TWI676687B - 用以由木質纖維素材料製造醣類裂解產物之方法 - Google Patents
用以由木質纖維素材料製造醣類裂解產物之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI676687B TWI676687B TW106131021A TW106131021A TWI676687B TW I676687 B TWI676687 B TW I676687B TW 106131021 A TW106131021 A TW 106131021A TW 106131021 A TW106131021 A TW 106131021A TW I676687 B TWI676687 B TW I676687B
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- Prior art keywords
- xylose
- alcohol
- hemicellulose
- cellulose
- xylitol
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
- C12P5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons acyclic
- C12P5/023—Methane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/14—Multiple stages of fermentation; Multiple types of microorganisms or re-use of microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/18—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic polyhydric
-
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Abstract
一種用以製造醣類裂解產物的方法,其特徵在於以下手段之組合:用含有醇(特別是C1-4醇類或酚)且具有在11.0及14.0之間之pH值的水溶液處理木質纖維素材料,以裂解木質纖維素且將裂解產物與該材料分離,藉此獲得富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料,且用至少一種醣類裂解酶處理所得之富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料,以獲得該醣類裂解產物。
Description
本發明係關於一種由木質纖維素材料製備醣類裂解產物(carbohydrate cleavage product)(特別是糖,諸如五碳糖及六碳糖)的方法。另外,本發明係關於一種由該糖獲得醇的方法。為本說明書及申請專利範圍之目的,“糖”一詞也意圖涵蓋“糖寡聚體”。
關於原油短缺及玉米作為能量供應物之討論,可再生原料木質纖維素(稻草、木料、廢紙等)在作為燃料或化學產物用之原料上是很重要的。木質纖維素之轉化可以二種基本不同的方式進行:1)“熱化學平臺(Thermochemical Platform)”,其中該木質纖維素首先被氣化,且將該合成氣體合成為所要產物,及2)“糖平臺(Sugar Platform)”,其中主要焦點在於利用結合於聚合物纖維素及半纖維素中的糖,同時木質素主要仍供能量之用。可將本發明定位於第二方式。
與澱粉相反地,木質纖維素之糖存在於纖維素及半纖維素之緊密交聯的聚合結晶構造中,該等構造另外以木質素外層覆蓋,因此導致極緊密之複合物。由木質纖維素獲得糖之最明顯的方式將是直接使用纖維素酶及半纖維素酶。然而,對於稻草及木料原料,該等使用因上述複合物之密度而受妨礙。因其高分子量,酶不能滲透過窄的孔以進入該木質纖維素。此意為:必須採取第一步驟以增加該木質纖維素之孔隙度且藉此能有另外之酵素醣化作用。
此第一步驟稱為“預處理”(分解)。這一貫地是極複雜的,以致例如在“第二代生物燃料”製造期間,高達1/3的製造成本必須花費於此,而對成本效率具有負面影響。所用之方法專注於初步液化該半纖維素(例如蒸爆(steam explosion)預處理、稀酸預處理)或專注於藉由液化木質素(例如石灰預處理、氨預處理)增加孔隙度。
