US1121629A - Railway-construction machine. - Google Patents

Description

J. B. HOGE.

RAILWAY coms'rauonou MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 2-, 1912.

Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

6 SHEBTSSHBET 1.

J. B. HOGE.

RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 2, 1912.

Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

A/fomley J. B. HOGE.

RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 2, 1912.

1, 1 21,629, Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

BSHEETS' SHEET 3.

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1111 11 5, VI I. @m 'i 411 W/ T/VESSES A liar/1 v J. "B. HOGE.

RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION MACHINE.

APPLIOA T IOH'IILED MAY 2, 1912,

Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

6 SHEETS- EBB?! 4.

ll vl EN r01? Al/umey J. B. HOGE.

RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 2, 1912.

1,121,629. Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

6 SHEETSSHBET 5.

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- APPLICATION FILED MAY 2, 1912. 1 1 21 ,629, Patented Dec. 22, 1914.

6 SHEETSSHEET 6 nnrrnn STATES P T NT F C Jnivrns B. Hocn, or cnnvnnnnnfonio.

RAILWAY-CONSTRUCTION MACHINE.

Specification'of Letters Patent.

PatentedDec. 22, 1914.v

. Application filed May 2, 1912. Serial No. 694,664.

Tana whom itmrpy 0 7 i Be nthat I, JAMES B. Hocn,.a

citizen of the United States, residing at Cleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and State of Ohio, have invented certain'newv and useful Improvements in Railway-Construction Machines, of which the following is a specification, reference being had there in to the accompanying drawing.

My invention relates to machines of the type heretofore described in my copending crimped over flanges or other projectingv parts on either the rail or the ties, the rails of the track being firstpositioned on supports placed at intervals and the ties laid beneath them. At the outset, however, I

wish it understood that my invention is not limited to an embodiment in a machine of this specific type. In other words, broadly the means used by me in the accomplishment of my invention may be given different structural forms by those skilled in the art, and may be operatively used in the same basic arrangement either in part or as a whole as may seem fit in any case. 1

In the accompanying drawings I illustrate my invention as embodied in'a machine of the specific type above mentioned and will describe my invention with reference to these drawings. Y

Elementally, in terms ofthe mechanisms employed, the machine of my invention comprises a main frame adapted to be supported from and in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, an auxiliary frame associated with said main frame and adjustable with respect thereto, and railsecuring mechanism carried by and adjustable with said auxiliary frame to an operative position in the plane of a rail, the said securing means consisting essentially of two devices, a tie lifting device adapted to lift a tie to and hold the same in engagement with the under side of a rail, and a rail fastening device adapted to operate on .a fastening positioned in the proper relation with respect to the rail and the tie to fasten the two to gether as held by the tie lifting device. As-

now organized the machine includes-devices of this character in duplicate, a set for op provision is made for, simultaneous and. cooperative operatlon of the dBVICQS, whereby rapidity of action assured. 1

The'detail features of my invention and its operat on will be fully comprehended from the drawings.

elevation of the machine, Fig. 2 is a side elevation, Fig. 3 is a general plan'view, Fig. 1 1s :-a' transverse section on a line at right angles to the trackway on line 4-1 of Fig.

3, Figs. 5 and 6 area plan and, elevation,

respectively, with parts in section of certain details of the operating connections,Fig. 7

a plan view diagrammatically illustrating gearing connections between devices on. opposite sides ofthe machine, and showing in'detail the forms of certain parts ofithe lifting devices, Fig. 8 shows the system of power control, and Figs. 9 to 12 showthe vario us fasteningmeans which may be employed, Fig. 13 illustrates the method of positioning the rails and ties preliminary to fastening the rails to the ties.

The machine is built upon a pair of axles 10 provided with wheels 11 (Figs. 1. to 3), andjby the track wheels 11. is supported from and above in gaged relation to, and movable along a trackway. A main frame 12 connects the. axles to each other. frame isbowed upwardly to form as it were abridge between the'axles, the axles passing through end portions or lugs 13, and the frame being fixed positioned on the axles by.

means of adjustable collars 14 mounted on the axles, and bearing one on each side of 'both rails are simultaneouslysecured and and speed of work is Of the drawings: Figure 1 is a front I This each end of, the frame 12. As shown the frame 12 is of skeleton construction, and is conformed speciallyto make room for the,

mechanisms on the opposite sidesof the machine as clearly illustrated in Fig. 3, but this mainframe may very readily be constructed in any other desired form.

