US1207119A - Underreaming-bit. - Google Patents

Description

Patented Dec. 5, 1916.

\W. L` YOUNG.

UNDERREAIVHNG BIT.

APPLICATION m50 JAN. 10. Isls.

n 1 4 7 0 A l- 9 6 x 2 6 w f a 2 7 Z a g.

WALTER L. YOUNG, OF NEWPORT, CALIFORNIA.

UN DERREAMING-BIT.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Dec. 5, 1916.

Application filed January 16, 1915. lSerial No. 2,756.

To all whom it may concern.'

Be it known that I, WALTER L. YOUNG, a citizen of the United States, residing at Newport, in the county of Orange and State of California, have invented a new and useful Underreaming-Bit, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to that class of well drilling tools known as the churn drilling type in which the rotating tool reciprocates vertically in the oilor other well to enlarge the hole below the casing.

The primary object of this invention is to provide an improved tool which will combine an under-reamer and drilling bit and to produce a tool of this character which shall be of extremely simple and durable construction, composed of few parts, and which shall be cheap to manufacture and safe, positive and efficient in operation.

More specifically the invention comprises a tool having' a lower segmental or substan tially semi-circular cutting edge conforming to the circular wall of the hole below the casing, and simple but effective means to maintain said cutting edge in operative relation against said wall below the well casing, said means being embodied in the form of a shifter or relatively free plunger-member lving within the body of the tool during the descent through the casing, and which is adapted to be forced upwardly aslant to project beyond the outer periphery of the body upon the opposite side from the cutting edge after said tool has passed below the casing, thus crowding said cutting edge beyond the produced circular plane of the casing.

The accompanying the invention.

Figure 1 is a fragmental elevation partly in section on line rc1, Figs. 6 and 8 showing the newly invented underreaming bit in position below the casing' at the bottom of a hole. The shifter is shown latched in the shifting position to which it is forced by inertia of the liquid or plastic contents of the lower portion of the hole as the tool approaches the bottom. Dotted lines show the position of the shifter in the tool during the descent of the tool before enteringthe water and mud, not shown., Fig. 2 is an eleration .from the ,fight 0f thc tool Shown in drawings illustrate Fig. 1, the parts being shown intact up to the tool joint. Fig. 3 is an elevation showing the tool in solid and broken lines near the bottom of the hole. Solid lines show the tool as it is being withdrawn; the shifter being in contact with the bottom of the casing so that as the tool ascends farther toward the dotted position the shifter will be held by the casing until it is retracted into the bore of the tool, thus allowing the tool to pass up through the casing as indicated by the dotted lines. Fig. 1 is a top view of the shifter detached. Fig. 5 is a side elevation of the shifter detached. Fig. G is a plan section on line-, Figs. l and 2 looking up. Fig. 7 is a plan section on line .af-m8, Figs. l, 2 and 3, looking up. Fig. 8 is a plan section on line .x7-, Figs. 1, 2 and 3, looking down. Fig. 9 is a cross section of the shifter on line ze, Figs. l and 5, looking down.

The small arrows on the lines of section indicate the direction of sight and the large arrow on the shank of the tool in Fig. 8 indicates the direction in which the tool is moving to reach the position shown in dotted lines.

In the embodiment shown the body 1 of the tool is provided at its upper end with the usual neck 2 and coupling pin 3 for connection toa sucker rod L and at its lower end with a segmental cutting edge 5 of any preferred style. A longitudinal wedge-shaped chamber G opens out upon the periphery of the body l upon the side opposite the cutting edge 5, and a shifter in the form of a relatively free plunger-member 7 is positioned in said chamber and guided in an aslant direction relative to the axis of the tool when' moved up and down therein. The aslant guiding means for said shifter in the present instance consists of the diagonal slideface 8 of rthe chamber, the arrangement of which face is such that when the shifter 7 is at the top of the chamber, it projects considerably beyond the outer periphery of the body l while when the shifter is at the bottom of said chamber it is positioned entirely within the body. This slide face 8 in the instance shown is formed by a bore extending diagonally into the body 1 from the bottom and this bore together with an axial slot 9, affording connnunication therefrom to the pe- `riphery o f the body at the side thereof toward which the upward slant of the bore approaches, constitutes the open chamber 6. The sides 10 of said axial slot are upwardly tapering due to the aslant arrangement of the bore which cuts through to the'periphery Vbar 11 bridges the bore 8 at the bottom thereof7 its ends being secured in the tool at each side of the bore, said bar forming a lower stop for the shifter and serving to support the shifter against dropping out and also serving to break up and mix the formation drilled by the cutting edge 5 when the tool is reciprocated.

