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TW202411366A - Method of printing a functional layer of an electronic device by combining inks - Google Patents

Method of printing a functional layer of an electronic device by combining inks Download PDF

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Publication number
TW202411366A
TW202411366A TW112120637A TW112120637A TW202411366A TW 202411366 A TW202411366 A TW 202411366A TW 112120637 A TW112120637 A TW 112120637A TW 112120637 A TW112120637 A TW 112120637A TW 202411366 A TW202411366 A TW 202411366A
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organic
ink
functional material
organic solvent
organic functional
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TW112120637A
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Chinese (zh)
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曾信榮
曼努爾 漢柏格
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德商麥克專利有限公司
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
    • H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
    • H10K71/135—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing using ink-jet printing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
    • H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
    • H10K50/16—Electron transporting layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/17—Carrier injection layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
    • H10K59/10—OLED displays
    • H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
    • H10K59/1201—Manufacture or treatment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
    • H10K71/15—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating characterised by the solvent used
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
    • H10K2101/27—Combination of fluorescent and phosphorescent emission

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of printing a functional layer containing at least two different organic functional materials A and B comprising the following steps: (a) providing a substrate, having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing a first ink A, containing at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, into the first pixel type A, (c) printing a second ink B, containing at least one organic functional material B, which is different from the organic functional material A, and at least one organic solvent B, which is different from the organic solvent A, and which is miscible with organic solvent A in every mixing ratio at room temperature, into the first pixel type A, and (d) thereafter drying the first pixel type A, characterized in that - the organic functional material A has a solubility in the organic solvent A of ≥ 20 g/l at room temperature, - the organic functional material B has a solubility in the organic solvent B of ≥ 20 g/l at room temperature, and - the organic functional material A has a solubility in the organic solvent B of < 20 g/l at room temperature, as well as to a kit of inks.

Description

藉由組合油墨來印刷電子裝置功能層之方法Method for printing functional layers of electronic devices by using combined inks

本發明關於藉由組合油墨來印刷，較佳地為噴墨印刷(ink jet printing, IJP)電子裝置之功能層之方法，該電子裝置較佳地為有機發光二極體(OLED)。根據此方法生產之OLED可用於生產顯示器，較佳地為全彩顯示器。本發明進一步關於可用於本發明之方法中之油墨套組。The invention relates to a method for printing, preferably ink jet printing (IJP), a functional layer of an electronic device, preferably an organic light emitting diode (OLED), by means of a combination of inks. The OLED produced according to this method can be used to produce a display, preferably a full-color display. The invention further relates to an ink set that can be used in the method of the invention.

OLED-有機發光二極體-顯示器係超薄、輕量及節能的。不論從哪個視角，其傳送具有非凡色彩亮度及非常高對比度的完美影像。由於低耗能，小型OLED顯示器非常適合用於像是智慧型手機、數位相框、及數位相機之可攜式裝置中。OLED顯示器適用於電視、監視器、大面積電視牆、及於汽車應用中。 OLED顯示器由個別控制之發光元件或像素之陣列所組成。對於全彩顯示器，各像素將由發射紅光、綠光、及藍光(RGB)之子像素所組成，該等子像素可被個別地控制以共同產生所欲之影像。就此而言，在OLED顯示器中之RGB顏色圖案存在兩種主要方法：(a)並排RGB OLED；及(b)白色OLED加上濾色器。在第一方法中，各像素由RGB OLED子像素所組成，且各裝置之總光輸出可直接貢獻於最終影像而無需修改。在後者情況下，三個白色OLED子像素係與三個濾色器組合。 形成RGB OLED之基本OLED單元結構通常由沉積在玻璃或可撓式聚合物薄膜之基材上之導電電極之間的有機半導體分子所組成。當電流在電極之間流動時，電子及電洞注入到有機半導體中，此時成對再結合(pairwise recombination)生成激子，使在電子激發態中的有機分子轉變。該等有機分子因發光而從電子激發態返回至基態。所使用之半導體之分子結構決定了發光之顏色。具體而言，OLED堆疊包含複數個功能有機層，其包括電洞注入層、電洞傳輸層、發光層、電子傳輸層、及電子注入層。此等層全部位於陽極與陰極之間。 OLED結構之分解： ˙   基材(可為塑膠、玻璃、或金屬箔)-OLED之基礎。 ˙   陽極(可為透明或可為不透明，取決於OLED之類型)-帶正電，使電洞(不存在電子)注入到構成OLED裝置的有機層中。 ˙   電洞注入層(Hole Injection Layer, HIL)-沉積在陽極之頂部上，此層接收來自陽極之電洞並將其注入到裝置之更深處中。 ˙   電洞傳輸層(Hole Transport Layer, HTL)-此層支持電洞穿越其之傳輸，使得電洞可到達發光層。 ˙   發光層(Emissive Layer, EML)-此層為光生成處。發光層由摻入主體中之顏色定義發射體(colour defining emitter)所組成。此係電能直接轉化成光的層。 ˙   電子傳輸層(Electron Transport Layer, ETL)-支持電子穿越其之傳輸，使得電子可到達發光層。 ˙   電子注入層(Electron Injection Layer, EIL)-此層接收來自陰極之電子並將其注入到裝置之更深處中。 ˙   陰極(可為透明或可為不透明，取決於OLED之類型)-帶負電，使電子注入到構成OLED裝置的有機層中。 由於各裝置之整個光輸出均用於影像創建，所以並排方法(side-by-side approach)提供最佳的功率損耗效率(power consumption efficiency)。然而此方法需要在相同的基材上並排製造RGB OLED。由於有機半導體容易被溶劑損傷，有機半導體通常不適於光刻製程，所以在相同的基材上使用不同材料製造OLED僅能使用遮光罩藉由OLED材料之熱沉積、或在聚合物及可溶液加工之小分子材料之情況下經由基於印刷之技術(諸如噴墨印刷)來完成。 OLED噴墨印刷對生產大型OLED顯示器係具有成本效益之方式。OLED油墨可精確地沉積在表面上且有效的使用材料。相較於OLED蒸發製程，不需要遮光罩。OLED噴墨印刷係較不複雜的製程，且可在室溫及大氣壓力下完成。 顯示器製造商對用於顯示器應用之有機發光二極體(OLED)極感興趣。特定而言，顯示器製造商對噴墨印刷之OLED TV感興趣乃因其高的高性能潛力及潛在的低製造成本。使用噴墨印刷技術之優點係高度精確定位及油墨體積控制及其用於大量生產之潛在高通量。習知的面板至少含有紅色、綠色、及藍色(R、G、及B)。通常，各顏色具有多層裝置結構。較佳地，其含有陽極、電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)、發光層(EML)、電洞阻擋層(hole blocking layer, HBL)、電子傳輸層(ETL)、及陰極。 多層印刷之主要挑戰之一係識別並調整有關參數，以在基材上獲得均質的油墨沉積以及良好的裝置性能。特定而言，材料之溶解度、溶劑之物理參數(表面張力、黏度、沸點等)、印刷技術、加工條件(空氣、氮氣、溫度等)及乾燥參數等特性，係可能嚴重地影響像素圖案及與之造成的裝置性能。 噴墨印刷(IJP) OLED之一個重要應用係印刷中型尺寸及大型尺寸的高解析度顯示器(＞200 ppi)。 本發明之技術問題及目標 由於在高解析度顯示器中像素較小，所以在像素中之油墨體積非常有限。因此，需要高油墨濃度以達到目標厚度。 OLED油墨通常含有二或更多種不同的固體有機功能材料，該等有機功能材料在一種溶劑中可能具有不同的溶解度極限。其結果是，具有高濃度之OLED油墨可能具有較低油墨穩定性(儲存壽命)之風險。 因此，本發明之目標係提供一種印刷功能層之方法，較佳地為經由噴墨印刷，其中一方面使用具有足夠高濃度之油墨，但另一方面，此等油墨不具有低油墨穩定性(儲存壽命)。 解決此目標在於，不把用於一種功能層之材料溶解於一種油墨中並且不用一種油墨印刷(此舉可能導致油墨穩定性較低)，而是將用於該一種功能層之材料溶解於至少兩種不同的油墨中。該等不同的油墨可一個接一個印刷至一個像素中。在此像素中，此等油墨自動混合。之後，將所得油墨(其係該等印刷油墨之混合物)乾燥。由於本發明之方法中所使用之油墨僅混合一段短的時間，所以可以避免因油墨之低油墨穩定性(儲存壽命)所致之問題。 OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode - displays are ultra-thin, lightweight and energy-efficient. They deliver perfect images with extraordinary color brightness and very high contrast from any viewing angle. Due to their low power consumption, small OLED displays are ideal for use in portable devices such as smartphones, digital photo frames, and digital cameras. OLED displays are suitable for TVs, monitors, large area video walls, and in automotive applications. OLED displays consist of an array of individually controlled light-emitting elements or pixels. For a full-color display, each pixel will consist of sub-pixels emitting red, green, and blue light (RGB), which can be individually controlled to together produce the desired image. In this regard, there are two main approaches to RGB color patterns in OLED displays: (a) side-by-side RGB OLED; and (b) white OLED plus color filters. In the first approach, each pixel is composed of RGB OLED sub-pixels, and the total light output of each device can directly contribute to the final image without modification. In the latter case, three white OLED sub-pixels are combined with three color filters. The basic OLED unit structure that forms an RGB OLED is usually composed of organic semiconductor molecules between conductive electrodes deposited on a substrate of glass or flexible polymer film. When current flows between the electrodes, electrons and holes are injected into the organic semiconductor, where pairwise recombination generates excitons, causing the organic molecules in the electronically excited state to transform. These organic molecules return from the electronically excited state to the ground state due to the emission of light. The molecular structure of the semiconductor used determines the color of the emission. Specifically, the OLED stack contains multiple functional organic layers, including hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron transport layer, and electron injection layer. These layers are all located between the anode and the cathode. OLED structure breakdown: ˙   Substrate (can be plastic, glass, or metal foil) - the foundation of the OLED. ˙   Anode (can be transparent or opaque, depending on the type of OLED) - positively charged, allowing holes (no electrons) to be injected into the organic layers that make up the OLED device. ˙   Hole Injection Layer (HIL) - Deposited on top of the anode, this layer receives holes from the anode and injects them deeper into the device. ˙   Hole Transport Layer (HTL) - This layer supports the transport of holes through it so that they can reach the light-emitting layer. ˙   Emissive Layer (EML) - This layer is where light is generated. The emissive layer consists of colour defining emitters incorporated into the host. This is the layer where electrical energy is directly converted into light. ˙   Electron Transport Layer (ETL) - This layer supports the transport of electrons through it so that they can reach the light-emitting layer. ˙   Electron Injection Layer (EIL) - This layer receives electrons from the cathode and injects them deeper into the device. ˙   Cathode (can be transparent or opaque, depending on the type of OLED) - negatively charged, allowing electrons to be injected into the organic layers that make up the OLED device. The side-by-side approach offers the best power consumption efficiency, as the entire light output of each device is used to create the image. However, this approach requires the RGB OLEDs to be manufactured side by side on the same substrate. Organic semiconductors are generally not amenable to photolithography processes, as they are easily damaged by solvents, so the manufacture of OLEDs using different materials on the same substrate can only be accomplished by thermal deposition of OLED materials using a light shield, or in the case of polymers and solution-processable small molecule materials, by printing-based techniques such as inkjet printing. OLED inkjet printing is a cost-effective way to produce large OLED displays. OLED inks can be deposited precisely on the surface and use materials efficiently. Compared to OLED evaporation processes, no light shield is required. OLED inkjet printing is a less complex process and can be done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Display manufacturers are very interested in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for display applications. In particular, display manufacturers are interested in inkjet-printed OLED TVs for their high performance potential and potential low manufacturing costs. The advantages of using inkjet printing technology are highly accurate positioning and ink volume control and its potential high throughput for mass production. Known panels contain at least red, green, and blue (R, G, and B). Typically, each color has a multi-layer device structure. Preferably, it contains an anode, a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), a light-emitting layer (EML), a hole blocking layer (HBL), an electron transport layer (ETL), and a cathode. One of the main challenges of multi-layer printing is to identify and adjust the relevant parameters to obtain uniform ink deposition on the substrate and good device performance. In particular, properties such as material solubility, physical parameters of the solvent (surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, etc.), printing technology, processing conditions (air, nitrogen, temperature, etc.) and drying parameters can significantly affect the pixel pattern and the resulting device performance. An important application of inkjet printed (IJP) OLEDs is the printing of medium- and large-size high-resolution displays (>200 ppi). Technical Problem and Objectives of the Invention Due to the small size of pixels in high-resolution displays, the volume of ink in a pixel is very limited. Therefore, high ink concentrations are required to achieve the target thickness. OLED inks typically contain two or more different solid organic functional materials that may have different solubility limits in one solvent. As a result, OLED inks with high concentrations may have the risk of having a low ink stability (storage life). It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for printing functional layers, preferably by inkjet printing, in which on the one hand inks with sufficiently high concentrations are used, but on the other hand these inks do not have a low ink stability (storage life). This object is achieved in that instead of dissolving the material for a functional layer in one ink and printing with one ink, which may result in a low ink stability, the material for the one functional layer is dissolved in at least two different inks. The different inks can be printed one after another into one pixel. In this pixel, the inks mix automatically. Thereafter, the resulting ink, which is a mixture of the printed inks, is dried. Since the ink used in the method of the present invention is mixed for only a short period of time, problems caused by low ink stability (shelf life) of the ink can be avoided.