為要分別獲得糖及其寡聚體,經分解之木質纖維素基質(substrate)可以另外酵素處理,其中預處理之形式對於酶活性及產率有強烈的影響。在高的反應溫度下,通常形成有毒的分解產物(例如糠醛),其在直接附帶之乙醇發酵的情況中可以抑制酵母;參見例如Chandra et al.,Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,108:67,2007;Mansfield et al.,Biotechnol.Prog.15:804,1999。
這些方法之嚴重的缺點是:彼是能量密集的且主要是在稍低於200℃之溫度下進行。
在此領域中之技術改良,例如因低溫方法(亦即在低於100℃之溫度下)之發展所致者,會是代表木質纖維素原料之任何實際利用的決定性的進步。這是本發明之目的。
由EP 1 025 305 B1得知木質素解聚之化學方法(銅系統)。彼是基於與過氧化氫或有機氫過氧化物結合之複合銅的催化效果且能在低於100℃之溫度下氧化分裂木質素。在此方法中所用之複合劑是吡啶衍生物。已可能在合成之木質素模型上證明:當使用H2O2作為氧化劑時,發生該木質素分子之醚鍵的斷裂,藉此該木質素聚合物崩解成寡聚的亞單元。使用具有過量有機氫過氧化物的該銅系統,可以使木料去木質化。以基於H2O2之系統就技術可行觀點是較佳的,已經測試作為牛皮紙漿之過氧化物漂白中的漂白添加劑,且已導致經改良之去木質化速度及較高之白度。
另外,由“Oxidation of wood and its components in water-organic media”,Chupka et al.,Proceedings:Seventh International symposium on wood and pulping chemistry,Vol.3,373-382,Beijing P.R.China,May 25-28,1993得知:若將有機溶劑(例如DMSO、丙酮、乙醇)添加至水性反應介質中,則木料及木質素之氧化的鹼性催化作用大幅地增加。另外,作者們提議:在11以上之pH值時,發生木料及木質素之氧化的急劇增加。
由WO 01/059204得知紙漿之製造方法,其中原料進 行預處理,在該預處理中該原料用緩衝溶液及去木質化觸媒(過渡金屬)處理。去木質化係在氧、過氧化氫或臭氧之存在下進行。
相反地,依本發明之製備糖之方法特徵在於以下措施之組合:- 用含有醇(特別是C1-4醇類或酚)且具有在11.0及14.0之間的pH值的水溶液處理木質纖維素材料,以裂解木質纖維素,且將裂解產物與該材料分離,藉此獲得富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料,及- 用至少一種醣類裂解酵素(carbohydrate-cleaving enzyme)處理所得之富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料,以獲得該醣類裂解產物。
脂族或環脂族之單或多價醇類或酚類,例如C1-6醇類,特別是C1-4醇類,諸如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇及丁醇,包括其異構物;二醇類(乙二醇類、丙二醇類、丁二醇類、戊二醇類、己二醇類)、甘油、丙烯醇、丁烯醇、環戊醇、環己醇、苄醇;或酚類,諸如酚類、甲酚類、鄰苯二酚類、萘酚類,以及胺基醇類,諸如乙醇胺、甲醇胺及己醇胺適合作為醇類。C1-4醇類是較佳的。為供本專利申請案之目的,酚類也包括在廣義的“醇”一詞中。
再者,木質素萃取物之醇溶液分別對木質素及木聚糖裂解產物的另外再處理提供有利的選擇。
在依本發明之方法中,醇類較佳以10至70體積%,例如20至50體積%,較佳地30至40體積%之量存在於水溶液中。
在依本發明之方法中,該木質纖維素材料較佳以3至40重量%,例如5-40重量%,特別地5-20重量%之原料密度之量存在於該水溶液中。
較佳地,該木質纖維素在低於100℃,諸如在低於80℃,例如60℃之溫度下分裂。
pH值可以利用鹼,較佳是無機鹼,例如苛性鈉溶液調節。
本發明一方面是基於以下之了解:與以另外方式(特別是不添加醇)去木質化之材料相比,以含有醇類(特別是C1-4醇或酚)的含水鹼性溶液(其具有11.0~14.0之pH值)處理之木質纖維素材料可以更高產率地酵素處理成醣類裂解產物,諸如糖類。
主要地,五碳糖及六碳糖以醣類裂解產物形式被形成。較佳之糖類包括木糖及葡萄糖。
依本發明之方法的較佳具體實例特徵在於富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料用木聚醣酶(xylanase)及纖維素酶(cellulase)處理以萃取糖類。
