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TWI865228B - Immersion cooling type electronic device and assembling method thereof - Google Patents

Immersion cooling type electronic device and assembling method thereof Download PDF

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TWI865228B
TWI865228B TW112147527A TW112147527A TWI865228B TW I865228 B TWI865228 B TW I865228B TW 112147527 A TW112147527 A TW 112147527A TW 112147527 A TW112147527 A TW 112147527A TW I865228 B TWI865228 B TW I865228B
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electronic device
component assembly
cooling
internal component
heat dissipation
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TW202424692A (en
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梁見國
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Abstract

An immersion cooling type electronic device and an assembling method thereof are disclosed in the present invention. In the means to fulfill the present invention, an insulating anti-oxidation film fully covers an internal-component assembly after the internal-component assembly is entirely assembled; a casing has an accommodating space; a circulation cooling pipeline is assembled to the casing to communicate with the accommodating space; and a cooling liquid is filled into the accommodating space to make the electronic assembly fully covered by the insulating anti-oxidation film be immersed into the cooling liquid, so as to finish assembling the immersion cooling type electronic device.

Description

浸沒散熱式電子裝置及其組裝方法Immersion heat dissipation type electronic device and assembly method thereof

本發明係有關於一種電子裝置,尤其一種將其內部組件總成浸沒於一冷卻液,藉以提升散熱效能之浸沒散熱式電子裝置及其組裝方法。The present invention relates to an electronic device, and more particularly to an immersion cooling electronic device in which the internal component assembly is immersed in a cooling liquid to improve the heat dissipation performance and an assembly method thereof.

由於人類對於電子裝置的功能要求日益繁多,電子裝置內必須安裝越來越高效能或越來越多的電子零組件來執行日益繁多的功能。於此同時,越來越高效能或越來越多的電子零組件在運作時,也伴隨著會釋放越來越高的熱能,因此需要搭配具有高散熱效能的散熱組件來逸散熱能。As people's requirements for electronic devices become more and more diverse, electronic devices must be equipped with higher and higher performance or more and more electronic components to perform more and more functions. At the same time, higher and higher performance or more and more electronic components will also release more and more heat when they are in operation, so they need to be equipped with heat dissipation components with high heat dissipation performance to dissipate the heat.

在現有技術中所採用的散熱模組中,主要包含氣冷式與液冷式兩大類。針對氣冷式的散熱模組而言,由於空氣的熱傳導性不佳,因此需要散熱器(Heat sink)將電子零組件所產生之熱能傳遞到散熱器的散熱表面,然後再利用風扇進行強制對流來與散熱表面進行熱交換,並搭配適當的導風結構(如導風板、風罩、導風通道、入風口或出風口等)來提升散熱效能。然而,此種氣冷式散熱手段不僅存在必須佔用電子裝置相當大的內部空間來安裝散熱器、風扇與導風結構,因而排擠其他零組件的安裝空間的問題,而且還會因為空氣熱傳導性低與流場不均而存在散熱效能低下與效能不均勻等問題。The heat dissipation modules used in the prior art mainly include air-cooled and liquid-cooled. For air-cooled heat dissipation modules, since the thermal conductivity of air is poor, a heat sink is required to transfer the heat energy generated by the electronic components to the heat dissipation surface of the heat sink, and then a fan is used to perform forced convection to exchange heat with the heat dissipation surface, and an appropriate air guide structure (such as an air guide plate, an air cover, an air guide channel, an air inlet or an air outlet, etc.) is used to improve the heat dissipation performance. However, this air-cooling method not only requires a considerable amount of internal space in the electronic device to install the heat sink, fan and air guide structure, thereby crowding out the installation space for other components, but also has problems such as low heat dissipation efficiency and uneven performance due to low thermal conductivity of air and uneven flow field.

另一方面,針對液冷式的散熱模組而言,通常是將電子零組件組裝於散熱器,然後將使散熱管路穿過散熱器,藉由多次熱傳導的方式將熱能自電子零組件,依序經由散熱器、散熱管路而傳導至散熱管路中的散熱工作流體(通常是水或是冷媒),並讓散熱工作流體降溫後在流至散熱器。然而,此種氣冷式散熱手段雖然可以提供比氣冷式散熱手段高的散熱效能,但是不僅依舊存在要佔用電子裝置的內部空間來安裝散熱器,因而排擠其他零組件的安裝空間的問題,而且還存在因為多次異介質的熱傳導、熱傳導路徑長等因素而倒置的散熱效能大打折扣的問題,以及散熱效能不均勻的問題。On the other hand, for liquid-cooled heat dissipation modules, electronic components are usually assembled on the heat sink, and then the heat dissipation pipes are passed through the heat sink. The heat energy is transferred from the electronic components to the heat dissipation working fluid (usually water or refrigerant) in the heat dissipation pipes through multiple heat conduction methods, and the heat dissipation working fluid is cooled before flowing to the heat sink. However, although this air-cooled heat dissipation method can provide higher heat dissipation performance than air-cooled heat dissipation methods, it not only still has the problem of occupying the internal space of the electronic device to install the heat sink, thereby excluding the installation space of other components, but also has the problem of greatly reduced heat dissipation performance due to multiple heat conduction in different media, long heat conduction path, and uneven heat dissipation performance.

有鑒於在先前技術中,普遍存在散熱模組佔用電子裝置內部空間、散熱效能不佳以及散熱不均勻的問題;本發明之主要目的在於提供一種新的散熱手段,藉以達到不佔用電子裝置內部空間、縮短熱傳導路徑、提高散熱均勻性的目的。緣此,本發明為解決先前技術之問題所採用之其中一種必要技術手段為提供一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置,其包含一電子裝置殼體、一冷卻液、一循環散熱管路、一內部組件總成與一絕緣性抗氧化膜。In view of the fact that in the prior art, there are common problems such as the heat dissipation module occupying the internal space of the electronic device, poor heat dissipation performance and uneven heat dissipation; the main purpose of the present invention is to provide a new heat dissipation means to achieve the purpose of not occupying the internal space of the electronic device, shortening the heat conduction path and improving the heat dissipation uniformity. Therefore, one of the necessary technical means adopted by the present invention to solve the problems of the prior art is to provide an immersion heat dissipation electronic device, which includes an electronic device housing, a cooling liquid, a circulating heat dissipation pipeline, an internal component assembly and an insulating anti-oxidation film.

