TWI492750B - 維生素-受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物、醫藥組合物、用途及製備方法 - Google Patents
維生素-受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物、醫藥組合物、用途及製備方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI492750B TWI492750B TW102113366A TW102113366A TWI492750B TW I492750 B TWI492750 B TW I492750B TW 102113366 A TW102113366 A TW 102113366A TW 102113366 A TW102113366 A TW 102113366A TW I492750 B TWI492750 B TW I492750B
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Description
本發明係有關一種用於針對目標輸送藥物之組合物與方法。更特定言之,本發明係有關用於治療由病原性細胞族群所引起病症之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送 共軛物,及其使用之方法與醫藥組合物。
相關申請案之交叉文獻
本申請案係依據35 U.S.C. 119(e),主張優先於美國專利申請案No.60/442,845,標題為"維生素-受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物"2003年1月27日申請、美國專利申請案No.60/492,119,標題為"維生素-受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物",2003年8月1日與美國專利申請案No.60/516,188,標題為"維生素-受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物",2003年10月31日之權益。其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
哺乳動物免疫系統提供一種辨識及消除腫瘤細胞、其他病原性細胞與入侵之外來病原菌之方法。雖然免疫系統通常提供強力之防禦陣線,但許多例子中之癌症細胞、其他病原性細胞或感染劑會迴避宿主之免疫反應,並增殖或持續與宿主病原菌共存。已發展出化療劑與放射療法來消除,例如:複製之新生贅瘤。然而,目前許多化療劑與放射療法具有副作用,因為其不僅破壞病原性細胞,而且亦影響正常之
宿主細胞,如:造血系統之細胞。此等抗癌藥物之副作用突顯目前需要發展選擇性針對病原性細胞族群且降低宿主毒性之新療法。
研究者已發展一種藉由針對此等細胞目標之細胞毒性化合物摧毀病原性細胞。許多此等方法利用與抗體共軛之毒素,該抗體則與病原性細胞獨特表現或過度表現之抗原結合,以儘量減少輸送毒素至正常細胞中。採用此方法已發展出某些免疫毒素,其中之抗體組成份係針對病原性細胞上專一性抗原,該抗體則與毒素聯結如:蓖麻子毒蛋白、假單胞菌外毒素、白喉毒素與腫瘤壞死因子。此等免疫毒素之目標為帶有可被抗體辨識之專一性抗原之病原性細胞如:腫瘤細胞(Olsnes,S.,Immunol.Today,10,pp.291-295,1989;Melby,E.L.,Cancer Res.,53(8),pp.1755-1760,1993;Better,M.D.,PCT公告案案號WO 91/07418,1991年5月30日公告)。
另一種針對宿主中目標病原性細胞族群如:癌細胞或外來病原菌之方法為加強宿主對抗病原性細胞之免疫反應,以避免投與亦獨立具有宿主毒性之化合物之必要。一種已提出之免疫療法為結合抗體(例如:經基因改造之多聚體抗體)與腫瘤細胞表面上展現抗體恆定區之表面,藉以經由多種免疫-系統所媒介之過程誘發殺死腫瘤細胞(De Vita,V.T.,Biologic Therapy of Cancer,2d ed.Philadelphia,Lippincott,1995;Soulillou,J.P.,美國專利案5,672,486)。然而,此等方法因很難界定腫瘤專一性抗原而複雜化。
為了針對病原性細胞發展有效之專一性療法及儘可能降低對正常細胞之毒性,已發展出一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。本發明可應用於引起宿主動物多種病變之病原性細胞族群。可使用本發明之藥物輸送共軛物治療病原性細胞,包括腫瘤細胞、感染劑如:細菌與病毒、感染細菌或病毒之細胞,與任何其他獨特表現、優先表現
或過度表現維生素受體或可與維生素類似物或衍生物結合之受體之病原性細胞。
一項具體實施例中,提供一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。該藥物輸送共軛物包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基與藥物。本文所採用"V"指維生素受體結合性部份基團,且包括維生素與維生素受體結合性類似物或其衍生物,且術語"維生素或類似物或其衍生物"指可結合維生素受體之維生素與類似物與其衍生物。本文所採用"D"指藥物且包括其類似物或衍生物。維生素或其類似物或衍生物係與共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L),該藥物或其類似物或衍生物亦共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。該雙價聯結基(L)可包含多重聯結基。例如:雙價聯結基(L)可包含一個或多個選自下列之成分:間隔聯結基(ls)、可釋放之聯結基(lr)與雜原子聯結基(lH
)與其組合,其可依任何順序組成。
本具體實施例說明之藥物輸送共軛物包括:
V-L-D
V-(lr
)c
-D
V-(ls
)a
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(ls
)a
-D
V-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-(ls
)a
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-D
V-[(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
]d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
其中a、b、c、d與e分別獨立為0、1、2、3、或4,(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
)如本文中定義,V為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,D為藥物或其類似物或衍生物,且其中雙價L包含一個或多個(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
),其可依任何順序組成,及其組合。咸了解,上述雙價聯結基L實例係供說明用,並未加以限制,該雙價聯結基包含(lH
)、(ls
)與(lr
)之多種組合。
咸了解,各間隔基、雜原子與可釋放之聯結基為雙價。亦咸了解,各多種間隔基、雜原子與可釋放之聯結基之間,及多種間隔基、雜原子與可釋放之聯結基與如本文中定義之D與/或V之間之聯結性可能發生在多種間隔基、雜原子與可釋放之聯結基之任何原子上,不一定在該任一間隔基、雜原子或可釋放之聯結基之任何顯著末端。例如:具體實施例中說明之雙價聯結基為:
亦即其中雙價聯結基L為-(lH
)-(ls
)5
-(lr
-lH
)2
-D,其中(lH
)為氮,(ls
)5
為Ala-Glu-Lys-Asp-Asp,與(lr
-lH
)2
分別為-(CH2
)2
-S-S-(CH2
)2
-O-C(O)-O-,(lr
-lH
)2
聯結基聯結(ls
)5
聯結基之中間部份。
另一項具體實施例中,提供一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。該藥物輸送共軛物包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)與藥物,該雙價聯結基(L)包含一個或多個雜原子聯結基(lH
)。維生素受體結合性部份基團係利用第一個雜原子聯結基(lH
)d
共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L),且該藥物係利用第二個雜原子聯結基(lH
)e
共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。該雙價聯結基(L)亦包含一個或多個間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基,其中間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基可利用第三個雜原子聯結基
(lH
)b互相共價聯結。本具體實施例說明之藥物輸送共軛物如下:V-(lH
)d
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
其中a、b、c、d與e分別獨立為0、1、2、3或4,(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
)、及V與D如本文中定義,且其中雙價聯結基L包含如所出示之(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
)。
另一項具體實施例中提供一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。該藥物輸送共軛物包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)與藥物,該雙價聯結基(L)包含雜原子聯結基(lH
)。維生素受體結合性部份基團為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,該藥物包括其類似物或衍生物。維生素或其類似物或衍生物係共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L),且該藥物或其類似物或衍生物係共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。雙價聯結基(L)亦包括間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基,該間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基可利用雜原子聯結基互相共價鍵結。本具體實施例說明之藥物輸送共軛物如下:V-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-D其中a、b與c分別獨立為0、1、2、3或4,(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
)、及V與D如本文中定義,且其中雙價聯結基L包含如所出示之(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
)。
另一項具體實施例中,提供一種通式V-L-D之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。本具體實施例中,L係由一個或多個聯結基(lr
)c
、(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
與其組合,依任何順序構成,其中(lr
)為可釋放之聯結基,(ls
)為間隔聯結基,(lH
)為雜原子聯結基,a、b與c分別獨立為0、1、2、3或4,V為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,D為藥物或其類似物或衍生物。咸了解,本文說明之藥物輸送共軛物可包括之雙價聯結基具有一個以上間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基或雜原子聯結基。其包括例如:包括二個或多個可釋放之聯結基(lr
)之雙價聯結基。此外,此等可釋放之聯結基之組態包括之雙價聯結基中之可釋放之聯結基係互相共價聯
結,且其中可釋放之聯結基係利用一個或多個雜原子聯結基與/或間隔聯結基分隔。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種通式V-L-D之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物,其中L為包含(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
與其組合,依任何順序構成之二價聯結基,其中(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
及V與D如本文中定義。本具體實施例中,藥物輸送共軛物中之藥物可為半抗原,如(但不限於):螢光素、二硝基苯基,等等。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種通式V-L-D之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物,其中L為包含(ls
)a
、(lH
)b
與(lr
)c
與其組合,依任何順序構成之二價聯結基,其中(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
與V與D如本文中定義,且其中至少一個(lr
)不為二硫化物。咸了解,本具體實施例中之雙價聯結基具有一個以上之(lr
),亦即其中c大於1,且除了另一個或其他可釋放之聯結基外,尚可能包括一個可釋放之二硫化物聯結基。
本文所說明之多種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物之一方面中,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-硫代琥珀醯亞胺-1-基烷氧甲基氧,其中甲基可視需要經烷基或經取代之芳基取代。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-硫代琥珀醯亞胺-1-基烷基羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物形成醯基吖。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成1-烷氧環烯氧基。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含間隔聯結基、雜原子聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成伸烷基胺基羰基(二羧基伸芳基)羧酸酯。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成二硫代烷羰基醯肼,其中醯肼與藥物或其類似物
或衍生物形成腙。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-硫代琥珀醯亞胺-1-基烷基羰基醯肼,其中醯肼與藥物或其類似物或衍生物形成腙。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基、雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-硫代烷基磺醯基烷基(二取代之矽烷基)氧,其中二取代之矽烷基經烷基或可視需要經取代之芳基取代。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含多個間隔聯結基,其係選自天然胺基酸與其立體異構物組成之群中。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基氧羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成碳酸酯。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代芳基烷基氧羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成碳酸酯,且芳基可視需要經取代。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-硫代琥珀醯亞胺-1-基烷基氧烷基氧亞烷基,其中亞烷基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成腙,各烷基分別獨立選出,且氧烷基氧可視需要經烷基或可視需要經取代之芳基取代。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基氧羰基醯肼。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基胺基,其中胺基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成聯乙烯醯胺。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基胺基,其中胺基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成聯乙烯醯胺,且烷基為乙基。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基胺基羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成胺甲酸酯。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代烷基胺基羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成胺甲酸酯,且烷基為乙基。
另一方面,雙價聯結基包含可釋放之聯結基、間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基共同形成3-二硫代芳基烷基氧羰基,其中羰基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物共同形成胺甲酸酯或胺甲醯基吖。
本發明一方面,可釋放之聯結基、間隔基與雜原子聯結基之排列方式可使雙價聯結基中鍵結裂解後釋出之官能基在化學上協助其他鍵結分解或裂解,亦稱為錨式(anchimeric)協助裂解或分解。此等雙價聯結基或其一部份之具體實施例包括如下式化合物:
其中X為雜原子,如:氮、氧或硫,n為選自0、1、2與3之整數,R為氫或取代基,包括可誘導性安定正電價或於芳基環中共振而安定之取代基,如:烷氧基,等等,且符號(*