本發明關於印刷含有至少兩種不同有機功能材料A及B之功能層之方法，其包含以下步驟： (a)提供基材，其具有至少第一像素類型A， (b)將第一油墨A印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第一油墨A含有至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機溶劑A， (c)將第二油墨B印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第二油墨B含有至少一種不同於有機功能材料A之有機功能材料B、及至少一種不同於有機溶劑A之有機溶劑B，且有機溶劑B在室溫下可與有機溶劑A以任何混合比率互溶，及 (d)之後乾燥第一像素類型A， 其特徵在於 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 本發明進一步關於用於生產OLED之方法，該OLED在一對電極之間含有至少電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)及發光層(EML)，其特徵在於發光層(EML)係根據本發明之方法生產。 本發明亦關於用於生產含有OLED之顯示器之方法，其特徵在於該OLED係根據本發明之方法生產。在本發明之較佳的具體實施例中，顯示器係全彩顯示器。 此外，本發明亦關於油墨套組，其含有至少兩種不同的油墨，油墨A及油墨B， -     其中油墨A含有至少第一有機功能材料A及至少第一有機溶劑A， -     其中油墨B含有至少第二有機功能材料B及至少第二有機溶劑B， -     其中第一有機功能材料A及第二有機功能材料B係不同的， -     其中第一有機溶劑A及第二有機溶劑B係不同的， -     且其中有機溶劑A及有機溶劑B在室溫下可以任何混合比率彼此互溶， 其特徵在於 -     有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， -     有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 -     有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 The present invention relates to a method for printing a functional layer containing at least two different organic functional materials A and B, which comprises the following steps: (a) providing a substrate having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing a first ink A into the first pixel type A, wherein the first ink A contains at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, (c) printing a second ink B into the first pixel type A, wherein the second ink B contains at least one organic functional material B different from the organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent B different from the organic solvent A, and the organic solvent B is miscible with the organic solvent A in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and (d) subsequently drying the first pixel type A, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, The organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and The organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. The present invention further relates to a method for producing an OLED, the OLED comprising at least a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL) and a light-emitting layer (EML) between a pair of electrodes, wherein the light-emitting layer (EML) is produced according to the method of the present invention. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a display comprising an OLED, wherein the OLED is produced according to the method of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the display is a full-color display. In addition, the present invention also relates to an ink set, which contains at least two different inks, ink A and ink B, -     wherein ink A contains at least a first organic functional material A and at least a first organic solvent A, -     wherein ink B contains at least a second organic functional material B and at least a second organic solvent B, -     wherein the first organic functional material A and the second organic functional material B are different, -     wherein the first organic solvent A and the second organic solvent B are different, -     and wherein organic solvent A and organic solvent B are mutually soluble in any mixing ratio at room temperature, which is characterized in that -     the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in organic solvent A at room temperature, -     the organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in organic solvent B at room temperature, and -    The organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature.

本發明關於印刷含有至少兩種不同有機功能材料A及B之功能層之方法，其包含以下步驟： (a)  提供基材，其具有至少第一像素類型A， (b)  將第一油墨A印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第一油墨A含有至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機溶劑A， (c)  將第二油墨B印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第二油墨B含有至少一種不同於有機功能材料A之有機功能材料B、及至少一種不同於有機溶劑A之有機溶劑B，且有機溶劑B在室溫下可與有機溶劑A以任何混合比率互溶，及 (d)  之後乾燥第一像素類型A， 其特徵在於 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 本發明之方法係涉及組合具有高濃度及高油墨穩定性之不同油墨來製備有機功能層之方法。 本發明之方法可用於製備含有二或更多種固體材料(至少第一有機功能材料A及至少第二有機功能材料B)之有機功能層，該等固體材料具有不同的溶解度，或至少一種有機功能材料在有機溶劑中之至少一者中具有低溶解度，使用本發明之方法，可將第一油墨A(其中第一有機功能材料A在第一有機溶劑A中具有良好的溶解度)及第二油墨B(其中第二有機功能材料B在第二有機溶劑B中具有良好的溶解度)印刷至相同的像素中，以製備含有第一有機功能材料A及第二有機功能材料B之混合物之有機功能層。 本發明之方法亦可用於製備含有二或更多種固體材料(至少第一有機功能材料A及至少第二有機功能材料B)之有機功能層，該等固體材料具有不同的穩定性，或至少一種有機功能材料在有機溶劑中之至少一者中具有低穩定性。使用本發明之方法，可將第一油墨A(其中第一有機功能材料A在第一有機溶劑A中具有良好的穩定性)及第二油墨B(其中第二有機功能材料B在第二有機溶劑B中具有良好的穩定性)印刷至相同的像素中，以製備含有第一有機功能材料A及第二有機功能材料B之混合物之有機功能層。第一油墨A及第二油墨B在像素中之混合可在幾分鐘內達到，該時間比含有第一及第二油墨之有機功能材料及溶劑之一種油墨的儲存壽命(幾個月)短得多。因此，在使用本發明之方法下，可避免關於油墨穩定性之問題。 根據本發明，基材具有至少一種像素類型：第一像素類型A。 較佳地，基材具有至少兩種不同的像素類型：第一像素類型A及第二像素類型B；更佳地，基材具有至少三種不同的像素類型：第一像素類型A、第二像素類型B及第三像素類型C。最佳地，基材具有三種不同的像素類型：第一像素類型A、第二像素類型B、及第三像素類型C。 基材亦可以具有多於三種不同的像素類型，例如四種不同的像素類型：第一像素類型A、第二像素類型B、第三像素類型C、及第四像素類型D。 若基材除第一像素A之外還含有彼此不同的另外的像素，例如第二像素A、第三像素C及/或第四像素D，則亦可根據本申請案之方法印刷至少一層的第二像素類型B、第三像素類型C及/或第四像素類型D。但此等像素中之至少一層亦可以使用其他已知方法來印刷。 在本發明之第一較佳的具體實施例中，有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有較佳地≥30 g/l、更佳地≥40 g/l之溶解度。 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有較佳地＜10 g/l、更佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度。 有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有較佳地≥30 g/l、更佳地≥40 g/l之溶解度。 有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有較佳地＜10 g/l、更佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度。 不同的有機功能材料在不同的有機溶劑中之溶解度總是在室溫(亦即：20℃)下測量。 此外，不同的有機功能材料之溶解度總是在大氣壓力(亦即：1 atm.)下測量。 在本發明之方法之一個具體實施例中，在乾燥第一像素A前，除了第一油墨A及第二油墨B之外，還將至少第三油墨C印刷至第一像素A中，該第三油墨含有至少一種不同於有機功能材料A及B之有機功能材料C、及至少一種不同於有機溶劑A及/或B之有機溶劑C。 根據本申請案，印刷方法可為所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者所知之任何印刷方法，例如泛塗(flood coating)、浸塗、噴塗、旋塗、網版印刷、凸版印刷(relief printing)、凹板印刷(gravure printing)、旋轉印刷、輥塗、柔版印刷(flexographic printing)、平版印刷(offset printing)或噴嘴印刷。然而，較佳的印刷方法係噴墨印刷。 本申請案之印刷方法，較佳地本申請案之噴墨印刷方法係用於生產電子裝置之功能層，較佳地為有機發光二極體(OLED)之功能層。 功能層較佳地係電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)、發光層(EML)、電子傳輸層(ETL)或電子注入層(EIL)，更佳地係發光層(EML)。 在本發明之第二較佳的具體實施例中，至少一種有機功能材料A及/或至少一種有機功能材料B係具有≤3,000 g/mol、較佳地≤2,000 g/mol及更佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量的低分子量材料。 在第二較佳的具體實施例之第一具體實施例中，至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機功能材料B係不同的主體材料。 在第二較佳的具體實施例之第二具體實施例中，至少一種有機功能材料A係主體材料及至少一種有機功能材料B係發光材料。發光材料係選自螢光及磷光發光材料。 在第二較佳的具體實施例之第三具體實施例中，至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機功能材料B係不同的發光材料。發光材料係選自螢光及磷光發光材料。 根據本發明之方法將油墨A及油墨B及可選地油墨C印刷至相同的像素類型中，得到一種油墨，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、第二有機功能材料B、及可選地第三有機功能材料C、以及至少第一有機溶劑A、至少第二有機溶劑B及可選地第三有機溶劑C。 在對應油墨中有機功能材料A、B及/或C之含量分別係≥2重量%、較佳地≥3重量%、及更佳地≥4重量%，其係基於油墨之總重量計。 在對應油墨中有機功能材料A、B及/或C之含量分別在1至20重量%之範圍內、較佳地在2至20重量%之範圍內、及更佳地在3至20重量%之範圍內，其係基於油墨之總重量計。 