電子裝置殼體係具有一容置空間。冷卻水係填充於容置空間。循環散熱管路係連通於電子裝置殼體之容置空間,用以循環性將該冷卻水自該容置空間抽出降溫後再導入該容置空間。內部組件總成係在完成組立後,於容置空間中浸沒於該冷卻液,藉以利用冷卻液逸散內部組件總成運作時所產生之一熱能。絕緣性抗氧化膜係在完成組立後之內部組件總成浸沒於冷卻水前,預先包覆內部組件總成,藉以將內部組件總成與冷卻液加以隔絕。The electronic device housing has a storage space. Cooling water is filled in the storage space. The circulating heat dissipation pipeline is connected to the storage space of the electronic device housing, and is used to cyclically draw the cooling water from the storage space for cooling and then introduce it into the storage space. After the internal component assembly is assembled, it is immersed in the cooling liquid in the storage space, so as to utilize the cooling liquid to dissipate the heat energy generated when the internal component assembly is operated. The insulating anti-oxidation film is pre-coated on the internal component assembly before the internal component assembly is immersed in the cooling water after the assembly is completed, so as to isolate the internal component assembly from the cooling liquid.

本發明為解決先前技術之問題所採用之另一種必要技術手段為提供一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置之組裝方法。在該組裝方法中,係先組立一內部組件總成,然後將完成組立後之內部組件總成進行真空鍍膜以形成包覆內部組件總成之一絕緣性抗氧化膜。Another necessary technical means adopted by the present invention to solve the problems of the prior art is to provide an assembling method of an immersion heat dissipation type electronic device. In the assembling method, an internal component assembly is first assembled, and then the assembled internal component assembly is vacuum plated to form an insulating anti-oxidation film covering the internal component assembly.

接著,製備具有一容置空間之一電子裝置殼體,並將一循環散熱管路組裝於電子裝置殼體,使循環散熱管路連通於容置空間。然後,在容置空間填充一冷卻水,並將包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜之內部組件總成放置在容置空間並浸沒於冷卻液。Next, an electronic device housing with a housing space is prepared, and a circulating heat dissipation pipeline is assembled on the electronic device housing so that the circulating heat dissipation pipeline is connected to the housing space. Then, cooling water is filled in the housing space, and the internal component assembly coated with an insulating anti-oxidation film is placed in the housing space and immersed in the cooling liquid.

在上述兩種必要技術手段的基礎下,所衍生出之附屬技術手段中,較佳者,循環散熱管路中包含一熱交換組件總成,且熱交換組件總成包含一熱交換模組與一過濾模組。冷卻液在吸收內部組件總成運作時所產生後之一熱能並流入熱交換模組降溫後,再流回該容置空間。過濾模組係用以過濾冷卻液中所混雜之雜質或異物。Based on the above two necessary technical means, the derived subsidiary technical means are preferably that the circulating heat dissipation pipeline includes a heat exchange component assembly, and the heat exchange component assembly includes a heat exchange module and a filter module. After the cooling liquid absorbs the heat energy generated when the internal component assembly operates and flows into the heat exchange module for cooling, it flows back to the accommodation space. The filter module is used to filter impurities or foreign matter mixed in the cooling liquid.

絕緣性抗氧化膜係為一Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜。電子裝置殼體更可包含一透明面板,且透明面板可用以供觀測冷卻液之一液面位置。浸沒散熱式電子裝置也可再包含一蓋板,且蓋板係蓋合於電子裝置殼體以防止異物進入容置空間。The insulating anti-oxidation film is a Parylene N (polyparaxylene) coating. The electronic device housing may further include a transparent panel, and the transparent panel can be used to observe a liquid level position of the cooling liquid. The immersion cooling electronic device may also include a cover plate, and the cover plate is covered on the electronic device housing to prevent foreign objects from entering the accommodation space.

較佳者,在將包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜之內部組件總成放置在容置空間並浸沒於冷卻水之前,可以先啟動循環散熱管路,使冷卻水流入循環散熱管路,藉以排除循環散熱管路中之殘留空氣。Preferably, before placing the internal component assembly coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film in the accommodation space and immersing it in cooling water, the circulating heat dissipation pipeline can be started first to allow cooling water to flow into the circulating heat dissipation pipeline to remove residual air in the circulating heat dissipation pipeline.

綜合以上所述,由於在本發明所提供之浸沒散熱式電子裝置中,冷卻液係填充於電子裝置殼體內的容置空間,且內部組件總成係在完成組立並被絕緣性抗氧化膜所包覆後,再放入冷卻液中,冷卻液會自動填入完成組立後的內部組件總成的空隙,因此可以達到完全不會排擠所有零組件的安裝空間之功效。In summary, in the immersion cooling electronic device provided by the present invention, the cooling liquid is filled in the accommodation space in the electronic device housing, and the internal component assembly is placed in the cooling liquid after being assembled and covered with an insulating anti-oxidation film. The cooling liquid will automatically fill the gaps in the assembled internal component assembly, thereby achieving the effect of not crowding out the installation space of all components.

同時,由於水的熱容量遠高於空氣,電子零組件所產生之熱能可透過厚度極薄的絕緣性抗氧化膜而直接將熱能傳導至冷卻液而大幅縮短熱傳導路徑,在熱容量高與熱傳導路徑大幅縮短的雙重影響下,自然可以達到提升散熱效能的功效。At the same time, since the heat capacity of water is much higher than that of air, the heat energy generated by electronic components can be directly transferred to the cooling liquid through the extremely thin insulating antioxidant film, thereby greatly shortening the heat conduction path. Under the dual effects of high heat capacity and greatly shortened heat conduction path, the heat dissipation efficiency can naturally be improved.