During the operation of the tool in the well the shifter 7 is adapted to be normally positioned in the upper end of the chamber 6 as hereinafter described, said shifter in this position extending out beyond the periphery of the body 1 to contact with the wall of the well-hole for the purpose of holding the tool away from said wall at that side thereof and substantially in central alinement with the hole, thereby to maintain the opposite cutting edge outside of the produced plane of the casing and in operative position during continued reciprocation of the tool. Said shifter or plunger member may be wedged or frictionally held in the upper end of the bore if desired or suitable latch means may be provided to yieldingly support Jthe same. In the instance shown a spring pressed latching pin 12 is adapted to project aslant downwardly through the face 8 0f the chamber 6 and into the path of the shifter 7, said pin terminating at its projecting end in a rounding nose 13. lA shoulder 14 of the pin 12 is arranged to seat upon a corresponding seat 15 in the pin bore 16 to limit the movement of the pin into the chamber and a compression spring 17 is interposed between said shoulder and a retaining plug 121y said spring yieldingly holding the'pin in its latching position with the nose 13 beneath said shifter to support the same in thepnormal working position and i'iermitting the pin to be retracted by the shifter only when sufficient force is applied to overcome the spring. Said shifter may be variously constructed and in the present instance comprises a light. hollow cylindrical member 19 constructed in the form of a shell of steel or other brittle metal, said shell being open at the bottom and termi-V nating at the top in a rounding portion 2O conforming to the socket 11 of the bore 8. Attached to this cylindrical member 19 is a shoe 21, the inner face 22 of which is concave to fit said member and which face has mounting lugs 23 extending therefrom and arranged to seat in upper and lower openings 211 in the shell-like wall of the member, said shoe being firmly secured in place by pins or keys 25 driven through the cylindrical member at one side of its axis and passing through said lugs.

The shoe 21 is made just suiiiciently wide to slide easily in the slot 9 as the cylindrical member 19 to which it is attached is moved up and down in the bore 8 and said shoe is thickened downwardly in order that the outer convex face 26 may lie parallel with the axis of the tool while the inner concave face 22 corresponds to the aslant arrangement of the bore 8, so that when the shifter, com'prising the member 19 and shoe 21, is in position in the chamber' 6, said outer face 26 is parallel with the wall of the well. This outer face 26 preferably has a convex conformation substantially corresponding to the curvature of the cutting edge 5 and also to the wall of thc well whiclrthis tool is adapted to drill7 say for instance in an S-inch hole adapted to receive a 6-inch casing, said face is formed by an arc, the radius of which is four inches.

The width of the slot 9 is made less than the diameter of the bore 8 and thus forms aslant shoulders 30 at the intersections of said bore and slot which together with the slide face 8 serves to guide the shifter in its diagonal path.