On each side of the main frame 12 and wardly between the axlesas clearly shown These frames 15 are also skeleton frames, and are bowed up in Fig. 2.. The axles passthrough bearing blocks 16 :adjustablymounted slots 1 7', 'I i pendently of the main frame, their ends may be'adjusted with respect to each other, and any leg of the frame (see Fig.3) w1th're- I 1' f nected, with the main frame 12 by meansof screw rods 22 (Figs. 1 and 3) secured by one in each leg of the auxiliary frame, the

legs of the frame being two in number at each end of the frame and being disposed one on each side of the plane of the track wheels 11 whereby the main body 18 of the auxiliary frame overlies the track rail in each case.

A screw 19 and hand wheel 20 threaded through the frame 15 vertically above each bearing block 16 and provided on its lower end with a swiveled head 21 adapted to bear 1 on the corresponding block 16 is provided in connection with each bearingblock 16 for" the-purpose of eflecting vertical adjustment of the auxiliary frame. By this means the auxiliary frames may be ad usted indespect to any other leg. v The auxiliary frames are ad ustably conmeans of nuts 23 to lugs 24 to the lower outer ends of the main frame 12 and projecting through vertical slotted lugs 25 on the adjacent legs of the auxiliary frames 15. I By means of the nuts 26 on opposite sides of the lugs 25, the auxiliary frames 15 may be adjusted laterally with respect to the main frame 12, which frame is fixed 1n position by collars 14, and when once adjusted -may be clamped fixedly in position.

vTheauxiliary frames are simply slided laterally on the axles 10 in effecting this adjustment.

Supported substantially from the middle of the auxiliary frames 15 are the rail securing' mechanisms comprising the tie lifting device-designated generallyL (Figs. '1 and 3), and the rail fastening device designated generally S, operatively associated together 1 frames .15.

(see Figs. 1, 3 and 1). As clearly shown these devices are motor operated by means of compressed air or other fluid source, of

power.

The tie lifting device comprises lifting claws 27 '(see Figs. 2 and 4:) carried on the lower ends of vertically reciprocable and rotatable rods 28. There are'four of these claws in connection with each tie lifting device (Fig. 3), the rods 28 being given a rectangular arrangement, and the claws thereby operated two on each 'side of the longitudinal vertical plane of a track rail when the machine is in operative position. While'I prefer to use this number of claws having this particular positional arrangement, I may use a greater or less number of them as will be apparent. lhe rods 28 are journaled in bearings29-connected with the I The upper endsof these rods are connected by a four point equalizingconnection to the piston rod 30 of the operating'cylinder upwardly.

cally mounted, and the gears 41 on the opor motor 31 positioned centrally between.

them on bridge 32 (Fig. 4) and pointing This equalizing connection (Figs. 3, 5 and 6) comprises pivoted link connections 33 between "each longitudinal pair of rods 28, and a transverse pivot link connection 34 between the connections 33,

thepiston rod 30 being pivotally connected to the central portion of this transverse link 34. The pivotal connections used are of the double bearing type (Fig. 6). whereby the construction is rendered sturdy and du rable, the bearing connection on'each end of the strains at the joints themselves. With reference to Fig. 6 it will be clearly seen that the rods 28 have a swivel connection at their upper ends with thetrunnions 35 whereby they maybe rotated freely. I

A flange 36 is provided at the upper end "the pivot pins or trunnions 35 equalizing of the piston rod 30, and seated on this flange and bearing against the transverse link 31 are springs 37 on each-side of the rod 30 acting to bias the link 34: and the pairs of rods 28 to a defined normal relative' position. -These springs may also be provided between the links 33 and their central trunnions 35 if desired, to maintain the rods 28 and claws 27' 'of any pair in defined normal relative positions.