再者,由於冷卻液可以在容置空間中流動傳遞熱能,因此,藉由本發明所提供的技術手段,還可以大幅提升均勻散熱的功效。此外,在達成上述種種功效之餘,由於絕緣性抗氧化膜包覆內部組件總成的緣故,藉由本發明所提供的技術手段,還可以達到避免漏電與提升內部組件總成之抗氧化(含抗腐蝕)能力等功效。Furthermore, since the cooling liquid can flow in the accommodation space to transfer heat energy, the technical means provided by the present invention can also greatly improve the effect of uniform heat dissipation. In addition, in addition to achieving the above-mentioned effects, since the insulating anti-oxidation film covers the internal component assembly, the technical means provided by the present invention can also achieve the effects of avoiding leakage and improving the anti-oxidation (including anti-corrosion) ability of the internal component assembly.

由於本發明所提供之表單資料輸入方式判斷系統,可廣泛運用於判斷表單資料是藉由自動輸入或手動輸入的方式所產生,其應用層面相當廣闊,故在此不再一一贅述,僅列舉其中較佳的一個實施例來加以具體說明,且此實施例僅用以方便、明晰地輔助說明本發明實施例的目的與功效。Since the form data input method determination system provided by the present invention can be widely used to determine whether the form data is generated by automatic input or manual input, its application level is quite broad, so it will not be described one by one here, and only a preferred embodiment is listed to be specifically explained, and this embodiment is only used to conveniently and clearly assist in explaining the purpose and effect of the embodiment of the present invention.

請參閱第一圖至第八圖,其係顯示本發明較佳實施例所提供之一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置之組裝方法之一連串組裝過程示意圖。第一圖係顯示組立一內部組件總成;第二圖係顯示完成組立後之內部組件總成示意圖;第三圖係顯示將完成組立後之內部組件總成進行一真空鍍膜後形成包覆內部組件總成之一絕緣性抗氧化膜;第四圖係顯示製備具有一容置空間之一電子裝置殼體;第五圖係顯示將一循環散熱管路組裝於電子裝置殼體,使循環散熱管路連通於容置空間,並在容置空間填充一冷卻液;第六圖係顯示將包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜之內部組件總成放置在容置空間並浸沒於冷卻液;第七圖係顯示將一蓋板蓋合於電子裝置殼體以防止異物進入容置空間;第八圖係顯示完成組裝後之浸沒散熱式電子裝置之外觀示意圖。Please refer to the first to eighth figures, which are schematic diagrams of a series of assembly processes of an immersion heat dissipation type electronic device assembly method provided by the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The first figure shows the assembly of an internal component assembly; the second figure shows the schematic diagram of the internal component assembly after the assembly is completed; the third figure shows the vacuum coating of the internal component assembly after the assembly is completed to form an insulating anti-oxidation film covering the internal component assembly; the fourth figure shows the preparation of an electronic device housing with a accommodating space; the fifth figure shows the assembly of a circulating heat dissipation pipeline in the electronic device; The housing is placed so that the circulating heat dissipation pipeline is connected to the accommodation space, and a coolant is filled in the accommodation space; the sixth figure shows that the internal component assembly coated with an insulating anti-oxidation film is placed in the accommodation space and immersed in the coolant; the seventh figure shows that a cover plate is covered on the electronic device housing to prevent foreign matter from entering the accommodation space; the eighth figure shows a schematic diagram of the appearance of the immersion cooling electronic device after assembly.

如第一圖所示,在組裝一浸沒散熱式電子裝置100(標示於第八圖)所採用的組裝方法中,首先,必須先組立一內部組件總成1,並完成必要的測試,以確認內部組件總成1可以正常運作。內部組件總成1中包含有複數個電子零組件11與複數條連外線材12。所述的電子零組件11可為功能電子零件(如晶片、被動元件或主動元件等)、連接器(含插槽)、內部連接線材(如纜線或排線等)、電路板、電源供應器、指示燈或其他電子零組件。As shown in the first figure, in the assembly method used to assemble an immersion heat dissipation electronic device 100 (indicated in the eighth figure), first, an internal component assembly 1 must be assembled and necessary tests must be completed to confirm that the internal component assembly 1 can operate normally. The internal component assembly 1 includes a plurality of electronic components 11 and a plurality of external wires 12. The electronic components 11 can be functional electronic parts (such as chips, passive components or active components, etc.), connectors (including slots), internal connection wires (such as cables or flat cables, etc.), circuit boards, power supplies, indicator lights or other electronic components.

如第二圖與第三圖所示,在完成內部組件總成1的組立後,可對內部組件總成1進行真空鍍膜以形成包覆內部組件總成1之一絕緣性抗氧化膜2。較佳者,絕緣性抗氧化膜2可為Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜。As shown in the second and third figures, after the internal component assembly 1 is assembled, the internal component assembly 1 may be vacuum plated to form an insulating anti-oxidation film 2 covering the internal component assembly 1. Preferably, the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 may be a Parylene N (polyparaxylene) coating.

請參閱表一,其係顯示適合作為絕緣性抗氧化膜之相關材料特性表。如表一所示,在選擇以Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜作為絕緣性抗氧化膜2時,其相關材料特性顯示其具有足夠的機械性強度、高表面電阻、足夠的介電常數、低濕氣穿透性、足夠高的熔點溫度與足夠高的熱傳導率。Please refer to Table 1, which shows the relevant material properties suitable for use as an insulating anti-oxidation film. As shown in Table 1, when Parylene N (polyparaxylene) coating is selected as the insulating anti-oxidation film 2, its relevant material properties show that it has sufficient mechanical strength, high surface resistance, sufficient dielectric constant, low moisture permeability, sufficiently high melting point temperature and sufficiently high thermal conductivity.

