the light source. The center of the smaller spherical surface may be positioned in the axis and the center of the larger spherical surface is preferably positioned thcreabove for reasons hereinafter set forth.

The preferred shape and extent of the larger spherical surface may be determined from the following considerations: lVith the light source L positioned behind the focus 7 of the paraboloidal surface P, the larger spherical reflector S should be positioned with its center 0 behind and above the light source. Thusall rays from the light source, directly incident to the spherical surface S are reflected to pass above and back of the center of the sphere and therefore back of the focus of the paraboloidal surface, whereby all such rays are forwardly projected in a direction orientated slightly below the horizontal.

It will be noted, however, that the light source might project slightly above or behind the center O' without producing upward glare, the principal requirement for the purpose of my invention being to cause all rays reflected fromthe spherical surface to pass through or behind the focus of the paraboloidal surface, that is, to cause all the rays to be reflected to the lower surface at such angles as to be projected in or below a' horizontal direction. On the other hand,

owing to the fact that lamp filaments vary in size and shape, it is desirable, in practice, to position the reflector S so that its center will be somewhat above the top point of the average filament in order to avoid upward glare even when using commercial lamps having filaments of unusual shape and size. However, for purposes of illustration I have shown the reflector S positioned with its center 0 in the rear, uppermost point of the source of light L, the latter being shown as a V-shaped filament positioned in a vertical plane.

The lower portion of the spherical reflector S should preferably be modified to prevent rays emanating approximately horizontally from the light source from being reflected to the paraboloidal surface at such an angle as to be projected upwardly. In the absence of such a modified surface some of the rays emanating from points above the center 0 of the spherical surface S, when using an irregular filament extending above the point 0, would be reflected from the aforesaid lower portion of the spherical reflector to pass below the center of the sphere and thence to the lower reflector at such an angle as to be projected upwardly.

One effective Way of eliminating upward glare resulting from the above mentioned cause is to curve the lower portion of the reflector S inwardly as illustrated in Figs. 1, 3 and 5. In this embodiment of the invention the section of the reflector S below the horizontal plane through B0 is preferably formed by rotating the arc AB, whose center is at 0, about the vertical line VV. The horizontal plane OB, where the modified curvature of the reflector begins, should be a sufficient distance above the light source to prevent upward glare from irregularly shaped filaments or from other causes of undue displacement of the light source. The modified surface below the horizontal plane through OB should be extended below the horizontal plane through the lower extremity of the light source to prevent rays from being forwardly radiated in an upward direction and also to shield the portions of the lower reflector adjacent the horizontal plane containing the axis thereof to prevent upward glare from causes fully set forth in my copending application Serial No. 102,085, filed June 6, 1916. As illus trated in the drawings, this surface extends above and below the horizontal plane through the focus of the paraboloidal re flector a somewhat greater distance, respectively, than does the light source.

With the modified surface-"below the horizontal plane through OB formed as described, rays emanating approximately horizontally from the light source will be reflected upwardly, and most of the rays thus reflected will be again reflected by the reflector S in a forward and downward direction, either not striking the paraboloidal reflector at all, or if so. striking it as though issuing from points behind the focus.

The light which is reflected from the reflector S in such a direction as not to strike the paraboloidal reflector would be projected to the roadway immediately in front of the headlight. The light which is reflected from the reflector S to the paraboloidal surface in such a way as to pass behind the-focus of the latter reflector would be projected in a downward direction.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figs. 1 to 5, the spherical reflector S is preferably cut off at the plane CD so that it will not interfere with the paraboloidal reflector P when the apparatus is assembled and it is preferably extended down to the plane DQ to afford a convenient means of attaching it to the spherical reflector S. The reflector S is extended over and around the reflector S both to prevent stray light from reaching the upper half of the reflector P, when using an entire paraboloidal reflector, and to spring over and tightly engage the reflector S at the lower edges of the two reflectors as hereinafter explained.