在對應油墨中，有機溶劑A、B及/或C具有在100至400℃之範圍內、較佳地在200至350℃之範圍內、更佳地在225至325℃之範圍內及最佳地在250至300℃之範圍內的沸點。 第一、第二及/或第三油墨分別具有在0.8至50 mPa .s之範圍內、較佳地在1至40 mPa .s之範圍內、及更佳地在2至15 mPa .s之範圍內的黏度。 根據本發明之油墨及溶劑之黏度係用Discovery AR3型(Thermo Scientific)之1°錐板旋轉流變計測量。該設備允許精確的溫度控制及剪切率。黏度之測量係在25.0℃(+/-0.2℃)之溫度及500s -1之剪切率下執行。將各樣本測量三次並將所獲得之測量值取平均值。 第一油墨、第二油墨及/或第三油墨分別具有在15至70 mN/m之範圍內、較佳地在10至50 mN/m之範圍內及更佳地在20至40 mN/m之範圍內的表面張力。 表面張力可使用FTA (First Ten Angstrom) 1000接觸角測角器在20℃下測量。該方法之細節可從First Ten Angstrom，如由Roger P. Woodward, Ph.D.發表之“Surface Tension Measurements Using the Drop Shape Method”中取得。較佳地，可使用懸滴法(pendant drop method)來測定表面張力。此測量技術在大量液相或氣相中從針頭分配一液滴。液滴之形狀由表面張力、重力及密度差異之間的關係產生。使用懸滴法，表面張力係使用http://www.kruss.de/services/education-theory/glossary/drop- shape-analysis從懸滴之陰影影像來計算。使用一種常用且可商購之高精度液滴形狀分析工具(即來自First Ten Ångstrom的FTA1000)來進行所有表面張力測量。表面張力係由軟體FTA1000測定。所有測量均在20℃與25℃之間的範圍內的室溫下進行。標準操作程序包括使用新的拋棄式液滴分配系統(注射器及針頭)來測定各配方之表面張力。各液滴係在一分鐘之持續時間內進行六十次測量，之後取平均值。各配方均測量三個液滴。最終值係對該等測量值取平均值。該工具定期針對具有眾所週知之表面張力的各種液體進行交叉檢查。 在第一較佳的具體實施例中，本申請案之方法可用於製備OLED之電洞注入層(HIL)。 在此第一具體實施例中，第一油墨A含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種電洞傳輸材料及至少一種有機溶劑A。 作為電洞傳輸材料，可使用尤其常用於OLED之任何合適的材料。在本申請案中描述較佳的材料。 用於電洞注入層之至少一種電洞傳輸材料較佳地係聚合物材料，該聚合物材料具有較佳地≥10,000 g/mol、更佳地≥25,000 g/mol且最佳地≥50,000 g/mol之分子量M w。 在此第一具體實施例中，第二油墨B含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種摻雜劑及至少一種溶劑B。 作為摻雜劑，可使用尤其常用於OLED，特別是與上述電洞傳輸材料組合之任何合適的材料，較佳地為任何合適的鹽。如本文所使用之術語摻雜劑(dopant)亦用於術語鹽(salt)。較佳的鹽描述例如於WO 2016/107668 A1中。 至少一種摻雜劑較佳地係低分子量材料，該低分子量材料具有較佳地≤3,000 g/mol、更佳地≤2,000 g/mol且最佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量。 在第一具體實施例中，兩種油墨(亦即油墨A及油墨B)之量之比率可在非常寬的範圍內變化，亦可在非常寬的範圍內改變電洞傳輸材料與摻雜劑之比率。 有機溶劑A以及有機溶劑B可係單一溶劑或溶劑之混合物。 作為有機溶劑A及有機溶劑B，可使用常用之任何合適的有機溶劑或有機溶劑混合物。 在本申請案中描述較佳的溶劑及溶劑混合物。 在第二較佳的具體實施例中，本申請案之方法可用於製備OLED之電洞傳輸層(HTL)。 在此第二具體實施例中，第一油墨A含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種電洞傳輸材料及至少一種有機溶劑A，且第二油墨B含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種電洞傳輸材料及至少一種有機溶劑B。 作為用於電洞傳輸層之電洞傳輸材料，可使用尤其常用於OLED之任何合適的材料。在本申請案中描述較佳的材料。 作為用於電洞傳輸層之一種電洞傳輸材料，可使用與用於電洞注入層之電洞傳輸材料相同的電洞傳輸材料。 電洞傳輸材料之各者可係聚合物材料或低分子量材料。 若電洞傳輸材料係聚合物材料，則該聚合物材料具有較佳地≥10,000 g/mol、更佳地≥25,000 g/mol且最佳地≥50,000 g/mol之分子量M w。 若至少一種電洞傳輸材料係低分子量材料，該低分子量材料具有較佳地≤3,000 g/mol、更佳地≤2,000 g/mol且最佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量。 在第二具體實施例中，兩種油墨(亦即油墨A及油墨B)之量之比率可在非常寬的範圍內變化，亦可在非常寬的範圍內改變電洞傳輸材料與摻雜劑之比率。 有機溶劑A以及有機溶劑B可係單一溶劑或溶劑之混合物。 作為有機溶劑A及有機溶劑B，可使用常用之任何合適的有機溶劑或有機溶劑混合物。 在本申請案中描述較佳的溶劑及溶劑混合物。 在第三較佳的具體實施例中，本申請案之方法可用於製備OLED之發光層(EML)。 在此第三具體實施例中，第一油墨A含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種發光材料及至少一種有機溶劑A。 作為發光材料，可使用常使用之任何合適的材料。發光材料係選自由螢光發光材料及磷光發光材料所組成之群組。在本申請案中描述較佳的材料。 若第一油墨A之發光材料係發紅光之發光材料，則該發光材料較佳地係發紅光之磷光發光材料。根據本發明之發紅光意指發射在600至750 nm之範圍內的光。 若第一油墨A之發光材料係發綠光之發光材料，則該發光材料較佳地係發綠光之磷光發光材料。根據本發明之發綠光意指發射在500至570 nm之範圍內的光。 若第一油墨A之發光材料係發藍光之發光材料，則該發光材料較佳地係發藍光之螢光發光材料。根據本發明之發藍光意指發射在420至480 nm之範圍內的光。 至少一種發光材料較佳地係低分子量材料，該低分子量材料具有較佳地≤3,000 g/mol、更佳地≤2,000 g/mol且最佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量。 在此第三具體實施例中，第二油墨A含有作為有機功能材料之至少一種基質材料及至少一種有機溶劑A。 作為基質材料，可使用常使用之任何合適的材料。在本申請案中描述較佳的材料。 至少一種基質材料較佳地係低分子量材料，該低分子量材料具有較佳地≤3,000 g/mol、更佳地≤2,000 g/mol且最佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量。 根據本發明之方法之第三具體實施例係用於製備OLED之發光層(EML)。除了一種發光材料及一種基質材料之外，發光材料層還可包含至少另外的發光材料及/或至少一種另外的基質材料。較佳地，發光層包含另外的發光材料或另外的基質材料。 若發光層包含兩種發光材料(所謂：雙重摻雜(double doping))及一種基質材料，則第一發光材料較佳地係發紅光之磷光發光材料，且第二發光材料較佳地係發綠光之磷光發光材料。 若發光層包含兩種基質材料(所謂：混合主體(mixed host))及一種發光材料，則發光材料係發紅光或綠光之磷光發光材料、或發藍光之螢光發光材料。 若發光層含有至少第三材料，則此材料(亦即：有機功能材料C)可如上述作為第三油墨C印刷、或可為印刷油墨A或油墨B之組分，取決於該第三材料在不同溶劑中之溶解度。 在第三具體實施例中，兩種油墨(亦即油墨A及油墨B)之量之比率可在非常寬的範圍內變化，亦可在非常寬的範圍內改變電洞傳輸材料與摻雜劑之比率。 在第三較佳的具體實施例之情況下，其中本發明之方法係用於製備OLED之發光層(EML)，與EML直接接觸之先前所形成之層通常係電洞傳輸層(HTL)，該電洞傳輸層含有至少一種有機功能材料H，亦即：電洞傳輸材料。若有機功能材料H在室溫下在第一油墨A之有機溶劑A中具有＜20 g/l、較佳地＜10 g/l、及更佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度，則即使該有機功能材料係未交聯的材料，也可以使用本申請案之方法在該電洞傳輸層之頂部施加發光層而不會對該電洞傳輸層有任何顯著損傷。 因此，本發明之另外目標係印刷兩個功能層之方法，其中第一功能層含有至少一種，較佳地一種有機功能材料H且第二功能層含有至少兩種不同的有機功能材料A及B，該方法包含以下步驟： (a)  提供基材，其具有至少第一像素類型A， (b)  將油墨H印刷至第一像素類型A中，該油墨H含有至少一種有機功能材料H及至少一種有機溶劑H， (c)  之後乾燥第一像素A， (d)  然後將第一油墨A印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第一油墨A含有至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機溶劑A，及 (e)  將第二油墨B印刷至第一像素類型A中，該第二油墨B含有至少一種不同於有機功能材料A之有機功能材料B、及至少一種不同於有機溶劑A之有機溶劑B，且有機溶劑B在室溫下可與有機溶劑A以任何混合比率互溶，及 (f)   之後乾燥第一像素類型A， 其特徵在於 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 有機功能材料B在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度，及 有機功能材料H在有機溶劑A中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 有機功能材料H在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有較佳地＜10 g/l、更佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度。 有機溶劑H可係單一溶劑或溶劑之混合物。 作為有機溶劑H，可使用常用之任何合適的有機溶劑或有機溶劑混合物。 在本申請案中描述較佳的溶劑及溶劑混合物。 本發明進一步關於用於生產OLED之方法，該OLED在一對電極之間含有至少電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)及發光層(EML)，其中較佳地電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)及發光層(EML)，更佳地發光層(EML)係根據本發明之方法生產。 本發明此進一步關於用於生產含有OLED之顯示器、較佳地全彩顯示器之方法，其中該OLED係根據本發明之方法生產。 根據本發明之方法，使用油墨A及B及可選地C以及油墨H。此等油墨之各者含有至少一種可用於生產電子裝置之功能層之有機功能材料。功能材料通常係引入在電子裝置、較佳地OLED之陽極與陰極之間的有機材料。 術語有機功能材料(organic functional material)尤其是表示有機導體、有機半導體、有機螢光化合物、有機磷光化合物、有機吸光化合物、有機光敏化合物、有機光敏感劑及其它有機光活性化合物。術語有機功能材料進一步涵蓋過渡金屬、稀土族、鑭系元素及錒系元素之有機金屬錯合物。 有機功能材料較佳地係選自由下列所組成之群組之有機半導體：電洞注入材料(HIM)、電洞傳輸材料(HTM)、電洞阻擋材料(HBM)、電子注入材料(EIM)、電子傳輸材料(ETM)、電子阻擋材料(electron blocking material, EBM)、激子阻擋材料(exciton blocking materia, ExBM)、主體材料、發射體材料、及金屬錯合物。 有機功能材料之較佳的具體實施例係詳細揭示於WO 2011/076314 A1中。 在更佳的具體實施例中，有機半導體係選自由螢光發射體及磷光發射體所組成之群組之發光材料。 根據本申請案，術語發射體(emitter)表示在激發(其可藉由轉移任何類型的能量而發生)之後，允許輻射躍遷至基態並發光的材料。通常，已知兩種類別的發光體，即螢光及磷光發射體。術語螢光發射體(fluorescent emitter)表示其中發生從激發單重態(excited singlet state)輻射躍遷至基態的材料或化合物。術語磷光發射體(phosphorescent emitter)較佳地表示含有過渡金屬之發光材料或化合物。 若摻雜劑在系統中造成上述性質，則發光體經常亦稱為摻雜劑。在包含基質材料及摻雜劑之系統中之摻雜劑意指該組分在混合物中之比例係較小的。對應地，在包含基質材料及摻雜劑之系統中之基質材料意指該組分在混合物中之比例係較大的。因此，術語磷光發射體亦可意指例如磷光摻雜劑。 有機功能材料可係具有低分子量之化合物、聚合物、寡聚物或樹枝狀聚合物，其中該有機功能材料亦可呈混合物之形式。因此，根據本發明之方法所使用之油墨可包含二或更多種具有低分子量之不同的化合物、一種具有低分子量之化合物及一種聚合物或二種聚合物(摻合物)。 若有機功能材料係低分子量化合物，則該低分子量化合物具有較佳地≤3,000 g/mol、更佳地≤2,000 g/mol且最佳地≤1,000 g/mol之分子量。 若有機功能材料係聚合物化合物，則該聚合物化合物具有較佳地≥10,000 g/mol、更佳地≥25,000 g/mol且最佳地≥50,000 g/mol之分子量M w。 此處聚合物之分子量M w係較佳地在10,000至2,000,000 g/mol之範圍內、更佳地在25,000至1,000,000 g/mol之範圍內且最佳地在50,000至300,000 g/mol之範圍內。分子量M w係藉由相對於內部聚苯乙烯標準品之GPC(=凝膠滲透層析法)之手段來測定。 發光體材料較佳地係選自如在本申請案內別處所概述之有機電致發光發光體材料類別。 根據本申請案之有機功能材料經常由其分子前沿軌域(molecular frontier orbital)，亦即最高佔用分子軌域(highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO)(有時亦稱為價能帶(valence band))及最低未佔用分子軌域(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, LUMO)(有時亦稱為傳導帶(conduction band))所表徵。HOMO及LUMO能階(level)常規上藉由例如：XPS=X射線光電子光譜法、UPS=紫外線光電子光譜法或CV=循環伏安法(cyclovoltammetry)來測量並藉由如所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之量子化學方法諸如(含時)DFT=密度泛函理論(density functional theory)來計算。