)代表其他間隔基、雜原子或可釋放之聯結基形成雙價聯結基之附接點,或指藥物或其類似物或衍生物、或維生素或其類似物或衍生物之附接點。咸了解,芳基環、苯甲基碳、烷酸或亞甲基橋連上可能出現其他取代基,包括(但不限於):羥基、烷基、烷氧基、烷硫基、鹵素,等等。協助裂解之機轉包括涉
及苯甲基鎓中間物、脫氫苯中間物、內酯環化反應、氧鎓中間物、β-消去反應,等等。亦咸了解,除了繼可釋放之聯結基裂解後形成片段,可釋放之聯結基之初期裂解亦可因錨式協助之機轉而促進。
另一項具體實施例中,提供一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物。該中間物包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(具有第一個末端與第二個末端)與偶合基。維生素受體結合性部份基團為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,偶合基為親核物、親電子物或其前體。維生素受體結合性部份基團係共價附接雙價聯結基之第一個末端,偶合則共價附接雙價聯結基之第二個末端,該雙價聯結基包含一個或多個間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基與其組合,其可依任何順序組成。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物。該中間物包含雙價聯結基(具有第一個末端與第二個末端)、藥物或其類似物或衍生物、與偶合基。該雙價聯結基包含一個或多個本文所說明之選自下列之成份:間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基。偶合基為共價附接雙價聯結基之第一個末端,藥物或其類似物或衍生物則共價附接雙價聯結基之第二個末端。此外,偶合基為可與維生素受體結合性部份基團形成一共價鍵之親核物、親電子物或其前體,其中維生素受體結合性部份基團為維生素或其類似物或衍生物。
本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,偶合基為米契爾(Michael)受體,雙價聯結基包括可釋放之聯結基,其如式-C(O)NHN=、-NHC(O)NHN=或-CH2
C(O)NHN=。本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,偶合基與雙價聯結基共同形成如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,其中D為藥物或其類似物或衍生物,其可如本文所說明形成腙;且n為如:1、2、3或4之整數。本文所說明維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,維生素或其類似物或衍生物包括烷硫醇親核物。
另一項具體實施例中,本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物中,偶合基為雜原子,如:氮、氧或硫,雙價聯結基包括一個或多個雜原子聯結基與一個或多個間隔聯結基,其使維生素或類似物或其衍生物共價聯結偶合基。其一方面,本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物包括如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,其中X為氧、氮或硫,m為如:1、2或3之整數,且其中V、ls
與lH
如本文中定義。
另一方面,本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物包括如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,其中X為氮或硫,其中V與ls
如本文中定義。
另一方面,本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物包括如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,其中Y為氫或取代基,例如:拉電子取代基,包括(但不限於)硝基、氰基、鹵素、烷磺醯基、羧酸衍生物,等等,其中V與ls
如本文中定義。
本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,偶合基為米契爾(Michael)受體,雙價聯結基包括一個或多個雜原子聯結基與一個或多個間隔聯結基,使維生素或其類似物或衍生物共價聯接偶合基。本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,偶合基與雙價聯結基共同形
成如下式化合物:或其受保護之衍生物,其中X為氧、氮或硫,m與n分別獨立為選自如:1、2或3之整數,且其中V、ls
與lH
如本文中定義。另一方面,本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物中,藥物或其類似物或衍生物包括烷硫醇親核物。
本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,中間物包括如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,其中V為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,AA為胺基酸,例如:選自天然胺基酸或其立體異構物,X為氮、氧或硫,Y為氫或取代基,例如:拉電子取代基,包括(但不限於)硝基、氰基、
鹵素、烷磺醯基、羧酸衍生物,等等,n與m分別獨立選自如:1、2或3之整數,且p為如:1、2、3、4或5之整數。AA亦可為任何其他胺基酸,如:如下通式之任何胺基酸:-N(R)-(CR'R")q
-C(O)-其中R為氫、烷基、醯基或合適之氮保護基,R'與R"為氫或取代基,其每次出現時均各自獨立選出,q為如:1、2、3、4或5之整數。例如:R'與/或R"分別相應於(但不限於)氫或出現在天然胺基酸上之側鏈,如:甲基、苯甲基、羥甲基、硫代甲基、羧基甲基、胍基丙基,等等,與其衍生物與受保護之衍生物。上述化學式包括所有立體異構性之變化。例如:胺基酸可選自:天冬醯胺、天冬胺酸、半胱胺酸、麩胺酸、離胺酸、麩醯胺、精胺酸、絲胺酸、鳥胺酸、蘇胺酸,等等。本文所說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物中間物之另一項具體實施例中,藥物或其類似物或衍生物包括烷硫醇親核物。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種製備如下式化合物或其受保護之衍生物之方法:
其中L為聯結基,包括(lr
)c
、(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
及其組合;且D為可形成腙之藥物或其類似物或衍生物,其中(lr
)c
、(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
,及V均如本文中定義,該製法包括下列步驟:
(a)由如下式化合物:或其受保護之衍生物,與如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物反應,形成硫代琥珀醯亞胺衍生物;及(b)與硫代琥珀醯亞胺衍生物形成藥物或其類似物或衍生物之腙衍生物。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種製備如下式化合物之方法:
其中L為聯結基,包括(lr
)c
、(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
及其組合;且D為可形成腙之藥物或其類似物或衍生物,其中(lr
)c
、(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
,及V均如本文中定義,該製法包括下列步驟:由如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物,與如下式化合物:
或其受保護之衍生物反應。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種醫藥組合物。該醫藥組合物包含根據本發明之藥物輸送共軛物與其醫藥上可接受之載劑。
另一項具體實施例中,說明一種在含有病原性細胞族群之宿主動
物體內消除病原性細胞族群之方法,其中該病原性細胞族群之膜上具有可供維生素或其類似物或衍生物結合之位置,且其中該結合位置係由該病原性細胞獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現。該方法包括之步驟為對宿主投與一種根據本發明藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥組合物。
圖1出示EC112(實例9c)對M109腫瘤生長之抑制作用。
圖2出示EC112(實例9c)對動物體重之影響。
圖3出示EC105(實例10a)對M109腫瘤生長之抑制作用。
圖4出示EC105(實例10a)對動物體重之影響。
圖5出示EC105(實例10a)對4T1腫瘤生長沒有抑制作用。
圖6出示EC145(實例16b)對M109腫瘤生長之抑制作用。
圖7出示EC140(實例17a)對M109腫瘤生長之抑制作用。
圖8出示EC136(實例10b)對L1210腫瘤生長之抑制作用。
圖9-16出示EC135、EC136、EC137、EC138、EC140、EC145、EC158與EC159(分別為實例17b、10b、16a、10c、17a、16b、14e與15)對細胞DNA合成之抑制作用。
本發明係有關一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物,其包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)、與藥物,其中維生素受體結合性部份基團與藥物分別鍵結雙價聯結基(L),可視需要利用雜原子聯結基鍵結。該雙價聯結基(L)包含一個或多個間隔聯結基、雜原子聯結基與可釋放(亦即可裂解)之聯結基,與其組合,其可依任何順序組成。
術語"可釋放之聯結基"在本文中指該聯結基包括至少一個可於生理條件下分解之鍵結(例如:對pH-不安定、對酸不安定、對氧化反應不安定或對酵素不安定之鍵結)。咸了解,此等可造成鍵結分解之生理
條件包括發生在例如:生理性pH之標準化學水解反應,或因分工成細胞器如:pH值低於細胞質pH之內囊胞所造成之分解。
咸了解,可裂解之鍵結可聯結可釋放之聯結基中兩個相鄰原子與/或聯結其他如本文中說明之聯結基或V與/或D,其可聯結在可釋放之聯結基之任一末端或兩端。若可裂解之鍵結聯結可釋放之聯結基中兩個相鄰原子時,則繼鍵結分解之後,該可釋放之聯結基即分解成兩個或多個片段。或者,若該可裂解之鍵結位在可釋放之聯結基與另一個部份基團如:雜原子聯結基、間隔聯結基、另一個可釋放之聯結基、藥物或其類似物或衍生物、或維生素或其類似物或衍生物之間時,則繼該鍵結分解之後,該可釋放之聯結基即與其他部份基團分離。
可裂解之鍵結之不安定性可藉由例如:可裂解之鍵結上或其附近之取代變化來調整,如:包括與可裂解之二硫化物鍵結相鄰之α分支,提高具有可水解之矽-氧鍵結之部份基團中矽上取代基之疏水性,由烷氧基同系化,形成可水解之縮酮或縮醛之一部份,等等。
根據本發明,維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可用於治療宿主出現病原性細胞族群特徵之疾病,其中病原性細胞族群之成員具有可供維生素、或其類似物或衍生物結合之位置,其中該結合位置係由病原性細胞獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現。該病原性細胞之選擇性消除作用係受維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物之維生素部份基團與維生素受體、輸送子或其他專一性結合維生素或其類似物或衍生物且由病原性細胞獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現之表面上之蛋白質之結合作用所媒介。病原性細胞獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現之表面上之蛋白質為不出現在非病原性細胞上或出現在非病原性細胞上之濃度較低之受體,以供選擇性之消除病原性細胞。
例如:表現在表面上之維生素受體如:高親和性葉酸鹽受體會過度表現在癌細胞上。卵巢、乳腺、結腸、肺、鼻、喉嚨、與腦之上皮
癌已有報告指出可表現高量之葉酸鹽受體。事實上,所有人類卵巢腫瘤中,已知有90%以上表現大量之此受體。因此,本發明藥物輸送共軛物可用於治療多種腫瘤細胞,及其他種病原性細胞,如:優先表現維生素受體之感染劑,因此,其表面上具有可結合維生素或維生素類似物或衍生物之位置。
除了本文說明之維生素外,咸了解,本文亦說明及包括其他可能與本文說明之藥物及聯結基偶合,形成可協助藥物輸送至所需目標之配位體-聯結基-藥物共軛物之配位體。除了本文說明之維生素與其類似物及衍生物外,此等其他配位體可用於形成可結合目標細胞之藥物輸送共軛物。通常,細胞表面受體之任何配位體均有利於用為可製成聯結基-藥物共軛物之針對目標之配位體。本文涵括之其他配位體實例包括自集合庫中篩選出之肽配位體、腫瘤細胞專一性肽、腫瘤細胞專一性適體、腫瘤細胞專一性碳水化合物、腫瘤細胞專一性單株或多株抗體、抗體之Fab或scFv(亦即單鏈可變區)片段如,例如:針對EphA2之抗體之Fab片段,或其他專一性表現或獨特出現在轉移之癌細胞上之蛋白質、衍生自組合集合庫中之小型有機分子、生長因子如:EGF、FGF、胰島素與似胰島素生長因子、與同質性多肽、生長激素釋放抑制素與其類似物、轉鐵蛋白、脂蛋白複合物、膽酸鹽、選擇素(selectin)、類固醇激素、含Arg-Gly-Asp之肽、類視黃素、多種半乳糖凝集素(Galectins)、δ-類鴉片受體配位體、縮膽囊肽A受體配位體、專一性針對管收縮素AT1或AT2受體之配位體、過氧化物酶體增殖劑活化之受體λ配位體、β-內醯胺抗生素如:青黴素、小型有機分子包括:抗細菌劑藥物,與其他可專一性結合優先表現在腫瘤細胞表面上或感染性有機體上之受體之分子,及其他依據受體或其他細胞表面蛋白質之結晶結構設計用於結合該特定受體之藥物,腫瘤抗原或其他優先表現在腫瘤細胞表面上之配位體,或此等分子之任何片段。可用為配位體-免疫原
共軛物之結合位置之腫瘤專一性抗原包括屬於Ephrin蛋白質家族中成員之細胞外抗原決定基,如:EphA2。EphA2之表現受限於正常細胞中細胞-細胞之接合,但EphA2則分佈於轉移之腫瘤細胞中整個細胞表面。因此,轉移細胞上之EphA2可結合例如:與免疫原共軛之抗體共軛物之Fab片段,而該蛋白質則不會與與正常細胞上Fab片段結合,以致產生專一性針對轉移之癌細胞之配位體-免疫原共軛物。
本發明尚包括以配位體-聯結基-藥物共軛物之組合於儘可能針對可消除之病原性細胞目標上之用途。
藥物輸送共軛物實例如下:
V-L-D
V-(lr
)c
-D
V-(ls
)a
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(ls
)a
-D
V-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-D
V-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-(ls
)a
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(ls
)a-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(lH
)d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-(ls
)a
-(lH
)e
-D
V-(ls
)a
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)b
-D
V-[(ls
)a
-(lH
)b
]d
-(lr
)c
-(lH
)e
-D
其中a、b、c、d與e分別獨立為0、1、2、3、或4,(ls
)為間隔聯結基、(lH
)為雜原子聯結基與(lr
)為可釋放之聯結基,V為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,D為藥物或其類似物或衍生物,且其中雙價L包括一個或多個(ls
)、(lH
)與(lr
),其可依任何順序組成,咸了解,上述雙價聯結基L實例係供說明用,並未加以限制,該雙價聯結基包含(lH
)、(ls
)與(lr
)
之多種組合。
藥物輸送共軛物V-L-D之一項具體實施例中,V為維生素葉酸;L不為伸乙二胺,如下式:
藥物輸送共軛物V-L-D之另一項具體實施例中,V為維生素葉酸,D為藥物絲裂黴素C;L不為L-Cys-(S-硫代乙基),如下式:
L不為L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Asp-L-Cys-(S-硫代乙基),如下式:及L不為L-Arg-L-Cys-(S-硫代乙基)-L-Ala-L-Gly-OH,如下式:
根據本發明亦包括藥物輸送共軛物,其中維生素或其類似物或衍生物附接可釋放之聯結基,其係利用間隔聯結基附接藥物。此外,藥物與維生素或其類似物或衍生物兩者均可分別附接可釋放之聯結基,其中可釋放之聯結基係利用間隔聯結基互相附接。雜原子聯結基可位於兩個聯基之間,或任何聯結基與維生素或其類似物或衍生物之間,或任何聯結基與藥物或其類似物或衍生物之間。所有其他可能排列及組合亦包括在內。
本發明一項具體實施例中,提供一種維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。該藥物輸送共軛物係由維生素受體結石性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)與藥物組成。該維生素受體結合性部份基團為可結合維生受體之維生素或其類似物或衍生物,該藥物包括具有藥物活性之其類似物或衍生物。維生素或其類似物或衍生物係共價附接雙價聯結基(L),該藥物或其類似物或衍生物亦共價附接雙價聯結基(L)。該雙價聯結基(L)包含一個或多個間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基,與其組合,其可依任何順序組成。例如:雜原子聯結基可為氮,可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基可共同形成二價基團,包括伸烷基吖-1-基、伸烷基羰基吖-1-基、羰基烷基吖-1-基、伸烷基次硫醯基吖-1-基、次硫醯基烷基吖-1-基、磺醯基烷基吖-1-基或伸烷基磺醯基吖-1-基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X取代。或者,雜原子聯結基可為氮、氧、硫與如式-(NHR1
NHR2
)-、-SO-、-(SO2
)-與-N(R3
)O-,其中R1
、R2
與R3
