US1037884A - Steam-boiler. - Google Patents

Description

L. W. G. PLYNT.

STEAM BOILER. APPLICATION PILEIj NOV. 4, 1910 Patented Sept. 10, 1912.

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L w. G. FLYN-T.

STEAM BOILER. APPLICATION TILED NOV. 4, 1910,

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STEAM BOILER.

APPLICATION TILED NOV. 4, 1910.

1,037,884, Patented Sept. 10, 1912.

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UNITED STATIZFLIEEENT ornion.

LOUIS G. FLYN'I, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, ASSIGNGR TO DOMESTIC APPLIANCES COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEIV YORK.v

STEAMJBOILER. I

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I,'LOUIS W. G. FLYNT, a

subject of the King of Great Britain, and resident of Rochester, in the county of Mon- The object of the invention, broadly stated, is to produce a generator of the type above referred to which shall be particularly adapted for'use in connection with a source of supply of water under pressure, such, for example, as the ordinary water main or service-pipe of a city water-s mply.

Continuous-flow generators have been proposed heretofore in which the water is fed into the generator from asource of supply under pressure, the water-pressure alone being depended upon for this purpose, witho-ut the use of pumps or other devices for forcing the water intothe generator. It is obvious that in such an arrangement the working pressure of the generator is limited at all times by the pressure in the water supply, as a higher working pressure would at once interrupt the flow of feed-water. In such an arrangement, therefore, in the absence of automatic regulating devices, it is necessary, in order to insure continuous operation, that the burner'or other device by' which the generator is heated, shall be so adusted as never to produce an excessive working pressure with relation to the water-pres? sure. In the ordinary Water-supply main the pressure fluctuates considerably, and this adjustment must obviously be regulated in accordance with the minimum \vatenpressure,

likely to be encountered. From this fact two serious disadvantages arise; in the first place, the efiiciency of the generator is always at the low level deterniined'by the minimum waterpressure, and, in the second place, when the water-pressure rises to its maximum it may so increase the fiow of feed-water as to flood the generator and result in incomplete vaporization of the water.

In-acco-rdance with the present invention the disadvantages just pointed out are diininished or avoided by the use of automatic means by which the operation of the gas- Specification of Letters Patert, Application filed November 4, 1910. Serial Patented Sept. 10, 1912.

HEISSUED burner or other heating device is regulated in accordance with the lifit'erence between the steam pressure and water pressure.

hen this difference increases the heating etl'ect is increased, and. vice-versa, and two importantresults are thus secured. In the first place, if the water-pressure rises the temperature may be increased in proportion, thereby increasing the steam-pressure, so that the Working pressure is not fixed at a minimum but rises and falls, being at all times as high as is consistent with a con t-i-n'uo-us water-feed. In the second place,

flooding of the generator is prevented, as 1 In connection with the automatic device justdescribed, it is possible touse, owing will presently be described.

to the second advantage referred to, feedcontrolling means adapted to supply feedwater varying in volume with the waterpressure, and my invention embraces the use of such means. In some cases, however, I

have found it simpler and preferable to employ means for producing a constant and uniform flow of feed-water. In such an arrangement the variations in working pressure, coinciding with the variations in wa terpressure, result not in changes in the volume of water vaporized but in variations in the degree of superhea-ting of the steam produced from a constant volume ofwater, the flow of Water. being adjusted to a minimum which is susceptible of being completely vaporized even when the burnergis regulated in accordance with the minimum water-pressure. A novel-device for securing such a uniform fiow of feed-water constitutes a feature of the invention and is disclosed hereinaften This invention is applicable to generators in which the feed-water is injected continuou-sly into the boiler and isconverted continuously into steam, and such boilers may be either of the flash-type, that is, in which the water is instantaneously vaporized, or

of the continuous-flow type in which evaporat on is progressive. In generators oi the kind in question it is necessary ordinarily tog provide for variation'in the'quantity of water supplied to the boiler, as Well asfor va- 'ri'ati'ons in the heat applied to the boiler, since the steam'consumption ,raries-with va rying demands. 7 H p used as in the illustratedembodiment ofthls invention, however, t 15* practicahleht VVhene the generator is maintaina uniform water feed to-the boiler,