稻草、能量草(例如風傾草、象草)或馬尼拉麻、西波爾麻、甘蔗渣、非典型木質纖維素基質(substrate)(諸如小麥,例如米小麥),較佳為稻草、能量草、甘蔗渣或小麥,特佳為稻草或甘蔗渣,例如稻草,係較佳用來 作為木質纖維素材料。稻草具有高度疏水性表面,以致用水溶液潤濕彼會有問題。已顯示:藉由使用醇,甚至在無壓力下可能將反應溶液導入該基材之孔中,且以反應溶液取代所存在之空氣。此外,已顯示:醇加速從稻草萃取該裂解產物,且有助於將該木質素裂解產物保持於溶液中。另外,已顯示:相反地,半纖維素及其裂解產物的溶解性因醇而降低,且因此該半纖維素保持於該基質中。
藉由在分解方法後從該基質壓出該液相,基質濃度增加以致需要較少量的酵素以分別供酵素水解及供隨後之其他酵素處理。
在製備醇時,酵素成本是重要的成本因素。醇之結果是:在含有木質素及其裂解產物的鹼性範圍中之反應期間,可能已釋出之該等半纖維素之溶解性劇烈地降低,且該等半纖維素仍結合至該基材。該方法之優點是該木質素降解之高度選擇性,在由該固體分離出萃取液的情況中,優點是在該萃取液中極低濃度之半纖維素及其裂解產物,因為該半纖維素保持於固體中且因此被保留以供糖之酵素水解及萃取。
另外,該木質素萃取物之醇溶液提供該木質素之另外再處理及由木質素製造產物的經改良的可能性。
另外,已顯示:藉由使用醇(特別是C1-4醇或酚)於在低於100℃下之鹼分解作用中,半纖維素之降解大體上被抑制,以致可得約全部的半纖維素可供木糖之另外的酵素裂解及轉變成高品質產物的作用,且在該分解期間不會 部分地降解,且不會在諸如其他方法中累積成木質素/糖混合物。
藉由在分解時所進行之去木質化,木質纖維素材料之細胞壁的孔隙度增加,例如在稻草的情況中,該孔隙度增加至一種獲致以下情況之程度:幾乎全部木糖對於木聚糖酶是可接近的,且約100%之木聚糖可被水解且可獲得木糖。這使得依本發明之方法特別適合於與該木糖之酵素轉化結合之較高品質產物的製造。在進行此方法時,酵素轉化可以直接發生於木糖溶液及固體之混合物中,或在由該固體分離出之木糖溶液的情況下發生。
在由殘餘固體另外製造醇時(此是在該木聚糖之酵素水解及依本發明之木糖轉化成木糖醇之後),酵素成本是重要的成本因素。彼部分也是因為酵素對該木質素之非專一性結合,參見例如同上述之Chandra et al,2007。木質素之部分移除降低此種活性損失,且具有省成本效果。
對於隨後之酵素方法的優點是例如:在萃取液中極低濃度之半纖維素及其裂解產物是起因於該木質素降解之高選擇率,而糖聚合物幾乎完全被保留,該半纖維素維持固體形式且因此被保留以供酵素水解及糖萃取以及其另外之轉變。依本發明之結果是最大的材料利用率及,例如與木糖脫氫酶之使用相關地,所述方法之高的成本效率。
木糖轉變成木糖醇之方法的實施可以在木糖直接在固體/液體混合物中的酵素釋出之後進行,該混合物係依本發明之方法獲得而另外增加整個方法之成本效率。
在轉變成木糖醇的情況中,在該固體已經壓出後仍留在基質中之分解方法所得的殘餘醇可直接用來作為將NAD再生成NADH之醇脫氫酶的受質。若該方法被設計以致,為此目的,仍留在反應混合物中之分解所得的殘餘醇被(部分地)消耗,則由產物溶液移除醇變得(部分地)多餘,且整個方法之效率因此進一步增加。
在該木質素裂解產物之轉變情況中,該醇作為自由基清除劑及裂解產物用之溶劑,該裂解產物係得自較高分子量木質素裂解產物成為低分子量者之酵素的、生物模擬的或化學的解聚作用。
在由該轉化產物分離固體以及其藉由過濾再處理期間,在該萃取物中小含量的半纖維素及其裂解產物以及木質素之經增加的溶解性增加產出率(throughput rate)。
依本發明之方法使例如稻草之三項主要成分(亦即葡萄糖、木糖以及木質素)能分離進入含極少外來材料的材料流中,且使其能另外轉變成較高品質之產物(諸如木糖醇),且因此符合理想生物精製方法的需求。
與其他主要在150℃至200℃之溫度間進行的分解方法相比,依本發明之方法的另外的優點是可以維持低於100℃之反應溫度。小的能量消耗使該分解期間所得之木質素能以有價值之產物形式被使用而非作為供該分解方法之能量來源。
在用含有醇(特別是C1-4-醇或酚)及H2O2的水溶液處理之後,依本發明之方法,含有木質素之溶液被分離, 且經分解之固體較佳在30-90℃下用木聚糖酶處理例如6-72小時,且液相與固體分離,之後液相較佳另外被反應成所得產物,例如木糖醇。
在液相分離後殘留之固體較佳用纖維素酶處理,藉此經由該固體/葡萄糖溶液之另外的發酵,可以獲得乙醇、丁醇或其他發酵產物;或殘留之固體進行熱或熱化學轉化作用且所得產物(諸如燃料成分)、燃料添加劑及/或其他化學產物(例如酚類)被分離;或殘留之固體藉由細菌、酵母或真菌進行微生物轉化;或殘留之固體進行另外之去木質化步驟以供獲的纖維素纖維材料的目的。
殘留之固體可以在生物生成氣工廠中被發酵且可以進一步處理成生物生成氣。