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者亦意識到此等能量能階之絕對值顯著地取決於所使用之方法。本申請人建立了一致的組合方法來測定有機半導體之能量能階。將一組的半導體(多於20種不同的半導體)之HOMO/LUMO能階藉由CV用可靠評估方法來測量，還藉由Gaussian 03W之DFT用相同修正函數(例如B3PW91)及相同基組(例如6-31 G(d))來計算。然後根據測量值來校正計算值。將此種校正因子用於進一步計算中。計算值與測量值之間的一致性非常良好。因此，本申請案之能量能階之比較係建立在可靠的基礎上。能量間隙(energy gap)或能帶間隙(band gap)係藉由HOMO能量能階與LUMO能量能階之間的差異來獲得。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電洞注入材料(HIM)之有機功能材料。HIM係指能夠促進從陽極注入之電洞(亦即：正電荷)進入有機層或陽極的材料或單元。一般而言，HIM具有與陽極之功函數可相比或高於其的HOMO能階，亦即：-5.3 eV或更高。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電洞傳輸材料(HTM)之有機功能材料。HTM係指能夠傳輸從電洞注入材料或陽極注入之電洞(亦即：正電荷)的材料或單元。HTM通常具有高的HOMO，一般而言高於-5.4 eV。在許多情況下，取決於鄰層，HIM亦可充當HTM。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電洞阻擋材料(HBM)之有機功能材料。HBM係指在被沉積於多層結構中之發光層或電洞傳輸層鄰近時防止電洞流過的材料或單元。通常，如相較於在鄰層中之HTM的HOMO能階，HBM具有較低的HOMO。電洞阻擋層經常被插置在OLED中之發光層與電子傳輸層之間。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電子注入材料(EIM)之有機功能材料。EIM係指能夠促進從陰極注入之電子(亦即：負電荷)進入有機層的材料。EIM通常具有與陰極之功函數可相比或低於其的LUMO能階。一般而言，EIM具有低於-2.6 eV的LUMO。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電子運輸材料(ETM)之有機功能材料。ETM係指能夠運輸從EIM或陰極注入之電子(亦即：負電荷)的材料。ETM通常具有低的LUMO，一般而言低於-2.7 eV。在許多情況下，取決於鄰層，EIM亦可充當ETM。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自電子阻擋材料(EBM)之有機功能材料。EBM係指在被沉積於多層結構中之發光層或電子傳輸層鄰近時防止電子流過的材料。通常，如相較於在鄰層中之ETM的LUMO，EBM具有更高的LUMO。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自激子阻擋材料(ExBM)之有機功能材料。ExBM係指在被沉積於多層結構中之發光層鄰近時防止激子擴散通過的材料。如相較於發光層或其他鄰層，ExBM應該具有更高的三重態能階(triplet level)或單重態能階(singlet level)。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自發射體之有機功能材料。術語發射體係指在藉由轉移來自其他材料之任何一種的能量、或藉由在電子或光學上形成激子後，經歷輻射衰變而發射光的材料。存在兩種類別的發射體，螢光及磷光發射體。術語螢光發射體(fluorescent emitter)係關於經歷從激發的單重態輻射躍遷至其基態的材料或化合物。如本文所使用，術語磷光發射體(phosphorescent emitter)係關於包含過渡金屬之發光材料或化合物。此一般包括藉由(多個)自旋禁止躍遷(spin forbidden transition) (例如從激發三重態躍遷)造成發光之材料。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自金屬錯合物之有機功能材料。根據量子力學從具有高自旋多重性之激發態(例如從激發三重態)躍遷至基態係禁止的。 然而，重原子(例如銥、鋨、鉑及銪)之存在導致強自旋-軌道耦合(strong spin-orbit coupling)，亦即將激發的單重態及三重態混合，使得三重態得到一些單重態特性；且若單重態-三重態混合產生比非輻射事件更快的輻射衰變速率，則發光可為效率高的。此種發光可使用金屬錯合物來達成，如最早由Baldo et al.; Nature 395, 151-154 (1998)所報導。另外的金屬錯合物亦可充當效率高且寬能帶的光吸收材料或染料，如例如由B. O'Regan & M. Graetzel, Nature 353, 737 (1991)所報導之Ru錯合物。 如本文所使用之術語摻雜劑(dopant)亦用於術語發射體(emitter)或發射體材料(emitter material)。 根據本發明之油墨可包含一或多種選自主體材料之有機功能材料。主體材料通常與發射體組合使用，且如相較於發射體材料，一般在HOMO與LUMO之間具有更大的能量間隙。此外，主體材料充當電子或電洞傳輸材料。主體材料亦可兼具電子及電洞傳輸性質。在單重態躍遷係OLED之光致發光的主要原因情況下，高度所欲的是在發射體之吸收光譜與主體材料之光致發光光譜之間有最大重疊。此確保能量從主體材料轉移至發射體。 較佳地若主體係意指其與OLED中之磷光發射體組合使用，則主體材料亦稱為基質或基質材料。且對於包含發射體單元之共聚物而言，該聚合物骨架具有與主體相同的意義。 關於本文別處所提到之HIM，合適的HIM係苯二胺衍生物(US 3615404)、芳基胺衍生物(US 3567450)、經胺基取代之查耳酮(chalcone)衍生物(US 3526501)、苯乙烯基蒽(styrylanthracene)衍生物(JP Showa 54 (1979) 110837)、腙衍生物(US 3717462)、醯腙(acylhydrazone)、茋衍生物(JP Showa 61 (1986) 210363)、矽氮烷衍生物(US 4950950)、聚矽烷化合物(JP Heisei 2 (1990) 204996)、PVK及其他導電巨分子、基於苯胺之共聚物(JP Heisei 2 (1990) 282263)、導電巨分子噻吩寡聚物(JP Heisei 1 (1989) 211399)、PEDOT:PSS(經旋塗之聚合物)、經電漿沉積之氟碳聚合物(plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymer) (US 6127004、US 6208075、US 6208077)、卟啉化合物(JP Showa 63 (1988) 2956965、US 4720432)、三級芳族胺及苯乙烯基胺(US 4127412)、聯苯胺型之三苯胺、苯乙烯基胺型之三苯胺、及二胺型之三苯胺。亦可使用芳基胺樹枝狀聚合物(JP Heisei 8(1996)193191)、酞青素衍生物、萘酞青素衍生物、或丁二烯衍生物亦合適。 較佳地，HIM係選自單體有機化合物，其包含胺、三芳基胺、噻吩、咔唑、酞青素、卟啉及其衍生物。 特佳者為三級芳族胺(US 2008/0102311 A1)，例如N,N'-二苯基-N,N'-二(3-甲苯基)聯苯胺(= 4,4'-雙[N-3-甲基苯基]-N-苯基胺基)聯苯(NPD)(US 5061569)、N,N'-雙(N,N'-二苯基-4-胺基苯基)-N,N-二苯基-4,4'-二胺基-1,1'-聯苯(TPD 232)及4,4',4"-參[3-甲基苯基)苯基-胺基]-三苯胺(MTDATA) (JP Heisei 4 (1992) 308688)或酞青素衍生物(例如H2Pc、CuPc、CoPc、NiPc、ZnPc、PdPc、FePc、MnPc、ClAlPc、ClGaPc、ClInPc、ClSnPc、Cl2SiPc、(HO)AlPc、(HO)GaPc、VOPc、TiOPc、MoOPc、GaPc-O-GaPc)。 特佳者為以下式1 (TPD 232)、2、3、及4之三芳基胺化合物(其亦可經取代)、及如揭示於US 7399537 B2、US 2006/0061265 A1、EP 1661888 B1、及JP 08292586 A中之另外的化合物。 合適作為電洞注入材料之另外的化合物係揭示於EP 0891121 A1及EP 1029909 A1中。電洞注入層一般係描述於US 2004/0174116中。 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何HTM用於根據本發明之配方中。關於本文別處所提到之HTM，HTM較佳地係選自胺、三芳基胺、噻吩、咔唑、酞青素、卟啉、其異構物及衍生物。HTM較佳地係選自胺、三芳基胺、噻吩、咔唑、酞青素、及卟啉。用於電洞傳輸層之合適的材料係苯二胺衍生物(US 3615404)、芳基胺衍生物(US 3567450)、經胺基取代之查耳酮衍生物(US 3526501)、苯乙烯基蒽衍生物(JP A 56-46234)、多環芳族化合物(EP 1009041)、聚芳基烷衍生物(US 3615402)、茀酮衍生物(JP A 54-110837)、腙衍生物(US 3717462)、茋衍生物(JP A 61-210363)、矽氮烷衍生物(US 4950950)、聚矽烷(JP A 2-204996)、苯胺共聚物(JP A 2-282263)、噻吩寡聚物、聚噻吩、PVK、聚吡咯、聚苯胺及另外的共聚物、卟啉化合物(JP A 63-2956965)、芳香族二亞甲基型化合物、咔唑化合物(諸如例如CDBP、CBP、mCP)、三級芳族胺及苯乙烯基胺化合物(US 4127412)、及單體三芳基胺(US 3180730)。在該分子中亦可能存在甚至更多的三芳胺基基團。 較佳者為含有至少二個三級胺單元之三級芳族胺(US 4720432及US 5061569)，諸如例如4,4'-雙[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基胺基]聯苯(NPD) (US 5061569)或MTDATA (JP A 4-308688)、N,N,N',N'-四(4-聯苯)二胺基伸聯二苯(TBDB)、1,1-雙(4-二對甲苯基胺基苯基)環己烷(TAPC)、1,1-雙(4-二對甲苯基胺基苯基)-3-苯基丙烷(TAPPP)、1,4-雙[2-[4-[N,N-二(對甲苯基)胺基]苯基]乙烯基]苯(BDTAPVB)、N,N,N',N'-四對甲苯基-4,4'-二胺基聯苯(TTB)、TPD、N,N,N',N'-四苯基-4,4"'-二胺基-1,1':4',1":4",1"'-聯四苯(quaterphenyl)、同樣含有咔唑單元之三級胺，諸如例如4 (9H-咔唑-9-基)-N,N-雙[4-(9H-咔唑-9-基)苯基]苯胺(TCTA)。同樣地，較佳者為根據US 2007/0092755 A1之六氮雜伸聯三苯(hexa-azatriphenylene)化合物。 特佳者為以下式5至10之三芳基胺化合物(其亦可經取代)、及如揭示於以下文獻中之三芳基胺化合物：EP 1162193 B1、EP 650955 B1、Synth. Metals 1997, 91(1-3), 209、DE 19646119 A1、WO 2006/122630 A1、EP 1860097 A1、EP 1834945 A1、JP 08053397 A、US 6251531 B1、及WO 2009/041635 A1。 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何HBM用於根據本發明之配方中。關於本文別處所提到之HBM，合適的電洞阻擋材料係金屬錯合物(US 2003/0068528)，諸如例如雙(2-甲基-8-喹啉根(quinolinolato))(4-苯基酚根(phenylphenolato))-鋁(III) (BAlQ)。為此目的同樣使用Fac-參(1-苯基吡唑根(phenylpyrazolato)-N,C2)銥(III) (Ir(ppz) 3)(US 2003/0175553 A1)。同樣使用啡啉衍生物(諸如例如BCP)、或酞醯亞胺(諸如例如TMPP)。 另外，合適的電洞阻擋材料係描述於WO 00/70655 A2、WO 01/41512及WO 01/93642 A1中。 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何EIM用於根據本發明之配方中。關於本文別處所提到之EIM，可根據本發明使用合適的本文別處之EIM，複數個EIM，其包含至少一種選自下列之有機化合物：8-羥基喹啉之金屬錯合物、雜環有機化合物、茀酮、亞茀基甲烷(fluorenylidene methane)、苝四羧酸(perylenetetracarboxylic acid)、蒽醌二甲烷(anthraquinone dimethane)、二苯醌(diphenoquinone)、蒽酮、蒽醌二伸乙基二胺(anthraquinonediethylene-diamine)、其異構物及衍生物。 8-羥基喹啉之金屬錯合物(諸如例如Alq 3及Gaq 3)可被用作電子注入層之EIM。在陰極之界面處用鹼金屬或鹼土金屬(諸如例如Li、Cs、Ca或Mg)之還原性摻雜係有利的。較佳者為包括Cs之組合，例如Cs及Na、Cs及K、Cs及Rb或Cs、Na及K。 雜環有機化合物，諸如例如1,10-啡啉衍生物、苯并咪唑、二氧化噻喃、㗁唑、三唑、咪唑或㗁二唑同樣合適。合適的含氮之5員環之實施例係㗁唑、噻唑、㗁二唑、噻二唑、三唑、及揭示於US 2008/0102311 A1中之化合物。 較佳的EIM係選自式11至13之化合物，其可經取代或未經取代。 亦可使用有機化合物，諸如茀酮、亞茀基甲烷、苝四羧酸、蒽醌二甲烷、二苯醌、蒽酮、蒽醌二伸乙基二胺，例如 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何ETM用於根據本發明之配方中。關於本文別處所提到之ETM，合適的ETM係選自由下列所組成之群組：咪唑、吡啶、嘧啶、嗒𠯤、吡𠯤、㗁二唑、喹啉、喹㗁啉、蒽、苯并蒽、芘、苝、苯并咪唑、三𠯤、酮、氧化膦、啡𠯤、啡啉、三芳基硼烷、其異構物及衍生物。 用於電子傳輸層之合適的ETM係8-羥基喹啉之金屬螯合物(例如Liq、Alq 3、Gaq 3、Mgq 2、Znq 2、Inq 3、Zrq 4)、Balq、4氮雜菲-5-醇/Be錯合物(US 5529853 A；例如式16)、丁二烯衍生物(US 4356429)、雜環光學增亮劑(US 4539507)、吲哚(諸如例如1,3,5-參(2-N-苯基-苯并咪唑基)苯(TPBI)(US 5766779，式17)、1,3,5-三𠯤、芘、蒽、稠四苯、茀、螺聯茀(spirobifluorene)、樹枝狀聚合物、稠四苯(例如紅螢烯(rubrene)衍生物)、1,10-啡啉衍生物(JP 2003/115387、JP 2004/311184、JP 2001/267080、WO 2002/043449)、矽丙烯醯基(silacyl)-環戊二烯衍生物(EP 1480280、EP 1478032、EP 1469533)、吡啶衍生物(JP 2004/200162 Kodak)、啡啉(例如BCP及Bphen)、還有幾種經由聯苯或其他芳族基鍵結之啡啉(US 2007/0252517 A1)或鍵結至蒽的啡啉(US 2007/0122656 A1，例如式18及19)、1,3,4-㗁二唑(例如式20)、三唑(例如式21)、三芳基硼烷(例如還具有Si之三芳基硼烷(例如式48))、苯并咪唑衍生物及其他N雜環化合物(參見US 2007/0273272 A1)、矽雜環戊二烯衍生物、硼烷衍生物、Ga類奧辛(oxinoid)錯合物。 