, a'ndto regulate the steam-pressure solely by regulatlon of the fuel supply, because in .this case the steam escapes from the genera tor through an orifice ofconstant capacity and against a substantially constant resistance.-

' When the valve that controls the admission of fuel to the burner is placed under the joint influence of the water-pressure and the steam-pressure, in the manner de scribed, and provision is made for" superheating the steam at maximum pressure, the capaclty for work -w1ll vary with the water pressure, but whatever that capacity may be" t; will remain constant while. the waterpressure remains constant. \Vhen a predetermined yielding resistance, such as that of a spring, is employed to cooperate with the to produce a steam generator which is, adapted to be thrown into automatic operation by simple andconvenient means, and

particularly by means operated .at a dis-" tance from the generator. To this end, I

provide my generator with a gas-burner or. other heating device which is so connected with the water-supply pipe that when water. under pressure is introduced into the latter,

as by the operation of a manually controlled valve, the water-pressure in the sup-. ply-pipe acts to throw the burner into oper-f atlon, and thus the feed of water to the generator, and the heating of the generator are simultaneously controlled by a single manually-operated device.

In the drawings :Figure .1 is a vertical section of a vacuum-cleaning apparatus embodying the invention in question, on the line 1-l in Fig. 2; Fig. 2 is a section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the valve-chamber shown in full in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of a detail of Fig. 1; Fig. 5, is a vertical section of a modified form of the controller for the feed-water; and Fig. 6 is a section on the line 6-6 in Fig. 5, looking downward.

Inthe illustrated embodiment of the invention the generator is provided with a flash boiler 2 inclosedin a casing 1 which is lined with nonconducting material 3. The lower end of-theboiler connected, by a pipe 4, with a steam-nozzle 5, and the latter discharges upwardly through a draft tube 6 which, in conjunction with the steam-nozzle, constitutes an air-ejector. A vacuum service-main 7 discharges air and dust into a settling-chamber 8, from which the air and the finer solid material are discharged by the air-ejector. The lower portion of the settling-chamber consists in a removable The steam discharged from the nozzle 5,

-together with the air and dust withdrawn by the air ejector, are conducted, by a flue 10, into the upper part of the casing 1 whence, after mingling with the products of combustion from the burner, they pass ofi', with the latter, through a fine 11,-to a chimney, or directly into the atmosphere. The flue 10 is protectedfrom the flame of the burner, and the hot gases that arise from it, by nonconducting material 12, and the heat of the ,products of combustion serves -to incincrate the dust discharged by the air-ejector after it leaves the flue 10 and enters the upper part of the casing.

Brackets Band 14, supported on the flue l0, serve in turn to support the coils of the boiler, and a gas-burner 15 serves to heat the boiler.

The water is taken from a service-pipe 1G, and, in the construction shown, is conducted -through a passagel? surrounding the gasburner, in order that the burner may be cooled by the water to reduce the danger of back-firing. The heat so'absorbed is economically employed as it serves to raise the temperature of the feed-water before it onters the coils of the boiler. The temperature of the water is further raised, in the construct-ion shown, before it reaches the boilcrco'ls, by carrying it up through a pipe 18 to h heating coil 19 located in the upper part of the casing 1. From the heating coil the water passes into a chamber 20 in the. casing 21 of a feed-regulating device. The chamber 20 communicates with a float-chamber 22. The flow of water from the former to the latter is -controlled by a valve that is operated by a float 23, so that water is maintained at a uniform height within the floatchamber. The "alve shown in the drawings for that purpose comprises a plug 24, that is screwed into the casingfZl, and has a hollow neck 25. Through transverse perforations 26 in the neck, the water flows into the float-chamber 22. Cooperating with the neck 25 is a sleeve 2'7 that is adapted to slide up and down thereon, thereby closing or opening the perforations 26. The sleeve 27 is attached to the float 23 by rods 28, audit; so adjusted, with respect to the float, as to maintain the water constantly at a predeterminedheight. This head of water in the float-chamber is utilized to produce a uniform fe'ed of water to the boiler-coils 2, by carrying the upper end 29 of the boiler up into the float-chamber, above the level of the water, and perforating this with a hole 30 of suitable size, located below the predetermined level otthe water.