木糖在經濟上最令人感興趣之產物之一是木糖醇。
用於木糖回收之主要來源是來自紙漿工業之含有豐富分解產物(主要是木質素及半纖維素)的煮液,以致必須藉由複雜之分離及純化步驟獲得木糖。例如,H.Harms在”Willkommen in der natürlichen Welt von Lenzing,weltweit führend in der Cellulosefaser Technologie”,Herbsttagung der österreichischen Papierindustrie,Frantschach(15.11.2007)中描述:藉由凝膠過濾由濃稠液中回收木糖,其是一種技術上極複雜的方法,一般不用於大量產物。用此方式所得之木糖接著經催化轉化成木糖醇。
在另一方面,依本發明所得之木糖藉由利用木糖還原 酶(例如木糖脫氫酶,例如得自纖細念珠菌(Candida tenuis)者)之轉化作用,無須發酵地轉化成木糖醇,其中將任意地木糖還原酶及任意地輔因子再生用之輔受質及任意地醇脫氫酶及任意地NAD(P)H添加至該木糖溶液中;特別地所得之木糖醇藉由過濾由木質素裂解產物分離出。
利用以下實例1及比較用實例1A,記錄在酵素水解之後在醇之存在下預處理對還原糖產率的影響。
小麥草壓碎成約2公分之粒子尺寸。5克之經壓碎的小麥草懸浮於500毫升反應槽內的200毫升溶液中,該溶液係由49.5%水、50%乙醇及0.5%過氧化氫組成。在水浴中將該懸浮液加熱至50℃,使之恆溫,且該懸浮液之pH值以NaOH水溶液調節至起初之pH值12。混合物在60℃下以200rpm之速度連續磁力攪拌24小時。之後,固體被濾出且利用1升蒸餾水清洗。
為供酵素水解,100毫克之來自每一平行測試的預處理的基質以9.8毫升之50mM的乙酸鈉緩衝液設定成pH4.8,且與200微升之Accellerase 1000懸浮液(www.genencor.com)混合。Accellerase是纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之酵素混合物。酵素水解是在50℃之搖盪水浴 中進行。在48小時後由六碳糖及五碳糖所釋出之可溶單體依照DNS方法(Miller et al.,Analytical Chemistry 31(3):426,1959)在1毫升液體上清液中以還原糖形式被測定,與秤入之預處理的基質的量有關且以最大理論產率%表示。
還原糖之最大理論產率被分開地測定且是每克未經處理之稻草為705毫克+/-5%。
經由測試用原料,進行5項平行測試。還原糖之產率是99% +/-4%。
重複以上實例1,但不添加醇。還原糖之產率僅為64% +/-3%。
小麥草壓碎成約2公分之粒子尺寸。2.5克之經壓碎的小麥草懸浮於500毫升反應槽內的200毫升溶液中,該溶液係由49.5%水及50%異丙醇組成。在水浴中將該懸浮液加熱至50℃,使之恆溫,且該懸浮液之pH值以NaOH水溶液調節至起初之pH值13(或分別是14)。混合物在60℃下以200rpm之速度連續磁力攪拌24小時。之後,固體被濾出且利用1升蒸餾水清洗。
為供酵素水解,100毫克之來自每一平行測試的預處 理的基質以9.8毫升之50mM的乙酸鈉緩衝液設定成pH4.8,且與200微升之Accellerase 1000懸浮液(www.genencor.com)混合。Accellerase是纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之酵素混合物。酵素水解是在50℃之搖盪水浴中進行。在48小時後由六碳糖及五碳糖所釋出之可溶單體依照DNS方法在1毫升液態上清液中以還原糖形式被測定,與秤入之預處理的基質的量有關且以最大理論產率%表示。
還原糖之最大理論產率被分開地測定且是每克未經處理之稻草為705毫克+/-5%。
經由測試用原料,進行5項平行測試。還原糖之產率是97% +/-4%。
由木糖溶液(其係依照實例2中所述之方法由稻草製備)酵素製備木糖醇。使用異丙醇作為輔受質。
反應溶液含有5毫克/毫升木糖。
得自纖細念珠菌的木糖還原酶(XR)將木糖還原成木糖醇。該XR需要NADH(經還原之菸鹼醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)作為輔酶,其在該反應期間經氧化成輔酶NAD+。藉由醇脫氫酶(ADH:酵素偶合再生)的平行活性,進行經氧化之輔因子的再生。使用異丙醇作為輔受質。異丙醇及NAD+藉由該ADH反應成NADH及丙酮,如反應流程1所示的:
在表1中說明在該5項不同測試反應#049、#050、#051、#052、#053及#054中的反應比率:
總體積:1毫升
溫度:26±2℃