表一︰絕緣性抗氧化膜相關材料特性表 絕緣性抗氧化膜主成分 聚對二甲苯 抗拉強度(MPa) 45 降伏強度 (MPa) 43 表面電阻 23℃,50%RH(Ω) 介電常數(60Hz時) 2.65 介電常數(1kHz時) 2.65 介電常數(1MHz時) 2.65 濕氣穿透性 37℃下,靜置24hr (g-mil/100 ) 1.59 熔點溫度(℃) 410 熱傳導率( ). (cal/sec)/( .℃/cm) 3 Table 1: Insulation anti-oxidation film related material properties Main component of insulating antioxidant film Parylene Tensile strength(MPa) 45 Yield strength (MPa) 43 Surface resistance 23℃, 50%RH(Ω) Dielectric constant (at 60Hz) 2.65 Dielectric constant (at 1kHz) 2.65 Dielectric constant (at 1MHz) 2.65 Moisture permeability at 37℃, 24hr (g-mil/100 ) 1.59 Melting point temperature (℃) 410 Thermal conductivity ( ). (cal/sec)/( .℃/cm) 3

由於在內部組件總成1已完成組立的狀態下,內部組件總成1中之各電子零組件11之間已保持必要的電性連接關係,因此,在內部組件總成1已完成組立的狀態下進行真空電鍍以形成絕緣性抗氧化膜2,並不會影響內部組件總成1內之各電子零組件11之間的電性連接關係,唯獨連外線材12之連外端121仍保持並被絕緣性抗氧化膜2所包覆,因此,並連外端121可再電性連接於其他外部電器裝置(如插座、供電裝置、交換器、閘道器或其他外部電器裝置)。Since the necessary electrical connection relationship is maintained between the electronic components 11 in the internal component assembly 1 when the internal component assembly 1 has been assembled, vacuum plating is performed to form the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 when the internal component assembly 1 has been assembled, and the electrical connection relationship between the electronic components 11 in the internal component assembly 1 will not be affected. Only the external end 121 of the external wire 12 is still maintained and covered by the insulating anti-oxidation film 2. Therefore, the external end 121 can be electrically connected to other external electrical devices (such as sockets, power supply devices, switches, gates or other external electrical devices).

如第四圖所示,在完成以上步驟後,可製備一電子裝置殼體3與一蓋板4。電子裝置殼體3具有一容置空間AS,並且包含一透明面板31與一操作面板32。蓋板4可開設一出線孔H1與一補水孔H2,並且包含用以封住補水孔H2之一封孔塞41。As shown in FIG. 4 , after completing the above steps, an electronic device housing 3 and a cover plate 4 can be prepared. The electronic device housing 3 has a containing space AS, and includes a transparent panel 31 and an operation panel 32. The cover plate 4 can be provided with a wire outlet hole H1 and a water supply hole H2, and includes a sealing plug 41 for sealing the water supply hole H2.

如第五圖示,在完成以上步驟後,可將一循環散熱管路5組裝於電子裝置殼體3,使循環散熱管路5連通於容置空間AS,並在容置空間AS填充一冷卻液6。循環散熱管路5可包含一熱交換組件總成51,且熱交換組件總成51包含一熱交換模組511與一過濾模組512。在組裝循環散熱管路5後,可以先啟動循環散熱管路5,使冷卻液6流入循環散熱管路5,藉以排除循環散熱管路5中之殘留空氣As shown in the fifth figure, after completing the above steps, a circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 can be assembled on the electronic device housing 3, so that the circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 is connected to the accommodation space AS, and a coolant 6 is filled in the accommodation space AS. The circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 can include a heat exchange component assembly 51, and the heat exchange component assembly 51 includes a heat exchange module 511 and a filter module 512. After assembling the circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5, the circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 can be started first to allow the coolant 6 to flow into the circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 to remove the residual air in the circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5.

如第六圖示,在完成以上步驟後,可將包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜2之內部組件總成1放置在容置空間S(標示於第五圖)並浸沒於冷卻液6,並使連外線材12之連外端121保持在冷卻液6外而未被冷卻液6所浸沒。As shown in the sixth figure, after completing the above steps, the internal component assembly 1 coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 can be placed in the accommodating space S (marked in the fifth figure) and immersed in the cooling liquid 6, and the external end 121 of the external wire 12 is kept outside the cooling liquid 6 and not immersed in the cooling liquid 6.

如第七圖與第八圖所示,在完成以上步驟後,可將連該些連外線材12之連外端121穿過蓋板4之出線孔H1後,將蓋板4蓋合於電子裝置殼體3,以防止異物進入容置空間AS(標示於第五圖)。該些連外線材12中之至少一者之連接端121係在穿過出線孔H1,再利用電連接器(未標示)電性連接於操作面板32。在完成以上所有步驟後,即可組裝成如第八圖所示之浸沒散熱式電子裝置100。As shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, after completing the above steps, the external connection ends 121 of the external connection wires 12 can be passed through the wire outlet hole H1 of the cover plate 4, and the cover plate 4 can be closed on the electronic device housing 3 to prevent foreign objects from entering the accommodating space AS (indicated in FIG. 5). The connection end 121 of at least one of the external connection wires 12 passes through the wire outlet hole H1 and is then electrically connected to the operation panel 32 using an electrical connector (not shown). After completing all the above steps, the immersion heat dissipation type electronic device 100 shown in FIG. 8 can be assembled.

請技術參閱第一圖至第八圖,本發明還提供了一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置100,較佳者,浸沒散熱式電子裝置100可藉由上述之組裝方法加以組裝而成,然而,不排除也可利用其他方式佳異組裝而成。浸沒散熱式電子裝置100可為一伺服器、一工業電腦、一個人電腦或其他有高度散熱需求之電子裝置,在本實施例中,係以伺服器為例。浸沒散熱式電子裝置100可包含內部組件總成1、絕緣性抗氧化膜2、電子裝置殼體3、蓋板4、循環散熱管路5與冷卻液6。Please refer to the first to eighth figures. The present invention also provides an immersion cooling electronic device 100. Preferably, the immersion cooling electronic device 100 can be assembled by the above-mentioned assembly method. However, it is not excluded that it can also be assembled by other methods. The immersion cooling electronic device 100 can be a server, an industrial computer, a personal computer or other electronic devices with high heat dissipation requirements. In this embodiment, the server is taken as an example. The immersion cooling electronic device 100 can include an internal component assembly 1, an insulating anti-oxidation film 2, an electronic device housing 3, a cover plate 4, a circulating heat dissipation pipeline 5 and a cooling liquid 6.