較佳者為2,9,10-經取代之蒽(具有1-或2-萘基及4-或3-聯苯)或含有兩個蒽單元之分子(US 2008/0193796 A1)。 同樣地，較佳者為蒽-苯并咪唑衍生物，諸如例如式22至24之化合物、及如揭示於例如US 6878469 B2、US 2006/147747 A、及EP 1551206 A1中之化合物。 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何EBM用於根據本發明之配方中。關於本文別處所提到之EBM，可將過渡金屬錯合物(諸如例如Ir(ppz) 3(US 2003/0175553))用作電子阻擋層之材料。 較佳地，EBM進一步選自胺、三芳基胺及其衍生物。 所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之適用於根據本發明之配方的ExBM之選擇取決於鄰層之能量間隙。合適的ExBM應該具有比在鄰層(較佳為發光層)中之功能材料更大的能量間隙(單重態或三重態)。關於本文別處所提到之ExBM，可將經取代之三芳基胺(諸如例如MTDATA或4,4',4"-參(N,N-二苯基胺基)三苯基胺(TDATA)用作電子阻擋層之ExBM。經取代之三芳基胺係描述例如於US 2007/0134514 A1中。 N-經取代之咔唑化合物(諸如例如TCTA)或雜環類(諸如例如BCP)亦合適。 為此目的，可同樣使用金屬錯合物，諸如例如Ir(ppz) 3或Alq 3。 原則上，可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何主體材料用於根據本發明之配方中。取決於所使用之發射體種類，可將主體材料分成二類，用於螢光發射體之主體及用於磷光發射體之主體，由此後者通常被稱為基質或基質材料。 根據本發明之配方亦可包含多於一種的主體材料，較佳地其包含3種主體材料、更佳地其包含2種主體材料、且最佳地其包含1種主體材料。若根據本發明之配方包含至少二種主體材料，則該主體材料亦被稱為共主體(co-host)或共主體材料。 適於螢光發射體之較佳的主體材料係選自蒽、苯并蒽、茚并茀、茀、螺聯茀、菲、脫氫菲(dehydrophenanthrene)、噻吩、三𠯤、咪唑及其衍生物。 用於螢光發射體之特佳的主體材料係選自下列之類別：寡聚伸芳基(例如根據EP 676461之2,2',7,7'-四苯基螺聯茀或二萘基蒽)，特別是含有縮合芳族基團之寡聚伸芳基，諸如例如菲、稠四苯、蔻、、茀、螺茀(spirofluorene)、苝、酞苝(phthaloperylene)、萘苝(naphthaloperylene)、十環烯、紅螢烯；寡聚伸芳基伸乙烯基(例如根據EP676461之4,4'-雙(2,2-二苯基乙烯基)-1,1'-聯苯(DPVBi)或4,4-雙-2,2-二苯基乙烯基-1,1-螺聯苯(螺-DPVBi))；多牙(polypodal)金屬錯合物(例如根據WO 2004/081017)，特別是8-羥基喹啉之金屬錯合物，例如參(8-羥基喹啉)鋁(III)(喹啉鋁(aluminium quinolate)，Alq 3)或雙(2-甲基-8-喹啉根)-4-(苯基酚根(phenolinolato))鋁；還有咪唑螯合物(US 2007/0092753 A1)及喹啉-金屬錯合物、胺基喹啉-金屬錯合物、苯并喹啉-金屬錯合物；電洞傳導化合物(例如根據WO 2004/058911)；電子傳導化合物，特別是酮、膦氧化物、亞碸等(例如根據WO 2005/084081及WO 2005/084082)；阻轉異構物(例如根據WO 2006/048268)；硼酸衍生物(例如根據WO 2006/117052)；或苯并蒽(例如DE 102007024850)。特佳的主體材料係選自下列之類別：寡聚伸芳基，其含有萘、蒽、苯并蒽及/或芘、或此等化合物之阻轉異構物；酮；膦氧化物及亞碸。非常特佳的主體材料係選自下列之類別：寡聚伸芳基，其含有蒽、苯并蒽及/或芘、或此等化合物之阻轉異構物。為本申請案之目的，寡聚伸芳基係意指其中至少三個芳基或伸芳基基團係彼此鍵結的化合物。 用於螢光發射體之另外較佳的主體材料特別是來自式25之化合物 其中 Ar 4、Ar 5、Ar 6在每次出現時相同地或不同地係具有5至30個芳族環原子的芳基或雜芳基基團，該基團可經一或多個基取代且 p係1、2、或3， 在Ar 4、Ar 5及Ar 6中之π電子之總數若p=1則係至少30，及若p=2則係至少36，及若p=3則係至少42。 特佳地，在式25之主體材料中，基團Ar 5代表可經一或多個基R 1取代之蒽，且基團Ar 4及Ar 6被鍵結在9及10位置。非常特佳地，基團Ar 4及/或Ar 6中之至少一者係選自下列之縮合芳基基團：1-萘基或2-萘基，2-菲基、3-菲基或9-菲基，2-苯并蒽基、3-苯并蒽基、4-苯并蒽基、5-苯并蒽基、6-苯并蒽基或7-苯并蒽基，該等基團之各者可經一或多個基R 1取代。在US 2007/0092753 A1及US 2007/0252517 A1中描述基於蒽之化合物，例如2-(4-甲基苯基)-9,10-二-(2-萘基)蒽、9-(2-萘基)-10-(1,1'-聯苯)蒽及9,10-雙[4-(2,2-二苯基乙烯基)苯基]蒽、9,10-二苯基蒽、9,10-雙(苯基乙炔基)蒽及1,4-雙(9'-乙炔基蒽基)苯。較佳者亦為含有兩個蒽單元之主體材料(US 2008/0193796 A1)，例如10,10'-雙[1,1',4',1"]聯三苯-2-基-9,9'-聯蒽基。 另外較佳的主體材料係下列之衍生物：芳基胺、苯乙烯基胺、螢光素、苝酮(perynone)、酞苝酮(phthaloperynone)、萘苝酮(naphthaloperynone)、二苯基丁二烯、四苯基丁二烯、環戊二烯、四苯基環戊二烯、五苯基環戊二烯、香豆素、㗁二唑、雙苯并㗁唑啉、噁酮(oxazone)、吡啶、吡𠯤、亞胺、苯并噻唑、苯并㗁唑、苯并咪唑(US 2007/0092753 A1)(例如2,2',2"-(1,3,5-伸苯基)參[1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑])、醛𠯤(aldazine)、茋、苯乙烯基伸芳基衍生物(例如9,10-雙[4-(2,2-二苯基乙烯基)苯基]蒽)、及二苯乙烯基伸芳基衍生物(US 5121029)、二苯乙烯、乙烯基蒽、二胺基咔唑、吡喃、噻喃、二酮基吡咯并吡咯(diketopyrrolopyrrole)、聚次甲基、部花青(mellocyanine)、吖啶酮、喹吖啶酮、肉桂酸酯及螢光染料。 特佳者為芳基胺及苯乙烯基胺之衍生物，例如4,4'-雙[N-(1-萘基)-N-(2-萘基)胺基]聯苯(TNB)。 作為螢光發射體之主體的具有寡聚伸芳基之較佳的化合物係如揭示於下列文獻中之化合物，例如US 2003/0027016 A1、US 7326371 B2、US 2006/043858 A、US 7326371 B2、US 2003/0027016 A1、WO 2007/114358、WO 2008/145239、JP 3148176 B2、EP 1009044、US 2004/018383、WO 2005/061656 A1、EP 0681019B1、WO 2004/013073A1、US 5077142、WO 2007/065678、及US 2007/0205412 A1。特佳的基於寡聚伸芳基之化合物係式26至32之化合物。 用於螢光發射體之另外的主體材料可選自螺聯茀及其衍生物，例如，如揭示於EP 0676461中之螺-DPVBi及如揭示於US 6562485中之茚并茀。 用於磷光發射體之較佳的主體材料(亦即基質材料)係選自酮、咔唑、三芳基胺、茚并茀、茀、螺聯茀、菲、脫氫菲、噻吩、三𠯤、咪唑及其衍生物。下文更詳細描述一些較佳的衍生物。 例如若將磷光發射體用作有機發光二極體(OLED)中之電致發光組件，則如相較於用於螢光發射體之主體材料，該主體材料必須滿足相當的特性。用於磷光發射體之主體材料必須具有如相較於該發射體之三重態能階的能量更高的三重態能階。主體材料可傳輸電子或電洞或其二者。此外，發射體應該具有大的自旋-軌道耦合常數以促進單重態-三重態充分地混合。此可藉由使用金屬錯合物來實現。 較佳的基質材料係N,N-雙咔唑基聯苯(CBP)、咔唑衍生物(例如根據WO 2005/039246、US 2005/0069729、JP 2004/288381、EP 1205527或DE 102007002714)、氮雜咔唑(例如根據EP 1617710、EP 1617711、EP 1731584、JP 2005/347160)、酮(例如根據WO 2004/093207)、膦氧化物、亞碸及碸(例如根據WO 2005/003253)、寡聚伸苯基、芳族胺(例如根據US 2005/0069729)、雙極性基質材料(例如根據WO 2007/137725)、矽烷(例如根據WO 2005/111172)、9,9-二芳基茀衍生物(例如根據DE 102008017591)、氮硼雜環戊烯(azaborole)或硼酸酯(例如根據WO 2006/117052)、三唑衍生物、㗁唑及㗁唑衍生物、咪唑衍生物、聚芳基烷衍生物、吡唑啉衍生物、吡唑哢(pyrazolone)衍生物、二苯乙烯基吡𠯤衍生物、二氧化噻喃衍生物、苯二胺衍生物、三級芳族胺、苯乙烯基胺、吲哚、蒽酮衍生物、茀酮衍生物、亞茀基甲烷衍生物、腙衍生物、矽氮烷衍生物、芳族二亞甲基化合物、卟啉化合物、碳二亞胺衍生物、二苯基醌衍生物、酞青素衍生物、8-羥基喹啉衍生物之金屬錯合物(諸如例如Alq 3，8-羥基喹啉錯合物亦可含有三芳基胺基苯酚配位基(US 2007/0134514 A1))、具有金屬酞青素之各種金屬錯合物-聚矽烷化合物、作為配位基之苯并㗁唑或苯并噻唑、電洞傳導聚合物(諸如例如聚(N-乙烯基咔唑) (PVK))、苯胺共聚物、噻吩寡聚物、聚噻吩、聚噻吩衍生物、聚伸苯基衍生物、聚茀衍生物。 另外特佳的基質材料係選自包含吲哚并咔唑及其衍生物之化合物(例如式33至39)，如揭示於例如DE 102009023155.2、EP 0906947B1、EP 0908787B1、EP 906948B1、WO 2008/056746A1、WO 2007/063754A1、WO 2008/146839A1、及WO 2008/149691A1中。 較佳的咔唑衍生物之實施例係1,3-N,N-二咔唑苯(= 9,9'-(1,3-伸苯基)雙-9H-咔唑) (mCP)、9,9'-(2,2'-二甲基[1,1'-聯苯]-4,4'-二基)雙-9H-咔唑(CDBP)、1,3-雙(N,N'-二咔唑)苯(= 1,3-雙(咔唑-9-基)苯)、PVK(聚乙烯基咔唑)、3,5-二(9H-咔唑-9-基)聯苯及式40至44之化合物。 較佳的Si四芳基化合物係，例如(US 2004/0209115, US 2004/0209116, US 2007/0087219 A1, US 2007/0087219 A1)式45至50之化合物。 用於磷光摻雜劑之特佳的基質係式51之化合物(EP 652273 B1)。 用於磷光摻雜劑之其他特佳的基質材料係選自通式52之化合物(EP 1923448 B1)。 其中M、L、及n係如參考文獻中所定義。較佳地M係Zn，且L係喹啉酸酯q (quinolinate q)，且n係2、3或4。非常特佳地係[Znq 2] 2、[Znq 2] 3、及[Znq 2] 4。 較佳者為選自金屬類奧辛錯合物之共主體，由此，喹啉酸鋰(Liq)或Alq 3係特佳地。 發射體化合物必須具有如相較於主體化合物更小的能帶間隙。通常，較小的能帶間隙可藉由延伸共軛分子系統之π電子系統來達成。因此，發射體化合物傾向於具有比主體分子更延伸的共軛π電子系統。已有許多實施例發表，例如，如揭示於JP 2913116B及WO 2001/021729 A1中之苯乙烯基胺衍生物，及如揭示於WO 2008/006449及WO 2007/140847中之茚并茀衍生物。 藍色螢光發射體較佳地係聚芳族化合物(諸如例如9,10-二(2-萘基蒽)及其他蒽衍生物)、稠四苯、𠮿、苝之衍生物(諸如例如2,5,8,11-四-三級丁基苝)、伸苯基(例如4,4'-雙(9-乙基-3-咔唑伸乙烯基)-1,1'-聯苯)、茀、芳基芘(US 2006/0222886)、伸芳基伸乙烯基(US 5121029、US 5130603)、紅螢烯、香豆素、羅丹明(rhodamine)、喹吖酮之衍生物(諸如例如N,N'-二甲基喹吖酮(DMQA))、二氰基亞甲基哌喃(諸如例如4 (二氰基伸乙基)-6-(4-二甲基胺基苯乙烯基-2-甲基)-4H-吡喃(DCM))、噻喃、聚次甲基、哌喃鎓(pyrylium)及噻喃鎓鹽(thiapyrylium)、二茚并苝(periflanthene)、茚并苝、雙(吖𠯤基)亞胺-硼化合物(US 2007/0092753 A1)、雙(吖𠯤基)亞甲基化合物及喹啉酮(carbostyryl)化合物。 另外較佳的藍色螢光發射體係描述於C.H. Chen et al.: “Recent developments in organic electroluminescent materials” Macromol. Symp. 125, (1997), 1-48及“Recent progress of molecular organic electroluminescent materials and devices” Mat.Sci. and Eng. R, 39 (2002), 143-222中。 根據本發明之較佳的螢光摻雜劑係選自單苯乙烯基胺、二苯乙烯基胺、三苯乙烯基胺、四苯乙烯基胺、苯乙烯基膦、苯乙烯基醚及芳基胺。 單苯乙烯基胺係意指含有一個經取代或未經取代之苯乙烯基基團及至少一個胺(較佳地芳族胺)之化合物。二苯乙烯基胺係意指含有兩個經取代或未經取代之苯乙烯基基團及至少一個胺(較佳地芳族胺)之化合物。三苯乙烯基胺係意指含有三個經取代或未經取代之苯乙烯基基團及至少一個胺(較佳地芳族胺)之化合物。四苯乙烯基胺係意指含有四個經取代或未經取代之苯乙烯基基團及至少一個胺(較佳地芳族胺)之化合物。苯乙烯基基團特佳地係茋，其亦可經進一步取代。以類似於胺之方式來定義對應的膦及醚。為本發明之目的，芳基胺或芳族胺係意指含有三個直接鍵結至氮之經取代或未經取代之芳族或雜芳族環系統之化合物。此等芳族或雜芳族環系統中之至少一者較佳地係縮合環系統，其較佳地具有至少14個芳族環原子。較佳的實施例係芳族蒽-胺、芳族蒽-二胺、芳族芘-胺、芳族芘-二胺、芳族-胺及芳族-二胺。芳族蒽-胺係意指其中一個二芳基胺基基團直接鍵結至蒽基團(較佳地在9位置)之化合物。芳族蒽-二胺係意指其中二個二芳基胺基基團直接鍵結至蒽基團(較佳地在9、10位置)之化合物。以與其類似之方式來定義芳族芘-胺、芳族芘-二胺、芳族-胺及芳族-二胺，其中在芘上之二芳基胺基基團較佳地係鍵結在1位置或在1,6位置。 另外較佳的螢光摻雜劑係選自例如根據WO 2006/122630之茚并茀-胺及茚并茀-二胺、例如根據WO 2008/006449之苯并茚并茀-胺及苯并茚并茀-二胺、及例如根據WO 2007/140847之二苯并茚并茀-胺及二苯并茚并茀-二胺。 