Extending parallel to the rods '28 and fixedly secured to the sides of thecylinder 31 are guide rods 38 on which; slides the cross head 39 connected with the piston rod 30 (F igs. 1 and 5). The claws 27 may be raised and lowered through the reciprocation of the rods 28 bythe motor 31..

The rods 28 are rotatedly geared together whereby the claws 27 may be rotated or moved laterally into engaging position. A

closed train of gears 10 connects them, the

gear on each rod being splined thereto as clearly shown in Fig. 7 whereby rotary moposite sides of the machine are linked together for simultaneous operation by means of a chain 42. Turn buckles 43 are provided in thischain for adjustingit. Connecting with one of theseturn buckles 43 is the piston rod 44: of a compressedair cylauxiliary frames 15 substantially parallel to the line of the chain 42 (Figs. 1 and 3).

By this means the tie lifting claws on opvinder or motor 45 mounted on one of the I posite sidesof the machine may be simul-;'

taneously rotated into and out offengaging positions. j I a I The rail fastening devices are mounted in close proximity to the tie lifting devices just described and inv a; common transverse plane.- On eachside of the machine are. two

46 .(Figid) in the form of a togglelever pivoted at itsnpper end to acentml P tion 47 of the auxiliary frame and adapted to have its lower end 418 moved laterally to drive a fastening. The fastening in this instance is in the form of a U-shaped me tallic clip l9 passing through the flange 5O of metallic tie 51 and havingan upwardly projecting end on each side of. the rail flange 52. The toggle lever 46 is provided.

on its driving endwitha roller 53 to effect the driving-in operation of the ends of the clip 49 without undue friction and without jamming.

Near its lower endthe toggle lever 46 is connected bymeans'of, a linkfi l with the short arm on bell crank lever 55 pivoted at 56 to the framel5 and connected at its 0p.- posite end by means of the'link 57 with the cross head 58 of a compressed air operating motor 59 seated on the bridge 60 of the frame 15. a

The units of each of thesev fastening de vices areconnected by means of conduits 61 for simultaneous operation. The simultaneous control ofthese units on each slde of the machine is effected through the control system. shown in Fig. 8.- The. conduit 61 leads in each case to a rotary controlqvalvc 62 which is adapted to admit fluid pressure from a source 63 to the conduit 61, and exhaust fluid from the same if desired. The

two valves 62 are connected by means of a link 64 to be operated by means of. a common hand lever 65. This system of control may be applied simply to the pairs of units themselves, or to the entire machine, it being possible through-this means to. elfectthe simultaneous operation of all of the fastening units.v For the sake of clarity, and also because the particular location of the com- I pressed air, conduits forms no part ofthe present invention, the system of Fig. 8 is. not shown on Fig. 1, itsconnection with the machine being indicated in Fig. .1 by the dotted lines. I

As stated in the beginning, this embodiment of any invention is adapted. particularly to operate to secure together metallic railway ties and rails.

alined and leveledf on suitable supports four such means being shown-in Figs. [9 to a 12 and 13 of thedrawings... In Fig. 9 the clips areshown as having an integral lip .66,

According to the. method practised byv me, the rails are first spaced at intervals as shown in .Fig. 13,

these supports preferably being metallic ties'posi-tioned by hand and blocked upor bedded infinal positionin earth or concrete as the case may be. Thesesuppo-rts are percarries one or more fastening clips 49 at The clipsmay be held Withinthe slots against adjustment by any suitable means,-

formed on each'branch of the. U. In Fig. 11 awedge block 67 is used. This is the form Iprefer, and whenthisiis used the lateral extending claws 27 are provided with a recess 68 (Fig. 7) on theirinner engaging faces to accommodate the wedge. Any other projecting part in connection with"the fas-' tening or the tie and rail may be accommodated in like-manner. In Fig. lOis used a spring heldclip 69 of the form shown, the holes through whichthe clips are passed being somewhat larger than is necessary to accommodate the clip, and a strong clip 69 having its outturned ends projecting through the holes, and supporting the clip 49 by its underlying body. In Fig. 12 ordinary wedges are used, one of them being shown asprovided with a heelv piece 70 for the purpose of, effecting removal for subsequent use if desired.