內部組件總成1包含有複數個電子零組件11與複數條連外線材12。電子零組件11可為功能電子零件(如晶片、被動元件或主動元件等)、連接器(含插槽)、內部連接線材(如纜線或排線等)、電路板、電源供應器、指示燈或其他電子零組件。連外線材12具有連外端121。此外,在內部組件總成1運作時,會伴隨著產生一熱能。The internal component assembly 1 includes a plurality of electronic components 11 and a plurality of external wires 12. The electronic components 11 may be functional electronic parts (such as chips, passive components or active components, etc.), connectors (including slots), internal connection wires (such as cables or flat cables, etc.), circuit boards, power supplies, indicator lights or other electronic components. The external wires 12 have external connection ends 121. In addition, when the internal component assembly 1 is in operation, heat energy is generated.

絕緣性抗氧化膜2是在完成組立後之內部組件總成1進行真空鍍膜後所形成的,因此絕緣性抗氧化膜2會包覆內部組件總成1(之表面),唯獨使連外線材12之連外端121保持外露而未被絕緣性抗氧化膜2所包覆。通常絕緣性抗氧化膜2可介於0.05mm至0.35mm之間。在此厚度下,必然仍能保有一定程度的熱傳導性,至少其熱傳導能力仍應遠比空氣或熱傳導路徑遠長度大於0.35mm的水冷式散熱模組更佳。The insulating anti-oxidation film 2 is formed after the internal component assembly 1 is vacuum-plated after assembly. Therefore, the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 will cover the internal component assembly 1 (the surface thereof), leaving only the external end 121 of the external wire 12 exposed and not covered by the insulating anti-oxidation film 2. Usually, the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 can be between 0.05mm and 0.35mm. At this thickness, a certain degree of thermal conductivity must still be maintained, at least its thermal conductivity should still be much better than air or a water-cooled heat dissipation module with a thermal conduction path length greater than 0.35mm.

因此,在所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者在閱讀以上揭露內容後,應該能夠理解在選擇絕緣性抗氧化膜2的材料時,主要的考量點在於必須使絕緣性抗氧化膜2具備足夠的機械性強度,足夠高的表面電阻與介電常數,足夠低的濕氣穿透性與足夠高的熔點溫度。Therefore, after reading the above disclosure, a person with ordinary knowledge in the relevant technical field should be able to understand that when selecting the material of the insulating anti-oxidation film 2, the main consideration is that the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 must have sufficient mechanical strength, sufficiently high surface resistance and dielectric constant, sufficiently low moisture permeability and sufficiently high melting point temperature.

絕緣性抗氧化膜2具備足夠的機械性強度,可以避免在承受冷卻液6的壓力時產生變形。絕緣性抗氧化膜2具備足夠高的表面電阻與介電常數,可以提供較佳的絕緣性,降低自電子零組件11流向冷卻液6之漏電流與漏電量。絕緣性抗氧化膜2具備足夠低的濕氣穿透性,可以降低或抑制冷卻液滲透至內部組件總成1(特別是電子零組件11)而提升內部組件總成1的抗氧化能力。絕緣性抗氧化膜2具備足夠高的熔點溫度,可以防止在電子零組件11運作異常產生瞬間高熱功率並瞬間釋放大量熱能時,絕緣性抗氧化膜2仍不被熔融或局部熔融而變形。當然,在滿足以上特性要求的基礎下,若還具備更高的熱傳導性就更理想了。The insulating anti-oxidation film 2 has sufficient mechanical strength to avoid deformation when subjected to the pressure of the coolant 6. The insulating anti-oxidation film 2 has a sufficiently high surface resistance and dielectric constant to provide better insulation and reduce the leakage current and leakage amount from the electronic component 11 to the coolant 6. The insulating anti-oxidation film 2 has a sufficiently low moisture permeability to reduce or inhibit the coolant from penetrating into the internal component assembly 1 (especially the electronic component 11) and enhance the anti-oxidation ability of the internal component assembly 1. The insulating anti-oxidation film 2 has a sufficiently high melting point temperature to prevent the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 from being melted or partially melted and deformed when the electronic component 11 operates abnormally and generates instantaneous high heat power and releases a large amount of heat energy instantly. Of course, it would be more ideal if it also has higher thermal conductivity on the basis of meeting the above property requirements.

因此,經過本案發明人多次實驗後發現,較佳者為絕緣性抗氧化模為Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜,如表一所示,可使絕緣性抗氧化膜2具有足夠的機械性強度、高表面電阻、足夠高的介電常數、低濕氣穿透性、足夠高的熔點溫度與足夠高的熱傳導率(聚二氯對二甲苯為相近材料,合理推估亦應具備足夠高的熱傳導率)。Therefore, after many experiments, the inventors of this case found that the best insulating anti-oxidation film is Parylene N (poly(p-xylene)) coating, as shown in Table 1, which can make the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 have sufficient mechanical strength, high surface resistance, sufficiently high dielectric constant, low moisture permeability, sufficiently high melting point temperature and sufficiently high thermal conductivity (poly(p-xylene dichloride) is a similar material, and it is reasonably estimated that it should also have sufficiently high thermal conductivity).

電子裝置殼體3具有一容置空間AS,並且包含一透明面板31與一操作面板32。冷卻液6本身最好能具備足夠高的熱容量,並在浸沒散熱式電子裝置100的工作溫度範圍內保持液態。此外,冷卻液6還應具有一定的安定性,無法溶解聚對二甲苯薄膜或電子裝置殼體3,且對於聚對二甲苯或電子裝置殼體3沒有腐蝕性且不會產生化學反應。因此,在綜合以上種種需求下,較佳者,冷卻液6可為去離子水(以純水為佳),並且填充於容置空間AS,且包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜2內部組件總成1係浸沒冷卻液6。The electronic device housing 3 has a storage space AS and includes a transparent panel 31 and an operation panel 32. The cooling liquid 6 itself is preferably able to have a sufficiently high heat capacity and remain in a liquid state within the operating temperature range of the immersion heat dissipation electronic device 100. In addition, the cooling liquid 6 should also have a certain stability, cannot dissolve the polyparaxylene film or the electronic device housing 3, and is non-corrosive to polyparaxylene or the electronic device housing 3 and does not produce a chemical reaction. Therefore, under the above requirements, the cooling liquid 6 can be preferably deionized water (preferably pure water), and is filled in the storage space AS, and the internal component assembly 1 coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 is immersed in the cooling liquid 6.