The gas-burner 15 is fed by a gas-main 31, and the flow of gas is automatically controlled by a regulating device comprising acasing 33, a diaphragm 34 in the casing, a

"valve 32 connected with the diaphragm, and

springs 35 and 36 that provide yielding resistance to the movements of the diaphragm and valve. opposite the springs a water-pipe 37 enters On the side of the diaphragm the casing,and this pipe leads to the service main, so that when the water is turned on, at

and this pipe leads from the float-chamber 22. This pipe 39 is always full of water,

received from the float-chamber, so that when steam is generated in the coils 2 and enters the fioat-chamber through the pipe 29 it subjects the-column of water in the. pipe 39 to pressure, which is communicated to the diaphragm 34 and added to the force of the springs 35 and 36,thus tending to close the valve 32 and so reduce the flow of gas. The pressure of the steam upon the water in the float-chamber does not increase the flow of water through the hole 30, since the same pressure prevails within the tube 29.

As shown inthe drawings, the valve'32 can open some distance without compressing the spring 36. The spring is normally alone 1n operation, the force of this spring being such as to counteract the predetel-mined constant difference in pressure between the water and the steam. When the generator is first thrown into operation, however,it is necessary that the valve 32 should open to a maximum inorder to throw the burner into :full operation and heat the coils rapidly, so that the water admitted to them will be converted into steam before it. reaches the open steam-nozzle. This result is secured automatically, .since the waterpressure on the diaphragm is not opposed, initially, by any steam-pressure. At this time, therefore, the spring 36 is put under compression, thereby allowing the gas-valve 32 to open fully. until steam has been generated. As the steam-pressure rises the gasvalve is gradually moved from its fullyopen position, until finally the spring 36 is disengaged when working-pressure is reached. Whenever, through any temporary cause, the steam-pressure completely overcomes the water-pressure and closes the valve 32, the flame is maintained by a pilot light 40 until the steam-pressure falls off and the valve reopens. The coils will retain suflicient heat, after the burner has been extinguished and the water shut off by closing the cook 38, to evaporatethe water contained in the float-chamber, which continues to How to the coils 2-till exhausted.

.From the foregoing description of the ,operation of the apparatus, it obvious that the steam-pressure may rise and fall with fluctuations in the water-pressure, but that can never remain above the. waterpressure and so stop the flow of water to the generator, for whenever-the steam-pressure rises Within apredetermined margin below the pressure of the water, it. increases the pressure on the water in thepipe-39-and the diaphragm-chamber, and closes the gasvalve.

An advantage of the organization is that the boiler acts correctly although the pressure in the water service pipe may fluctuate. Assiune that the apparatus is in operation and that there should be a sudden diminution .in the water pressure owing to the openingof'cocks'in other parts of the house.

This diminution of water pressure would be tollowed =by1two results, namely, (1) the gas supply valve 32 would be closed, thus preventing the further. production of steam: and -'(2 before the steam pressure could be reduced by the cessation of the supply of fuel, the steam pressure within the boiler would cause the water in the float chamber 22, to flow backwardly into the supply pipe 19, thereby emptying or partially emptying :the water in the float chamber, and hence lowering the float and opening wide the valve ports 26. This backing of the Water into the water supply pipe is advantageous because it stops the flow of water from the sfloat chamber into the boiler after the gas supply has been out 01f. Just as soon, however, as the water pressure is resumed in the w-aterservice pipe, the gas is turned full head on, and water floods into the float chamber through the wide open feed water 'valve; so that operative conditions are quickly restored. This rise and fall of the 'feed water valve is thus dependent uponthe opposed pressures of water in the waterservice pipe and of the steam in the boiler; and, therefore, the feed water valve operates automatically under the steam pressure of the boiler to increase the area of said passageway as the steam pressure increases with reference to the pressure of the source of supply of water. Again, assume that there is a pressure of forty pounds in the water-i service pipe and a steam pressure of twentyfive pounds in the float chamber 22, above the water therein, Then the "water will enter the float chamber under a head of fifteen pounds. If this head is inadequate to supply water to the feed chamber in quantities suflicient to replace the water con stantly flowing out of it into the boiler, then.

the float falls and increases the area of the water passageway into the float chamber from the water-service pipe. Another advantage of utilizing the pressure of the water-main for opening the gas-valve is that thereby the gas can be turned on readily at a distance from the place where the apparatus is located, :as, for example,

at its lower end upon an adjusting nut 44.