The additional reflector S is provided within the reflector S owing to the fact .that the rear portion of the latter is preferably cut away to avoid interference thereof with the projector I. The center of the spherical portion of the reflector S is preferably positioned at O in the axis HH to the rear of the light source, whereby the light incident thereto diregtly from the light source will hind the focus of the paraboloidal reflector and therefore be projected in a direction only slightly below the horizontal. The reflector S preferably extends forwardly only to the vertical plane VV, thus shading only that portion of reflector S which is behind the plane VV.

The flat reflector EGK which is preferably in the form of an apron depending from reflector S, is positioned behind the source of light to further aid in preventing upward glare and also to afford means for accurately positioning the lamp bulb relative to the two spherical reflectors and the paraboloidal reflector.

The apron EGK assists in preventing upward glare which would otherwise result from radial displacement of parts of the light source from the axis of the paraboloidal reflector, and particularly from displacement of parts of the light source below the horizontal plane containing the axis of the reflector. In Fig. 5. for example, a ray 12 issuing from point 14 of the filament L, which is dis placed below the axis, would be reflected at.

point 16 of the paraboloidal surface P (in the absence of the apron) in an inward and consequently an upward direction as though it had emanated from a point 18 in front of the focus f. Thus all rays incident-to the pa raboloidal reflector behind the light source over paths which, if extended, would pass in front of the focus of the reflector would be reflected in an upward direction, since only the lower half of the paraboloidal surface is employed in apparatus of the character described. I have found that upward glare resulting from this cause can be eliminated by a reflector such as the apron EGK. For example, with such a reflector. the ray 12 above referred to would be reflected downwardly as indicated at 20 instead of upwardly as in the absence of the reflector. The radial extent of the apron below the horizontal plane containing the axis HI'I may be determined by the line of intersec-' .tion therewith of a half cone having its apex from points in front of the focus of the paraboloidal surface. For example, I have disclosed a number of modifications of suitable means for accomplishing this result in my copending application Serial No. 102,085,

filed June 6, 1916. However, I preferably construct the reflector EGK in substantially the form shown for the following reasons.

For the proper functioning of apparatus of the character. described it is imperative that the light source be exactly positioned relative to the reflecting surfaces. The one measurement which manufacturers of headlight lamps take especial care to make accurate is the distance from the filament to the plane where the glass bulb joins the metal plug permanently attached thereto. This distance is represented in Fig. 5 by the dimension line (Z. Hence, the plane where the glass bulb joins its metalbase comprises a place where the lamp can be attached to the re- .flectors and at the same time be suitably and accurately positioned relative thereto.

Furthermore, owing to thefact that the bulb sockets in ordinary commercial headlights extend into close proximity with the glass bulbs, when the bulbs are secured in the sockets, it is desirable that the attachment. if made at this point, be in the form of a thin metalsheet fitting between the bulb and the socket. I therefore prefer to employ a flat apron having an aperture the rem concentric with the axis of the lower reflecting surface and to secure the two substantially spherical reflectors to the lamp by means of the apron between the bulb and the socket 22. The aperture may be provided with one or more notches 24 to permit the bayonet catches 26 to pass therethrough.

The reflector S should preferably begin close to the glass bulb inasmuch as the apron is preferably attached to the reflector and inasmuch as the apron terminates at its upper end in a narrow portion extending above the .lamp socket close to the bulb.

The radius of curvature of reflector S is therefore made smaller than that of reflector S whereby the reflector Sinay join directly to and, preferably. be formed integrally with the apron-EGK. The reflector S is preferably extended to the vertical plane VV.

While the upper portion of the reflector S preferably comprises a substantially spherical surface the sides thereof preferably flare out to form portions tangential to the spherical portion to further eliminate upward glare and to meet the outer reflector S at the lower edges thereof. In the absence of the outward flare of the sides of the reflector S some upward glare would ordinarily result. For example, some rays emanating from points of the light source displaced from the centers of the two spherical reflectors would be reflected between the reflectors S and S two or more times and then pass to the paraboloidal surface at such angles as to be projected upwardly.

Furthermore, displacement of the lamp filament from the center of the lamp bulb causes light to be reflected from the-ins1de of the bulb and to be focused at a point oppositely displaced from the center of the bulb. \Vhen employing lamps of this charactcr, which are common among ordinary conunercial headlight lamps, some rays passing through this focus would be reflected from reflector S'-at such angles as to be projected upwardly from the paraboloidal reflector..