分別獨立選自:氫、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、經取代之芳基、經取代之芳基烷基、雜芳基、經取代之雜芳基與烷氧烷基。另一項具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氧,間隔聯結基可為1-伸烷基琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X1
取代,可釋放之聯結基可為亞甲基、1-烷氧伸烷基、1-烷氧伸環烷基、1-烷氧伸烷基羰基、1-烷氧伸環烷基羰基,其中各可釋放之
聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代,且其中間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基分別鍵結雜原子聯結基,形成琥珀醯亞胺-1-基烷基縮醛或縮酮。
間隔聯結基可為羰基、硫逐羰基、伸烷基、伸環烷基、伸烷基環烷基、伸烷基羰基、伸環烷基羰基、羰基烷基羰基、1-伸烷基琥珀醯亞胺-3-基、1-(羰基烷基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基、伸烷基次硫醯基、磺醯基烷基、伸烷基次硫醯基烷基、伸烷基磺醯基烷基、羰基四氫-2H-吡喃基、羰基四氫呋喃基、1-(羰基四氫-2H-吡喃基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基與1-(羰基四氫呋喃基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其中各間隔聯結基可視需要經如下述定義取代基X1
取代。本具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氮,間隔聯結基可為伸烷基羰基、伸環烷基羰基、羰基烷基羰基、1-(羰基烷基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其中各間隔聯結基可視需要經如下述定義取代基X1
取代,間隔聯結基係與氮鍵結,形成醯胺。或者,雜原子聯結基可為硫,間隔聯結基可為伸烷基與伸環烷基,其中各間隔聯結基可視需要經羧基取代,間隔聯結基則與硫鍵結形成硫醇。另一項具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為硫,間隔聯結基可為1-伸烷基琥珀醯亞胺-3-基與1-(羰基烷基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,且間隔聯結基與硫鍵結形成琥珀醯亞胺-3-基硫醇。
上述具體實施例之替代項中,雜原子聯結基可為氮,可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基可共同形成二價基團,包括伸烷基吖-1-基、羰基烷基吖-1-基、次硫醯基烷基吖-1-基或磺醯基烷基吖-1-基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代。此具體實施例之替代項中,間隔聯結基可為羰基、硫逐羰基、伸烷基羰基、伸環烷基羰基、羰基烷基羰基、1-(羰基烷基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其中各間隔聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X1
取代,且其中間隔聯結基係鍵結可釋放之聯結基,形成吖醯胺。
取代基X1
可為烷基、烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、羥基、羥基烷基、胺基、胺基烷基、烷基胺基烷基、二烷基胺基烷基、鹵素、鹵烷基、氫硫基烷基、烷硫基烷基、芳基、經取代之芳基、芳基烷基、經取代之芳基烷基、雜芳基、經取代之雜芳基、羧基、羧基烷基、烷基羧酸酯、烷基烷酸酯、胍基烷基、R4
-羰基、R5
-羰基烷基、R6
-醯基胺基與R7
-醯基胺基烷基,其中R4
與R5
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽,其中R6
與R7
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽。此具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氮,取代基X1
與雜原子聯結基可與其所鍵結之間隔聯結基共同形成雜環。
可釋放之聯結基可為亞甲基、1-烷氧伸烷基、1-烷氧伸環烷基、1-烷氧伸烷基羰基、1-烷氧伸環烷基羰基、羰基芳基羰基、羰基(羧基芳基)羰基、羰基(雙羧基芳基)羰基、鹵代伸烷基羰基、伸烷基(二烷基矽烷基)、伸烷基(烷基芳基矽烷基)、伸烷基(二芳基矽烷基)、(二烷基矽烷基)芳基、(烷基芳基矽烷基)芳基、(二芳基矽烷基)芳基、氧羰基氧、氧羰基氧烷基、磺醯基氧、氧磺醯基烷基、亞胺基亞烷基、羰基亞烷基亞胺基、亞胺基環亞烷基、羰基環亞烷基亞胺基、伸烷硫基、伸烷基芳硫基與羰基烷硫基,其中各可釋放之聯結基基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代。
上述具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氧,可釋放之聯結基可為亞甲基、1-烷氧伸烷基、1-烷氧伸環烷基、1-烷氧伸烷基羰基與1-烷氧伸環烷基羰基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代,可釋放之聯結基與氧鍵結,形成縮醛或縮酮。或者,雜原子聯結基可為氧,可釋放之聯結基可為亞甲基,其中亞甲基經可視需要經取代之芳基取代,可釋放之聯結基與氧鍵結,形成縮醛或縮酮。此外,雜原子聯結基可為氧,可釋放之聯結基可為磺醯基烷基,且可釋放之聯結基與氧鍵結形成烷基磺酸酯。
上述可釋放之聯結基具體實施例之另一項具體實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氮,可釋放之聯結基可為亞胺基亞烷基、羰基亞烷基亞胺基、亞胺基環亞烷基、與羰基環亞烷基亞胺基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代,且可釋放之聯結基與氮鍵結形成腙。另一項具體實施例中,該腙可經羧酸衍生物、原甲酸酯衍生物或胺甲醯基衍生物醯化,形成多種醯基腙可釋放之聯結基。
或者,雜原子聯結基可為氧,可釋放之聯結基可為伸烷基(二烷基矽烷基)、伸烷基(烷基芳基矽烷基)、伸烷基(二芳基矽烷基)、(二烷基矽烷基)芳基、(烷基芳基矽烷基)芳基、與(二芳基矽烷基)芳基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經如下述定義之取代基X2
取代,可釋放之聯結基與氧鍵結形成矽烷醇。
上述可釋放之聯結基具體實施例中,藥物可包括氮原子,雜原子聯結基可為氮,可釋放之聯結基可為羰基芳基羰基、羰基(羧基芳基)羰基、羰基(雙羧基芳基)羰基,且可釋放之聯結基可與雜原子氮鍵結,形成醯胺,亦與藥物之氮為鍵結形成醯胺。
上述可釋放之聯結基具體實施例中,藥物可包括氧原子,雜原子聯結基可為氮,可釋放之聯結基可為羰基芳基羰基、羰基(羧基芳基)羰基、羰基(雙羧基芳基)羰基,且可釋放之聯結基可與雜原子聯結基氮鍵結形成醯胺,亦與藥物之氧鍵結形成酯。
取代基X2
可為烷基、烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、羥基、羥基烷基、胺基、胺基烷基、烷基胺基烷基、二烷基胺基烷基、鹵素、鹵烷基、氫硫基烷基、烷硫基烷基、芳基、經取代之芳基、芳基烷基、經取代之芳基烷基、雜芳基、經取代之雜芳基、羧基、羧基烷基、烷基羧酸酯、烷基烷酸酯、胍基烷基、R4
-羰基、R5
-羰基烷基、R6
-醯基胺基與R7
-醯基胺基烷基,其中R4
與R5
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽,其中R6
與R7
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽。此具體
實施例中,雜原子聯結基可為氮,取代基X2
與雜原子聯結基可與其所鍵結之可釋放之聯結基共同形成雜環。
雜環可為吡咯啶、六氫吡啶、唑啶、異唑啶、噻唑啶、異噻唑啶、吡咯啶酮、六氫吡啶酮、唑啶酮、異唑啶酮、噻唑啶酮、異噻唑啶酮與琥珀醯亞胺。
藥物可為絲裂黴素、絲裂黴素衍生物或絲裂黴素類似物,且本具體實施例中,可釋放之聯結基可為羰基烷硫基、羰基四氫-2H-吡喃基、羰基四氫呋喃基、1-(羰基四氫-2H-吡喃基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基與1-(羰基四氫呋喃基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其中各可釋放之聯結基可視需要經取代基X2
取代,其中絲裂黴素之吖鍵結可釋放之聯結基,形成醯基吖。
該藥物可包括氮原子,可釋放之聯結基可為鹵代伸烷基羰基,其可視需要經取代基X2
取代,可釋放之聯結基與藥物之氮鍵結,形成醯胺。
藥物可包括氧原子,可釋放之聯結基可為鹵代伸烷基羰基,其可視需要經取代基X2
取代,且可釋放之聯結基與藥物之氧鍵結,形成酯。
該藥物可包括雙鍵鍵結之氮原子,此具體實施例中,可釋放之聯結基可為伸烷基羰基胺基與1-(伸烷基羰基胺基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,且可釋放之聯結基可與藥物之氮鍵結,形成腙。
該藥物可包括硫原子,本具體實施例中,可釋放之聯結基可為伸烷硫基與羰基烷硫基,且可釋放之聯結基可與藥物之硫鍵結,形成二硫化物。
該維生素可為包括氮之葉酸鹽,此具體實施例中,間隔聯結基可為伸烷基羰基、伸環烷基羰基、羰基烷基羰基、1-伸烷基琥珀醯亞胺-3-基、1-(羰基烷基)琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,其中各間隔聯結基可視需要經取代基X1
取代且間隔聯結基係與葉酸鹽之氮鍵結,形成亞胺或烷基醯胺。本具體實施例中,取代基X1
可為烷基、羥基烷基、胺基、胺基烷
基、烷基胺基烷基、二烷基胺基烷基、氫硫基烷基、烷硫基烷基、芳基、經取代之芳基、芳基烷基、經取代之芳基烷基、羧基、羧基烷基、胍基烷基、R4
-羰基、R5
-羰基烷基、R6
-醯基胺基與R7
-醯基胺基烷基,其中R4
與R5
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽,其中R6
與R7
分別獨立選自:胺基酸、胺基酸衍生物與肽。
術語"烷基"用於本文中指單價之線性碳原子鏈,其可視需要分支,如:甲基、乙基、丙基、3-甲基戊基,等等。
術語"環烷基"用於本文中指單價之碳原子鏈,其中一部份形成環,如:環丙基、環己基、3-乙基環戊基,等等。
術語"伸烷基"用於本文中指雙價線性碳原子,其可視需要分支,如:亞甲基、伸乙基、伸丙基、3-甲基伸戊基,等等。
術語"伸環烷基"用於本文中指雙價碳原子鏈,其中一部份形成環,如:環丙-1,1-二基、環丙-1,2-二基、環己-1,4-二基、3-乙基環戊-1,2-二基、1-亞甲基環己-4-基,等等。
術語"雜環"用於本文中指單價碳與雜原子之鏈,其中雜原子選自:氮、氧與硫,其中一部份(包括至少一個雜原子)形成環,如:吖、吡咯啶、唑啶、3-甲氧吡咯啶、3-甲基六氫吡,等等。
術語"烷氧基"用於本文中指如本文中定義之烷基與末端氧組合,如:甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、3-甲基戊氧基,等等。
術語"鹵"或"鹵素"指氟、氯、溴與碘。
術語"芳基"用於本文中指芳香系之碳原子單環或多環,如:苯基、萘基,等等。
術語"雜芳基"用於本文中指芳香系之碳原子與至少一個選自:氮、氧與硫中雜原子之單環或多環,如:吡啶基、嘧啶基、吲哚基、苯並唑基,等等。
術語"經取代之芳基"或"經取代之雜芳基"用於本文中指芳基或雜
芳基經一個或多個選自下列之取代基取代,如:鹵素、羥基、胺基、烷基或二烷基胺基、烷氧基、烷基磺醯基、氰基、硝基,等等。
術語"亞胺基亞烷基"用於本文中指含如本文中定義伸烷基與氮原子之二價基團,其中伸烷基末端碳與氮原子雙鍵結,如:如式-(CH)=N-、-(CH2
)2
(CH)=N-、-CH2
C(Me)=N-,等等。
術語"胺基酸"用於本文中一般指胺基烷基羧酸酯,其中烷基可視需要經烷基、羥基烷基、氫硫基烷基、胺基烷基、羧基烷基,等等取代,包括相應於天然胺基酸之基團,如:絲胺酸、半胱胺酸、甲硫胺酸、天冬胺酸、麩胺酸,等等。
術語"芳基烷基"指如本文中定義之芳基經如本文中定義伸烷基取代,如:苯甲基、苯乙基、α-甲基苯甲基,等等。
咸了解,上述術語可組合形成化學上相關基團,如:"烷氧烷基"指甲基氧甲基、乙基氧乙基,等等,且"鹵代烷氧烷基"指三氟甲基氧乙基、1,2-二氟-2-氯乙-1-基氧丙基,等等。
術語"胺基酸衍生物"用於本文中一般指胺基烷基羧酸酯,其中胺基或羧酸酯基團分別可視需要經烷基、羧基烷基、烷基胺基,等等取代,或可視需要受保護;其間穿插之二價烷基片段可視需要經烷基、羥基烷基、氫硫基烷基、胺基烷基、羧基烷基,等等取代,包括相應於天然胺基酸中側鏈之基團,如:出現在絲胺酸、半胱胺酸、甲硫胺酸、天冬胺酸、麩胺酸,等等上之側鏈。
術語"肽"用於本文中一般指一系列胺基酸與胺基酸類似物及衍生物利用醯胺鍵結互相共價聯結。
可釋放之聯結基包括至少一個可於生理條件下分解之鍵結(例如:對pH-不安定、對酸不安定、對氧化反應不安定或對酵素不安定之鍵結)。該可裂解之鍵結或多個鍵結可出現在可裂解之聯結基之內部與/或可裂解之聯結基之兩個末端。咸了解,可裂解之鍵結之不安定性可
藉由例如:在雙價聯結基L中包含可協助或促進此等鍵結分解之官能基或片段來調整,亦稱為錨式協助法。此外,咸了解,可在雙價聯結基L中包含其他可在可釋放之聯結基之鍵結分解之後協助或促進維生素受體結合性藥物共軛物分解成片段之官能基或片段。
可釋放之聯結基之鍵結分解機轉實例包括氧鎓協助之裂解,如下:
其中Z為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,或藥物或其類似物或衍生物,或分別為維生素或藥物部份基團與雙價聯結基之其他部份之組合,如:包括一個或多個間隔聯結基、雜原子聯結基與/或其他可釋放之聯結基之藥物或維生素部份基團。本具體實施例中,胺甲酸酯經酸催化之消去反應可造成CO2
釋出,含氮部份基團附接在Z上,及形成苯甲基陽離子,其可被水或任何其他路易士鹼捕捉。
另一種裂解可釋放之聯結基所聯結或包含在內之鍵結之機轉,形成雙價聯結基L之一部份之實例包括下列β-消去法與聯乙烯β-消去法機轉:
其中X為親核物、GSH、穀胱甘肽或生物性還原劑,等等,且Z或Z'為維生素或其類似物或衍生物、或藥物或其類似物或衍生物、或與
雙價聯結基之其他部份聯結之維生素或藥物部份基團。咸了解,鍵結裂解反應亦可利用酸催化消去胺甲酸酯部份基團來進行,其可依上述實例,藉由β-硫或二硫化物之芳基所提供之安定化作用產生錨式協助效應。此具體實施例之彼等變化中,可釋放之聯結基為胺甲酸酯部份基團。
另一種機轉實例涉及可釋放之聯結基、間隔基與雜原子聯結基之排列方式,以使雙價聯結基中鍵結裂解後釋出之官能基在化學上協助其他鍵結分解或裂解,亦稱為錨式(anchimeric)協助裂解或分解。此等雙價聯結基或其一部份之具體實施例包括如下式化合物:
其中X為雜原子,如:氮、氧或硫,n為選自0、1、2與3之整數,R為氫或取代基,包括可誘導性安定正電價或於芳基環中共振而安定之取代基,如:烷氧基,等等,Z或Z'為維生素或其類似物或衍生物、或藥物或其類似物或衍生物、或與雙價聯結基之其他部份聯結之維生素或藥物部份基團。咸了解,可出現在芳基環、苯甲基碳、胺甲酸酯氮、烷酸或亞甲基橋連上之其他取代基包括(但不限於):羥基、烷基、烷氧基、烷硫基、鹵素,等等。協助裂解作用可包括涉及苯甲基鎓中間物、脫氫苯中間物、內酯環化反應、氧鎓中間物、β-消去反應,等等。亦咸了解,除了繼可釋放之聯結基裂解形成片段後,可釋放之聯結基之初期裂解可因錨式協助之機轉而順利進行。
本具體實施例中,可環化之羥基烷酸藉由例如:氧鎓離子促進亞甲基橋連基裂解,且在可釋放之聯結基鍵結裂解後,促進鍵結裂解或隨後形成片段。或者,由酸催化之氧鎓離子協助裂解亞甲基橋連基可
啟動此例舉之雙價聯結基或其片段之一連串形成片段之反應。或者,酸催化水解胺甲酸酯之反應可促進可環化之羥基烷酸之β-消去反應,並藉由例如:氧鎓離子促進裂解亞甲基橋連基。咸了解,在代謝、生理或本文所述之細胞條件下分解或裂解鍵結之其他化學機轉可啟動此等一連串形成片段之反應。
本文說明之藥物輸送共軛物可依相關技藝已知之合成方式製備。該合成法則依所選用之雜原子聯結基及間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基上之官能基來決定。一般而言,相關之鍵結形成反應說明於Richard C.Larock,"高級有機轉形法,官能基製法指南(Comprehensive Organic Transformations,a guide to functional group preparations)"VCH Publishers,Inc.New York(1989)與Theodora E.Greene & Peter G.M.Wuts,"有機合成法之保護基(Protective Groups ion Organic Synthesis)"第2版,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.New York(1991),其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
一般醯胺與酯形成法
例如:當雜原子聯結基為氮原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基之末端官能基為羰基時,所需之醯胺基可由相應之羧酸或衍生物(其中L為適當選擇之脫離基如:鹵素、三氟甲磺酸根、五氟苯氧基、三甲基矽烷氧基、琥珀醯亞胺-N-氧,等等)與胺進行偶合反應或醯化反應製得,如:反應圖1所示。
偶合劑包括DCC、EDC、RRDQ、CGI、HBTU、TBTU、HOBT/DCC、HOBT/EDC、BOP-C1、PyBOP、PyBroP,等等。或者,母酸可轉化成活化之羰基衍生物如:醯基氯、N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺基酯、五氟苯基酯,等等。該醯胺形成反應亦可在鹼之存在下進行,如:三乙胺、二異丙基乙胺、N,N-二甲基-4-胺基吡啶,等等。適合形成本文所說明醯胺之溶劑包括CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、THF、DMF、DMSO、乙腈、EtOAc,等等。例如:醯胺可於約-15℃至約80℃,或約0℃至約45℃之溫度範圍內製備。醯胺可由例如:含氮吖環、碳水化合物、與α-鹵化羧酸製得。適用於形成醯胺之羧酸衍生物包括如下式化合物:
等等,其中n為如:1、2、3或4之整數。
同樣地,當雜原子聯結基為氧原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基之末端官能基為羰基時,所需之酯基可由相應之羧酸或衍生物與醇進行偶合反應製得。