On the upper end of the piston 42 is a stud .45, upon which a sleeve 46 is held by a nut 47. This sleeve extends through an aperture in a partition 48, and fits it water-tight. although slidable with the piston 42. one side of the sleeve 46 is a tapered groove 49, the larger part of the groove being at the lower end of the sleeve. The groove constitutes a communicating passage between the chambers 50 and 51. The piping connections to this form of controller are numbered in the drawings in correspondence with the analogous parts shown in the preceding figures. The pipe 18 from the feed-water main enters the chamber 50, and has a branch 37 that is connected tothe gas-valve side of the diaphragm 34 as before. The pipe 59 that is shown as communicating with the chamber 51, is connected t0 the top of the boiler-coils 2, and the branch 39 extends to the spring side of the diaphragm 34.

The operation of the controller is as follows: lVa-ter entering t-hecha-mber 50 from the main 18 forces the piston 42 and the sleeve46 downward against the action of the spring 43. The water escapes in a small stream through the groove 49 into the chamber 51, and'trickles down through the pipe 39 into the boiler-coils. As soon as steampressure accumulates in the boiler the pressure is communicated through a. by-passage 52t6the chamber-53 in which is the spring 43. This pressure tends to carry the piston 42 upward against the water-pressure in the chamber 50, so as to move the piston upward, and bring a wider portion of the groove 49 into the partition 48, thereby counteracting the effect of the steam-pressure against the water-pressure. At the same time, the excess of steam-pressure acts as before on the diaphragm 34 and cuts off the fuel supply to some extent. If the Water-pressure suddenly rises the piston 42 is moved downward, which brings the narrowest part ofthe groove 49 into the partition 48, .and increase in the flow of water is prevented. Simultaneously, the excess of water-pressure 'on the diaphragm 34 opens the fuel-valve farther, and the steam-pressure quickly. rises, thereby supplementing the spring 43 and moving the piston 42 back to its original position.

illustrated generator is provided with means for securing the forcible introdl'lction of gas and air to the burner. To this end the gas is admitted through a nozzle 55, and concentric with this gas nozzle is a steam nczzle 57 fed by a pipe 58 from the boiler. tube. The steam-jet from the nozzle 57 produces a powerful current of gas through the nozzle 55. The combined currents of gas and steam enter the burner through adraft-tube 50 (Fig. 2) and air is thereby drawn in through the open outer end of the drafttube. as to produce a whirling motion, whereby the gas and air are uniformly mixed and distributed in the burner.

The general arrangement of the. boiler, the air-injector and the burner of the generator disclosed in this application, is similar to that disclosed in my copending applica tion filed August 9, 1909, Serial No. 512,095,

and is not, therefore,'claimed herein.

I cla1m:-- 1. A vacuum creatlng steanrgenerator for domestic use comprising an air-suction passage, a continuous flow boiler having a water inlet and a permanently open discharge orifice of fixetisize, a gas burner for heating said boiler adapted to be connected with the gas service-pipe of the building in which the generator is installed, a valve for the supply of gas to the burner, and a pilot light adapted to receive'gas from the gas servicepipe and in operative position with respect to said burner, in'eombination with an automatic water valve adapted to produce normally a continuous flow of substantially fixed quantity to. said boiler inlet from a water service-pipe of said building, an auto:

matic actuator for said gas supply valve, which is subject to the opposed pressures of the water in the water service-pipe and of the steam in the boiler, being moved to open said valve by the pressure of the water in the water service-pipe and to hold said valve open against steam pressure in the boiler at a predetermined pressure that is less than the Water pressure, and being moved to close said valve when the steam pressure approaches the water pressure, and a single hand-manipulated valve controlling the admission of water from the water service pipe.

2. A vacuum creating steamgenerator for domestic use comprising an air-suction passage, a continuous flow boiler having a Water inlet and a permanently open discharge 01'1- fice of fixed size, a gas burner for heating said boiler adapted to be connected with the gas service-pipe of the building in which the generator is installed, and a valve for the supply of gas to the burner, in combination with an automatic water valve adapted to produce normally a continuous flow of substantially fixed quantity'to said boiler inletirom a water service-pipe of said building, and an automatic actuator for said gas supply i 'alve which is subject to the opposed pressures of the water in the water servicepipe and of the steam in the boiler, being moved to. open said valve by the pressure of the water in the water service-pipe, and to hold said valve open against steam pressure in the boiler at a predetermined pressure less than the water pressure, and being moved to close said valve when the steam pressure approaches the water pressure.