For example, when the light source 1s displaced rearwardly ofthe center of the bulb the light reflected from the inner surface of the bulb is focused in front of the light source and hence in front of the focus of the paraboloidal reflector. The light passing downwardly through this focus would be projected upwardly owing to the fact that it is incident to the projector as coming from in front of the focus thereof. 'hen the light source is displaced forwardly of the center of the bulb the light reflected from the inner surface of the bulb is focused in the rear of the light source and hence in the rear of the centers of the upper spherical reflectors. The light passing upwardly through this focus would be reflected from the spherical reflectors to pass downwardly in front of the centers of the spherical surfaces and in part in front of the focus of the lower reflector and therefore be projected upwardly.

Hence. either forward or rearward displacement of the light source relative to the lamp bulb will cause upward glare in apparatus of the character described. However. I have found that this cause of upward glare can be eliminated by outwardly flaring the sides of the inner reflector. The extent of this flare, both horizontally and vertically, depends on the character of the lamp employed, but with most commercial. lamps the glare is eliminated by forming the reflector S substantially as shown in the drawil'lgs.

As above stated the lower edges of re- Hector C meet the rear portlons of the lower edges of reflector S and are detachably secured thereto in the following manner: Lower reflector S is provided at each of its four lower corners with an extended lip 32, half of which is bent outwardly about a vertical axis, thus. forming an angular shoulder. Outer reflector S is provided with four tangential lips 34 positioned to fit within the angular shoulders on the reflector S. Each lower ed e of the outer reflector S is curved inwar' ly between the lips to form seats for the lower edges of the reflector S.

In assembling the apparatus the base of the lamp bulb is first inserted through the aperture 23 in the apron EGK, and owing to the fact that the aperture is preferably made slightly smaller than the base the two halves of the apron must be spread apart somewhat in order to receive the base. ()wing to its formation the device possesses a sufficient amount of elasticity to cause the two halves of the apron to spring inwardly when released and tightly grip the lamp base. The larger reflector S is then placed over the lamp bulb, with the tip of the bulb engaging the spring in the recess 30. and by pressing the reflector S in an axial direction it may be caused to spread laterally whereby it may be moved down into normal position surrounding the bulb and the reflector S. Upon removing the axial pressure from the reflector S the sides thereof spring inwardly and the shoulders thereon cooperate with the lips on the reflector S" to rigidly secure the two reflectors together and to further cause the apron to grip the lamp base. \Vith the spherical reflectors thus secured to the lamp, the base of the lamp is secured to the socket 22 by means of the bayonet connection 2627. The parts are thus rigidly secured together and accurately positioned relative to each other.

In the modified form of my invention shown in Fig. 6 the spherical reflectors S and S are formed integrally with each other, being connected together by the annular portion 41, and the portions of the reflectors below a horizontal plane through MN are made tangential to the main spherical portions. Th tangential portions are preferably made non-reflecting as by a coating of black paint NF. Thus, all rays incident to the lower portions of the reflectors, which might otherwise be reflected to the projector at such an angle as to be projected in an upward direction, are absorbed. For example. the ray 42 issuing from the uppermost point of the irregular filament L which would be projected in an upward direction in the absence of the non-reflecting coating NF is absorbed. Vhile a small portion of the light is wasted in this form of apparatus. upward glare is effectually prevented; and this type of reflector can be formed with facility and at a small cost.

It is to be understood .that the words horizontal, vertical, upward, vdownward, etc.,

are used throughout the specification and claims merely for convenience in referring to relative locations and directions, and that my invention is not limited to headlights employed solely inthe position herein described.- On the contrary, the invention is applicable wherever it is desired to project a beam of light sharply defined on at least one side. I contemplate, for example, applying my invention to search-lights employed to illuminate buildings and the like.