所謂包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜2內部組件總成1係浸沒冷卻液6,狹義而言,是指包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜2內部組件總成1完全浸入並沉沒於冷卻液6之水面下;廣義而言,則是指在包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜2內部組件總成1中,於運作時會伴隨著產生熱能且有散熱需求之所有電子零組件11浸入並沉沒於冷卻液6之水面下。在本實施例中,係以前者為例加以說明。The so-called internal component assembly 1 coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 is immersed in the cooling liquid 6. In a narrow sense, it means that the internal component assembly 1 coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 is completely immersed in and submerged under the water surface of the cooling liquid 6; in a broad sense, it means that in the internal component assembly 1 coated with the insulating anti-oxidation film 2, all electronic components 11 that generate heat energy and have heat dissipation requirements during operation are immersed in and submerged under the water surface of the cooling liquid 6. In this embodiment, the former is taken as an example for explanation.

透明面板31係用以供觀測冷卻液6之一水位。操作面板32可(藉由電連接器,圖未標示)電性連接於該些連外線材12中之至少一者之連接端121,以供操作浸沒散熱式電子裝置100。The transparent panel 31 is used to observe a water level of the cooling liquid 6. The operation panel 32 can be electrically connected to the connection end 121 of at least one of the external wires 12 (via an electrical connector, not shown) to operate the immersion cooling electronic device 100.

蓋板4係蓋合於電子裝置殼體3以防止異物進入容置空間AS。此外,蓋板4可開設出線孔H1與補水孔H2,並可包含一封孔塞41。出線孔H1可供連外線材12之連外端121穿過而再電性連接於其他外部電器裝置(如插座、供電裝置、交換器、閘道器或其他外部電器裝置)。封孔塞41係用以封堵住補 水孔H2。The cover plate 4 is covered on the electronic device housing 3 to prevent foreign objects from entering the accommodation space AS. In addition, the cover plate 4 may be provided with a wire outlet hole H1 and a water supply hole H2, and may include a hole sealing plug 41. The wire outlet hole H1 allows the external end 121 of the external wire 12 to pass through and then be electrically connected to other external electrical devices (such as a socket, a power supply device, a switch, a gateway or other external electrical devices). The hole sealing plug 41 is used to seal the water supply hole H2.

在經由透明面板31觀測出冷卻液6之水位過低時,可將封孔塞41自補水孔H2取出,並經由補水孔H2將冷卻液6注入容置空間AS,以增補容置空間AS內中之冷卻液6,直到觀測出冷卻液6之水位足夠高時,可再將封孔塞41再度塞住補水孔H2,藉以封堵住補水孔H2。When it is observed through the transparent panel 31 that the water level of the cooling liquid 6 is too low, the sealing plug 41 can be taken out from the water replenishing hole H2, and the cooling liquid 6 can be injected into the accommodating space AS through the water replenishing hole H2 to replenish the cooling liquid 6 in the accommodating space AS. When it is observed that the water level of the cooling liquid 6 is high enough, the sealing plug 41 can be plugged into the water replenishing hole H2 again to block the water replenishing hole H2.

循環散熱管路5係組裝於電子裝置殼體3,藉以使循環散熱管路5連通於容置空間AS。較佳者,循環散熱管路5可包含熱交換組件總成51,且熱交換組件總成51包含熱交換模組511與過濾模組512。在冷卻液6吸收內部組件總成1運作時所產生之熱能,並流入熱交換模組511降溫後,再流回該容置空間。因此,循環散熱管路5可用以循環性將吸收熱能之冷卻液6自容置空間AS抽出降溫後再導入容置空間AS。The circulating heat dissipation pipe 5 is assembled on the electronic device housing 3 so that the circulating heat dissipation pipe 5 is connected to the accommodation space AS. Preferably, the circulating heat dissipation pipe 5 may include a heat exchange component assembly 51, and the heat exchange component assembly 51 includes a heat exchange module 511 and a filter module 512. After the coolant 6 absorbs the heat energy generated when the internal component assembly 1 operates, it flows into the heat exchange module 511 to cool down, and then flows back to the accommodation space. Therefore, the circulating heat dissipation pipe 5 can be used to cyclically draw the coolant 6 that absorbs the heat energy from the accommodation space AS to cool it down and then introduce it into the accommodation space AS.

過濾模組512係用以過濾冷卻液6中所混雜之雜質或異物,所謂的雜質或異物,可為微量剝落之絕緣性抗氧化膜2,製作電子裝置殼體3時之所殘留之微粒、碎屑或沾附的灰塵,或是其他自出線孔H1或補水孔H2掉落之微量外界灰塵、微粒或其他異物。The filter module 512 is used to filter impurities or foreign objects mixed in the cooling liquid 6. The so-called impurities or foreign objects may be a small amount of peeled insulating anti-oxidation film 2, particles, debris or dust left when manufacturing the electronic device housing 3, or other small amounts of external dust, particles or other foreign objects dropped from the outlet hole H1 or the water supply hole H2.

在實際應用時,可選擇使吸收熱能之冷卻水6先流入熱交換模組511降溫後,再流入過濾模組512過濾雜質或異物;也可選擇使吸收熱能之冷卻水6先流入過濾模組512過濾雜質或異物後,再流入熱交換模組511降溫。因此,可據以上的選擇,進行熱交換組件總成51內部管路的組裝。In actual application, the cooling water 6 that absorbs heat energy can be selected to flow into the heat exchange module 511 to cool down first, and then flow into the filter module 512 to filter impurities or foreign matter; or the cooling water 6 that absorbs heat energy can be selected to flow into the filter module 512 to filter impurities or foreign matter first, and then flow into the heat exchange module 511 to cool down. Therefore, the internal pipeline of the heat exchange component assembly 51 can be assembled according to the above selection.