Now assuming that a metallic .tie thus laid beneath a track is in a proper position, and that the machine is upon the track, and has been adjusted by means of'the rods 22' 3 and the hand-wheels 20 to proper operative position, by moving the. lever associated with the tie lifting devices on opposite sides I of the machine, the motorsBl may be operated tolower the tie lifting claws, and the machine having been positioned. correctly, the claws will go down, a transverse pair on each side of each end of the tie. similarly operating the motor 45, the rods 28 maybe rotated and the claws moved l'at-' erally .to engage the tie beneath its upper" flanges. Thereupon by moving the lever 65 connected with the motors 31 in the reversev direction, the tie so clasped may be .haps 10 to 16% feet apart. The intermediate .ties are'then-laid beneath the rails at the proper intervals and inth'e proper number to support the rails. .Each of; these ties '75 each end, the clips being projected through apertures or slots previously formed.

Then by.

lifted into engagement with the'under side of the rails and. held there. By varying the (Fig. 4;) underlies a clip 49,. thus pressing,

the clip upwardly and firmly into engagementwithwthe under side of the top tie flange. Thereupon by movement of the con- .trol lever 65 connected with the unitsofthe';

rail fastening device S on one or both sides of the machine, motive fluid may be 'admitted tothe upper ends ofmotor cylinders 59, and the toggle fastening means l6 moved laterally to crimp down the ends of the clips 49 on the rail flange. It is to be noted that this crimping action, though. efie'cted by lateral movementof roller 53 on the lower end of lever d6, is efiected by pressure in a substantially vertical direction in the line of the toggle lever e6, the'action being essentially a wedging or toggle action between the claws 27 holding the parts to gether and the upper pivot of the member e6 on the frame 47. Through suitable throttling action secured through the valve 62,

e or other variation of the pressure of the source63, the force applied to the driving or crimping of the end 53 of the member l6 maybe made anything desired. This action having been completed, the motors 59 may be operated to return the members 46 to normal position shown in Fig. 4:, and the motors l-5'and 31 respectively to disengage and lift the claws 27 from the plane of the ties, whereupon the machine may move to perform the same operation upon the next succeeding tie. It is to be noted thatsince the fastening members 46 and their operating connections normally lie above-the plane of the ties,there is no obstruction of motion from them. I b I Compressedair operation renders the operationv both cheap and reliable, it being possible to obtain compressed air through the use of any standard air equipment for,

' air brake systems. Such a source may be used, or else a special source may be installed upon the machine. On the other hand if desired, I may substitute electrical and other power for compressed air, using a direct motor drive. So also only one side of the machine may be operated at a time. if desired, and as many only of the claws 27 may be used as are necessary. 7

For the purpose of securing to ties and clips of the form shown, two of the claws 27 at diagonally opposite points may be used I alone with advantage, the rail being thus stillsupported from each side on a line makmg an acute angle wlth its vertical plane "and the support being therefore symmetrithe claws 27 may be changedto meet any special condition as respects the form of tie callyapplied. Furthermore the form of orclip used. Forms other than those shown .of course, and not related thereto are not the subjectof my invention.

Having thus described my invention, what- I claim and desire tosecure by Letters Pat'- ent,'is:. I v

1. In a machine ofv the character described, a main framehaving track wheels,

an auxiliary frame adjustable with respect thereto and carried thereby, and a fastening holder and fastening driving devices to- I gether cooperatively associated and carried onsaid. auxiliary frame. I

2. In a m'achine of thef character described, a'main, frame having t'rack wheels, an. auxiliary frame carried thereby and adjustable for gage with respect thereto,-a rail securing -mechanism carried thereby and adapted to simultaneously operate, on fas- I' teners on opposite sides of the rail, and a tie, lifting deviceadapted to lift a tie into-en gagement with a rail or rails of the trackand position the same for' the operation of said rail securing mechamsm.