A lug 27 at the top of the body 1 and upon the same side thereof as the cutting edge 5 and opposite the chamber 6 is provided to hold the tool over in position so that the shoe when in its topmost position will contact with the lower end of the casing 29 as the tool ascends into the casing a upon withdrawal from the well. The top face 28 is inclined downwardly and outwardly so that in case the lug strikes said lower casing end 29 as the tool passes into the casing the aslant face will ride over the edge of said end and crowd the tool over to bring the upper end of the shoe 21 fully against the lower end of the casing.

i In practical operation when the tool 'is lowered into the well the shifter will be supported in the chamber 6 and within the body of the tool by the bottom cross bar 11 (see the dotted position of Fig. 3) so that as said tool is lowered through the casing the shifter is out of'commission in its retracted 'position and the cutting edge lies within the circular pilane of the casing. After being lowered into operating position below the casing the shifter is brought into commission in its extended position by the combination of inertia of the shifter and the encountering of the same with the plastic material at the bottom of the hole formed of the loosened borings a d water (not shown) as the first few strokes' of the tool occur upon the beginning of the drilling operation. This combination just stated forces the shifter upwardly into the socket ll where it is normally held by the nose 13 of the retaining pin 12 during continued operation of the drill to thus hold the outer convex face 26 in its extended position against the wall of the hole to force the tool body laterally and maintain the cutting edge outside of the produced plane of the casing and in operative position relative to the well.

To withdraw the tool from the well the tool is raised into the casing to bring the shifter into Contact with the bottom end 29 of the casing whereupon the shifter is held by said end while the tool continues its ascent (see the solid position of Fig. 3). Immediately after the shifter has contacted with the casing the pin 12, if free to act, is forcibly retracted as it passes the retained shifter upon this continued upward movement of the tool, thus permitting` relative movement of the tool and shifter. As the aslant bore 8 moves upwardly the shifter is gradually shifted inwardly of the tool until supported by the cross bar 11, at which time said shifter is fully retracted and entirely within the body of the tool, so that said tool may pass freely up through the casing a.

In case the pin 12 becomes fixed from corrosion or other causes the lower edge of the shifter forms a cutter 31 to shear off the projecting end of the pin 12 when the shifter and body relatively move as above described.

During the upward movement of the diagonal slide face 8 upon the shifter the plastic contents which have accumulated in the open chamber 6 below said shifter will tend to be forced out by the relative movenient. However, should too great a resistance be offered as the tool is pulled upward, due to clogging of the chamber by rock or the lile in the p-lastic material, the casing end 29 acting upon the top of the shoe 21 will either break the cylindrical shell 19 which is made of comparatively light construction for this purpose, or the mounting lugs 23 of said shoe that are fastened in the cylindrical shell will shear away, thus in either case permitting the tool to continue its upward movement through the casing and allowing the broken shifter pieces to drop to the bottom of the well from where they may be removed by a sand pump or the like. The plunger in this latter case may be repaired or a new one substituted therefor after removing the tool from the well, when said tool is again ready for operation.

From the foregoing it is thus seen that I have produced a tool of this character provided with extremely simple and eifective means operating against the wall of the hole to force the tool body laterally to hold the cutting edge in operative position lto drill a yhole of larger diameter than the well casing through which the tool is lowered.

The lower end of the bore may be dc- Hected vertically and made to extend in cylindrical form coaxially of the bit and may be threaded to receive an extra cutting bit not shown located below the underreaming bit which is shown.

I claim 1. In a casing, a tool body having a cutting edge and non-resilient wedging means to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing wall.

2. In a casing, a tool body having a cutting edge on one side and non-resilient wedging means on the opposite side to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing Wall.

8. In a casing, a vertically rotating tool body forming a cutting edge, and non-resilient wedging means to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing wall to drill a hole of larger diameter than said body, said means operating against the wall of the hole.

4L. In a casing, a vertically rotating tool body forming a cutting edge, and a nonresilient shifter wedge to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing wall to drill a hole of larger diameter than said body, said shifter operating against the wall of the hole.

5. In combination, a vertically rotating tool body having a cutting edge for drilling a hole, and non-resilient wedging means shiftable by the pressure between the tool body and the material loosened by the cutting` edge to force said means outward against the wall of the hole.

G. In combination, a vertically rotating tool body having a slide-face that is aslant outward and upward relative to the axis of the tool body, and a non-resilient shifter wedge sliding along said slide-face and designed to be contained within the pat-h of the tool body when the shifter wedge is at the lower portion of the slide-face and dcsigned to extend beyond said path when the shifter wedge is at the upper portion of said slide-face.