偶合劑包括DCC、EDC、CDI、BOP、PyBOP、氯甲酸異丙烯酯、EEDQ、DEAD、PPh3
,等等。溶劑包括CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、THF、DMF、DMSO、乙腈、EtOAc,等等。鹼包括三乙胺、二異丙基乙胺與N,N-二甲基-4-胺基吡啶。或者,母酸可轉化成活化之羰基衍生物如:醯基氯、N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺基酯、五氟苯基酯,等等。
一般縮酮與縮醛形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氧原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基之官能基為1-烷氧烷基時,所需之縮醛或縮酮基可由相應之醇與烯醇醚進行縮酮與縮醛形成反應製得,如:反應圖2所示。
溶劑包括CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、THF、乙醚、DMF、DMSO、乙腈、EtOAc,等等。此等縮醛與縮酮之形成法可使用酸觸媒進行。當雜原子聯結基包含兩個氧原子,可釋放之聯結基為亞甲基(其可視需要經本文說明之X2
基團取代)時,所需之對稱縮醛或縮酮基團形成法可例如:由相應之醇與與醛或酮進行縮醛與縮酮形成反應,如反應圖3所示:
或者,當亞甲基為經可視需要經取代之芳基取代時,所需之縮醛或縮酮可逐步製成,其中L為適當選出之脫離基如:鹵素、三氟乙醯氧基、三氟甲磺酸根,等等,如反應圖4所示。反應圖4說明之製法為習知製法,通常依據R.R.Schmidt et al.,Chem.Rev.,2000,100,4423-42說明之製程進行,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
所得之芳基烷基醚經氧化劑處理如:DDQ,等等,產生之中間物氧鎓離子隨後經另一種醇處理,形成縮醛或縮酮。
一般琥珀醯亞胺形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為例如:氮、氧或硫原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為琥珀醯亞胺衍生物時,所得碳-雜原子鍵結可經由相應胺、醇或硫醇與馬來醯亞胺衍生物(其中X為雜原子聯結基)進行米契爾加成反應(Michael addition)製得,如:反應圖5所示。
進行米契爾加成反應之溶劑包括THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、DMF、DMSO、H2
O,等等。此等米契爾加合物之形成法可添加等莫耳量之鹼如:三乙胺、亨尼氏鹼(Hünig's base)進行加成反應產生,或調整水溶液至pH 6.0-7.4而形成。咸了解,當雜原子聯結基為氧或氮原子時,可調整反應條件,以促進米契爾加成反應,如,例如:採用較高反應溫度、添加觸媒、使用較高極性溶劑,如:DMF、DMSO,等等,及使用矽烷化試劑活化馬來醯亞胺。
一般矽烷氧基形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氧原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為矽烷基衍生物時,所需之矽烷基氧可由相應矽烷基衍生物與醇(其中L為適當選出之脫離基如:鹵素、三氟乙醯氧基、三氟甲磺酸根,等等)反應製得,如反應圖6所示。
矽烷基衍生物包括適當官能化之矽烷基衍生物如:乙烯基亞硫羧基烷基二芳基、或芳基、或烷基芳基矽烷基氯。乙烯基亞硫羧基烷基
亦可改用β-氯乙基亞硫羧基烷基前體替代。任何質子惰性且無水之溶劑與任何含氮鹼均可用為反應介質。此轉形反應可使用之溫度範圍可在-78℃至80℃之間變化。
一般腙形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氮原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為亞胺基衍生物時,所需之腙基團可由相應之醛或酮與肼或醯基肼衍生物反應製得,分別如反應圖7,(1)與(2)反應式所示。
可使用之溶劑包括THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、CCl4
、DMF、DMSO、MeOH,等等。此轉形反應使用之溫度範圍可在0℃至80℃之間變化。任何酸性觸媒如:礦物酸、H3
CCOOH、F3
CCOOH、p
-TsOH.H2
O、對甲苯磺酸吡啶鎓鹽,等等均可使用。反應式(2)中之醯基腙製法可先由肼經合適羧酸或衍生物醯化製備,其一般依上述反應圖1所示進行,隨後由醯基醯肼與相應醛或酮反應,形成醯基腙。或者,腙官能基可先由肼與相應醛或酮反應製成。所得之腙可隨後經合適羧酸或衍生物醯化,如上述反應圖1所示。
一般二硫化物形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為硫原子,可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為伸烷硫基衍生物時,所需之二硫化物基團可由相應之烷基或芳基磺醯基硫代烷基衍生物,或由相應之雜芳基二硫代烷基衍生物如:吡啶-2-
基二硫代烷基衍生物,等等,與伸烷硫醇衍生物反應製成,如反應圖8所示。
可使用之溶劑包括THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、CCl4
、DMF、DMSO,等等。此轉形反應使用之溫度範圍可在0℃至80℃之間變化。所需之烷基或芳基磺醯硫代烷基衍生物可使用相關技藝已知之方式製備,亦可依據Ranasinghe與Fuchs,Synth.Commun.18(3),227-32(1988)之方法進行,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。其他製備不對稱二烷基二硫化物之方法係以不對稱之雜芳基-烷基二硫化物如:2-硫代吡啶基、3-硝基-2-硫代吡啶基,及類似二硫化物,與烷基硫醇之轉硫醇化反應為主,其說明於WO 88/01622、歐洲專利申請案No.0116208A1與美國專利案No.4,691,024,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
一般碳酸酯形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氧原子,間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為烷氧羰基衍生物時,所需之碳酸根可由相應之經羥基取代之化合物與活化之烷氧基羰基衍生物(其中L為合適之脫離基)反應製成,如反應圖9所示。
反應圖9
可使用之溶劑包括THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、CCl4
、DMF、DMSO,等等。此轉形反應使用之溫度範圍可在0℃至80℃之間變化。可使用任何鹼性觸媒如:無機鹼、胺鹼、與聚合物鍵結之鹼,等等來促進反應。
一般縮胺基脲形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氮原子,且間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為亞胺基衍生物,其他間隔聯結基或其他可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為烷基胺基或芳基胺基羰基衍生物時,所需之縮胺基脲基團可由相應之醛或酮,與胺基脲衍生物製成,如反應圖10所示。
可使用之溶劑包括THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、CCl4
、DMF、DMSO、MeOH,等等。此轉形反應使用之溫度範圍可在0℃至80℃之間變化。任何酸性觸媒如:礦物酸、H3
CCOOH、F3
CCOOH、p
-TsOH.H2
O、對甲苯磺酸吡啶鎓鹽,等等均可使用。此外,縮胺基脲製法可先由肼與相應醛或酮反應,形成腙官能基。所得之腙隨後經異氰酸酯或胺甲醯基衍生物如:胺甲醯基鹵化物醯化,形成縮胺基脲。或者,相應之胺基脲可由肼與異氰酸酯或胺甲醯基衍生物如:胺甲醯基鹵化物反應,形成胺基脲。隨後,胺基脲可與由相應之醛或酮反應,形成縮胺基脲。
一般磺酸酯形成法
此外,當雜原子聯結基為氧原子,且間隔聯結基或可釋放之聯結基上之官能基為磺醯基衍生物時,所需之磺酸根可由相應之經羥基取代之化合物與活化之磺醯基衍生物(其中L為合適之脫離基如:鹵素,等等)反應製成,如反應圖11所示。
可使用之溶劑為THF、EtOAc、CH2
Cl2
、CHCl3
、CCl4
,等等。此轉形反應使用之溫度範圍可在0℃至80℃之間變化。可使用任何鹼性觸媒如:無機鹼、胺鹼、與聚合物鍵結之鹼,等等來促進反應。
一般葉酸鹽-肽形成法
含葉酸鹽之肽基片段Pte-Glu-(AA)n
-NH(CHR2
)CO2
H(3)製法為依標準方法進行聚合物承載之序列製法製成,如:於酸敏感性Fmoc-AA-Wang樹脂(1)上進行Fmoc法,如反應圖12所示。
(a)20%六氫吡啶/DMF;(b)Fmoc-AA-OH,PyBop,DIPEA,DMF;(c)Fmoc-Glu(O-t-Bu)-OH,PyBop,DIPEA,DMF;(d)
1.N10
(TFA)-Pte-OH;PyBop,DIPEA,DMSO;(e)TFAA,(CH2
SH)2
,i-Pr3
SiH;(f)NH4
OH,pH 10.3。
本文說明之製法實例中,R1
為Fmoc,R2
為所需之適當保護胺基酸側鏈,DIPEA為二異丙基乙胺。可採用標準偶合製程如:PyBOP與本文說明或相關技藝已知之其他方式,其中說明以偶合劑作為活化試劑,以確保有效之偶合反應。Fmoc保護基可在各偶合反應步驟之後,依標準條件脫除,如:以六氫吡啶、四丁基銨化氟(TBAF),等等處理。使用適當受保護之胺基酸構成單位如:Fmoc-Glu-OtBu、N10
-TFA-Pte-OH,等等,其說明於反應圖12,於步驟(b)中,以Fmoc-AA-OH代表。因此,AA指任何胺基酸起始物,其係經適當保護。咸了解,術語胺基酸用於本文中指任何同時具有胺與羧酸官能基且以一個或多個碳分隔之試劑,其包括天然α與β胺基酸,及胺基酸衍生物與此等胺基酸之類似物。特定言之,具有受保護之側鏈之胺基酸如:受保護之絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、半胱胺酸、天冬胺酸鹽,等等亦可用於本文說明之葉酸-肽合成法。此外,γ、δ或更長之同系胺基酸亦可用為本文說明之葉酸-肽合成法之起始物。此外,具有同系側鏈或交替分支結構之胺基酸類似物,如:正白胺酸、異纈胺酸、β-甲基蘇胺酸、β-甲基半胱胺酸、β,β-二甲基半胱胺酸,等等亦可用為本文說明之葉酸鹽-肽合成法之起始物。
涉及Fmoc-AA-OH之偶合製程(步驟(a)&(b))係進行"n"次,以製成固體所承載之肽2,其中n為整數,可等於0至約100。繼最後一次偶合步驟之後,排除剩餘之Fmoc基團(步驟(a)),肽隨後偶合至麩胺酸鹽衍生物上(步驟(c)),脫除保護基,及偶合至TFA-保護之蝶酸(步驟(d))上。然後,以三氟乙酸、乙烷二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽(步驟(e))。此等反應條件可同時脫除已形成適當保護之胺基酸側鏈中一部份之t-Bu、t-Boc,與Trt保護基。TFA保護基經鹼處理後脫除
(步驟(f)),產生含葉酸鹽之肽基片段3。
間隔基與可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基可依多種方式組合。例如:聯結基可利用雜原子聯結基如:伸烷基-胺基-伸烷基羰基、伸烷基-硫代-羰基烷基琥珀醯亞胺-3-基,等等互相聯結,如下式,其中整數x與y為1、2、3、4或5:
本文說明之聯結基之另一種實例包括可釋放之聯結基,其可在本文所說明涉及β-消去法之化學機轉之條件下裂解。其一方面,此等可釋放之聯結基包括β-硫代基、β-羥基與β-胺基取代之羧酸與其衍生物,如:酯、醯胺、碳酸酯、胺甲酸酯與脲類。另一方面,此等可釋放之聯結基包括2-與4-硫代芳基酯、胺甲酸酯與碳酸酯。
此外,維生素或藥物與雜原子聯結基之附接可透過為藥物或維生素上已轉化成雜原子聯結基之反應性官能基進行,如:轉化阿克拉黴素(aclamycin)酮形成由相應之腙,轉化葉酸形成相應醯胺,等等,如下式:
雙價聯結基(L)包含選自下列之一個或多個成分:間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基、雜原子聯結基與其組合,其可依任何順序組成。可包括例如:表1與2所示之間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基與其組合。此等聯結基之列表並未完成,僅供說明用,不應視為本發明之限制範圍。上述結構式中及表1與2中所出現之星號代表其他間隔基、可釋放之聯結基或雜原子聯結基之附接點,或維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物之藥物或維生素成分之附接點。咸了解,雙價聯結基L包含一個或多個間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基,包括表1與2所示者,此等間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基與雜原子聯結基可依任何順序組成,形成雙價聯結基L。
本發明藥物輸送共軛物亦可由中間物製成。一項具體實施例中,可製成如下式化合物:V-L-Z1
其中Z1
為適用於促進藥物或其類似物或衍生物附接之親電子物、親核物或其前體。
一方面,Z1
可為透過藥物或其類似物或衍生物上親核物殘基如:雜原子,例如:氮,而與藥物附接之脫離基。
另一方面,Z1
可為可置換藥物或其類似物或衍生物(如:羧酸衍生物,例如:醯基氯)上脫離基之親核物,如:雜原子,例如:氮。
另一方面,Z1
可為前體,如:可經由還原反應形成親核性氮之硝基,或可經連續水解及氯化反應形成親電子醯基氯之酯。咸了解,Z1
可為雜原子聯結基。
另一項具體實施例中,藥物輸送共軛物可由如下式中間物製成:
Z2
-L-D其中Z2
為適用於促進維生素或其類似物或衍生物附接之親電子物、親核物或其前體。
一方面,Z2
可透過維生素或其類似物或衍生物上親核物殘基如:雜原子,例如:氮,而與維生素附接之脫離基。
另一方面,Z2
可為可置換維生素或其類似物或衍生物(如:羧酸衍生物,例如:醯基氯)上脫離基之親核物,如:雜原子,例如:氮。
另一方面,Z2
可為前體,如:可經由還原反應形成親核性氮之硝基,或可經連續水解及氯化反應形成親電子醯基氯之酯。咸了解,Z2
可為雜原子聯結基。
另一項具體實施例中,雙價聯結基(L)可另外合成,然後依連續步驟附接在維生素與藥物上,如:製備如下式中間物:Z1
-L-Z2
其中Z1
與Z2
分別獨立選出,且如上述定義。
本發明藥物輸送共軛物可用於人類臨床醫學與獸醫學用途,因此,含有病原性細胞族群且接受維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物治療之宿主動物可為人類,若用於獸醫學用途時,該動物可為實驗室、農業用、畜養或野生之動物。可應用本發明之宿主動物包括(但不限於):人類、實驗室動物如:囓齒類(例如:小白鼠、大老鼠、倉鼠,等等)、兔子、猴子、黑猩猩、家畜動物如:狗、貓與兔子、農業用動物如:乳牛、馬、豬、綿羊、山羊與監禁之野生動物如:熊、貓熊、獅子、老虎、豹、象、斑馬、長頸鹿、大猩猩、海豚與鯨魚。
本發明可用於引起此等宿主動物多種病變之病原性細胞族群。根據本發明,"病原性細胞"指癌細胞、感染劑如:細菌與病毒、感染細菌或病毒之細胞、可引起病症之活化巨噬細胞,與任何獨特表現、優先表現或過度表現可結合維生素之類似物或衍生物之維生素受體(群)
之其他種類病原性細胞。病原性細胞亦可包括任何會引起可經本發明維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物治療,以減輕病症之細胞。例如:該病原性細胞可為在某些情況下會致病,但在其他情況下卻無致病性之宿主細胞,如:造成移植物對抗宿主之疾病之免疫系統細胞。
因此,病原性細胞族群可為造成腫瘤之癌細胞族群,包括良性腫瘤與惡性腫瘤,或可為不形成腫瘤之癌細胞。癌細胞族群可能自發性發生或因宿主動物之胚細胞中突變或體細胞突變之過程而發生,或可因化學、病毒、或輻射線誘發。本發明可用於治療此等癌症如:癌瘤、肉瘤、淋巴瘤、霍金氏症(Hodgekin's disease)、黑色素瘤、間皮瘤、柏其特氏(Burkitt's)淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌瘤、白血病、與骨髓瘤。癌細胞族群包括(但不限於):口腔、甲狀腺、內分泌、皮膚、胃、食道、咽、胰臟、結腸、膽囊、骨、卵巢、子宮頸、子宮、乳房、睪丸、攝護腺、直腸、腎臟、肝、與肺之癌症。
病原性細胞族群為癌細胞族群之具體實施例中,共軛物投藥法之效應係測定腫瘤質量減少或消除或抑制腫瘤細胞增殖之醫療反應決定。若處理腫瘤時,該消除作用可消除原發性腫瘤之細胞或消除已轉移之細胞或自原發性腫瘤解離之過程中之細胞。在採用任何醫療法去除腫瘤(包括手術去除腫瘤、放射療法、化療法或生物性療法)之後,使用維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物防止腫瘤復發之預防性處理法亦包括在本發明範圍內。預防性處理法可先以藥物輸送共軛物處理,如:依每天多重劑量之療程處理,與/或可在初步處理後,間隔數天或數月再進行處理或一系列處理。因此,根據本發明消除任何病原性細胞族群之處理法包括減少病原性細胞數量、抑制病原性細胞族群、防止病原性細胞復發之預防性處理法、或減輕疾病症狀之病原性細胞處理法。
若要消除癌細胞時,本發明方法可併用手術去除腫瘤、放射療
法、化療法、或生物性療法如:其他免疫療法,包括(但不限於):單株抗體療法、以免疫調節劑治療、植入免疫效應物細胞、以造血性生長因子治療、細胞素與疫苗接種。