必須強調的是,在本發明中所述之內部組件總成1,是指位於電子裝置殼體3內部之所有零組件(包含電子零組件11)在完成組立後所形成之總成件,而非位於電子裝置殼體3內之部分零組件。依據上述定義,由於連外線材12之連外端121係位於電子裝置殼體3之外,因此,精確地說,連外線材12之連外端121並不屬於本發明所指之內部組件總成1的一部分。此外,第一圖至第八圖中各元件符號以虛線作為引線者表示該元件被包覆或被遮住。It must be emphasized that the internal component assembly 1 described in the present invention refers to the assembly formed by all the components (including the electronic component 11) located inside the electronic device housing 3 after assembly, rather than some of the components located inside the electronic device housing 3. According to the above definition, since the external end 121 of the external wire 12 is located outside the electronic device housing 3, to be precise, the external end 121 of the external wire 12 does not belong to the part of the internal component assembly 1 referred to in the present invention. In addition, the component symbols in Figures 1 to 8 with dotted lines as leads indicate that the component is covered or covered.

綜合以上所述,由於在本發明所提供之浸沒散熱式電子裝置100中,冷卻液6係填充於電子裝置殼體3內的容置空間AS,且內部組件總成1係在完成組立並被絕緣性抗氧化膜所包覆後,再浸沒於冷卻液6中,冷卻液6會自動填入完成組立後的內部組件總成1的空隙,因此可以達到完全不會排擠所有零組件的安裝空間之功效。In summary, in the immersion cooling electronic device 100 provided by the present invention, the cooling liquid 6 is filled in the accommodation space AS in the electronic device housing 3, and the internal component assembly 1 is immersed in the cooling liquid 6 after being assembled and covered with an insulating anti-oxidation film. The cooling liquid 6 will automatically fill the gaps in the assembled internal component assembly 1, thereby achieving the effect of not crowding out the installation space of all components.

同時,由於冷卻液6的熱容量遠高於空氣,電子零組件11所產生之熱能可透過厚度極薄的絕緣性抗氧化膜2而直接將熱能傳導至冷卻液6而大幅縮短熱傳導路徑,在熱容量高與熱傳導路徑大幅縮短的雙重影響下,自然可以達到提升散熱效能的功效。At the same time, since the heat capacity of the cooling liquid 6 is much higher than that of air, the heat energy generated by the electronic components 11 can be directly transferred to the cooling liquid 6 through the extremely thin insulating anti-oxidation film 2, thereby greatly shortening the heat conduction path. Under the dual effects of high heat capacity and greatly shortened heat conduction path, the effect of improving heat dissipation efficiency can naturally be achieved.

再者,由於冷卻液6可以在容置空間AS中流動傳遞熱能,因此,藉由本發明所提供的技術手段,還可以大幅提升均勻散熱的功效。此外,在達成上述種種功效之餘,由於絕緣性抗氧化膜2包覆內部組件總成1的緣故,藉由本發明所提供的技術手段,還可以達到避免漏電與提升內部組件總成1之抗氧化(含抗腐蝕)能力等功效。Furthermore, since the cooling liquid 6 can flow in the accommodation space AS to transfer heat energy, the technical means provided by the present invention can also greatly improve the effect of uniform heat dissipation. In addition, in addition to achieving the above-mentioned effects, since the insulating anti-oxidation film 2 covers the internal component assembly 1, the technical means provided by the present invention can also achieve the effects of avoiding leakage and improving the anti-oxidation (including anti-corrosion) ability of the internal component assembly 1.

藉由以上較佳具體實施例之詳述,係希望能更加清楚描述本發明之特徵與精神,而並非以上述所揭露的較佳具體實施例來對本發明之範疇加以限制。相反地,其目的是希望能涵蓋各種改變及具相等性的安排於本發明所欲申請之專利範圍的範疇內。The above detailed description of the preferred specific embodiments is intended to more clearly describe the features and spirit of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention by the preferred specific embodiments disclosed above. On the contrary, the purpose is to cover various changes and arrangements with equivalents within the scope of the patent application for the present invention.

100:浸沒散熱式電子裝置 1:內部組件總成 11:電子零組件 12:連外線材 121:連外端 2:絕緣性抗氧化膜 3:電子裝置殼體 31:透明面板 32:操作面板 4:蓋板 41:封孔塞 5:循環散熱管路 51:熱交換組件總成 511:熱交換模組 512:過濾模組 6:冷卻液 AS:容置空間 H1:出線孔 H2:補水孔 100: Immersion cooling electronic device 1: Internal component assembly 11: Electronic components 12: External wire 121: External terminal 2: Insulating anti-oxidation film 3: Electronic device housing 31: Transparent panel 32: Operation panel 4: Cover plate 41: Sealing plug 5: Circulating heat dissipation pipeline 51: Heat exchange component assembly 511: Heat exchange module 512: Filter module 6: Cooling liquid AS: Accommodation space H1: Wire outlet hole H2: Water filling hole

第一圖係顯示組立一內部組件總成; 第二圖係顯示完成組立後之內部組件總成示意圖; 第三圖係顯示將完成組立後之內部組件總成進行真空鍍膜以形成包覆內部組件總成之一絕緣性抗氧化膜; 第四圖係顯示製備具有一容置空間之一電子裝置殼體;第五圖係顯示將一循環散熱管路組裝於電子裝置殼體,使循環散熱管路連通於容置空間,並在容置空間填充一冷卻液; 第六圖係顯示將包覆有絕緣性抗氧化膜之內部組件總成放置在容置空間並浸沒於冷卻液; 第七圖係顯示將一蓋板蓋合於電子裝置殼體以防止異物進入容置空間;以及 第八圖係顯示完成組裝後之浸沒散熱式電子裝置之外觀示意圖。 The first figure shows the assembly of an internal component assembly; The second figure shows a schematic diagram of the internal component assembly after assembly; The third figure shows the vacuum coating of the internal component assembly after assembly to form an insulating anti-oxidation film covering the internal component assembly; The fourth figure shows the preparation of an electronic device housing with a storage space; the fifth figure shows the assembly of a circulating heat dissipation pipeline to the electronic device housing, connecting the circulating heat dissipation pipeline to the storage space, and filling the storage space with a cooling liquid; The sixth figure shows the placement of the internal component assembly covered with the insulating anti-oxidation film in the storage space and immersed in the cooling liquid; Figure 7 shows a cover plate being fitted to the housing of the electronic device to prevent foreign matter from entering the storage space; and Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of the appearance of the immersion cooling electronic device after assembly.