7. In a casing, a vertically rotating tool body having a cutting edge, and horizontally shifting nou-resilient wedging means to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing wall to drill a hole of larger diameter than said body, said shifting means operating against the wall of the hole.

S. In a casing, a vertically rotating tool body having a. cutting edge, and vertically shifting non-resilient wedging means to force the tool body laterally beneath the casing wall to drill ay hole of larger diameter than said body, said shifting means operating against the wall of the hole.

9. In combination, a vertically rotating a hole,

tool body having a cutting edge for drilling and non-resilient wedging means operating against the wall of the hole to force the tool body laterally to drill a hole of larger diameter than said body.

10. In combination, a drill body having a cutting edge, and a hon-resilient shifter wedge shiftably mounted on the side of the body opposite said cutting edge.

11. In combination, a drill body having a cutting edge, and a non-resilient shifter wedge diagonally shifted along said drill body opposite said cutting edge.

12. In combination, a drill body having a cutting edge, and a non-resilient shifter wedge mounted onthe side of the body opposite said cutting edge, said shifter wedge being operated by relative movement between the body and shifter to force the shifter outward beyond the periphery of the tool.

13. In well casing, an under-reaming bit reciprocatingly mounted below said casing, said bit comprising a body provided with a segmental cutting edge at the lower end thereof, and a non-resilient shifter wedge to maintain said cutting edge outside of the produced circular plane of said casing.

14. ln a well casing, an under-reaming bit reciprocatingly mounted below said casino', said bit comprising a body provided with a segmental cutting edge at the lower end thereof and non-resilient wedging means adapted to project beyond the outer periphery of the body at the upper end thereof and at that side opposite the cutting edge to thereby force said cutting edge outside of the produced circular plane of said casing.

15. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinally slanting chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a cutting edge upon said body at the lower end thereof and opposite said chamber, and a non-resilient wedging member mounted in said chamber and adapted to project beyond the outer periphery of the body to maintain said cutting edge in operative relation.

16. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a nonresilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to project beyond the vouter periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said chamber and arranged to lie within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, and a cutting edge at the lower end of said. body opposite said chamber.

.1.7. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a nonresilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the axis of said body so that said shifter projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the'top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, and a cutting edge at the lower end of said body opposite said chamber.

18. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a hollow cylindrical member mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the aXis of said body so that said hollow cylindrical member projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, and a cutting edge at the lower end of said body' opposite said chamber.

19. An under-reaming bit comprising a body provided with a cutting edgeI at the lower end thereof, a bore extending diagonally into said body from the bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge, a slot parallel with said bore and affording communication therefrom to the periphery of the body at that side thereof toward which the diagonal bore approaches, a non-resilient shifter wedge mounted in said bore and adapted to extend through said slot and beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said bore to thereby maintain said cutting edge in operative relation.

20. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a cutting edge upon said body at the lower end thereof and opposite said chamber, a non-resilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the axis of said body so that said shifter wedge projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chainber, and means to support said shifter wedge at the top of said chamber to thereby maintain said cutting edge in operative position. i

21. An under-reaming` bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a cutting edge upon said body at the lower end thereof and opposite said chamber, a nonresilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the aXis of said body so that said shifter wedge projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when posi tioned at the top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, and yielding means te Support said ,Shifter inde@ at the tot 0f said chamber to thereby maintain said cutting' edge in operative position.

22. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a cutting edge upon said body at the lower end thereof and opposite said chamber, a non-resilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the axis of said body so that said shifter wedge projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, means to support said shifter wedge at the top of said chamber to thereby maintain said cutting edge in operative relation, and a stop at the bottom of said chamber to support said shifter within the body for the purpose set forth.