磁力攪拌器:200rpm
時間:15小時
為去活化該酶,所有樣品被加熱至95℃ 15分鐘且在製備時被離心以供隨後的HPLC分析。
SUGAR SP0810管柱+SUGAR SP-G前管柱
偵測器:折射率偵測器
洗提液:去離子化之水
流速:0.75毫升/分鐘
樣品的量:10微升
HPLC之量化精確度:±10%
木糖:13.97分鐘
木糖醇:37.73分鐘
異丙醇:16.69分鐘
丙酮:16.54分鐘
樣品#049之基質濃度藉由HPLC測定且含量為0.9毫克/毫升。
反應混合物#050僅包括木糖還原酶(0.1U/毫升)及NADH(1mM)。在反應持續15小時後,消耗0.085毫克木糖。木糖醇濃度低於偵測限度。
反應#052與反應#050相當,但差異在此情況中是應用再生系統。結果是所用之木糖的全部轉化。所用濃度:XR(0.1U/毫升)、NADH(1mM)、ADH(0.25U/毫 升)及異丙醇(5%)。
樣品#053之木糖濃度測定為2.121毫克/毫升,其相應於所預期之木糖濃度。
反應#054與反應#052相當,但包括增加2倍之木糖起初濃度(在反應中50%基質濃度)。所製備之木糖醇濃度測量為0.945毫克木糖醇。所用之濃度:XR(0.1U/毫升)、NADH(1mM)、ADH(0.25U/毫升)及異丙醇(5%)。
在表2中,基於經測量之HPLC數據(經消耗之木糖及經回收之木糖醇;b.D.L.意指「低於偵測限度」),摘述反應的結果。
由木糖溶液(其係依實例2中所述之方法由稻草製備)酵素製備木糖醇。使用乙醇作為輔受質。
使用轉動型蒸發器,基質溶液之體積與實例2比較被降低50%,以增加木糖濃度(約10毫克/毫升木糖)。
藉由得自經使用之纖細念珠菌的木糖還原酶(XR)的活性及得自經使用之啤酒酵母菌的醛脫氫酶的另外活性(Sigma-Aldrich:Catalogue No.A6338;(EC)No.:1.2.1.5;CAS No.:9028-88-0),進行經氧化之輔因子之再生。此為基質偶合反應及酵素偶合反應。使用乙醇作為輔受質。在第一步驟中,藉由該XR之活性,將乙醇及NAD+轉化成NADH及乙醛。在第二步驟中,藉由醛脫氫酶(AldDH)之活性(為此目的分別參考Sigma-Aldrich:Catalogue No.A6338;及“Characterization and Potential Roles of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Ethanol Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae”,Wang et al,Molecular Cloning,1998,Journal of Bacteriology,p.822-830),將乙醛及NAD+轉化成乙酸酯。在此情況中,每莫耳之經轉化的輔受質會形成2莫耳之還原相等物(NADH)(參考反應流程2):
在表3中說明4個不同之測試反應247、249、250及253的反應比率。使用不同的乙醇濃度及AldDH濃度。輔因子及基質濃度保持恆定。
總體積:0.5毫升
溫度:25±2℃
熱混合器:500rpm
時間:112小時
為要去活化該酶,將所有樣品加熱至70℃ 15分鐘,且在製備時離心並過濾以供隨後之HPLC分析(PVDF;0.2微米)。
SUGAR SP0810管柱+SUGAR SP-G前管柱
管柱溫度:90℃
偵測器:折射率偵測器
洗提液:去離子化之水
流速:0.90毫升/分鐘
樣品的量:10微升
HPLC之量化精確度:±10%
利用1.2莫耳/升之乙醇濃度可以獲得最大產率(反應249)。在如此進行時,共產生1.38毫克/毫升的木糖醇,此在理論上對應於21.2%之木糖醇產率。
在表4中,摘述基於所測量之HPLC數據的反應結果。
結果顯示:可以使用乙醇作為輔受質。正如藉由比較反應249(包括AldDH之反應混合物)與253(不含AldDH之反應混合物)可清楚顯示的:醛脫氫酶之添加導致木糖醇產率明顯增加。經轉化之木糖與木糖醇之差約達8%。與上述文獻之引證資料相關的結果僅能得以下結論:AldDH將在第一部份還原中形成之乙醛進一步氧化成乙酸(參考反應流程2)。此種在能量上較佳之反應及與之相關的經增加的NADH濃度在第一部分反應中將平衡由提出物(educt)移向木糖醇產物。
Claims (13)