3. In a machine of the character'de SGllbGCl, a mam frame having track Wheelsand axles, an auxiliary truck frame sup-' I ported directly on said axles,andadjustable adjusting said auxiliary frame vertically,

and means for adjusting said frame laterally- 5. In a machine of the characterfde scribed, a mainframe, an auxiliary frame supported in substantially fixed angular re lation thereto, a rail securing mechanism carried by said auxiliary frame, means for adjusting said auxiliary frame vertically and means for adjusting said framelaterally in each case without disturbing the angular relation of the same withrespect to the main truck frame. J

'6. In a machine of the character described, a main frame having a pair of axles with track wheels an auxiliary frame, bearmgs on which saidauxiliary frame is supported from the axles'independently of said main frame, a rail securing mechanism car-' ried by said auxiliary frame, and means connected with the main frame for] adjusting said auxiliary frame laterally on said, axles.

I 7. In a machine of the characterdescribed, a main frame having a pair of axles with track wheels and 'auxillary frame,

hearings on which saidauxiliary' frame is I supported from the axles independently of said main frame, a rail securing mechanism carried by said auxiliary frame, and means for adjusting said auxiliary frame vertically with respect to said bearings independently of the said main frame. I

scribed, a supporting frame, apair of axles on which the said frame is supported, wheels on the axles adapted to traverse atrackway, a ra1l-secur1ngmechan1sm carried by said I I 8. In a a machine of the character de- I claws carried by the frame, means for operating said claws into and out of the plane of said relation, a pair of rail securing devices 7 adapted to secure rails to transverse ties beneath them, one located on each side of a vertical longitudinal plane passing through a rail when the machine is in operation, common means for operating said securing devices simultaneously to fasten a tie to oppositesides of a rail, and associated clamping means to holdrail and tie together during the-operation of the securing means.

' .23. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from and above in gaged relation to and moved along a trackway, without disturbing said relation, a pair of separated depending I rail securing devices adapted to secure'rails to transversely extending ties beneath them, one located on each side of a vertical longitudinal plane passing through a. rail when the machine is in operation, common means for operating said securing devices simultaneously to fasten a tie to opposite sides of a rail, and a clamping device associated with each rail securing device and arranged to hold the rail and tie together during the securing operation.

' 24:. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from above, in gaged relation to and moved along a trackway, a reciprocably operating rail securing device adapted to secure rails ,to transverselyextending ties beneath them operatively supported from said frame together with an independently'supported approximately vertically reciprocable operating member connected therewith, and means for reciprocating the said operating member in normal operation to operate the said fastening device.

25. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from above, in gaged relation to and moved along a trackway, a rail securing device operatively supported from said frame and having a vertically reciprocating operating member connected therewith, said securing device being adapted to be given a normal operating position beside and adjacent to a rail, means for lowering thesaid device to said operating position and raising it therefrom at will, and means for reciprocating said operating member in normal operation to operate the securing device when the sameis in operating position.

about its pivot to scribed, a frame adapted to be supported 26. In a' machine; of the character de-* from above in gaged relation to, and moved along a. trackway, a rail securing. device adapted to secure rails to transversely ex tending ties beneath them supported from said frame and comprising a lever. pivoted at one endvto thesaid frame, and adapted at its other end to operate upon a fastener at the base of the railfand independently. supported operating means connected with said lever adjacent its engaging end and adapted in normal operation to swing the saidlever perform a securingoperation on afastening. 4 27. In a machine of the character" described, aframe adapted to'be supported from above, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, a rail" securing device supported from. said frame adapted to secure rails to transversely extending tiesbeneath them, and comprising a toggle lever mechanismconnected at one end to the frame and having its other endadapted to operate upon a fastening at the base of the rail, and operating means connected with ice at one end to the frame,and having it's other end adapted to operate upon a fastening at the base of the rail, the line of the toggle when extended being normal to the head of the fasteningand base of.the rail, and operating means connected with said toggle device for making and breaking: said toggle in normal operation to cause the en gaging end of the same to perform a securing operation on'afastening.