23. In a well casing, an under-reaming bit reciprocatingly mounted below said casing, said bit comprising a body provided with a segmental cutting edge at the lower end thereof, a non-resilient shifter wedge adapted to project beyond the outer periphery of the body at the upper end thereof and at that side opposite the cutting edge to thereby force said cutting edge outside of the produced plane of said casing, and a lug at the top of said body and upon the same side as said cutting edge, said lug being effective to hold the body over in position so that the shifter wedge when in topmost position will contact with the lower end of the casing as the body ascends into said casing, and thereby move the shifter out of commission to bring said cutting edge inside of the produced plane of the casing.

24. An under-reaming bit comprising a body having a longitudinal chamber opening out upon the periphery thereof, a cutting edge upon said body at the lower end thereof and opposite said chamber, non-resilient shifter wedge mounted in said chamber and arranged to move in an aslant direction relative to the axis of said body so that said shifter wedge projects beyond the outer periphery of the body when positioned at the top of said chamber and lies within said body when positioned at the bottom of said chamber, and a pin projecting into the chamber to support said shifter wedge at the Vtop thereof, the lower edge of said shifter wedge forming a cutter adapted to shear off the projecting end of said pin and thereby permit relative movement of the shifter' wedge and chamber.

25. An under-reaming bit comprising a body provided with a cutting edge at the lower end thereof, a bore extending diagonally into said body from the bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge, a slot parallel with said bore and affording communication therefrom to the periphery of the body at that side thereof toward which the diagonal bore approaches, a hollow cylindrical and non-resilient member slidably mounted in said diagonal bore and provided with a wedge adapted to extend through said slot and beyond the outer periphery of the body when said cylindrical member is positioned at the top of said bore to thereby maintain said cutting edge in operative position.

26. An under-reaming bit comprising a body provided with a cutting edge at the lower end thereof; a bore extending diagonally into said body from the bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge; a slot parallel with said bore and leading therefrom to that side of the perimeter of the body toward which the diagonal bore appreaches; a non-resilient hollow cylindrical member slidably mounted in said. diagonal bore; a wedge mounted to the cylindrical chamber on the side thereof which faces the slot; said wedge having a substantially flat apex and its outer plane parallel with the axis of said body; and said outer plane of said wedge extending through said slot beyond the perimeter of the body when said cylindrical member is at the top of said bore, thereby maintaining said cutting edge in operative position.

27. In a well casing, a vertically rotating tool body provided with a cutting edge at the lower end thereof for drilling a hole of larger diameter than said tool body; a cylindrical chamber extending diagonally in said body from the bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge; a slot parallel with said chamber and leading therefrom to that side of the perimeter of the body toward which the diagonal chamber approaches; a non-resilient hollow, cylindrical member slidably mounted in said diagonal chamber; a wedge mounted to thc cylindrical member on the side thereof which faces the slot; said wedge having a substantially flat apex and its outer plane parallel with the axis of aforesaid body; said cylindrical member being adapted to be forced upwardly by the material loosened by said bit during the drilling operation thereof to the upper end of the diagonally slanting cylindrical chamber; said outer plane of said wedge being rounded to conform to the curve of the wall of the hole drilled by said bit; said wedge plane, when said cylindrical member is in its highest position in the cylindrical chamber, extending through said slot and contacting with the wall of the hole drilled by said bit in order to force the tool body laterally and to maintain said cutting edge in operative position.

28. In a well casing, a lvertically rotating tool body having a cutting edge for drilling a hole beneath said casing of larger diameter than said body; a bore extending diagonally into said body from the bottom thereof'and away from said cutting edge; a slot parallel with said bore and leading therefrom to that side of the perimeter of the body toward which the diagonal bore approaches; a non-resilient, hollow, cylindrical member slidably mounted in said diagonal bore; a

wedge mounted to the cylindrical chamber on the side thereof which faces the slot; said wedge having a substantially fiat apex and its outer plane'parallel with the axis of said body; and said outer plane of said wedge extending Vthrough said slot beyond the perimeter of the body when said cylindrical member is at the top of said bore, thereby bearing against the wall of said hole inV orderV to force the tool body laterally and to maintain said cutting edge in operative position.