- 一種用以製造木糖醇之方法,其特徵在於下列措施之組合:- 將木質纖維素材料係以含有醇且具有在11.0與14.0之間之pH值的水溶液來處理,以裂解木質纖維素且將裂解產物與該材料分離,藉此獲得富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料,- 將該所獲得之富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料係以木聚糖酶來處理以獲得木糖,及- 該木糖係經酵素轉化而無發酵至木糖醇,其中將作為輔因子之NAD(P)H、用於該輔因子再生用之輔受質、及醇脫氫酶係經添加至該木糖。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該水溶液具有在11.0與13.0之間的pH值。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該裂解在低於100℃之溫度下發生。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中稻草、甘蔗渣、能量草(energy grass)、及/或小麥(spelt)係用以作為木質纖維素材料。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該木質纖維素材料係以5至40重量%之原料密度(stock density)存在於該水溶液中。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該木質纖維素材料之葡萄糖、木糖及木質素組分係於分離之材料流中而獲得。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中自木糖至木糖醇之該酵素轉化係直接以木聚糖酶在木糖溶液及獲自處理該富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料之固體的該混合物中來進行。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中在處理含有該醇之該水溶液之後,該含有木質素之該溶液係經分離且該經分解之固體係以木聚糖酶來處理且液相係與該固體分離。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中以該木聚糖酶處理係在30至90℃下來進行。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料係以木聚糖酶來轉化且所獲得之液相係經酵素轉化成木糖醇,且其餘固體- 係進一步與纖維素酶反應以獲得不同之發酵產物;或- 係予以熱或熱化學轉化;或- 係予以藉由細菌、酵母菌或真菌之微生物轉化;或- 係予以進一步去木質化步驟以獲得纖維素纖維材料。
- 如請求項10之方法,其中該富含纖維素及半纖維素之材料係以木聚糖酶來轉化且使用木糖還原酶將所獲得之該液相經酵素轉化成木糖醇,且其餘固體- 係進一步與纖維素酶反應以獲得不同之發酵產物;或- 係予以熱或熱化學轉化;或- 係予以藉由細菌、酵母菌或真菌之微生物轉化;或- 係予以進一步去木質化步驟以獲得纖維素纖維材料。
- 如請求項10項之方法,其中在(發酵)產物分離後殘留之該固體係在生物生成氣工廠(biogas plant)中發酵且進一步處理成生物生成氣。
- 如請求項1或2項之方法,其中該醇係C1-4醇類或酚。
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| PT103331A (pt) * | 2005-08-05 | 2007-02-28 | Fundacao Da Faculdade De Cienc | Expressão dum transportador activo de xilose em saccharomyces cerevisiae modificada geneticamente |
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| BRPI0812072A2 (pt) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-11-25 | Lignol Innovations Ltd | Digestão anaeróbica concorrente e fermentação de matéria-prima lignocelulósica |
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| JP5633839B2 (ja) | 2009-05-22 | 2014-12-03 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | リグノセルロース系バイオマスの変換方法 |