3. A steam-generator for domestic use comprising a continuous flow boiler having a water inlet'and a permanently open discharge orifice of fixed size forthe free discharge of steam under all conditions, a burner for heating said boiler adapted to be connected with the gas service-pipe of the building in which the generator is installed, a valve for the supply of gas to the burner, in combination with an automatic water valve adapted to produce normally a continuous flow of substantially fixed quantity to said boiler inlet from a water service-pipe of said building, and an automatic actuator for said gas supp'lyvalve which is subject to the oppsed pressures of the water in the water service-pipe and of the steam in the boiler, beingmoved toopen said valve bythe pressure of the water in thewater servicepipe and to hold said valve open against steam pressure in the boiler at a predetermined pressure that is less than the water pressure, and being moved toclose said valve when the steam pressure approaches the Water pressure.

4. Asteam-generator comprising, incombination, a continuous flow boiler having a water inlet and a permanently open ischarge orifice of fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions, a gas burner for heating the boiler adapted to be connected with the gas service-pipeof the building in which the generator is installed, a valve for the supply of gasto the burner,

a water valve adapted to control the admission of feed-water and adapted to produce normally a continuous flow of substantially fixed quantity to said boiler inlet from .a water service-pipe,which is open when the generator is idle and which is normally open when the generator is in use, and an automatic actuator for said gas supply valve which is subject to the opposed pres- Siires of the water in the water service-pipe and'of the steam in the boiler, being moved to open-said valve by the pressure of the water in the water service-pipe and to hold said valve open against steam pressure in the boiler at a predetermined pressure that is less than the water pressure, and being moved to close said valve when the steam pressure approaches the water pressure.

5. A steam-gei'lerator comprising, in combination, a contin' ous fiow boiler having a water inlet and a permanently open dis charge orifice of fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions, heatproducing means for heating the boiler, an automatic water valve adapted to regulate the supply of water to said boiler inlet from a water service-pipe, which is open when the generator is idle and which is normally open when the generator is in use, and an automatic regulator for the heat-producing means adapted to reduce the heat-producing effect of the latter whenever the steam pressure approaches the water pressure.

6. A steam-generator comprising, in combination, a continuous flow fiaslrboiler having a water inlet and a permanently open discharge orifice of fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions, means operating automatically to control the admission of feed-water and adapted to produce normally a continuous flow of substantially fixed quantity to the boiler inlet, a burner for heating the boiler, and means for admitting fuel to the burner from a source of fuel supply under pressure adapted to be subjected to and operated by the pressure of the water supply against both an established, yielding resistance and the variable steam pressure of the boiler, whereby the steam pressure is caused to rise with the pressure of the water supply.

7 A steam-generator comprising, in com bin-ation, a continuous flow flash-boiler having a water inlet and a permanently open discharge orifice of fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions, means operating automatically to control the admission of feedwvater and adapted to produce normally a continuous how of sub; stantially fixed quantity to theboiler inlet, a burner for heating the boiler, and means adapted to operate under the joint control sure and the steam pressure in the boiler to regulate the burner in accordance with the difi'erencein said pressures.

8. A steam-generator comprising, in combination, a, boiler having a water inlet, means operating automatically to control the admission of feed-water and adapted to restrict the flow of water to the boiler inlet, heat-producing means. for heating the boiler, and means adapted to operate under the joint control and opposing action of a variable water pressure in the water supply and the steam pressure in the boiler to regulate the heat-producing means.

9. A steam-generator comprising, in combination, a boiler having -a water inlet, means operating automatically t control theadmission of feed-Water and adapted to restrict the flow of water to the boiler inlet, heat-producing means for heating the boiler, and means for admitting fuel to the heat-producing means froma source of fuel sup ly uner pressure, adapted to operate aut matica ly under a variable water pressure in the water supply, to cause the steam pressure to rise and fall in correspondence 5 'with the pressure of the water supply.