來自苯乙烯基胺類別之摻雜劑之實施例係經取代或未經取代之三茋(tristilbene)-胺或描述於WO 2006/000388、WO 2006/058737、WO 2006/000389、WO 2007/065549及WO 2007/115610中之摻雜劑。二苯乙烯基苯及二苯乙烯基聯苯衍生物係描述於US 5121029中。另外的苯乙烯基胺係見於US 2007/0122656 A1中。 特佳的苯乙烯基胺摻雜劑及三芳基胺摻雜劑係式53至58及如揭示於US 7250532 B2、DE 102005058557 A1、CN 1583691 A、JP 08053397 A、US 6251531 B1、及US 2006/210830 A中之化合物。 另外較佳的螢光摻雜劑係選自如揭示於EP 1957606 A1及US 2008/0113101 A1中之三芳基胺之群組。 另外較佳的螢光摻雜劑係選自以下衍生物：萘、蒽、稠四苯、茀、二茚并苝、茚并苝、菲、苝(US 2007/0252517 A1)、芘、、十環烯、蔻、四苯基環戊二烯、五苯基環戊二烯、茀、螺茀、紅螢烯、香豆素(US 4769292、US 6020078、US 2007/0252517 A1)、哌喃、噁酮、苯并-㗁唑、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、吡𠯤、肉桂酸酯、二酮基吡咯并吡咯、吖啶酮及喹吖酮(US 2007/0252517 A1)。 在蒽化合物中，特佳者為9,10-經取代之蒽，諸如例如9,10-二苯基蒽及9,10-雙(苯基乙炔基)蒽。1,4-雙(9'-乙炔基蒽基)苯亦係較佳的摻雜劑。 磷光發射體之實施例係由申請案WO 00/70655、WO 01/41512、WO 02/02714、WO 02/15645、EP 1191613、EP 1191612、EP 1191614及WO 2005/033244所披露。通常，如根據用於磷光OLED之先前技術所使用及如有機電致發光領域之所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之所有磷光錯合物均係合適的，且所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者將在無創造性之情況下就能夠使用另外的磷光錯合物。 磷光發射體可係金屬錯合物，較佳地具有式M(L) z，其中M係金屬原子，L在每次出現時彼此獨立地係經由一、二或更多個位置鍵結至M或與M配位的有機配位基，且z係≥1的整數，較佳地為1、2、3、4、5或6，且其中，可選地，此等基團經由一或多個，較佳一、二或三個位置(較佳地經由配位基L)連接至聚合物。 M特別是選自下列之金屬原子：過渡金屬，較佳地選自第VIII族之過渡金屬、或鑭系元素、或錒系元素，特佳地選自Rh、Os、Ir、Pt、Pd、Au、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Re、Cu、Zn、W、Mo、Pd、Ag、或Ru，及非常特佳地選自Os、Ir、Ru、Rh、Re、Pd、或Pt。M亦可係Zn。 較佳的配位基係2-苯基吡啶衍生物、7,8-苯并喹啉衍生物、2-(2-噻吩基)吡啶衍生物、2-(1-萘基)吡啶衍生物或2-苯基喹啉衍生物。所有此等化合物均可經取代，例如，就藍色而言，可被氟或三氟甲基取代基取代。輔助配位基較佳地係乙醯丙酮酸鹽或苦味酸。 特別是，如揭示於US 2007/0087219 A1中之式59之Pt或Pd與四牙配位基之錯合物，其中R 1至R 14及Z 1至Z 5係如參考文獻中所定義、具有擴大環系統之Pt卟啉錯合物(US 2009/0061681 A1)及Ir錯合物係合適的，例如2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基-21H, 23H-卟啉-Pt(II)、四苯基-Pt(II)-四苯并卟啉(US 2009/0061681 A1)、順式-雙(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2')Pt(II)、順式-雙(2-(2'-噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3')Pt(II)、順式-雙(2-(2'-噻吩基)喹啉根-N,C5')Pt(II)、(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)-吡啶根-N,C2')Pt(II)乙醯丙酮酸鹽、或參(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2')Ir(III)(Ir(ppy) 3，綠色)、雙(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2)Ir(III)乙醯丙酮酸鹽(Ir(ppy) 2乙醯丙酮酸鹽，綠色，US 2001/0053462 A1, Baldo, Thompson et al.Nature 403, (2000), 750-753)、雙(1-苯基異喹啉根-N,C2')(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2')銥(III)、雙(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2')(1-苯基異喹啉根-N,C2')銥(III)、雙(2-(2'-苯并噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3')銥(III)乙醯丙酮酸鹽、雙(2-(4',6'-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2')銥(III)吡啶甲酸鹽(Firpic，藍色)、雙(2-(4',6'-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2')Ir(III)肆(1-吡唑基)硼酸鹽、參(2-(聯苯-3-基)-4-三級丁基吡啶)-銥(III)、(ppz) 2Ir(5phdpym) (US 2009/0061681 A1)、 (45ooppz) 2Ir(5phdpym) (US 2009/0061681 A1)、2-苯基吡啶-Ir錯合物之衍生物，諸如例如銥(III)雙(2-苯基喹啉基-N,C2')乙醯丙酮酸鹽(PQIr)、參(2-苯基異喹啉根-N,C)Ir(III)(紅色)、雙(2-(2'-苯并[4,5-a]噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3)Ir乙醯丙酮酸鹽([Btp2Ir(acac)]，紅色，Adachi et al.Appl.Phys.Lett.78 (2001), 1622-1624)。 亦合適的係三價鑭系元素之錯合物，諸如例如Tb 3+及Eu 3+(J. Kido et al.Appl.Phys.Lett.65 (1994), 2124、Kido et al.Chem. Lett. 657, 1990, US 2007/0252517 A1)、或Pt(II)、Ir(I)、Rh(I)與馬來腈二硫醇鹽(maleonitrile dithiolate)之磷光錯合物(Johnson et al., JACS 105, 1983, 1795)、Re(I)三羰基二亞胺錯合物(尤其是Wrighton, JACS 96, 1974, 998)、與氰基配位基及聯吡啶基或啡啉配位基之Os(II)錯合物(Ma et al., Synth.Metals 94, 1998, 245)或無主體之Alq 3。 具有三牙配位基之另外的磷光發射體係描述於在US 6824895及US 7029766中。在US 6835469及US 6830828中提到發紅光之磷光錯合物。 特佳的磷光摻雜劑係式60之化合物及如揭示於例如US 2001/0053462 A1中之另外的化合物。 特佳的磷光摻雜劑係式61之化合物及如揭示於例如WO 2007/095118 A1中之另外的化合物。 另外的衍生物係描述於US 7378162 B2、US 6835469 B2、及JP 2003/253145 A中。 關於本文別處所提到之金屬錯合物，根據本發明之合適的金屬錯合物可選自過渡金屬、稀土元素、鑭系元素及錒系元素，其亦係本發明之主題。較佳地金屬係選自Ir、Ru、Os、Eu、Au、Pt、Cu、Zn、Mo、W、Rh、Pd、或Ag。 根據本發明之油墨亦可包含選自下列之有機功能材料：聚合物、寡聚物、樹枝狀聚合物、及摻合物。該功能聚合物特徵在於可將不同的功能併入一個大分子或大分子之摻合物中。該等功能尤其是電洞注入材料、電洞傳輸材料、電子阻擋材料、發光材料、電洞阻擋材料、電子注入材料、電子傳輸材料、及染料之功能。被併入聚合物之功能可被分類成不同群組。藉由選擇所欲之功能群組及在其等之間之比率，可將該聚合物轉變成具有(多種)所欲之功能。 聚合物、寡聚物及樹枝狀聚合物之間的差異係導因於如上文所定義之分子實體之大小、大小分布、及分支。 不同的結構尤其是如揭示及廣泛列舉於WO 2002/077060 A1及於DE 10337346 A1中者。結構單元可源自於例如以下群組： 群組1：增加聚合物之電洞注入及/或電洞傳輸性質的單元，其對應於如上述之HIM或HTM。 群組2：增加聚合物之電子注入及/或電子傳輸性質的單元，其對應於如上述之EIM或ETM。 群組3：具有來自群組1及群組2之個別單元之組合的單元。 群組4：將發光特性改質到可獲得電致磷光而非電致螢光之程度的單元；一般而言，其對應於如上述之磷光發射體，或更佳地發光金屬錯合物。 群組5：改善從所謂單重態至較高自旋態(例如三重態)之躍遷的單元。 群組6：影響所生成之聚合物之型態及/或發光顏色的單元。 群組7：一般被用作為骨架且可具有電子傳輸功能、電洞傳輸功能、或二者的單元。 群組8：在從UV到紅外線之至少一個波長中具有強吸收的單元。其對應於如上述之染料材料。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組1之單元的電洞傳輸或電洞注入聚合物，其較佳地係選自包含如上述之低分子量HTM或HIM之單元。 群組1之另外較佳的單元係，例如三芳基胺、聯苯胺、四芳基-對苯二胺、咔唑、薁、噻吩、吡咯及呋喃衍生物，及另外具有高HOMO之含有O、S、或N之雜環。此等芳基胺及雜環在該聚合物中較佳地導致大於5.8eV(相對於真空能階)，特佳地大於5.5eV之HOMO。 較佳的聚合物HTM或HIM係包含至少一個下式62之重複單元之聚合物。 其中 Ar 1可為相同或不同的，若在不同的重複單元中，則獨立地表示單鍵或可選地經取代之單核或多核芳基基團， Ar 2可為相同或不同的，若在不同的重複單元中，則獨立地表示可選地經取代之單核或多核芳基基團， Ar 3可為相同或不同的，若在不同的重複單元中，則獨立地表示可選地經取代之單核或多核芳基基團，且 m係1、2或3。 聚合物HTM之實施例係如揭示於WO 2007/131582 A1及WO 2008/009343 A1中。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組2之單元的電子傳輸或電子注入聚合物，其較佳地係選自包含如上述之低分子量ETM或EIM之群組。 具有電子注入或電子傳輸性質的群組2之另外較佳的單元係，例如吡啶、嘧啶、嗒𠯤、吡𠯤、㗁二唑、喹啉、喹㗁啉及啡𠯤衍生物，還有三芳基硼烷及另外具有低LUMO之含有O、S、或N之雜環。在聚合物中之此等單元導致小於2.7 eV(相對於真空能階)，特佳地小於2.8 eV之LUMO。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組3之單元的聚合物，其中使電洞遷移率及電子遷移率增加之結構(亦即群組1及2之單元)係直接彼此鍵結。此等單元中之一些可充當發射體，且使發光顏色偏移至綠色、黃色或紅色。因此其用途適於例如從原本發藍光之聚合物產生其他發光顏色或寬帶發光。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組4之單元的聚合物，其較佳地係選自包含磷光發射體、特別是如上述之發光金屬錯合物之群組。此處特佳者為含有來自第8至第10族之元素(Ru、Os、Rh、Ir、Pd、Pt)的對應結構單元。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組5之單元的聚合物三重態基質，該群組5之單元可改善從單重態至三重態之躍遷且其被用於支撐群組4之結構元素中，從而改善此等結構元素之磷光性質。適用於此目的者特別是咔唑及橋聯咔唑二聚體單元，如描述於DE 10304819 A1及DE 10328627 A1中。亦適用此目的者係酮、膦氧化物、亞碸、碸、矽烷衍生物及類似化合物，如描述於DE 10349033 A1中。另外較佳的結構單元可係選自包含如上述之低分子量磷光基質之群組。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組6之單元的聚合物，該群組6之單元影響聚合物之型態及/或發光顏色，除上述者之外，彼等還具有至少一種另外的芳族結構或不屬於上述群組的另一共軛結構，亦即其對電荷載體遷移率僅具有少許影響、其不是有機金屬錯合物或其對單重態-三重態躍遷沒有影響。這類型之結構元素可影響所生成之聚合物的型態及/或發光顏色。因此，取決於單元而定，其亦可用作發射體。在螢光OLED之情況下，此處較佳者為具有6至40個C原子之芳族結構或還有二苯乙炔、茋或雙苯乙烯基伸芳基衍生物，其各自可經一或多個基R 1取代。特佳者為併入1,4-伸苯基、1,4-伸萘基、1,4-伸蒽基或9,10-伸蒽基、1,6-伸芘基、2,7-伸芘基或4,9-伸芘基、3,9-伸苝基或3,10-伸苝基、4,4'-伸聯二苯、4,4"-伸聯三苯基、4,4'-雙-1,1'-伸萘基、4,4'-伸二苯乙炔基、4,4'-伸茋基或4,4"-聯二苯乙烯基伸芳基衍生物。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組7之單元的聚合物，該群組7之單元含有一般用作聚合物骨架之具有6至40個C原子的芳族結構。此等係，例如4,5-二氫芘衍生物、4,5,9,10-四氫芘衍生物、茀衍生物(如揭示於例如US 5962631、WO 2006/052457 A2及WO 2006/118345 A1中)、9,9'-螺聯茀衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2003/020790 A1中)、9,10-菲衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2005/104264 A1中)、9,10-二氫菲衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2005/014689 A2中)、5,7-二氫二苯并㗁呯(5,7-dihydrodibenzooxepine)衍生物及順式茚并茀及反式茚并茀衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2004041901 A1、WO 2004113412 A2中)、及伸聯萘基(binaphthylene)衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2006/063852 A1中)、及另外的單元(如揭示於例如WO 2005/056633 A1、EP 1344788 A1及WO 2007/043495 A1、WO 2005/033174 A1、WO 2003/099901 A1及DE 102006003710中)。 