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- 2010-04-30 BR BR112012002707-7A patent/BR112012002707B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2010-04-30 EP EP16188442.4A patent/EP3121285A1/de active Pending
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- 2010-04-30 EP EP10717481A patent/EP2462235A2/de not_active Withdrawn
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| TW200909575A (en) * | 2007-05-07 | 2009-03-01 | Nat Inst Of Advanced Ind Scien | Method for producing cellulase and hemicellulase having high hydrolytic activity |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2617938C2 (ru) | 2017-04-28 |
| JP2016104020A (ja) | 2016-06-09 |
| CA2768159C (en) | 2019-08-20 |
| RU2012108372A (ru) | 2013-09-20 |
| MX350376B (es) | 2017-09-05 |
| MX2012001450A (es) | 2012-03-26 |
| AU2010281334B2 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
| BR112012002707B1 (pt) | 2021-04-06 |
| KR20180042416A (ko) | 2018-04-25 |
| PE20121424A1 (es) | 2012-10-18 |
| WO2011014894A2 (de) | 2011-02-10 |
| CO6511213A2 (es) | 2012-08-31 |
| TW201114907A (en) | 2011-05-01 |
| US9970038B2 (en) | 2018-05-15 |
| JP2013500727A (ja) | 2013-01-10 |
| JP6411994B2 (ja) | 2018-10-24 |
| CN102575268A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
| ECSP12011707A (es) | 2012-10-30 |
| US20180230503A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
| KR101898849B1 (ko) | 2018-09-13 |
| CU20120023A7 (es) | 2012-06-21 |
| EP2462235A2 (de) | 2012-06-13 |
| AU2010281334A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
| ZA201200989B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
| KR20120055613A (ko) | 2012-05-31 |
| CA2768159A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
| EP3121285A1 (de) | 2017-01-25 |
| TW201814049A (zh) | 2018-04-16 |
| BR112012002707A2 (pt) | 2020-08-25 |
| US20130078677A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
| WO2011014894A3 (de) | 2011-06-16 |
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