10. A steam-generator comprising, in combination, a boiler having a water inlet, means operating automatically to control the admission of feed-water and adapted to restrictthe flow of water to the boiler inlet,

vheat-producing means for heating the boiler, and means for regulating the heat- .produclng means adapted to operate automatically at a predetermined difference between the pressure of the water supply and the steam pressure the boiler to maintain the steam pressure in the boiler at a lower degree than the pressure of the water sup- 11. A steam-generator comprising,- in

combination, a boiler having a water inlet,

a' water-feed valve adapted to restrict th admission of feed-water to the boiler inlet from a source of supply under pressure, heat-producin means for heating the boiler, a regulator for the heat-producing means adapted to be operated by the pressure of the water supply, and a manuallyoperated valve by means of which water under the pressure of the source of supply, is admitted both to the water-feed valve and the regulator for the heatproducing means. 12. In a steam-generator, the combination,

with a source of supply of water under pressure and a source of fuel supply, of a boiler, connections between the boiler and the source of supply of water including a feed- 7 water valve for restricting the flow of water, a" b.urner for heating the boiler, connec tionsbet'ween the burner and the source of fuel supply including a fuel-valve for controlling the admission of fuel to the burner, a valve-actuator subjected to the waterpressure in the source of supply for opening the fuel-valve to admit fuel to the burner, and

a manually-operated valve for controlling" valve controllin said passageway and governed in its positionby the feed water and operating automatically under the steam pressure of the boiler to increase the area of said passageway as the steam] pressure increases with reference tothe pressure of the source of supplyv of'water and to reduce the area of said passageway as the steam pressure falls with reference to the pressure of the source of supply. of water, whereby:

a constant and uniform flow of water is bad to the boiler.

14. In a steam-generator, the combination, with a source of supply of water under pressure, of a continuous flow flash-boiler fed from said source, and means for controlling the admission of feed-water, said' fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions, means for controlling the admission of feed-water including a normally open, automatic feed-valve, said means being adapted to produce a continuous flowthereof under constant head, said means having an orifice of fixed size through which the feed-water flows under such head, a burner for heating the boiler, and means subjected to the steam-pressure in the boiler for re ulating the burner automatically to maintain the steam pressure at a lower degree than the pressure in the source of supply of water. I

16. In a steam-generator, the combination, with a source of supply of water under pressure and a source of fuel supply, of a boiler, connections between the boiler and.

the source of supply of water, including means for admitting water automatically to maintain a constant head and an orifice of fixed size through which water is delivered under said head into the boiler, a burner for heating the boiler, connections between the burner and the source of supply of fuel, including a fuel-valve for controlling the adu'iissipn of fuel to the burner, a valveactuator connected with, and controlling, the fuel-valve, means to close said valve, and connections between the valve-actuator and the source of supply of water, whereby the valve-actuator is subjected to the pressure in said source of water supplyso as to be affected by variations therein and produce corresponding variations in the steam-prese oft-he boiler, and the amount offnel L plied to the burneris varied in accord ance with variations in the water supply.

17. A continuous flow flash-boiler having, in combination, a permanently open discharge orifice of fixedsize for the free discharge of steam under all conditions; a float chamber; a pipe communicating with the steam generating s ace of the boiler and extending within sai float chamber and opening into said float chamber above the maximum water level therein; a water port at the bottom of said float chamber through which the water flows therefrom to said steam space; a water feed passage in communication with the water service-pipe of the building in which the boiler is located, and supplying Water to the bottom of said float chamber; a valve governing the discharge of water from said passage to said float chamber; and a float within said chamber connected with said valve, said passage being open when the float is down, and being restricted when the float rises.

18. A boiler having, in combination, a permanently open discharge orifice of fixed size for the free discharge of steam under all conditions; a float chamber communicating with the steam generating space of the boiler above the maximum water level therein; a water port below the water level of said float chamber through which the water flows therefrom to said steam space; a water feed passage supplying water to said float chamber; a valve governing the discharge of water from said passage .to said float chamber; and afloat Within said chamber connected with said valve, said passage being open when the float is down and being restricted when the float rises.

LOUIS W. G. FLYNT. Witnesses: I I

C. S. Davis, D. GURNEE.

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