本發明亦可用於會引起多種感染性疾病之病原性細胞族群。例如:可應用本發明之病原性細胞族群為細菌、真菌(包括酵母菌)、病毒、感染病毒之細胞、黴漿菌、與寄生蟲。可使用本發明藥物輸送共軛物處理之感染性有機體為相關技藝已知會引起動物生病之感染性有機體,包括如:格蘭陽性或格蘭陰性之球菌或桿菌之細菌。例如:變形桿菌屬(Proteus species)、克氏桿菌屬(Klebsiella species)、普羅威登氏菌屬(Providencia species)、耶爾森氏菌屬(Yersinia species)、歐文氏菌屬(Erwinia species)、腸桿菌屬(Enterobacter species)、沙門氏菌屬(Salmonella species)、沙雷氏菌屬(Serratia species)、氣桿菌屬(Aerobacter species)、埃希桿菌屬(Escherichia species)、假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas species)、志賀桿菌屬(Shigella species)、弧菌屬(Vibrio species)、氣單胞菌屬(Aeromonas species)、彎曲桿菌屬(Campylobacter species)、鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus species)、葡萄球菌屬(Staphylococcus species)、乳桿菌屬(Lactobacillus species)、微球菌屬(Micrococcus species)、莫拉菌屬(Moraxella species)、桿菌屬(Bacillus species)、梭菌屬(Clostridium species)、棒狀桿菌屬(Corynebacterium species)、埃伯特桿菌屬(Eberthella species)、微球菌屬(Micrococcus species)、分枝桿菌屬(Mycobacterium species)、奈塞氏菌屬(Neisseria species)、嗜血桿菌屬(Haemophilus species)、類桿菌屬(Bacteroides species)、李斯特菌屬(Listeria species)、丹毒球菌屬(Erysipelothrix species)、不動桿菌屬(Acinetobacter species)、布魯桿菌屬(Brucella species)、巴斯德菌屬(Pasteurella species)、弧菌屬(Vibrio species)、黃桿菌屬(Flavobacterium species)、梭形桿菌屬(Fusobacterium species)、鏈桿菌屬(Streptobacillus
species)、肉芽腫鞘桿菌屬(Calymmatobacterium species)、退伍軍人菌屬(Legionella species)、密螺旋體(Treponema species)、疏螺旋體(Borrelia species)、鉤端螺旋體(Leptospira species)、放線菌屬(Actinomyces species)、諾卡爾菌屬(Nocardia species)、立克次菌屬(Rickettsia species)與任何會引起宿主可經本發明藥物輸送共軛物治療之疾病之其他細菌。
特別值得注意者為對抗生素有抗性之細菌,如:對抗生素有抗性之鏈球菌屬與葡萄球菌屬,或對抗生素有感受性,但經抗生素治療時造成感染症復發,因此最後發展成有抗性之有機體之細菌。對抗生素有感受性,但經抗生素治療時造成感染症復發,因此最後發展成有抗性之有機體之細菌可在沒有抗生素下接受本發明藥物輸送共軛物或併用低於一般投與患者之正常劑量下之抗生素治療,以避免發展出此等對抗生素有抗性之細菌。
病毒如:DNA與RNA病毒,亦可根據本發明治療。此等病毒包括(但不限於):DNA病毒如:乳頭狀瘤病毒、細小去氧核糖核酸病毒、腺病毒、疱疹病毒與牛痘病毒,及RNA病毒如:沙粒病毒、冠狀病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸合胞體病毒、流感病毒、微小核糖核酸病毒、副黏病毒、呼腸孤病毒、反轉錄病毒、慢病毒與桿狀病毒。
本發明亦可用於任何真菌,包括酵母菌、黴漿菌屬、寄生蟲或其他會引起動物疾病之感染性機體。可使用本發明方法與組合物治療之真菌實例包括呈黴菌或類似酵母菌型式生長之真菌,包括例如:致病之真菌如:癬菌病、組織胞漿菌病、芽生菌病、曲黴菌病、隱球菌病、孢子絲菌病、球孢子菌病、類球胞子菌病、毛黴菌病、著色芽生菌病、皮真菌病、原壁菌病、鐮胞黴病、糠疹病、足真菌病、類球胞子菌病、暗色絲胞黴病、偽黴樣真菌病、孢子絲菌病、毛孢子菌病、肺孢子蟲感染與念珠菌病。
本發明亦可用於治療寄生蟲感染包括(但不限於):因絛蟲引起之感染如:T絛蟲屬(Taenia)、膜殼絛蟲屬(Hymenolepsis)、裂頭絛蟲屬(Diphyllobothrium)與棘球螯蟲屬(Echinococcus species),因吸蟲引起之感染如:姜片蟲屬(Fasciolopsis)、異形吸蟲屬(Heterophyes)、后殖吸蟲屬(Metagonimus)、支睪吸蟲屬(Clonorchis)、片吸蟲屬(Fasciola)、並殖吸蟲屬(Paragonimus)與體裂吸蟲屬(Schitosoma species),蛔蟲如:蟯蟲屬(Enterobius)、鞭蟲屬(Trichuris)、蛔蟲屬(Ascaris)、鉤蟲屬(Ancylostoma)、板口線蟲屬(Necator)、類圓線蟲屬(Strongyloides)、毛線蟲屬(Trichinella)、吳策線蟲屬(Wuchereria)、布魯絲蟲屬(Brugia)、羅阿蟲屬(Loa)、盤尾絲蟲屬(Onchocerca)與龍線蟲屬(Dracunculus species),阿米巴蟲如:奈格里原蟲(Naegleria)與棘阿米巴蟲屬(Acanthamoeba),與原蟲如:瘧原蟲屬(Plasmodium)、錐蟲屬(Trypanosoma)、利什曼原蟲屬(Leishmania)、弓漿蟲屬(Toxoplasma)、內阿米巴蟲屬(Entamoeba)、賈第蟲屬(Giardia)、等孢子球蟲屬(Isospora)、隱孢子球蟲屬(Cryptosporidium)與腸寄生蟲屬(Enterocytozoon)。
可使用本發明藥物輸送共軛物之病原性細胞亦可為含有內因性病原菌之細胞如:感染病毒、黴漿菌、寄生蟲或細菌之細胞,其中此等細胞優先表現維生素受體。
一項具體實施例中,維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可由維生素部份基團 與專一性結合維生素且優先表現在病原性細胞上之維生素受體、輸送子或其他表面蛋白質結合而內化進入目標之病原性細胞。此等內化作用可利用例如:受體所媒介之內噬作用造成。若藥物輸送共軛物含有可釋放之聯結基時,維生素部份基團與藥物可於細胞內解離,使藥物可作用在其細胞內目標。
另一項具體實施例中,藥物輸送共軛物之維生素部份基團可結合
病原性細胞,使藥物緊密結合在病原性細胞之表面。該藥物再經由可釋放之聯結基裂解而釋出。例如:若可釋放之聯結基為二硫化物基團時,該藥物可經由蛋白質二硫化物異構化酶釋出。該藥物再被維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物所結合之病原性細胞吸收,或該藥物可被另一個極接近之病原性細胞吸收。或者,藥物可經細胞內部之蛋白質二硫化物異構化酶之作用而釋出,其中可釋放之聯結基為二硫化物基團。藥物亦可經由水解機轉釋出,如:上述某些β-消去機轉所述之酸催化水解作用,或經由產生氧鎓離子或內酯鎓離子之錨式協助裂解法釋出。所選用之可釋放之聯結基或聯結基群將主導該共軛物釋出藥物之機轉。咸了解,此等選擇法可依使用共軛物之條件預先界定。
另一項具體實施例中,當聯結基不包含可釋放之聯結基時,藥物輸送共軛物之維生素部份基團可結合病原性細胞,使藥物置於病原性細胞之表面,使該病原性細胞成為其他可結合藥物之分子進行攻擊之目標。或者,本具體實施例中,藥物輸送共軛物可於結合時內化進入目標細胞中,維生素部份基團與藥物則仍留在細胞內與藥物結合,不需與維生素部份基團解離即可保有其效力。
另一項具體實施例中或與上述具體實施例之組合中,維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可透過不依賴細胞維生素受體之機轉產生作用。例如:藥物輸送共軛物可結合血清中可溶性維生素受體或血清蛋白質如:白蛋白,造成共軛物之循環時間比未共軛物藥物更延長,且共軛物對病原性細胞族群之活性比未共軛藥物更提高。
本發明另一項具體實施例中,提供如通式V-L-D之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。L選自(ls
)a
與(lH
)b
與其組合,其中(ls
)a
、(lH
)b
與V如本文中定義,D為藥物如:免疫原。免疫原為半抗原(hapten),例如:螢光素、二硝基苯基,等等。本具體實施例中,維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物結合病原性細胞表面,並在細胞上"標記"免疫原,
藉以針對有標記之病原性細胞族群啟動免疫反應。以被動免疫法投與宿主之抗體或因先天或後天免疫力而已存在於宿主系統中之抗體會與免疫原結合,啟動內因性免疫反應。抗體結合與細胞結合之維生素-免疫原共軛物之結果造成補體所媒介之細胞毒性、依賴抗體之細胞所媒介之細胞毒性、抗體調理作用與吞噬作用、抗體誘發之受體群集訊號細胞死亡或靜止,或由抗體與結合細胞之配位體-免疫原共軛物結合所刺激之任何其他體液或細胞免疫反應。若免疫原不需事先進行抗體調理作用即可被免疫細胞直接辨識時,即可直接殺死病原性細胞。此具體實施例更詳細說明於美國專利申請案序號09/822,379,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。咸了解,具體實施例之某些變化中,藥物為免疫原,雙價聯結基亦可包括如上述之可釋放之聯結基如:通式V-L-D之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物,其中L選自:(ls
)a
、(lH
)b
、(lr
)c
與其組合,其中(ls
)為間隔聯結基,(lH
)為雜原子聯結基,(lr)為可釋放之聯結基,V為維生素或其類似物或衍生物,a、b與c為整數。
本文說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)、藥物及可視需要使雜原子聯結基聯結維生素受體結合性部份基團,及使藥物聯結雙價聯結基(L)。雙價聯結基(L)可包含間隔聯結基、可釋放(亦即可裂解)之聯結基與雜原子聯結基或其組合。
本文說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可由多種維生素或受體-結合性維生素類似物/衍生物、聯結基與藥物形成。本發明藥物輸送共軛物基於病原性細胞上優先表現該維生素之受體而可與維生素結合,因此可選擇性針對宿主動物中病原性細胞族群。維生素部份基團實例包括:肉鹼、肌醇、硫辛酸、吡哆醛、抗壞血酸、菸鹼酸、泛酸、葉酸、核黃素、硫胺素、生物素、維生素B12
及脂溶性維生素A、D、E與K。此等維生素與其受體-結合性類似物與衍生物所構成之針對
目標實體可利用雙價聯結基(L)與藥物偶合,形成本文說明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物。因此,術語"維生素"包括維生素類似物與/或衍生物(例如:蝶酸(其係葉酸鹽之衍生物)、生物素類似物如:生物胞素、生物素亞碸、氧生物素與其他生物素受體-結合性化合物,等等)。應咸了解,依據本發明,維生素類似物或衍生物可指含有雜原子之維生素,維生素類似物或衍生物透過該雜原子共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。
維生素部份基團實例包括葉酸、生物素、核黃素、硫胺素、維生素B12
及此等維生素分子之受體-結合性類似物與衍生物,與其他相關之維生素受體結合性分子。維生素類似物與/或衍生物之具體實施例包括葉酸鹽之類似物與衍生物,如:亞葉酸、蝶基聚麩胺酸,與葉酸鹽受體-結合性蝶啶如:四氫蝶啶、二氫葉酸鹽、四氫葉酸鹽、與其去氮雜與二去氮雜類似物。術語"去氮雜"與"二去氮雜"係相關技藝已知,該類似物具有碳原子替代天然葉酸或其類似物或衍生物結構中一個或二個氮原子。例如:去氮雜類似物包括葉酸鹽之1-去氮雜、3-去氮雜、5-去氮雜、8-去氮雜與10-去氮雜類似物。二去氮雜類似物包括例如:葉酸鹽之1,5-二去氮雜、5,10-二去氮雜、8,10-二去氮雜與5,8-二去氮雜類似物。其他適用於形成本發明配位體之複合物之葉酸鹽為葉酸鹽受體-結合性類似物胺基蝶呤、胺甲蝶呤(methotrexate)、N10
-甲基葉酸鹽、2-去胺基-羥基葉酸鹽、去氮雜類似物如:1-去氮雜甲基蝶呤或3-去氮雜甲基蝶呤,及3',5'-二氯-4-胺基-4-去氧-N10
-甲基蝶醯麩胺酸(二氯胺甲蝶呤)。上述葉酸類似物與/或衍生物習稱為"葉酸鹽",其反映其有能力結合葉酸鹽-受體,且此等配位體當與外因性分子共軛時,可有效加強穿透膜輸送,如:本文所說明經由葉酸鹽所媒介之內噬作用。其他可結合葉酸鹽受體以啟動受體所媒介內噬作用來輸送複合物之合適配位體包括針對葉酸鹽受體之抗遺傳性抗體。根據本發明,採用與針對
葉酸鹽受體之抗遺傳性抗體複合之外因性分子來啟動複合物穿透膜輸送。
維生素類似物與/或衍生物具體實施例亦包括生物素之類似物與衍生物如:生物胞素、生物素亞碸、氧生物素與其生物素受體-結合性化合物,等等。咸了解,本文所說明其他維生素之類似物與衍生物亦涵括在本文中。一項具體實施例中,可用於本文所說明藥物輸送共軛物中之維生素包括彼等可與活化之巨噬細胞上專一性表現之維生素受體結合者,如:可與本文說明之葉酸鹽或其類似物或衍生物結合之葉酸鹽受體。
維生素之結合位置可包括可專一性結合病原性細胞族群所獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現之受體或其他蛋白質之任何維生素分子之或其衍生物或類似物之受體。病原性細胞族群所獨特表現、過度表現或優先表現且出現在表面上之蛋白質典型地為一種不出現非病原性細胞中或在其中出現濃度較低之受體,因此提供一種選擇性消除病原性細胞之方法。維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可呈高親和力與癌細胞或其他種病原性細胞上之受體結合。該高親和力結合性可為該維生素部份基團固有者或該結合親和性可藉由使用經化學修飾之維生素(亦即類似物或衍生物)而加強。
該藥物可為任何可調節或修飾細胞功能之分子,包括醫藥活性化合物。合適分子包括(但不限於):肽、寡肽、反轉化寡肽、蛋白質、蛋白質類似物(其中至少一個非肽鏈結置換一個肽鏈結)、脫輔基蛋白質、醣蛋白、酵素、輔酶、酵素抑制劑、胺基酸與其衍生物、受體與其他膜蛋白質;抗原與其抗體;半抗原與其抗體;激素、脂質、磷脂、微脂粒;毒素;抗生素;止痛劑;支氣管鬆弛劑;β-阻斷劑;抗細菌劑;抗高血壓劑;心血管劑,包括抗心律不整劑、強心糖苷、抗心絞痛劑與血管疏張劑;中樞神經系統劑包括刺激劑、親精神藥劑、抗躁
狂劑與抑鬱劑;抗病毒劑;抗組織胺;癌症藥物包括化療劑;鎮定劑;抗抑鬱劑;H-2擷抗劑;抗抽搐劑;抗噁心劑;前列腺素與前列腺素類似物;肌肉鬆弛劑;消炎劑;刺激劑;減充血劑;止吐劑;利尿劑;抗痙攣劑;抗氣喘劑;抗巴金森氏劑;袪痰劑;止咳劑;黏液溶解劑;及礦物質與營養素添加物。
此外,該藥物可為相關技藝已知之任何細胞毒性、加強腫瘤通透性、抑制腫瘤細胞增殖、促進細胞凋亡、降低目標細胞中抗細胞凋亡活性之藥物,用於治療由感染劑所引起之疾病,針對病原性細胞加強內因性免疫反應,或適用於治療任一種病原性細胞所引起之疾病。適用於根據本發明之藥物包括腎上腺皮激素與皮質類固醇、烷化劑、抗雄激素、抗雌激素、雄激素、阿克拉黴素(aclamycin)與阿克拉黴素衍生物、雌激素、抗代謝劑如:阿拉伯糖胞苷、嘌呤類似物、嘧啶類似物與胺甲蝶呤、白消胺(busulfan)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、苯丁酸氮芥、順鉑(cisplatin)與其他鉑化合物、他莫昔芬(tamoxiphen)、紫杉酚、帕理他索(paclitaxel)、帕理他索衍生物、Taxotere®
、環磷醯胺、道諾黴素(daunomycin)、根毒素(rhizoxin)、T2毒素、植物鹼、潑尼松(prednisone)、羥基脲、丹普賽(teniposide)、絲裂黴素、迪特莫耐得(discodermolides)、微小管抑制劑、抑普龍(epothilones)、小管溶解素(tubulysin)、環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、閉聯(seco)-環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、O-Ac-閉聯-環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、博萊黴素(bleomycin)與任何其他抗生素、氮芥、硝基脲、長春新鹼、長春花鹼與其類似物與其衍生物如:去乙醯基長春花鹼單醯肼、秋水仙素、秋水仙素衍生物、別秋水仙素、硫代秋水仙素、三苯甲基半胱胺酸、Halicondrin B、度拉抑制素(dolastatins)如:度拉抑制素10、鵝膏素如:α-鵝膏素、喜樹鹼、抑特康(irinotecan)與其他喜樹鹼衍生物,格達那黴素(geldanamycin)與格達那黴素衍生物、雌氮芥、諾達唑(nocodazole)、MAP4、克黴(colcemid)、發炎與促炎劑、肽
與肽擬似物、訊號轉導抑制劑,與相關技藝已知之任何其他藥物或毒素。根據本發明可使用之其他藥物包括青黴素、頭孢素、萬古黴素、紅黴素、克林黴素、利福平(rifampin)、氯黴素、胺基糖苷、抗生素、健大黴素、兩性黴素B、無環鳥苷、三氟利啶(trifluridine)、更昔洛弗(ganciclovir)、齊多夫定(zidovudine)、金剛烷胺(amantadine)、利巴菲林(ribavirin)與相關技藝已知之任何其他抗微生物化合物。
一項具體實施例中,根據本發明使用之藥物於血清中保持穩定達至少4小時。另一項具體實施例中,藥物之IC50
在毫微莫耳範圍內,另一項具體實施例中,藥物為水可溶性。若藥物為水不可溶時,雙價聯結基(L)可經過衍化,以加強水溶性。術語"藥物"亦指上述任何藥物類似物或衍生物,包括(但不限於):度拉抑制素(dolastatins)如:度拉抑制素10、鵝膏素如:α-鵝膏素、喜樹鹼、抑特康(irinotecan)與其他喜樹鹼與抑特康之衍生物。咸了解,根據本發明中,藥物類似物或衍生物指該藥物中含有一雜原子,藥物類似物或衍生物藉由該雜原子共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。
本發明之維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物可包含維生素受體結合性部份基團、雙價聯結基(L)、藥物及可視需要使雜原子聯結基聯結維生素受體結合性部份基團,及使藥物聯結雙價聯結基(L)。應咸了解,根據本發明中,維生素類似物或衍生物可指該維生素中含有一雜原子,維生素類似物或衍生物藉由該雜原子共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。因此,維生素可利用一雜原子聯結基共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L),或維生素類似物或衍生物(亦即含一雜原子)可直接鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。同樣地,藥物類似物或衍生物為根據本發明藥物,且藥物類似物或衍生物可指藥物中含有一雜原子,藥物類似物或衍生物藉由該雜原子共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)。因此,藥物可藉由雜原子聯結基共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L),或藥物類似物或衍生物(亦即含一雜原子)可直接鍵結雙價聯結
基(L)。雙價聯結基(L)可包含間隔聯結基、可釋放(亦即可裂解)之聯結基與一雜原子聯結基,以聯結含有間隔聯結基與可釋放之聯結基二者之共軛物中之這兩種聯結基。