29. In a well casing, a vertically rotating tool body having a cutting edge for drilling a hole beneath said casing of larger diameter than the body; a cylindrical chamber extending diagonally in said body fromrthe bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge; a slot parallel with said chamber and leading therefrom to that side o-f the periineter of the body toward which the diagonal chamber approaches; a non-resilient, cylindrical member slidably mounted in said chamber and adapted to be forced upwardly 'in said chamber; yielding means bearing against the lower edge of said vmember to support the member at the top of said chamber; in said slot, a wedge securedV by mount* ing lugs to the cylindrical member; said wedge having a substantially Hat apex and an outer face; Vsaid face being convex to Y conform to the curve of the wall of the hole made by the vertically rotating tool body; said convex face of the wedge being adapted to bear against the wall of said hole, thereby forcing the tool body laterally beneath said casing; and said apex of said wedgeV ingl a hole beneath said casing of larger diameter than the body; a bore extending diagonally into said body from the bottom thereof and away from said cutting edge; a

Yslot parallel with said bore and leading therefrom to that side of the perimeter `of the body toward which the bore approaches; a non-resilient, cylindrical shell being slidably mounted in said bore and provided with openings in its wall; in said slot, a wedge having a substantially flat apex, and an inner kconcave face adapted to fit said cylindriwedge. Y

82. In a casing, a vertically rotating toolV cal shell and to be secured thereto Vlugs proj ecting from said concave face being adapted to seat in said openings; means to secure said lugs firmly in said openings.; said wedge having an outer convex face adapted ito bear against the wall of the hole made by the vertically rotating tooll body and thereby to force said tool body laterally beneathV said casing; and said lugs being adapted to be shorn away by said cylindrical shell upon the contact of said apex with the lower edge of the casing, when the tool body is withdrawn through said casing.

31. In a casing, a tool body provided with a cutting edge at the lower end thereof; a

non-resilient shifter wedge for maintaining v Y said cutting edge outside of andbelow said within the casing against th-e action'of said body provided with a cutting edge atvthe lower end thereof; a n`onresilient shifter wedge fory maintaining said cutting edge Voutside of and below said casing; and means at the top of the tool body for forcing said tool body within the casing against the action of said wedge.

33. in a casing, a vertically rotating tool body provided with a cutting edge at the lower end thereof; in said tool body, a cylindrical longitudinal chamber opening upon.

direction to said cutting edge; in said cylin- Y drical chamber a non-resilient cylindrical` member slidably mounted and provided with a wedge on itsv outer side away fromsaid cutting edge; said cylindrical member being adapted to be held atthe upper end of said chamber so that said wedge thereby forces and maintains said cutting edgeoutside of and below said casing;and a projection on the tool body opposite and above said wedge for contacting with the lower edge of the casing upon withdrawal of said tool body through said casing so that the tool body is thereby forced within the casing against the action of said wedge.

84. YIn a casing; a vertically rotating tool body provided withV a cutting edgeat the lower end thereof; in said tool body, a Acylindrical longitudi nal chamber opening upon the perimeter of the tool body in opposite direction to said cutting edge; in said cylindrical chamber, a non-resilient cylindrical inemberslidably mounted and provided with a wedge on its outer side away fromrsaid cutting edge; said cylindrical member being adapted to be held at the upper end of said chamber so that said wedge thereby forces and maintains said cuttingedge outside of and below said casing; and said tool bodyV having oppositeand above said wedge Ya projection, the top facie of which inclines do-wn- Vwardly and outwardly7 so that the projection, when coming in Contact with the lower my hand, at Los Angeles, California, this edge of the casing upon withdrawal of said 9th day of January, 1915. tool body throu h said Casin@ ma slide over said edge 51d thereby fotiice salird tool WAL'I ER L' YOUNG' 5 body Within said easing against the action In presence of of said Wedge. JAMES R. TowNsEND,

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set M. BnULAH ToWNsnND.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

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