\Vhile I' have described in detail certain specific shapes and sizes of parts, certain relative positions of parts, etc., extensive variations of these factors obviously. are included within the scope of the appended claims. 4

I claim:

1. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light source having a portion vertically displaced with relation to a horizontal-plane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector being shaped and positioned to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, as a concentrated beam of light sharply definedon its upper side, substantially all light radiating downwardly from the source, and a-deflector above the source for deflecting to the reflector light radiating upwardly from the .s'ourceinsuch manner that the deflected light is reflected in and below a horizontal direction' and that none of the deflected light is-reflected upwardly.

2. Light projection apparatus comprising 'a light source ha-v ing at least two substantial dimensions, a reflector shaped to reflect a concentrated beam of 1i ht in -and below a horizontal. direction an v positioned with respect to the light source to reflect in and below a horizontal direction substantiallyall light radiating downwardly fromthe source, and a deflector above the source for y deflecting to the reflector light' radiating up \vardly from the source in such manner-that the deflected light is reflected in and below a horizontal direction, substantially none of the deflected light being reflected upwardly, whereby a concentrated beam of light sharply defined on its upper side may be projected substantially horizontally.

3. Light projection apparatus comprising alight source having at least one substantial dimension, a reflector shaped and positioned with relation to the light source to reflect light directly incident thereto as a concentrated beam in and below a horizontal direction and to reflect substantially no light above a horizontal direction, and a deflector for deflecting light to the reflector in such manner that the deflected light is reflected in and below a horizontal direction and that substantially none of the deflected-light is reflected upwardly, whereby a concentrated I beam of light sharply defined on its upper side may be projected substantially bori zontally. I

4. Light projection apparatus comprising a subtantially paraboloidal reflector, a light source having a portion vertically displaced with relation to a horizontal plane containing'the axis of the reflector, and being so positioned with respect to the focus of the reflector as to project a beam of light in and below a horizontal direction and a deflector so shaped and so positioned with respect to the light source and focus of the reflector as to deflect light to the reflector in such manner as to be reflected in and below a horizontal direction without deflecting substantially any light in such manner as to be reflected upwardly, whereby near, distant and intermediate portions of a roadway may be illuminated without producing upward glare.

5. Light projection apparatus comprising a substantially paraboloidal reflector positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane containingthe axis thereof, a light source in the region of the focus of said'reflector parts of which are displaced from said plane, and the, light source being so positioned with respect to the said reflector as to reflect a-beam in and below a horizontal direction without reflecting substantially any light upwardly, a substantially spherical deflector positioned above said horizontal plane to reflect light to said reflector, and means for deflecting the light which radiates approximately horizontally from said displaced parts of the source to the reflecting surface at such an angle as to be projected in or below a horizontal direction.

6. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a substantially paraboloidal reflector at least aportion of which is positioned below the horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source, said light source being positioned in the region of the focus of said reflector in such manner that a concentrated beam of light reflected in and below ahorizontal direction without substantially any light being reflected upwardly, deflecting means above said light source to deflectto said reflector light emanating upwardly from said light source, and means adjacent said horizontal'plane to prevent light emanating from said light source approximately horizontally from being projectedupw-ardly.

7 Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, a substantially spherical reflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part in front of a vertical transverse plane through the reg-ion of said light source, and a substantially spherical reflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part behind said vertical plane, the centers of said spherical reflectors being positioned rearwardly of the light source, and the focus of said reflecting surface being positioned forwardly of said light source.

*8. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source, a substantially spherical reflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part in front of a vertical transverse plane through the region of said light source and a substantially spherical reflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane. and at least in part behind said vertical plane, the focus of said reflecting surface being positioned forwardly of said light source and at least one of the centers of said spherical reflectors being positioned rearwardly of said light source and upwardly relative to said focus.

9. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflector positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, a substantially spherical deflector positioned in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part behind a vertical transverse plane passing,through the region of said light source, the light source being so positioned with respect to the reflector that substantially no light which is directly incident to said reflector is reflected upwardly, and a substantially spherical deflector positioned in part above said horizontal plane and at least in .part in front of said vertical plane, the curvatures of said deflectors being modified adjacent said horizontal plane to prevent light from being deflected to said reflectorat such angles as to be projected upwardly.