' 29. In a machine of the character de-' scribed, a frame adaptedto be supported from above, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, a rail securing device for securing rails to transversely extending ties beneath them arranged to exert vertical pressure on a fastener atthe base of a rail when laterally moved, a vertically moving scribed, a frame adaptedlto be supported 13? from above, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, a tie clip crimpingdevice carried by said frame and comprising a vertically extending lever, theupper end of which is'pivoted to saidframe, and the lower end of which is provided with an engaging surface operating in a horizontal plane and adapted in normal operation to crimp a rail clip through lateral movement about the said pivot and pressure exerted in the direction of its length, and power multiplying mechanism connecting with said lever near its lowerend to impart in the normal operation of the machine lateral motion thereto for the crimping action.

31. In a. machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from above, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, a tie clip crimping device carried by said frame adapted to secure rails to transversely extending ties beneath them and comprising a vertically extending lever, the upper end of which is pivoted to said frame, and the lower end of which is provided with'an engaging surface operating in a horizontal plane and adapted to crimp a rail clip through lateral movement about the said pivot and pressure ex erted in the direction of its length, a power multiplying lever connected with said crimping lever near its lower end, a reciprocating motor, and a" link connecting said motor to said lever.

'82. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to besupported from, in gaged relation to, andmoved along a trackway, and a tie lifting mechanism adapted to lift into contact with the undersides of rails transversely extending ties'beneath them, together with means for ad justing said mechanism bodily vertically to and from the road bed independently of the tie lifting operation.

33. Ina machine ofthe character described, a frame adapted to be supported from, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackway, and a tie lifting mechanism adapted to lift into contact with the under-. sides of rails transversely extending ties beneath them, together with means for shifting the tie mechanism horizontally toward and from the vertical plane of; the

rail independently of the tie lifting operation. i

34:. In a machine of the character described, a main truck frame, a pair of independently horizontally adjustable auxiliary frames mounted thereon one on each side of the frame, and a. railsecuring mechanism carried by each of said frames whereby said mechanisms may be independently adjusted to gage.

35. In a machine of the character described, a main truck frame, tie lifting devices one at each side of said main truck frame, means for adjusting said tie lifting devices toward and from each other, and an ad ustablecommon operating connection between said tie lifting devices whereby said devicesmay'be simultaneously moved into and out of operating position. i

36.. In a machine. of the character de scribed, a main truck frame, and a clip crimping mechanism carried thereby and comprising a vertically extending lever piv-.

oted to the frame at its upper end and havvertical lon itudinal plane passing through a rail when the machine is in operation, and common means for reciprocating said devices simultaneously to fasten atie to the op osite side of a rail.

38. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from above, ingaged relation to and moved along thetrackway, a railfastening mechanism supported from the frame and vertically ad ustable as a whole to and from the road bed, and horizontally adjustable towardand from the vertical planes of the rails. together with a tie lifting mechanism rigidly connected to said rail fastening mechanism and adjustable therewith.

39. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to be supported from above, in gaged relation to, and moved along a trackwav, a rail fastening mechanism supported from the frame and vertically adjustable bodily toward and from the road bed, and a tie'clamping mechanism secured to said rail fastening mechanism and adjustable simultaneously therewith.

40. Ina machine of the character described, a main truck frame, a pair of independently vertically adjustable auxiliary frames mounted thereon one on each side of the'main truck frame, a rail securing mechanism earned by each of said frames,

and a tie lifting and clamping mechanism associated with each of said rail securing mechanisms and adjustable therewith, whereby the securing and clamping mechanisms at the opposite sides of the main truck frame are adjustable as a unit independently toward and from the plane of the road bed. i

41. In a machine of the character described, a main truck frame, a tie lifting device one at each side of said main truck frame, and an adjustable common operating connection between said tie lifting devices whereby said devices may be simultaneously 5 moved into and out of operating position.

' 42. In a machine of the character described, a frame adapted to travel along the trackway, a tie lifting claw carried by said frame and adapted to be shifted into en- 10 gagement with a tiebeneath a rail be lowered into tieengaging position and Copies of this patent may be obtained for correspondingly raised with the tie, a motor for shifting said claw to engaging position and an independently controllable power motor for lowering'and raising said claw.

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

I 7 JAMES B. HOGE.

Witnesses: Y

J. ERIossoN, N. G. CoEN.

and to five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, I). 0.

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