因此,根據本發明雙價聯結基(L)可包含一種聯結維生素與藥物之方法,如:利用雜原子聯結基(亦即間隔臂或橋連分子)聯結或直接共價鍵結雙價聯結基(L)與維生素或藥物類似物或衍生物。這兩種聯結方法均不應阻止維生素或維生素受體結合性衍生物或類似物與細胞膜上維生素受體之結合,以供操作本發明。
一般而言,任何在雙價聯結基(L)與維生素或其類似物或衍生物之間,在雙價聯結基(L)與藥物或其類似物或衍生物之間形成共軛物之方法,包括任何穿插雜原子聯結基之方法均可用於根據本發明。此外,相關技藝已知在形成雙價聯結基(L)之間隔聯結基、可釋放之聯結基及雜原子聯結基之間形成共軛物之方法均可使用。該共軛物可由任何此等分子直接共軛形成,例如:利用氫鍵、離子鍵或共價鍵。共價鍵結可發生在例如:在酸、醛、羥基、胺基、氫硫基或次聯胺基之間形成醯胺、酯、二硫化物或亞胺基鍵結時。
間隔基與/或可釋放之聯結基(亦即可裂解之聯結基)可為任何生物可相容之聯結基。可裂解之聯結基可為例如:出現細胞中或細胞上,可在還原或氧化條件下裂解之聯結基、pH-敏感性聯結基,其可能為對酸不安定或對鹼不安定之聯結基、或可經生化或代謝過程裂解之聯結基,如:對酵素不安定之聯結基。典型地,間隔基與/或可釋放之聯結基包含約1至約30個碳原子,更典型為約2至約20個碳原子。典型地使用較低分子量之聯結基(亦即分子量約30至約300)。此等聯結基之前體典型地係選用具有親核性或親電子性之官能基或兩者,可視需要呈具有容易裂解之保護基之受保護之型式,以利於其用於合成中間物。
本發明亦有關醫藥組合物,其中維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛
物之含量當投與一個或多個劑量時,可有效消除宿主動物體內之病原性細胞族群。該藥物輸送共軛物最好非經腸式投與宿主動物,例如:經皮內、皮下、肌內、腹膜內、靜脈內或鞘內。或者,藥物輸送共軛物可經其他醫學上適用之方法投與宿主動物,如:經口,且任何有效劑量與合適之醫療劑型(包括緩釋劑型)均可使用。
非經腸式劑型實例包括活性劑含於等張性生理食鹽水、5%葡萄糖或其他習知之醫藥上可接受之液態載劑如:液態醇、甘醇、與醯胺中之水溶液。根據本發明非經腸式劑型可呈包含藥物輸送共軛物劑量之可再組成之冷凍乾燥型。本具體實施例之一方面,相關技藝已知之許多種緩釋性劑型中之任一種均可用於投藥,例如:說明於美國專利案Nos.4,713,249;5,266,333;與5,417,982中之生物可降解之碳水化合物母質,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中,或者可使用慢速幫浦(例如:滲透幫浦)。
上述詳細說明之方法可併用或輔助使用至少另一種含有醫療因子之其他組合物,以加強藥物輸送共軛物所媒介之消除病原性細胞族群,可投與一種以上其他醫療因子。該醫療因子可選自:可刺激內因性免疫反應之化合物、化療劑或另一種可補充所投與藥物輸送共軛物效力之醫療因子。進行本發明方法時,除了上述共軛物外,尚可對宿主投與可刺激內因性免疫反應(例如:細胞素)之化合物或組合物,包括(但不限於):細胞素或免疫細胞生長因子,如:間白素1-18、幹細胞因子、鹼性FGF、EGF、G-CSF、GM-CSF、FLK-2配位體、HILDA、MIP-1α、TGF-α、TGF-β、M-CSF、IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、可溶性CD23、LIF與其組合。
可使用此等因子之醫療有效性組合。一項具體實施例中,藥物輸送共軛物所併用之IL-2之醫療有效量範圍為例如:每日多劑量療程中之0.1 MIU/m2
/劑/天至約15 MIU/m2
/劑/天,及IFN-α之醫療有效量範圍
為例如:每日多劑量療程中之0.1 MIU/m2
/劑/天至約7.5 MIU/m2
/劑/天,以消除、減少或中和含有病原性細胞之宿主動物體內之病原性細胞(MIU=百萬國際單位;m2
=人體平均體表面積約略值)。另一項具體實施例中,間白素與干擾素使用上述醫療有效量之IL-12與IFN-α。另一項具體實施例中,間白素與干擾素使用上述醫療有效量之IL-15與IFN-α。另一項具體實施例中,依上述醫療有效量組合使用IL-2、IFN-α或IFN-γ及GM-CSF。本發明亦涵括細胞素之任何其他有效組合,包括其他間白素與干擾素與菌落刺激因子之組合。
其本身對細胞具有毒性或可加強腫瘤通透性之化療劑亦適用於本發明方法中,與藥物輸送共軛物組合使用。此等化療劑包括包括腎上腺皮激素與皮質類固醇、烷化劑、抗雄激素、抗雌激素、雄激素、阿克拉黴素(aclamycin)與阿克拉黴素衍生物、雌激素、抗代謝劑如:阿拉伯糖胞苷、嘌呤類似物、嘧啶類似物與胺甲蝶呤、白消胺(busulfan)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、苯丁酸氮芥、順鉑(cisplatin)與其他鉑化合物、他莫昔芬(tamoxiphen)、紫杉酚、帕理他索(帕理他索)、帕理他索衍生物、Taxotere®
、環磷醯胺、道諾黴素(daunomycin)、根毒素(rhizoxin)、T2毒素、植物鹼、潑尼松(prednisone)、羥基脲、丹普賽(teniposide)、絲裂黴素、迪特莫耐得(discodermolides)、微小管抑制劑、抑普龍(epothilones)、小管溶解素(tubulysin)、環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、閉聯-環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、O-Ac-閉聯-環丙基苯並[e]吲哚酮、博萊黴素(bleomycin)與任何其他抗生素、氮芥、硝基脲、長春新鹼、長春花鹼與其類似物與衍生物如:去乙醯基長春花鹼單醯肼、秋水仙素、秋水仙素衍生物、別秋水仙素、硫代秋水仙素、三苯甲基半胱胺酸、Halicondrin B、度拉抑制素(dolastatins)如:度拉抑制素10、鵝膏素如:α-鵝膏素、喜樹鹼、抑特康(irinotecan)與其他喜樹鹼衍生物,格達那黴素(geldanamycin)與格達那黴素衍生物、雌氮芥、諾達唑
(nocodazole)、MAP4、克黴(colcemid)、發炎與促炎劑、肽與肽擬似物、訊號轉導抑制劑,與相關技藝已知之任何其他藥物或毒素。根據本發明可使用之其他藥物包括青黴素、頭孢素、萬古黴素、紅黴素、克林黴素、利福平(rifampin)、氯黴素、胺基糖苷、抗生素、健大黴素、兩性黴素B、無環鳥苷、三氟利啶(trifluridine)、更昔洛弗(ganciclovir)、齊多夫定(zidovudine)、金剛烷胺(amantadine)、利巴菲林(ribavirin)、美登素(maytansines)與其類似物與衍生物、真塔本(gemcitabine)與相關技藝已知之任何其他抗微生物化合物。
醫療因子可在投與維生素受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物之前或同時投與宿主動物,且醫療因子可作為含有藥物輸送共軛物之相同組合物中之一部份或作為不同於藥物輸送共軛物之組合物中之另一部份。任何此等含有醫療有效量之醫療因子之醫療組合物均可用於本發明。
此外,可使用一種以上之藥物輸送共軛物。例如:宿主動物可使用包含不同維生素,但相同藥物之共軛物(例如:葉酸鹽-絲裂黴素共軛物與維生素B12
-絲裂黴素共軛物),依共同投藥法治療。其他具體實施例中,宿主動物可使用含有相同維生素聯結不同藥物,或不同維生素聯結不同藥物之共軛物治療。例如:宿主動物可使用葉酸鹽-絲裂黴素與葉酸鹽-順鉑共軛物治療,或使用葉酸鹽-絲裂黴素共軛物與維生素B12
-順鉑共軛物。此外,包含多種維生素與種藥物作為相同藥物輸送共軛物之一部份之使用相同或不同維生素,及相同或不同藥物之藥物輸送共軛物均可使用。
藥物輸送共軛物之每日單位劑量顯然可依宿主條件,所治療之病症、共軛物之分子量、投藥途徑、與組織分佈情形、及同時使用其他醫療治療法之可能性如:放射療法而定。投與患者之有效量依體表面積、患者體重與患者身體狀態評估決定。有效劑量範圍可在例如:約1毫微克/公斤至約1毫克/公斤、約1微克/公斤至約500微克/公斤及約1微
克/公斤至約100微克/公斤。
投與藥物輸送共軛物之任何有效療程均可使用。例如:藥物輸送共軛物可投與單一劑量,或可分割,依每天投與多次劑量之療程投藥。此外,可採用交錯式之療程,例如:可每週投藥1至3天替代每天投藥,且為了界定本發明,這種間歇式或交錯式每日療程等同每日治療法且均在本發明範圍內。本發明一項具體實施例中,宿主係接受多重注射藥物輸送共軛物,以消除病原性細胞族群。一項具體實施例中,該宿主係接受多重注射(最好約2至約50次)藥物輸送共軛物,例如:間隔12-72小時或間隔48-72小時。並可在初期(多次)注射後,間隔數天或數月後再對患者注射藥物輸送共軛物,此等額外之注射可防止病原性細胞所引起之反應復發。
一項具體實施例中,可用於本發明藥物輸送共軛物中之維生素或其類似物或衍生物包括彼等可與專一性表現在活化之巨噬細胞上之受體結合者,如:可與葉酸或其類似物或衍生物結合之葉酸鹽受體。例如:葉酸鹽-聯結共軛物可用於殺死或壓抑會導致宿主生病之活化之巨噬細胞活性。此等針對巨噬細胞之共軛物投與罹患活化之巨噬細胞所媒介之疾病時,可使共軛藥物集中並結合活化之巨噬細胞族群,以殺死活化之巨噬細胞或壓抑巨噬細胞功能。消除、減少活化之巨噬細胞族群或去除其活性使所治療之疾病停止或降低活化之巨噬細胞所媒介之致病特性。已知由活化之巨噬細胞所媒介之疾病包括類風濕關節炎、潰瘍性結腸炎、克隆氏症(Crohn's disease)、乾癬、骨髓炎、多發性硬化、動脈粥樣硬化、肺纖維變性、結節病、全身性硬化、器官移植排斥(GVHD)與慢性發炎。藥物輸送共軛物之投藥法典型地持續至症狀減輕或消除為止。
用於殺死活化之巨噬細胞或壓抑活化之巨噬細胞功能之藥物輸送共軛物可與醫藥上可接受之載劑組合,依非經腸式投與罹換該等疾
病之動物或患者,例如:經皮內、皮下、肌內、腹膜內或靜脈內。或者,藥物輸送共軛物可經其他醫學上適用之方法投與動物或患者,其有效劑量可呈標準或長效性劑型投藥。該醫療法可單獨使用或與已知用於治療活化之巨噬細胞所媒介疾病之其他醫療法組合使用。
下列藥物輸送共軛物係說明本文所說明本發明範圍內之藥物輸送共軛物。此等藥物輸送共軛物除了相關技藝已知之方式外,尚可依據本發明採用本文說明之方法製備。
此外,下列藥物輸送共軛物亦說明本文所說明本發明範圍內之藥物輸送共軛物。所出示之合成法係說明彼等可用於製備本文所說明藥物輸送共軛物之方法。
在含二乙醯氧燈心草酚(scirpenol)(DAS)之乙腈溶液中添加1.0 eg. 1,2,4,5-苯四羧二酸酐後,添加1 eg.亨尼氏鹼。反應混合物於氬氣與室溫下攪拌1.5小時。若仍留下一些未反應之DAS時,則再加0.2 eg.二酸酐,續攪拌1小時。添加含1.2 eg.蝶醯基醯肼(依據J.Am.Chem.Soc.,
1997,119,10004之方法製備,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中)之無水DMSO溶液後添加1.0 eg.亨尼氏鹼。反應混合物攪拌1小時,於乙醚中沉澱。所得沉澱再經製備性HPLC純化。
依實例10a之一般說明。由Boc-醯肼與琥珀酸酐反應,所得產物與5"-胺基-雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI,於作為縮合劑之EDC之存在下反應。脫除Boc,與游離之乙醯丙酸末端形成醯基腙,活化NHS-酯後,得到肽片段Pte-γ-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Dap-OH之反應夥伴。此肽片段係採用承載在聚合物上進行之連續製法,使用Fmoc-法,以Fmoc-Dap(Boc)-Wang樹脂為起始物製備,其一般說明於反應圖12。
由Fmoc-醯肼與3-(2-吡啶二硫代)丙酸反應,產生Fmoc-醯肼基-[3-(2-吡啶基二硫代)丙酸酯]。與絲裂黴素C衍生物(絲裂黴素C,N-(CH2
)2
SH)反應,產生含二硫化物之絲裂黴素C衍生物。採用標準方法脫除Fmoc,與乙醯丙酸形成醯基腙,活化NHS-酯後,得到肽片段Pte-γ-Glu-Dap-OH之反應夥伴,其製法一般說明於反應圖12。
下文說明之具體實施例僅供說明用,不應構成限制範圍。例如:本文所出示之各化合物中,用於形成聯結基之胺基酸之立體化學可視需要選自天然L組態或非天然D組態。各實例係經所出示之NMR、MS與/或UV光譜、與/或HPLC鑑定其特性;其適當性選擇出示特性之訊號。
實例1
依P.Fuchs等人說明於J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1997,119,10004之方法製備二伸乙基三胺葉酸γ-醯胺(DETA-葉酸鹽),其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。此化合物(100毫克)溶於2毫升0.1 N HCl中。攪拌添加所得溶液至含K2
PtCl4
(158毫克)之1毫升0.1 N HCl溶液中。添加3毫升DMSO,續攪拌3天,溶液過濾,濾液於乙腈中沉澱,產生170毫克黃色粉末;MS(MALDI)1249.92,1286.27;1
H NMR(D2
O)δ 1.05(t,1H),2.3(t,2H),3.1(t,2H),4.45(m,1H),6.65(d,2H),7.5(d,2H),8.65(s,1H)。
實例2
依反應圖12說明之一般方法,採用承載在聚合物上之連續製法,使用Fmoc法製備N10
-三氟乙醯基保護之含葉酸鹽-肽基片段N10
-TFA-Pte-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH。其係於對酸敏感之Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Wang樹脂上合成。使用PyBop作為活化試劑,以確保低當量數之胺基酸可有效偶合。每一個偶合步驟後,於標準條件下(20%六氫吡啶之DMF溶液)脫除Fmoc保護基。使用Fmoc-Glu-OtBu與N10
-TFA-Pte-OH作為受保護之胺基酸構成單位。最後一個組合步驟後,以三氟乙酸、乙二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽。
此反應亦同時脫除t-Bu與t-Boc保護基。肽粗產物經製備性HPLC純化,產生N10
-TFA-Pte-γGlu-γGlu-Lys-OH之TFA鹽。取含81毫克(0.1毫莫耳)肽之2毫升DMSO溶液經15微升(0.11毫莫耳)Et3
N與35毫克(0.1毫莫耳)絲裂黴素A處理。絲裂黴素A之製法可由絲裂黴素C依據M.Matsui,Y.Yamada,K.Uzu,與T.Hirata說明於J.Antibiot.21,189-198(1968)及D.Vias,D.Benigni,R.Partyka與T.Doyle說明於J.Org.Chem.51,4307-4309(1986)之方法製成,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。於室溫下攪拌反應混合物48小時,冷凍乾燥排除溶劑。除非另有說明,否則所有溶劑之蒸發法均在減壓下進行。最後,於氫氧化銨水溶液(pH=10.0)中脫除三氟乙醯基保護基,產物於乙腈中沉澱,產生102毫克共軛物之黃色固體;1
H NMR(D2
O)δ 2.45(q,2H),2.95(m,2H),3.35(dd,1H),3.5(d,1H),6.5(d,2H),7.55(d,2H),8.55(s,1H)。
實例3
其他反應夥伴Pte-γ-Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH係依承載在聚合物上之
連續製法,使用Fmoc法製備。其係於對酸敏感之H-Cys(4-甲氧三苯甲基)-2-氯三苯甲基-樹脂上合成。使用PyBop作為活化試劑,以確保低當量數之胺基酸可有效偶合。使用Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH、Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH、Fmoc-Glu-OtBu)與N10
-TFA-Pte-OH作為受保護之胺基酸構成單位。每一個偶合步驟後,於標準條件下(20%六氫吡啶之DMF溶液)脫除Fmoc保護基。最後一個組合步驟後,以三氟乙酸、乙二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽。此反應亦同時脫除t-Bu與t-Boc保護基。肽粗產物經製備性HPLC純化,產生N10
-TFA-Pte-γ-Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH。於氫氧化銨水溶液(pH=10.0)中脫除三氟乙醯基保護基。
最後,所需之鏈結對甲氧基亞苯甲基縮醛之葉酸鹽-藥物共軛物之製法為於氬氣下混合含肽之經緩衝之水溶液(pH=7.0)與等莫耳濃度之T-2毒素之含馬來醯亞胺基之縮醛之乙腈溶液。於室溫下攪拌1小時後,最終之共軛物經製備性HPLC純化,收集之溶離份冷凍乾燥後,產生黃色粉末;MS(m+H)+
1541.3;1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
)δ 0.1(s,1H),0.55(d,2H),0.9(dd,3H),1.65(s,1H),2.0(d,1H),3.75(d,2H),5,25(d,1H),6.65(d,2H),6.9(d,2H),7.3(t,2H),7.65(d,2H),8.65(s,1H)。
實例4a
實例4b
實例4c
實例4a、4b與4c化合物係依一般說明於實例3之方法製備,但其中醯基吖改由絲裂黴素A與適當之商品N-(烷酸)馬來醯亞胺進行醯化反應製得(參見反應圖1)。
實例5
由反式-4-胺基環己醇鹽酸鹽與等莫耳量Fmoc-OSu,於作為鹼之2.2 eg. NaHCO3
,及作為溶劑之乙腈/水(1/1)之存在下反應,產生N-Fmoc-保護之胺基醇,其採用史溫條件(Swern's conditions)(Synthesis,1981,165)氧化成相應之N-Fmoc-保護之胺基酮。與4當量原甲酸甲酯及觸媒量三氟乙酸進行縮酮化反應,產生N-Fmoc-保護之胺基縮酮,全收量。此縮酮經等莫耳量三甲基矽烷基三氟甲磺酸鹽與2,4,6-三-第三丁基吡啶處理,產生4-Fmoc-胺基環己烯醇醚之產物。下一個步驟中,藥物:T-2毒素經過量4倍之烯醇醚,於分子篩(3埃)與觸媒量三氟乙酸
之存在下處理。所得不對稱之混合縮酮經矽石純化。以含與樹脂鍵結之六氫吡啶之DMF溶液處理,脫除Fmoc保護基。所釋出之胺基與1.1 eg.馬來醯亞胺基乙酸-NHS-酯,於1.1 eg.亨尼氏鹼之存在下反應。取T-2毒素之含馬來醯亞胺基之縮酮經矽石純化。
含葉酸鹽之肽片段:Pte-γ-Glu-β-Dap-Asp-Cys-OH係依反應圖12之一般說明,以承載在聚合物上之連續製法,使用Fmoc法製備。其係於對酸敏感且含有Fmoc-L-Cys(Trt)-OH之Wang樹脂上合成。使用PyBop作為活化試劑,以確保低當量數之胺基酸可有效偶合。每一個偶合步驟後,於標準條件下(20%六氫吡啶之DMF溶液)脫除Fmoc保護基。使用Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH、Boc-Dap(Fmoc)-OH、Fmoc-Glu-OtBu與N10