群組7之另外較佳的結構元素係選自茀衍生物(如揭示於例如US 5,962,631、WO 2006/052457 A2及WO 2006/118345 A1中)、螺聯茀衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2003/020790 A1中)、苯并茀、二苯并茀、苯并噻吩、二苯并茀及其衍生物(如揭示於例如WO 2005/056633 A1、EP 1344788 A1及WO 2007/043495 A1中)。 較佳地，該有機功能材料係包含群組8之單元的聚合物，其可選自包含如上述之染料材料之群組。適用於有機太陽能電池之共軛聚合物(如例如由F.C.Krebs, in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol91, 953 (2007)所綜述)亦可被用作在本發明中之該另外的有機功能材料。 較佳者為適用於本發明之聚合物，其同時包含一或多種選自群組1至8之單元。同樣較佳的可為同時存在來自群組之多於一種結構單元。 較佳者為適用於本發明之聚合物，其除發射體之結構單元之外，還包含上文所提到之群組中之至少一種結構單元。至少二種結構單元特佳地為來自上述不同類別的群組。 若存在於聚合物中，則該不同類別的群組之比例較佳地在各情況下係至少5 mol%，特佳地在各情況下係至少10 mol%。特別是，此等結構單元中之一者係選自電洞傳導單元之群組而另一群組係發光單元，其中此二種功能(電洞傳導及發光)亦可被相同單元採用。 然而，對例如發白光共聚物之合成，較小比例的發光單元(特別是發綠光及發紅光單元)亦可為較佳的。在DE 10343606 A1中詳細描述可合成發白光共聚物之方式。 為了確保足夠的溶解度，較佳的是每個重複單元之取代基中存在平均至少2個非芳族C原子。此處較佳者為至少4個且特佳為至少8個C原子。此外，此等中之個別C原子可被O或S置換。然而，此完全可意指某些比例的重複單元不帶有任何另外的非芳族取代基。 為了避免損害薄膜之形態，較佳的是在直鏈中不具有多於12個C原子，特佳為不具有多於8個C原子，及特別是不具有多於6個C原子之長鏈取代基。 在本發明中用作有機功能材料之聚合物可為統計(statistical)共聚物或隨機(random)共聚物、交替共聚物或區域規則共聚物(regioregular copolymer)、嵌段共聚物或其組合。 在另一較佳的具體實施例中，該聚合物係側鏈非共軛聚合物(side-chain non-conjugated polymer)，此對基於聚合物之磷光OLED而言尤其重要。通常，此種磷光聚合物係藉由乙烯基化合物之自由基共聚合之手段來獲得，且在側鏈上包含至少一種磷光發射體及至少一種電荷傳輸單元，如揭示於US 7250226 B2中。此類磷光聚合物之另外的實施例係揭示於例如JP 2007/211243 A2、JP 2007/197574 A2、US 7250226 B2、及JP 2007/059939 A中。 在另外較佳的具體實施例中，該聚合物係主鏈非共軛聚合物(main-chain non-conjugated polymer)，其中該骨架單元在主鏈上藉由間隔子連接。如同側鏈非共軛聚合物一樣，主鏈非共軛聚合物亦給出高的三重態能階。基於主鏈非共軛聚合物之三重態OLED之實施例係揭示於DE 102009023154中。 在另一具體實施例中，該聚合物亦可係用於螢光OLED之非共軛聚合物。較佳的單重態非共軛聚合物係例如在側鏈中具有蒽、苯并蒽及其衍生物之側鏈聚合物，如揭示於JP 2005/108556、JP 2005/285661、及 JP 2003/338375中。 該聚合物亦可充當ETM或HTM，較佳地該聚合物係非共軛聚合物。 根據本發明之裝置亦可包含不是藉由使用根據本發明之油墨來沉積之額外的層。該額外的層可藉由來自溶液之技術或藉由氣相沉積法來沉積。據此，所使用之具體方法取決於所使用之材料特性，且所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者對選擇適當的技術毫無問題。沉積的材料可係在電子或光電子多層結構之領域中所使用之任何材料。特別是，該材料可係本文所述之任何材料。此外，該材料可係選自如下列概述之有機及無機功能材料。 無機化合物(諸如P型Si及P型SiC)及無機氧化物(例如氧化釩(VO x)、氧化鉬(MoO x)或氧化鎳(NiO x))亦可被用作HIM。 電子注入層(EIL)常係由絕緣體及半導體所構成。 用於EIL之較佳的鹼金屬硫屬化合物(chalcogenide)係Li 2O、LiO、Na 2S、Na 2Se、NaO、K 2O、及Cs 2O。 用於EIL之較佳的鹼土金屬硫屬化合物係CaO、BaO、SrO、BeO、BaS、及CaSe。 用於EIL之較佳的鹼金屬之鹵化物係LiF、NaF、KF、CsF、LiCl、KCl、及NaCl。 用於EIL之較佳的鹼土金屬之鹵化物係CaF 2、BaF 2、SrF 2、MgF 2、及BeF 2。 同樣地，可使用鹼金屬錯合物、鹼土金屬錯合物、稀土金屬(Sc、Y、Ce、Th、Yb)、稀土金屬錯合物、稀土金屬化合物(較佳地為YbF 3、ScF 3、TbF 3)等。 EIL之結構係描述於例如US 5608287、US 5776622、US 5776623、US 6137223、US 6140763、US 6914269中。 電子傳輸層可由本質材料(intrinsic material)所組成或包含摻雜劑。Alq 3(EP 278757 B1)及Liq (EP 0569827 A2)係本質層之實施例。4,7-二苯基-1,10-啡啉(Bphen):Li 1:1 (US 2003/02309890)及紅螢烯/LiF係摻雜層之實施例。 根據本發明之方法，使用油墨A及B以及油墨H，且可選地使用油墨C及另外的油墨，例如油墨D。此等油墨之各者含有有機溶劑A、B、C及D中之至少一者。 不同的油墨中使用之溶劑A、B、C及D係彼此不同的。 此外，在不同的油墨中使用之溶劑A、B、C及D以及溶劑H可係單一溶劑或二或更多種不同的溶劑之混合物。 作為溶劑，可使用尤其常用於OLED之印刷的任何合適的溶劑。在本申請案中描述較佳的溶劑。溶劑僅需要滿足對於其各自有機功能材料之溶解度的要求。 材料在溶劑中溶解度之測定可遵循ISO norm 7579：2009進行，其描述藉由光度(photometric)或重力測量法(gravimetric method)的溶解度測定。在此建議光度技術並使用之，由於所考慮及使用之溶劑之沸點係高於120℃。 有機溶劑A、B及H以及可選的溶劑C及D，各自具有在120至400℃之範圍內、較佳地在200至350℃之範圍內、更佳地在225至325℃之範圍內及最佳地在250至300℃之範圍內的沸點。 油墨A、B、C、D及H之較佳的溶劑係彼此獨立且較佳地為有機溶劑，該等有機溶劑尤其包括酮、醚、酯、醯胺(諸如二-C 1-2-烷基甲醯胺)、硫化合物、硝基化合物、烴、鹵化烴(例如：氯化烴)、芳族烴或雜芳族烴(例如：萘衍生物)及鹵化芳族烴或鹵化雜芳族烴。 更佳的溶劑可選自以下群組中之一者：經取代及未經取代之芳族或直鏈醚諸如3-苯氧基甲苯或苯甲醚；經取代及未經取代之芳烴衍生物諸如環己基苯；經取代及未經取代之芳族或直鏈酯諸如苯甲酸丁酯或對甲苯甲酸乙酯(ethyl p-toluate)；經取代及未經取代之茚烷諸如六甲基茚烷；經取代及未經取代之芳族或直鏈酮諸如二環己基甲酮；經取代及未經取代之雜環諸如吡咯啶酮、吡啶、吡𠯤；其他氟化或氯化芳族烴、經取代及未經取代之萘諸如經烷基取代之萘，諸如1-乙基萘。 特佳的溶劑係例如1-乙基-萘、2-乙基萘、2-丙基萘、2-(1-甲基乙基)-萘、1-(1-甲基乙基)-萘、2-丁基萘、1,6-二甲基萘、2,2'-二甲基聯苯、3,3'-二甲基聯苯、1-乙醯基萘、1,2,3,4-四甲基苯、1,2,3,5-四甲基-苯、1,2,4,5-四甲基-苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、1,2-二氫萘、1,2-二甲基-萘、1,3-苯并二㗁呃(benzodioxole)、1,3-二異丙基苯、1,3-二甲基-萘、1,4-苯并二㗁烷、1,4-二異丙基苯、1,4-二甲基-萘、1,5-二甲基四氫萘、1-苯并噻吩、硫雜萘(thianaphthalene)、1-溴萘、1-氯甲基萘、1-甲氧基萘、1-甲基萘、2-溴-3-溴甲基萘、2-溴-甲基-萘、2-溴萘、2-乙氧基萘、2-異丙基-苯甲醚、3,5-二甲基-苯甲醚、5-甲氧基茚烷、5-甲氧基-吲哚、5-三級丁基-間二甲苯、6-甲基喹啉、8-甲基喹啉、苯乙酮、苯并噻唑、乙酸苄酯、丁基苯基醚、苯甲酸丁酯、對甲苯甲酸乙酯、環己基苯、十氫萘酚(decahydronaphthol)、二甲氧基甲苯、3-苯氧基-甲苯、二苯基醚、苯丙酮、己基苯、六甲基茚烷、異色烷(isochromane)、苯乙酸酯、苯丙酮、藜蘆素(veratrol)、吡咯啶酮、N,N-二丁基苯胺、己酸環己酯、異戊酸薄荷酯(menthyl isovalerate)、二環己基甲酮、月桂酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯。 除上文所提到之組分，尤其是有機功能材料及溶劑之外，本發明之油墨還可包含另外的添加劑及加工助劑。此等尤其是包括表面活性物質(界面活性劑)、潤滑劑及油脂、改質黏度之添加劑、增加傳導性之添加劑、分散劑、疏水劑、黏著促進劑、流動改良劑、消泡劑、除氣劑、可為反應性或非反應性之稀釋劑、填料、助劑、加工助劑、染料、顏料、穩定劑、敏化劑、奈米粒子及抑制劑。 除了上述材料之外，根據本發明之有機電致發光裝置還可包含至少一個陽極、至少一個陰極及一或多個基板。為本發明之目的，以下列方式選擇電極(陰極、陽極)：該等電極的能帶能量與相鄰有機層之能帶能量儘可能接近一致，以確保高效的電子或電洞注入。 用於陽極之較佳的材料係金屬氧化物，其選自但不限於：銦錫氧化物(ITO)、銦鋅氧化物(IZO)、氧化錫(SnO)、ZnO、InO、鋁鋅氧化物(AlZnO)、及其他金屬氧化物，諸如摻雜氧化鋅之鋁-鋅氧化物及銦-鋅氧化物、鎂-銦氧化物、及鎳-鎢氧化物。亦可使用金屬氮化物(諸如氮化鎵)及金屬硒化物(諸如硒化鋅)及金屬硫化物(諸如硫化鋅)。可用於陽極之另外的材料係導電聚合物，例如：聚噻吩及聚吡咯。 陽極可為透明、不透明、或反射的。陽極亦可採用中間態，例如：部分反射且部分透明。 若陽極不是透明或僅部分透明，則可使用另外的導電材料。用於不透明或部分透明之陽極之較佳的材料係選自但不限於Au、Ir、Mo、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Sn、C、Al、V、Fe、Co、Ni、W、及其混合物。亦可將導電材料與如上述之另外的導電材料混合，例如In-Cu。 陽極較佳地為透明且用於陽極之特佳的材料係ITO。在底部發光型裝置(bottom-emitting device)之情況下，玻璃或塑膠較佳地經ITO塗佈。在頂部發光型裝置(top-emitting device)之情況下，陽極較佳地包含反射材料。可將所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之另外的材料用於陽極。 基板與陽極之可撓式及透明的組合係描述於例如US 5844363 B2及US 6602540 B2中。 陰極可為透明、不透明、或反射的。陰極係選自具有低功函數之金屬或合金。較佳地使用具有少於4.0 eV之功函數的金屬、合金、或導電化合物或材料。特佳的陰極係選自但不限於Ba、Ca、Sr、Yb、Ga、Cd、Si、Ta、Sb、Zn、Mg、Al、In、Li、Na、Cs、Ag、二或更多種元素之混合物(諸如包含Mg/Al或Al/Li或Al/Sc/Li或Mg/Ag之合金)或金屬氧化物(諸如ITO或IZO)。 另外較佳的用於陰極之材料(用於形成薄介電層)係選自與LiF、Li 2O、BaF 2、MgO、或NaF混合之金屬。一般的組合係LiF/Al。 在頂部具有ITO層之Mg/Al陰極係描述於US 5703436、US 5707745、US 6548956 B2、US 6576134 B2中。Mg/Ag合金係描述於US 4885221中。 可以使用所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何種類的材料作為基材。基板可為硬式或可撓式。基板可為透明、半透明、不透明或反射的。所使用之材料可為玻璃、塑膠、陶瓷或金屬箔，其中塑膠及金屬箔較佳地係用於可撓式基板。然而，亦可使用半導體材料(諸如例如矽晶圓或印刷電路板(PCB)材料)，以使導體軌道之生成簡化。亦可使用其他基板。 所使用之玻璃可係例如鈉鈣玻璃、含Ba或含Sr之玻璃、鉛玻璃、矽酸鋁玻璃、硼矽酸玻璃、硼矽酸鋇玻璃或石英。 塑膠板可由下列所組成：例如，聚碳酸酯樹脂、丙烯酸樹脂、氯乙烯樹脂、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯樹脂、聚醯亞胺樹脂、聚酯樹脂、環氧樹脂、酚樹脂、聚矽氧樹脂、氟樹脂、聚醚硫化物樹脂或聚碸樹脂。 對透明膜而言，係使用例如聚乙烯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、PVC、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醇縮丁醛(polyvinylbutyral)、尼龍、聚醚醚酮、聚碸、聚醚碸、四氟乙烯-全氟烷基乙烯基醚共聚物、聚氟乙烯、四氟乙烯-乙烯共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚三氟氯乙烯、聚二氟亞乙烯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺或聚醚醯亞胺。 基板係具備疏水層。基板較佳地係透明的。 亦可使用此處所提到之材料以外的其他材料。合適的材料係所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知的。 在將本發明之至少兩種油墨(例如第一油墨A及第二油墨B)施加至基板或已施加好的功能層上之後，執行乾燥步驟以移除(多種)溶劑。乾燥較佳地可在相對低的溫度及在相對長的時間內執行，以避免氣泡形成並獲得均勻的塗層。此處之乾燥較佳地可在10 -6mbar至1 mbar之範圍內、更佳地在10 -6mbar至10 -2mbar之範圍內及最佳地在10 -6mbar至10 -4mbar之範圍內的壓力下執行。在乾燥過程期間，基板之溫度可在-5℃至40℃變化。 此外可提出的是，將該過程重複多次，以形成不同或相同的功能層。在此可使所形成之功能層發生交聯以防止其溶解，如例如揭示於EP 0637899 A1中。 