10. Light-pro] ection apparatus comprising a light source having at leasttwo appreciable dimensions, a substantially paraboloidal reflector positioned at least in part below a horizonta plane passing through the region of said light source, a substantially spherical deflector: positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part in front of a vertical transverse plane through the region of said light source, and a' substantially spherical deflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part behind said vertical plane, the centers of said spherical deflectors being displaced from each other andbeing positioned rearwardly of the light source, whereby a concentrated beam of light may be pro ected a considerable distance along a roadway Without producing upward glare.

11. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a substantiallyparaboloidal plane to prevent. substantially any light radiating approximately horizontally from said source from striking said reflector at such angles as to be projected upwardly.

12. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflector positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, a deflector positioned at least in'part above said horizontal plane and at least in part behind a vertical transverse plane passing through the region of said light source, and a deflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part in front-of said vertical plane, the deflectors comprising means to prevent substantially any light radiating approximately honizontally from said source from striking said reflector at such angles as to be projected upwardly.

13. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontal plane passing through the central portion of said light source for projecting light in and below a horizontal direction;- and a substantially spherical deflector positioned above and partially surrounding the light source with its center above said hori zontal plane for deflecting upwardly radiating light to said concave reflector, a portion ofsaid deflector adjacent a horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source being modified to prevent light being deflected therefrom to the'reflector in such manner as to be reflected upwardly.

14. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a concave reflector at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontal plane passing through the central portion of said light source for projecting light in and below a horizontal direction, and a substantially spherical reflecting surface positioned above and partially surrounding the light source with its center above said horizontal plane for reflecting upwardly radiating light to said concave reflector, said reflecting surface being curved inwardly adjacent a horizontal plane through the region of the light source.

15. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface positioned, at least in partbelow a horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source with its axis in said plane, a reflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane for reflecting light to said reflecting surface, parts displaced relative to said axis, and a substantially flat reflecting surface depending from said reflector behind said light source to shield a portion of said reflecting surface from rays emanating from said displaced parts. v

16. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface positioned at least "in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, a substantially spherical reflector at least in part surrounding said light source above said horizontal plane, and a second substantially spherical reflector having ashorter radius of curvature than said first reflector at least in part within said first reflector,'said second reflector having its lower portion flared outwardly whereby the lower edges of the two reflectors meet.

17 .Light projection apparatus comprising a lig t source, a reflecting surface positioned at'least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the re ion of said light source,

hind said light source, said reflecting apronhaving an aperture therein to receive the light source whereby the latter may be accurately positioned relative to said reflector or reflectors.

l8.'Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector positioned at least in part .below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, the light source being posi tioned with respect to the focus of said reflector in such manner as horizontally to ,project a. beam of light without producing upward glare,

a deflector having at least one substantially spherical reflecting surface above said plane with its center in the region of said light source for deflecting upwardly radiating light to said reflector, and means behind,said light source to prevent light striking said concave reflector at such an angle as to be projected upwardly.

19. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having an appreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source for projecting light in and below a horizontal direction, and a deflector said light source having.

one or more re ectors positloned at least 1n part above said horizontal having at least one substantially spherical reflecting surface above said .plane with its center in the region of said light source for deflecting upwardly radiating light to said concave reflector, said deflector extending downwardly to a horizontal plane passing through the lowermost point of the light source and having the curvature of its lower portion modified.

. 20. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface having a contour generated by the partial revolution of a conic section at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source, and a substantially hemispherical deflector above said horizontal plane for deflecting to said reflecting surface a portion of the light emanating from said light source, said deflector being flared outwardly adjacent its lower edge.

21. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflecting surface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of said light source, a substantially spherical reflector above said plane with its center'in the region of said light source, and a reflector behind said light source to prevent light striking said reflecting surface at such an angle as to be projected upwardly.

22. Light projection apparatus comprising a semiparaboloidal reflector having a horizontal axis and positioned below the axis, a spherical defiectorrabove and behind the focus of the reflector and having its center in the rear of the focus, a second spherical deflector above and in frontflof the focus and having its center above the center of the first deflector, and a light said centers in such manner that a concen- 'trated beam-of light may be projected in and belowa horizontal direction without producing upward glare.

23. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having a substantial vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflector positioned at least in part on one side of a horizontal plane through the light source, the light Source being positioned with respect to the focus of the reflector in such manner as horizontally to project a concentrated beam without producing upward glare, and a deflector having atleast one substantially spherical reflecting surface-positioned 'on the other side of said plane so as to deflect light to the reflector in suchxmanner as to be reflected 'downwardly without deflecting substantially any source positioned between the focus and the wardly, the, deflector comprising means to prevent from being reflected upwardly substantially any. light radiating from the source approximately horizontally.

24. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light source having a portion verticallv displaced with relation to a horizontal plane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector being shaped and positioned to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, as a concentrated beam of light sharply defined on its upper side, substantially all light directly incident thereto, a deflector on the side of the source opposite the reflector for deflecting light incident thereto in such manner that the deflected light is reflected in and below a horizontal direction and in such manner that substantially none of the deflected light is reflected upwardly, and a transparent container for the light source, the container-being so shaped and positioned with'"re's p ect to the light source that substantially no light is reflected from the interior surface of the container to the reflector in such manner as to be projected above the sharply defined upper side of said concentrated beam of light.

25. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light source having a portion vertically displaced with relation to a horizontal plane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector being shaped and positioned'to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, as a concentrated beam, light radiating downwardlv from the source, and a deflector above the source for deflecting light radiating upwardly from the source to the reflector as if coming from behind the focus and in such manner'that substantially no light is deflected to the reflector as if coming from in front of the focus, whereby substantially no light is projected upwardly.

26. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a concave reflector at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontal plane passing through the central portion of said light source for projecting light in and below a horizontal direction, and a substantially spherical reflecting surface positioned above and partially surrounding the light source .for reflecting upwardly radiating light to said concave reflector, said reflecting surface being curved inwardly adjacent a horizontal plane through the region of the light source.

27. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflecting surface positioned on one side of a horizontal plane containing the axis of the surface, and a deflector positioned on the other side of said light source for deflecting the light incident thereto to the reflecting surface in such manner as to be projected in and below a horizontal direction without deflecting substantially any light to the reflecting surface in such manner as to be projected upwardly, said reflectplr being flared outwardly adjacent its lower e ge.

28. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector, a light source in the region of the focus of the reflector, a transparent container for the light source, and a region of the focus of the reflector, a deflec-- tor for deflecting light from the light source to the reflector, and a, transparent container for the light source, the light source being so disposed within the transparent container that substantially no light is reflected from the surface of the container to the reflector, either directly or indirectly from the deflector, in such mannercas to be reflected upwardly from the reflector.

30. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector and a light source so arranged with respect to each other as to project a concentrated beam of light substantially horizontally, a transparent container for the light source, and a deflector so positioned with respect to the reflector and light source as to deflect light to the reflector in such manner that it is projected downwardly, the light source being so disposed within the container that no light is reflected from the surface of the container in r such manner as to be projected upwardly.

31. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector and a light source so arranged with respect to each. other as to project a concentrated beam of light substantially horizontally without projecting substantially any light upwardly, a transparent container for the light source, and a deflector so positioned with respect to the reflector and light source as to deflect light to the reflector in such manner that it is projected downwardly without deflecting substantially any light to the reflector in such manner that it is projected upwardly, the light source being so disposed within the container that no light is reflected from the surface of the container in such manner as to be projected upwardly. 32. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflecting surface disposed on one side of a horizontal plane containing its axis, a light source positioned on one side of a transverse plane through the focus of the the surface of the container from striking the reflecting surface in such manner as to cross said horizontal plane on the side of said transverse plane opposite to the light source. a

33. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflecting surface disposed below a horizontal plane containing its axis, a light source positioned rearwardly of the focus of the reflector, a deflector disposed at least in part above said plane for deflecting light to the reflecting surface, and a transparent container for the light source, the contalner being so shaped and the light source being so positioned within the container as to. 15

cause the light reflected from the surface of the container to cross said plane rearwardly of the focus.

Signed by me at Boston, Massachusetts, this 23rd day. of May 1916.

ADELBERT AMES, JR.

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