-TFA-Pte-OH作為受保護之胺基酸構成單位。最後一個組合步驟後,以三氟乙酸、乙二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽。此反應亦同時脫除t-Bu、t-Boc與三苯甲基保護基。最後於氫氧化銨水溶液中脫除三氟乙醯基部份基團,產生所需之含硫醇肽。肽粗產物經製備性HPLC純化。
最後,所需之鏈結縮酮之葉酸鹽-藥物共軛物之製法為於氬氣下混合含肽之經緩衝之水溶液(pH=7.0)與等莫耳濃度之T-2毒素之含馬來醯亞胺基之縮酮之乙腈溶液。於室溫下攪拌1小時後,最終之共軛物經製備性HPLC純化,收集之溶離份冷凍乾燥後,產生黃色粉末;ES(m-H)-
1474.5,(m+H)+
1476.2,(m+Na)+
1498.3。
實例6
依據P.Fuchs等人(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1997,119,10004;參見例如:本文說明之化合物52之合成法)說明之方法,合成乙二胺葉酸γ-醯胺(EDA-葉酸鹽),其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。取EDA-葉酸鹽(600毫克)懸浮於5毫升無水DMSO中。於60℃下攪拌4小時後,所得溶液冷卻至20℃,添加4 eg. 1,2,4,5-苯四羧二酸酐(BTCA酸酐)。5分鐘後,反應混合物倒至攪拌均勻之無水乙腈中。離心單離所得沉澱,產生657毫克BTCA(一元酸酐)-EDA-葉酸鹽。
在攪拌均勻之含道諾黴素(daunomycin)之無水DMSO溶液中添加BTCA(一元酸酐)-EDA-葉酸鹽固體(1.5 eg.)。再攪拌14小時後,仍有50%道諾黴素未反應(HPLC),添加1.5 eg. BTCA(一元酸酐)-EDA-葉酸鹽。再攪拌4小時後,所有道諾黴素均消耗。在HPLC圖形中出現兩個滯留時間極相近之波峰,代表最終共軛物有兩種位置異構物。於乙腈中沉澱後單離出粗產物,再經逆向HPLC純化。產物之結構符合ES MS(m-H)-
1227.1。
實例7
於氬氣與0℃下,在攪拌均勻之含250毫克(0.25毫莫耳)帕理他索(paclitaxel)與130微升(0.73毫莫耳)亨尼氏鹼之4毫升無水二氯甲烷溶液中慢慢添加85微升(0.8毫莫耳)Alloc-C1。續攪拌12小時,產物採用標準萃取技術單離。此白色粉末2'-alloc-帕理他索,未再純化即用於下一個步驟。
此步驟中,取108毫克(0.117毫莫耳)2'-alloc-帕理他索溶於1.0毫升無水乙腈中。於氬氣下攪拌添加25毫克(0.117毫升)1,2,4,5-苯四羧二酸酐(BTCA酸酐)與21微升(0.120毫莫耳)亨尼氏鹼至此溶液中。續攪拌2.5小時。在另一個反應燒瓶中,取52毫克EDA-葉酸鹽於60℃下攪拌,直到所有物質均溶解為止(約60分鐘)。冷卻至室溫後,添加前述反應混合物至溶液中,續攪拌2小時。滴加反應混合物至均勻攪拌之含乙腈/乙醚(20:80)混合物中。經離心分離黃色沉澱,再經製備性HPLC純化。產物之結構符合ID與2D(COSY)1
H-NMR光譜;ES MS(m+H)+
1555.5。
實例8
取含1.0 eg.阿克拉黴素(aclamycin)、2.0 eg.醯肼基-[3-(2-吡啶基二硫代)丙酸酯](SPDP-腙)與幾粒吡啶鎓對甲苯磺酸鹽之混合物於氬氣下攪拌溶解於無水甲醇中。於室溫下攪拌反應混合物8小時。蒸發溶劑至乾。殘質經使用1.5%三乙胺之氯仿/甲醇(90:10)溶液預處理之矽石管柱純化。所得阿克拉黴素醯基腙溶於最少量乙腈中。於氬氣下,在所得溶液中慢慢添加等莫耳量Pte-γ-Glu-Cys-OH(溶於水中,調整至pH=6.8)。Pte-γ-Glu-Cys-OH之製法類似實例2說明之製法,其一般說明於反應圖12中。該二硫化物交換反應進行10分鐘。慢慢添加反應混合物至過量乙腈中,離心單離所得沉澱。取沉澱再懸浮於乙腈中一次,攪拌15分鐘後,離心分離。於高度真空下乾燥一夜後,得到充分純度之最終共軛物(HPLC);ES MS(m+H)+
1474.1。
實例9
取含1.0 eg阿克拉黴素與1.2 eg. β-馬來醯亞胺基丙酸-TFA於氬氣下攪拌溶解於無水甲醇中。於室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時。蒸發溶劑至乾。殘質通過使用1.5%三乙胺之氯仿/甲醇(90:10)溶液預處理之短矽石管柱。在另一個燒瓶中,於氬氣下使肽片段Pte-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-Cys-OH溶於水中,同時調至pH 6.8。Pte-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-Cys-OH之製法類似實例2說明之製法,其一般說明於反應圖12中。在所得黃色溶液中慢慢添加溶於最少量甲醇中之阿克拉黴素之含馬來醯亞胺基-腙。反應混合物於氬氣下攪拌1小時。排除甲醇,殘質經HPLC之製備性管柱純化後,冷凍乾燥;ES MS(m+H)+
1722.3。
實例9b
實例9c
實例9b與9c化合物之製法係由阿黴素(doxorubicin)(14-羥基道諾黴素)衍生物,依據實例9a一般說明之製法製備。
實例10a
強效性細胞毒性藥物雙-吲哚基-閉聯-1,2,9,9a-四氫環丙[c]苯並[e]吲哚-4-酮(雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI)之5"-(N-Boc)胺基類似物係依據D.Boger等人說明於J.Org.Chem.,1992,57,2873中之方法,但稍作修改後製成,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
肽片段Pte-γ-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH係依一般說明於反應圖12之方法,以承載在聚合物上之連續製法,使用Fmoc法,於對酸敏感之H-Cys(4-甲氧三苯甲基)-2-氯三苯甲基-樹脂上合成。使用PyBop作為活化試劑,以確保低當量數之胺基酸可有效偶合。使用Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH、Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH、Fmoc-Glu-OtBu)與N10
-TFA-Pte-OH作為受保護之胺基酸構成單位。每一個偶合步驟後,於標準條件下(20%六氫吡啶之DMF溶液)脫除Fmoc保護基。最後一個組合步驟後,以三氟乙酸、乙二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽。此反應亦同時脫除t-Bu與t-Boc保護基。肽粗產物經製備性HPLC純化,產生N10
-TFA-Pte-γ-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH。於氫氧化銨水溶液(pH=10.0)中脫除三氟乙醯基保護基。
Lev-Val-OH係採用標準合成法合成,包括由纈胺酸甲酯鹽酸鹽與乙醯丙酸,於EDC與亨尼氏鹼之存在下縮合後,使用氫氧化鋰與水水解甲酯。
複合物共軛物之最後組合法始自5"-(N-Boc)胺基-雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI脫除N-Boc基,所釋出之胺基與Lev-Val-OH之羧基官能基,於EDC之存在下偶合。由乙醯丙酸部份基團之酮官能基與1.2 eg. β-馬來醯亞胺基丙酸-TFA於四氫呋喃中反應,形成腙。經層析純化後(矽石,THF/己烷=1/1),取上述反應產物溶於DMSO中。於氬氣下,在此溶液中添加0.9 eg Pte-γ-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH,攪拌反應混合物18小時。冷凍乾燥排除溶劑,殘質經HPLC純化。
實例10b
實例10c
實例10c與10c化合物係依實例10a一般說明之方法,由5"-(N-Boc)胺基-雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI之衍生物製備。
實例11
在碳酸鉀之存在下,由2-氫硫基乙醇與烯丙基溴進行S-烷化反應。所得烯丙基β-羥乙基硫化物中之羥基與亞硫醯氯中之氯交換。此產物經過氧化氫,於乙酸與乙酸酐之存在下氧化(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1950,72,59,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中),產生烯丙基β-氯乙基碸。此產物與氯二甲基矽烷,於觸媒量六氯鉑酸氫鹽(IV)及加溫下反應,蒸餾後,產生3-(β-氯乙基磺醯基)丙基二甲基矽烷基
氯。此氯矽烷使用1 eg.吡啶作為鹼,使高細胞毒性之化合物根毒素(rhizoxin)之羥基矽烷化。此分子中之β-氯乙基碸部份基團經過量三乙胺處理,使氯化氫順利進行β-消去反應,產生各乙烯基碸。
其他反應夥伴:肽片段Pte-γ-Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH係依實例2與反應圖12一般說明之方法,以承載在聚合物上之連續製法,使用Fmoc法製備。
複合之共軛物之最終組合法係由肽片段之硫醇基與附接在根毒素上之矽聯結基之乙烯基碸部份基團進行米契爾(Michael)加成反應而達成。此轉形法之反應介質為50:50乙腈/水(pH=7.2)。於室溫下攪拌24小時後,於製備性管柱上進行HPLC後,單離出最終共軛物;ES MS(m+H)+
1631.6;(m-H)-
1629.6。
實例12
根毒素與矽鏈結之共軛物係採用實例11說明之製法製備,但其中改用自商品取得之氯甲基苯基矽烷替代氯二甲基矽烷。
實例13
含半胱胺酸二硫化物鍵結之化合物之一般製法
取硫代磺酸酯4(1當量)(依Ranasinghe與Fuchs,Synth.Commun.18(3),227-32(1988)之方法製備,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中)與藥物、藥物類似物或藥物衍生物5(1當量)反應,製備藥物硫代磺酸酯6之甲醇溶液,依反應圖13所示。R為烷基或芳基,L為合適
之脫離基,如:鹵素、五氟苯基,等等,n為1至4之整數,X為-O-、-NH-、-C(O)O-或-C(O)NH-。以TLC觀察各起始物之消失情形,即可追蹤轉化程度(矽膠;CHCl3
/MeOH=9/1)。
含葉酸鹽-肽基片段Pte-Glu-(AA)n
-Cys-OH(9)之製法係依反應圖14所示,以承載在聚合物上之連續製法,使用Fmoc法,於對酸敏感之Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-Wang樹脂(7)上製備。R1
為Fmoc,R2
為三苯甲基,DIPEA為二異丙基乙胺。使用PyBop作為活化試劑,以確保有效偶合。每一個偶合步驟後,於標準條件下脫除Fmoc保護基。依反應圖14之說明,使用適當保護之胺基酸構成單位如:Fmoc-Glu-OtBu、N10
-TFA-Pte-OH,等等,且在步驟(b)中以Fmoc-AA-OH代表。因此,AA指經適當保護之任何胺基酸起始物。該涉及Fmoc-AA-OH之偶合順序(步驟(a)與(b))係進行"n"次,以製成固體承載之肽8,其中n為整數,可能等於0至約100。最後一個偶合步驟後,脫除殘餘之Fmoc基團,該肽接著與麩胺酸鹽衍生物偶合(步驟(c)),脫除保護基,與TFA保護之蝶酸偶合(步驟(d))。然後以三氟乙酸、乙二硫醇與三異丙基矽烷處理聚合物擔體,裂解肽(步驟(e))。此等反應條件亦同時脫除t-Bu、t-Boc
與Trt保護基。使用鹼處理後,脫除TFA保護基(步驟(f)),產生含葉酸鹽之含Cys-肽基片段9。
(a)20%六氫吡啶/DMF;(b)Fmoc-AA-OH,PyBop,DIPEA,DMF;(c)Fmoc-Glu(O-t-Bu)-OH,PyBop,DIPEA,DMF;(d)1.N10
-(TFA)-Pte-OH;PyBop,DIPEA,DMSO;(e)TFAA,(CH2
SH)2
,i-Pr3
SiH;(f)NH4
OH,pH 10.3。
藥物共軛物之製法係由葉酸鹽衍生物9(0.9-0.95當量)與藥物硫代磺酸酯6於去離子水(0.04 M,使用0.1 N NaHCO3
調至pH 7)中,於氬氣下反應約30分鐘,形成二硫化物鍵結。真空蒸發甲醇時,共軛物可經製備性HPLC純化(Prep Novapak HR C18 19×300 mM管柱;移動相(A)-1.0 mM磷酸鹽緩衝液,pH=6;有機相(B)-乙腈;梯度條件為30分鐘內,自99% A與1% B至50% A與50% B,流速=15毫升/分鐘)。
實例14a
1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
)δ 4.7(d,1H),4.95(t,1H),6.7(d,4H),6.9
(t,1H),7.95(d,2H),8.1(d,2H),8.2(m,1H),8.3(s,1H),8.4(s,1H),8.7(s,1H),10.2(s,1H),11.8(d,2H)。
實例14b
ES MS(m-H)-
1436.4,(m+H)+
1438.3。
實例14c
1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
/D2
O)δ 1.0(s,1H),1.1(s,1H),1.6(s,1H),1.8(s,1H),2.1(s,1H),2.25(s,3H),2.65(dd,2H),3.7(d,1H),4.4(t,1H),4.55(q,2H),4.6(d,2H),4.95(d,1H),5.9(t,1H),6.15(s,1H),6.6(d,2H),7.85(d,2H),7.95(d,2H),8.6(s,1H),8.95(d,1H)。
實例14d
1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
/D2
O)δ 10.85(d,2H),1.05(d,2H),1.2(d,2H),1.7(d,2H),3.95(d,1H),4.05(dd,1H),5.4(dd,1H),5.7(dd,1H),6.65
(d,2H),7.6(d,2H),7.95(s,1H),8.65(s,1H)。
實例14e
ES MS(m+H)+
1487.23;1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
/D2
O)δ 0.9(t,2H),1.3(t,2H),2.15(t,2H),3.2(dd,1H),4.0(t,1H),4.15(q,1H),5.3(s,2H),5.5(s,2H),6.6(d,2H),7.0(s,1H),7.4(m,2H),7.55(d,2H),8.0(d,2H),8.6(s,1H)。
實例14a、14b、14c、14d與14e係依下列一般製法製備。在含-OH基之相應藥物之攪拌均勻溶液(1當量含於無水CH2
Cl2
或無水THF)中,於氬氣下添加6-(三氟甲基)苯並三唑基2-(2'-吡啶基二硫代乙基碳酸酯(1.3當量)與N,N-二甲基胺基吡啶(1.5當量)。反應混合物攪拌3小時,經矽石層析法單離吡啶基二硫基衍化之藥物(各實例>65%)。取相應之肽基片段(0.5當量)(依反應圖12所示之一般製法製備)溶於DMSO中,在所得透明黃色溶液中添加吡啶基二硫基衍化之藥物。30分鐘後,反應即完成,共軛物經HPLC純化。實例14e中,先取肽基片段Pte-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys-OH溶於水中,使用0.1N HCl調整溶液pH至2.5,使肽基片段沉澱。離心收集肽基片段,乾燥,溶於DMSO中,供進一步與吡啶基二硫基衍化之藥物反應。
實例15
SN 38(10-羥基-7-乙基喜樹鹼)之中間物4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)苯甲基碳酸酯係依P.Senter等人說明於J.Org.Chem.1990,55,2875之方法製備,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。取肽基片段Pte-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Cys-OH溶於DMSO中,在所得透明黃色溶液中添加吡啶基-二硫基衍化之藥物。30分鐘後,反應完成,共軛物經HPLC純化;ES MS(m+H)+
1425.38;1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
/D2
O)δ 0.9(t),1.15(t),3.9(t),4.0(t),4.25(t),5.1(m),5.2(s),5.4(s),6.55(d),7.25(d),7.35(d),7.5(d),7.9(d),8.55(s)。
實例16a
實例16b
實例16a與16b化合物係依反應圖12一般說明之製法,由肽基片段Pte-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys-OH製備。此肽基片段與閉聯-CBI-雙-吲哚之馬來醯亞胺基衍生物進行米契爾加成反應,產生實例16a葉酸鹽共
軛物。該肽基片段亦與硫代磺酸酯或吡啶基二硫基-活化之長春花鹼反應,形成實例16b。閉聯-CBI-雙-吲哚之馬來醯亞胺基衍生物、與硫代磺酸酯及吡啶基二硫基活化之長春花鹼中間物係採用本文說明於其他實例中之方法製備。
實例17a
取去乙醯基長春花鹼單醯肼(1當量)(參見Barnett等人之J.Med.Chem.,1978,21,88,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中)經含1當量三氟乙酸之新鮮蒸餾之THF處理。攪拌10分鐘後,溶液經1.05當量N-(4-乙醯基苯基)馬來醯亞胺處理。於45分鐘內完全形成醯基腙,蒸發溶劑。取肽基片段Pte-Glu-Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys-OH(0.85當量)(依反應圖12一般說明之方法製備)溶於水中,使用0.1 N HCl調至pH 2.5,使肽沉澱。離心收集肽基片段,乾燥,溶於DMSO中。在所得透明黃色溶液中添加亨尼氏鹼(15當量)與醯基腙米契爾加合物。1小時後,最終共軛物經HPLC純化。
實例17b
實例17c
實例17b與17c係依實例17a說明之製法,由相應之肽基片段與CBI之單醯肼衍生物製備。
實例18-41化合物係依實例13一般說明之方法製備。實例18-41採用電噴灑質譜(ES MS)與其他光譜技術(包括1D與2D NMR)與UV鑑別其特性。
實例18
實例19
UV(nm)233(max),255,280;1
H NMR(D2
O,NaOD,CD3
CN)δ 1.15(d,3H),2.3(s,
3H),3.6(s,1H),3.85(s,3H),4.9(s,1H),5.3(s,1H),6.5(d,2H),7.3(m,1H),7.5(d,2H),7.65(d,2H),8.4(s,1H).