100:浸沒散熱式電子裝置 100: Immersion cooling electronic device

1:內部組件總成 1: Internal component assembly

12:連外線材 12: Connect external cables

121:連外端 121: even the external end

2:絕緣性抗氧化膜 2: Insulating antioxidant film

3:電子裝置殼體 3: Electronic device housing

31:透明面板 31: Transparent panel

32:操作面板 32: Operation panel

4:蓋板 4: Cover plate

41:封孔塞 41: Sealing plug

5:循環散熱管路 5: Circulating heat dissipation pipeline

51:熱交換組件總成 51: Heat exchange component assembly

511:熱交換模組 511: Hot exchange module

512:過濾模組 512: Filter module

6:冷卻液 6: Cooling fluid

H1:出線孔 H1: Wire outlet hole

H2:補水孔 H2: Water filling hole

Claims (10)

一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置,包含:一電子裝置殼體,係具有一容置空間;一冷卻液,係填充於該容置空間;一循環散熱管路,係連通於該電子裝置殼體之該容置空間,用以循環性將該冷卻液自該容置空間抽出降溫後再導入該容置空間;一內部組件總成,係在完成組立後,於該容置空間中浸沒於該冷卻液,藉以利用該冷卻液逸散該內部組件總成運作時所產生之一熱能;以及一絕緣性抗氧化膜,係為一Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜,並在完成組立後之該內部組件總成浸沒於該冷卻液前,預先包覆該內部組件總成,藉以將該內部組件總成與該冷卻液加以隔絕。 An immersion heat dissipation electronic device comprises: an electronic device housing having a storage space; a cooling liquid filled in the storage space; a circulating heat dissipation pipeline connected to the storage space of the electronic device housing, for cyclically extracting the cooling liquid from the storage space for cooling and then introducing it into the storage space; an internal component assembly, after being assembled, is immersed in the cooling liquid in the storage space, so as to utilize the cooling liquid to dissipate the heat energy generated when the internal component assembly is in operation; and an insulating anti-oxidation film, which is a Parylene N (polyparaxylene) coating is applied, and before the internal component assembly is immersed in the coolant after assembly, the internal component assembly is pre-coated to isolate the internal component assembly from the coolant. 如請求項1所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置,其中,該循環散熱管路中包含一熱交換組件總成,且該熱交換組件總成包含一熱交換模組與一過濾模組,該冷卻液在吸收該內部組件總成運作時所產生後之一熱能並流入該熱交換模組降溫後,再流回該容置空間;且該過濾模組係用以過濾該冷卻液中所混雜之雜質或異物。 As described in claim 1, the immersion cooling electronic device, wherein the circulating heat dissipation pipeline includes a heat exchange component assembly, and the heat exchange component assembly includes a heat exchange module and a filter module, the cooling liquid absorbs the heat energy generated when the internal component assembly is in operation and flows into the heat exchange module for cooling, and then flows back to the accommodation space; and the filter module is used to filter impurities or foreign matter mixed in the cooling liquid. 如請求項1所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置,其中,該絕緣性抗氧化膜係在完成組立之該內部 組件總成進行一真空鍍膜後所形成。 The immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 1, wherein the insulating anti-oxidation film is formed after the internal component assembly is vacuum-plated after the assembly is completed. 如請求項1所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置,其中,該電子裝置殼體更包含一透明面板,且該透明面板係用以供觀測該冷卻液之一液面位置。 An immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 1, wherein the electronic device housing further comprises a transparent panel, and the transparent panel is used to observe a liquid level position of the cooling liquid. 如請求項1所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置,更包含一蓋板,且該蓋板係蓋合於電子裝置殼體以防止異物進入該容置空間。 The immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 1 further includes a cover plate, and the cover plate is covered on the electronic device housing to prevent foreign objects from entering the accommodation space. 如請求項1所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置,其中,該冷卻液係為去離子水。 An immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 1, wherein the cooling liquid is deionized water. 一種浸沒散熱式電子裝置之組裝方法,包含以下步驟:(a)組立一內部組件總成;(b)將完成組立後之該內部組件總成進行一真空鍍膜以形成包覆該內部組件總成之一絕緣性抗氧化膜;(c)製備具有一容置空間之一電子裝置殼體,並將一循環散熱管路組裝於該電子裝置殼體,使該循環散熱管路連通於該容置空間;(d)在該容置空間填充一冷卻液;以及(e)將包覆有該絕緣性抗氧化膜之該內部組件總成放置在該容置空間並浸沒於該冷卻液。 A method for assembling an immersion cooling electronic device comprises the following steps: (a) assembling an internal component assembly; (b) performing a vacuum coating on the assembled internal component assembly to form an insulating anti-oxidation film covering the internal component assembly; (c) preparing an electronic device housing having a housing space, and assembling a circulating heat dissipation pipeline on the electronic device housing so that the circulating heat dissipation pipeline is connected to the housing space; (d) filling the housing space with a cooling liquid; and (e) placing the internal component assembly covered with the insulating anti-oxidation film in the housing space and immersing it in the cooling liquid. 如請求項7所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置之組裝方法,其中,該步驟(b)所形成之該絕緣性抗氧化膜係為一Parylene N(聚對二甲苯)鍍膜。 The assembly method of an immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 7, wherein the insulating anti-oxidation film formed in step (b) is a Parylene N (polyparaxylene) coating film. 如請求項7所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置之組裝方法,其中,該步驟(d)更包含一步驟(d1),且該步驟(d1)係執行該步驟(e)之前啟動該循環散熱管路使該冷卻水流入該循環散熱管路,藉以排除該循環散熱管路中之殘留空氣。 The assembly method of an immersion cooling electronic device as described in claim 7, wherein the step (d) further includes a step (d1), and the step (d1) is to start the circulating cooling pipe before executing the step (e) to allow the cooling water to flow into the circulating cooling pipe, so as to remove the residual air in the circulating cooling pipe. 如請求項7所述之浸沒散熱式電子裝置之製造方法,其中,該步驟(e)後更包含一步驟(f),且該步驟(f)係將一蓋板蓋合於該電子裝置殼體。 The manufacturing method of the immersion heat dissipation electronic device as described in claim 7, wherein the step (e) further includes a step (f), and the step (f) is to cover a cover plate on the electronic device housing.
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