實例20
ES MS(m-H)-
935.6,(m+H)+
937.4,(m+Na)+
959.5.
實例21
1
H NMR(D2
O,NaOD,CD3
CN)δ 0.1(s,1H),1.1(s,3H),1.2(s,3H),1.75(s,3H),1.9(s,3H),2.05(s,3H),2.35(s,3H),3.3(dd,2H),3.8(d,1H),4.3(q,2H),4.9(d,1H),5.1(d,1H),5.4(q,1H),5.55(d,1H),5.65(d,1H),6.1(t,1H),6.35(s,1H),6.9(d,2H),7.9(d,2H),8.15(d,2H),8.7(s,1H).
實例22
實例23
ES MS(m-H)-
1136.5.
實例24
ES MS(m-H)-
1136.3,(m+H)+
1138.0.
實例25
ES MS(m+H)+
1382.3,(m+Na)+
1405.4.
實例26
ES MS(m-H)-
1379.2,(m+H)+
1381.2.
實例27
ES MS(mH)-
949.2;1
H NMR(D2
O)δ 1.55(s,3H),1.95(m,2H),2.05(s,3H),2.45(s,3H),2.75(dd,2H),2.95(dd,2H),3.05(s,3H),3.3(dd,2H),3.35(d,2H),3.45(t,2H),4.85(q,2H),6.5(d,2H),7.45(d,2H),8.5(s,1H).
實例28
1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
)δ 1.5(s),2.25(t),2.75(m),3.9(q),4.6(d),4.85(t),6.6(d),7.6(d),7.9(d),8.15(d),8.25(t),8.65(s),8.7(m),9.3(m),10.2(t).
實例29
ES MS(m-H)-
1413.5,(m+H)+
1415.3.
實例30
ES MS(m+H)+
1530.2;1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
/D2
O)δ 1.2(s,1H),2.9(t,1H),3.65(t,1H),4.15(t,1H),4.25(t,1H),4.35(t,1H),6.7(d,2H),7.0(s,1H),8.1(d,2H),8.25(s,1H),8.7(s,1H).
實例31
1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
)δ 1.75(s,1H),1.85(s,1H),2.1(t,2H),4.3(t,1H),4.6(d,1H),4.9(t,1H),6.6(d,2H),8.15(s,2H),8.6(s,1H).
實例32
ES MS(m+H)+
1408.4.
實例33
ES MS(m-H)-
1491.1,(m+H)+
1493.1;1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
/D2
O)δ 4.15(q,1H),4.6(d,1H),4.9(t,1H),6.6(d,2H),7.25(s,1H),7.4(d,1H),7.9(d,1H),7.95(d,2H),8.15(d,2H),8.6(s,1H).
實例34
1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
/D2
O)δ 2.1(t,2H),2.75(q,2H),4.3(t,1H),4.65(d,1H),4.9(t,1H),6.6(d,2H),7.9(d,1H),8.0(d,2H),8.2(t,2H),8.6(s,1H).
實例35
實例36
ES MS(m+H)+
1680.4;1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
/D2
O)δ 0.3(s,3H),0.35(s,3H),1.05(s,
9H),2.15(t,2H),4.15(t,1H),4.85)t,1H),6.6(d,2H),7.55(t,4H),7.9(d,1H),8.0(s,1H),8.05(d,1H),8.15(s,1H),8.6(s,1H).
實例37
1
H NMR(DMSO-d 6
/D2
O)δ 1.1(s,3H),1.8(s,1H),4.55(d,1H),4.8(t,1H),6.6(d,2H),7.8(d,1H),8.1(d,1H),8.15(s,1H),8.6(s,1H).
實例38
實例39
實例40
實例41
實例42
接受EC112處理之小白鼠腫瘤生長之抑制作用
以帶有皮下M109腫瘤之Balb/c小白鼠評估其經靜脈內(i.v.)投與實例9b化合物(EC111)與9c化合物(EC112)時之抗腫瘤活性,其中藥物為柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)。於右腋窩之皮下組織植入1×106
個M109細胞腫瘤後4天,每週2次為小白鼠(5隻/組)i.v.注射2-10微莫耳/公斤實例9b或實例9c化合物或未共軛物之柔紅黴素或PBS,共4週。每間隔3天或4天,採用量徑器測量各處理組之腫瘤生長。採用公式V=a×b2
/2計算腫瘤體積,其中"a"為腫瘤長度,"b"為寬度,以毫米表示。亦間隔3天或4天,測量動物體重。
如圖1與2所示,以實例9c處理時,可有效延緩M109腫瘤生長,沒有顯著毒性(以動物體重為基準)。未共軛物之阿黴素(doxorubicin)亦出現抗腫瘤反應,但在體重上亦出現毒性。
實例43
接受EC105處理之小白鼠腫瘤生長之抑制作用
依實例42之方法,但改用實例10a之化合物(EC105),其中該藥物為雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI。實例10a化合物之注射劑量為0.3微莫耳/公斤,此外亦測試兩種皮下腫瘤模式,包括M109模式(葉酸鹽受體-陽性)與4T1模式(葉酸鹽受體-陰性),有些動物同時接受注射過量67倍之游離葉酸鹽(20微莫耳/公斤;FA)與共軛物(亦即實例10a化合物)。
使用實例10a化合物時,出現顯著抗腫瘤反應,在動物體重上沒有
出現顯著毒性(參見圖3與4)。實例10a化合物之抗腫瘤反應會被過量之游離葉酸鹽封阻,證明該反應之專一性(參見圖3)。如圖5所示,4T1模式(葉酸鹽受體-陰性)中沒有出現抗腫瘤活性,再次證明該反應之專一性。
實例44
接受EC145處理之小白鼠腫瘤生長之抑制作用
以帶有皮下M109腫瘤之Balb/c小白鼠評估其經靜脈內(i.v.)投與實例16b化合物(EC145)時之抗腫瘤活性,其中藥物為去乙醯基長春花鹼單醯肼。於右腋窩之皮下組織植入1×106
個M109細胞腫瘤後約11天(t0
時之平均腫瘤體積=60 mm3
),每週2次(BIW)為小白鼠(5隻/組)i.v.注射1500毫微莫耳/公斤EC145或相等劑量體積之PBS(對照組),共3週。每間隔2天或3天,採用量徑器測量各處理組之腫瘤生長。採用公式V=a×b2
/2計算腫瘤體積,其中"a"為腫瘤長度,"b"為寬度,以毫米表示。
如圖6所示,以EC145處理時,相對於使用生理食鹽水處理之動物中M109之腫瘤生長,可有效延緩M109腫瘤生長
實例45
接受EC140處理之小白鼠腫瘤生長之抑制作用
以帶有皮下M109腫瘤之Balb/c小白鼠評估其經靜脈內(i.v.)投與實例17a化合物(EC140)時之抗腫瘤活性,其中藥物為去乙醯基長春花鹼單醯肼。於右腋窩之皮下組織植入1×106
個M109細胞腫瘤後約11天(t0
時之平均腫瘤體積=60 mm3
),每週3次(TIW)為小白鼠(5隻/組)i.v.注射1500毫微莫耳/公斤EC140或相等劑量體積之PBS(對照組),共3週。每間隔2天或3天,採用量徑器測量各處理組之腫瘤生長。採用公式V=a×b2
/2計算腫瘤體積,其中"a"為腫瘤長度,"b"為寬度,以毫米表示。
如圖7所示,以EC140處理時,相對於使用生理食鹽水處理之動物中M109之腫瘤生長,可有效延緩M109腫瘤生長
實例46
接受EC136處理之小白鼠腫瘤生長之抑制作用
以帶有皮下L1210A腫瘤之DBA小白鼠評估其經靜脈內(i.v.)投與實例10b化合物(EC136)時之抗腫瘤活性,其中藥物為CBI。於右腋窩之皮下組織植入0.25×105
個L1210A細胞腫瘤後約5天(t0
時之平均腫瘤體積約50 mm3
,5隻小白鼠/組),每週3次(TIW)i.v.注射400毫微莫耳/公斤EC136或僅相等劑量體積之PBS(對照組),共3週。每間隔2天或3天,採用量徑器測量各處理組之腫瘤生長。採用公式V=a×b2
/2計算腫瘤體積,其中"a"為腫瘤長度,"b"為寬度,以毫米表示。
如圖8所示,以EC136處理時,相對於使用生理食鹽水處理之動物中L1210A之腫瘤生長,可有效延緩L1210A腫瘤生長。
實例47
多種不同葉酸鹽-藥物共軛物對細胞DNA合成作用之抑制性
採用可預估藥物抑制葉酸鹽受體-陽性KB細胞生長之能力之活體外細胞毒性分析法分析實例17b、10b、16a、10c、17a、16b、14e與15化合物(分別為EC135、EC136、EC137、EC138、EC140、EC145、EC158與EC159)。此等化合物係由葉酸鹽聯結各化療性藥物所組成,其係依本文說明之製法製備。取KB細胞曝露在37℃下,指定濃度之葉酸鹽-藥物共軛物中長達7小時(參見圖9-16之x軸),其中含或不含過量至少100倍之葉酸。隨即以新鮮培養基潤洗細胞一次,於37℃下,與新鮮培養基培養72小時。採用3
H-胸苷吸收分析法分析細胞活力。
如圖9-16所示,可隨劑量變化測得細胞毒性,且大多數情況下,IC50
值(使新合成之DNA中3
H-胸苷吸收量降低50%時所需之藥物共軛物濃度)在毫微莫耳濃度之低範圍內。此外,此等共軛物之細胞毒性亦在過量游離葉酸之存在下降低,表示所觀察到之細胞死亡係經由與葉酸鹽受體之結合作用所媒介。
採用EC158與包括IGROV(已知之細胞株)、A549-純系-4(經人類葉酸鹽受體cDNA轉感染之A549細胞)、新細胞株-01(於活體內葉酸鹽受體表現中選拔之細胞株-01突變細胞)、M109、4T1純系-2(經鼠類葉酸鹽受體cDNA轉感染之4T1細胞)與HeLa細胞之細胞株進行此種分析法,亦得到類似結果。
Claims (11)
- 一種葉酸鹽受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其包含:(a)葉酸鹽;(b)雙價聯結基;與(c)藥物;其中該葉酸鹽係共價聯結至雙價聯結基;該藥物係共價聯結雙價聯結基;以及該雙價聯結基包含式*SCH2 CH2 OC(O)*之片段,其中各*代表附接至該共軛物其餘部分之點;且該藥物係選自下列各物組成之群中:道諾黴素酮(daunomycinone)、柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)、阿克拉黴素(aclamycin)、紫杉醇、抑普龍(epothilones)、小管溶解素(tubulysins)、生物鹼(vinca alkaloids)、雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI,及其類似物或衍生物;但其限制條件為該葉酸鹽受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物不為下式化合物,
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中D為生物鹼(a vinca alkaloid)或其類似物或衍生物。 - 一種葉酸鹽受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物,其如下式:V-L-D 或其醫藥上可接受之鹽;其中L包含式*SCH2 CH2 OC(O)*之片段,其中各*代表附接至該共軛物其餘部分之點;V為葉酸鹽;且D為選自下列各物組成之群的藥物:道諾黴素酮、柔紅黴素、阿克拉黴素、紫杉醇、抑普龍、小管溶解素、生物鹼、雙-吲哚基-閉聯-CBI,及其類似物或衍生物;但其限制條件為該葉酸鹽受體結合性藥物輸送共軛物不為下式化合物,
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中D為生物鹼或其類似物或衍生物。 - 根據申請專利範圍第1項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該雙價聯結基進一步包含多個選自由天然胺基酸與其立體異構物組成之群之間隔聯結基。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該藥物係選自由以下所組成之群組:長春花鹼(vinblastine)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、抑普龍(epothilones),及小管溶解素(tubulysins)及其類似物與其衍生物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該藥物係小管溶解素(tubulysins)、小管溶解素(tubulysins)類似物或小管溶解素(tubulysins)衍生物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該雙價聯結基包含-SSCH2 CH2 OC(O)NHNH。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該雙價聯結基進一步包含肽。
- 根據申請專利範圍第7項之藥物輸送共軛物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該肽包括一或多個天冬胺酸。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含根據申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項之藥物輸送共軛物與其醫藥上可接受之載劑、稀釋劑或賦形劑。
- 一種根據申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項之藥物輸送共軛物於製造藥物之用途,該藥物係用來消除含有病原性細胞族群之宿主動物體內病原性細胞族群,其中該病原性細胞族群中之成員具有可供葉酸鹽結合之位置,且其中該結合位置係由該病原性細胞獨特表現、過度表現、或優先表現。
- 根據申請專利範圍第10項之用途,其中該病原性細胞族群係癌症細胞族群。
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