此外，本發明亦關於油墨套組，其含有至少兩種不同的油墨，油墨A及油墨B， -     其中油墨A含有至少第一有機功能材料A及至少第一有機溶劑A， -     其中油墨B含有至少第二有機功能材料B及至少第二有機溶劑B， -     其中第一有機功能材料A及第二有機功能材料B係不同的， -     其中第一有機溶劑A及第二有機溶劑B係不同的， -     且其中有機溶劑A及有機溶劑B在室溫下可以任何混合比率彼此互溶， 其特徵在於 -     有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， -     有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 -     有機功能材料A在室溫下在有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 當將套組之兩種油墨混合時，其得到一種油墨，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、至少第二有機功能材料B、至少第一有機溶劑A及至少第二有機溶劑B。 此外本發明關於用於製備油墨之方法，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、第二有機功能材料B、至少第一有機溶劑A及至少第二有機溶劑B，其特徵在於本發明之套組之至少兩種不同的油墨係混合的。 本發明亦關於電子設備，較佳地為有機發光二極體(OLED)，其特徵在於至少一層係使用本發明之方法製備。 電子裝置係意指包含陽極、陰極及介於其間的至少一個功能層的裝置，其中此功能層包含至少一種有機功能材料。 有機電子裝置較佳地為有機發光二極體(OLED)、有機積體電路(O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(O-FET)、有機薄膜電晶體(O-TFT)、有機發光電晶體(O‑LET)、有機太陽能電池(O-SC)、有機光伏打(OPV)電池、有機光偵測器、有機感光器、有機場猝滅(field-quench)裝置(O-FQD)、有機電感測器、發光電化學電池(LEC)或有機雷射二極體(O-雷射)，更佳地為有機發光二極體(OLED)。 意外的是，發現在應用本申請案之方法之情況下，不同的油墨之組分在其乾燥之前僅組合一段短的時間。由於油墨之混合與其乾燥之間的時間顯著低於其儲存壽命，因此關於油墨穩定性之問題已不復存在。 尤其是，當例如第一油墨A之有機功能材料A在第二油墨B之至少一種有機溶劑B中具有低溶解度或不溶解時，此有機功能材料A可在至少一種有機溶劑A中儲存並加工，且僅在乾燥之前不久才與合適印刷之有機溶劑B組合。因此，可防止在儲存期間油墨中組成物之沉澱。 此外，如上文及於工作實施例中所示，在使用本發明之印刷方法之情況下，可以製造例如全彩OLED顯示器而無傳統印刷方法之上述缺點。 此等上述優點不會伴隨其他電子性質之損傷。 下面將參照工作實施例來更詳細的解釋本發明，但不受其限制。 工作實施例在工作實施例中，使用以下材料： 實施例 1長期油墨穩定性檢查 為了評估由本發明所形成之溶劑摻合物在像素中對於其直接使用之適用性(suitability)，製備一系列的油墨並監測。 將化合物D1稱重放入玻璃小瓶中以允許製備具有40 g/l濃度之油墨。在分開的容器中，將ENA及異戊酸薄荷酯用惰性氣體(Nitrogen)沖洗20分鐘。使用玻璃吸量管將ENA添加至固體中。將溶液在室溫下用磁性攪拌子攪拌直到固體完全溶解為止，以得到溶液1。 將溶液1之等分試樣分入另一玻璃小瓶中，並添加異戊酸薄荷酯，以給出溶液2，濃度為13.33 g/l且異戊酸薄荷酯/ENA之溶劑比為2/1 (V/V)。 將溶液1之等分試樣分入另一玻璃小瓶中，並添加異戊酸薄荷酯，以給出溶液3，濃度為6.67 g/l且異戊酸薄荷酯/ENA之溶劑比為5/1 (V/V)。 將澄清溶液1至3在氬氣下在室溫下儲存於玻璃瓶中14天，並定期檢查沉澱。 溶液1在整個觀察時間保持澄清。 溶液2及溶液3在4小時之後變得混濁，且大部分的固體材料已在20小時內沉澱。 雖然溶液1係長期穩定的，但溶液2及溶液3不能儲存較長的時間。 實施例 2短期油墨穩定性檢查 為了測定在像素中所使用之不良溶劑之最大量，進行滴定實驗。 將化合物D1稱重放入玻璃小瓶中以允許製備具有40 g/l濃度之油墨。在分開的容器中，將ENA及異戊酸薄荷酯用惰性氣體(Nitrogen)沖洗20分鐘。使用玻璃吸量管將ENA添加至固體中。將溶液在室溫下用磁力攪拌子攪拌直到固體完全溶解為止。 在磁力攪拌下向此溶液之等分試樣中滴加異戊酸薄荷酯並監測溶液之即時沉澱。 直到異戊酸薄荷酯/ENA之溶劑比超過15/1 (V/V)才觀察到沉澱且濃度大約已降至2.5 g/l以下。在數小時之後，溶液開始變得混濁並形成沉澱。 比較例 3使用1種油墨，將其印刷在一個像素中來製備功能層(亦即：G-EML) 材料 溶劑 目標濃度(g/L) 備註 H1 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 溶解度 ＞ 50 g/L D1 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 不溶解，溶解度 ＜ 5 g/L H1:D1無法藉由在異戊酸薄荷酯中印刷兩種材料來達成。 實施例 3使用2種油墨，將其等印刷在一個像素中來製備功能層(亦即：G-EML) 材料 溶劑 目標濃度 (g/L) 備註 H1 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 溶解度 ＞ 50 g/L D1 ENA 50 溶解度 ＞ 50 g/L H1:D1可藉由印刷H1(異戊酸薄荷酯)及D1(ENA)來達成。 比較例 4使用一種油墨，將其印刷在一個像素中來製備功能層 材料 溶劑 目標濃度(g/L) 溶解度第1天 溶解度第7天 備註 H1 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L 穩定的油墨 H2 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＜ 10 g/L 不穩定的油墨 因為H2在異戊酸薄荷酯中之儲存壽命較差，所以H1:H2無法藉由在異戊酸薄荷酯中印刷兩種材料來達成。 實施例 4使用2種油墨，將其等印刷在一個像素中來製備功能層 材料 溶劑 目標濃度(g/L) 溶解度第1天 溶解度第7天 備註 H1 異戊酸薄荷酯 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L 穩定的油墨 H2 ENA 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L 穩定的油墨 H1:H2可藉由印刷H1(異戊酸薄荷酯)及H2(ENA)來達成。在將H1(異戊酸薄荷酯)及H2(ENA)印刷到相同的像素中，H2於異戊酸薄荷酯中之穩定性不成問題，因為在乾燥之前該油墨混合物僅保留幾分鐘。 The present invention relates to a method for printing a functional layer containing at least two different organic functional materials A and B, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a substrate having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing a first ink A into the first pixel type A, wherein the first ink A contains at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, (c) printing a second ink B into the first pixel type A, wherein the second ink B contains at least one organic functional material B different from the organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent B different from the organic solvent A, and the organic solvent B is miscible with the organic solvent A in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and (d) thereafter drying the first pixel type A, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, The organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and the organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. The method of the present invention relates to a method for preparing an organic functional layer by combining different inks with high concentration and high ink stability. The method of the present invention can be used to prepare an organic functional layer containing two or more solid materials (at least a first organic functional material A and at least a second organic functional material B), wherein the solid materials have different solubilities, or at least one organic functional material has low solubility in at least one of the organic solvents. Using the method of the present invention, a first ink A (wherein the first organic functional material A has good solubility in the first organic solvent A) and a second ink B (wherein the second organic functional material B has good solubility in the second organic solvent B) can be printed into the same pixel to prepare an organic functional layer containing a mixture of the first organic functional material A and the second organic functional material B. The method of the present invention can also be used to prepare an organic functional layer containing two or more solid materials (at least a first organic functional material A and at least a second organic functional material B), the solid materials having different stabilities, or at least one organic functional material having low stability in at least one of the organic solvents. Using the method of the present invention, a first ink A (wherein the first organic functional material A has good stability in the first organic solvent A) and a second ink B (wherein the second organic functional material B has good stability in the second organic solvent B) can be printed into the same pixel to prepare an organic functional layer containing a mixture of the first organic functional material A and the second organic functional material B. The mixing of the first ink A and the second ink B in the pixel can be achieved within a few minutes, which is much shorter than the storage life (several months) of one ink containing the organic functional materials and solvents of the first and second inks. Therefore, using the method of the present invention, problems with ink stability can be avoided. According to the present invention, the substrate has at least one pixel type: a first pixel type A. Preferably, the substrate has at least two different pixel types: a first pixel type A and a second pixel type B; more preferably, the substrate has at least three different pixel types: a first pixel type A, a second pixel type B, and a third pixel type C. Most preferably, the substrate has three different pixel types: a first pixel type A, a second pixel type B, and a third pixel type C. The substrate may also have more than three different pixel types, for example four different pixel types: a first pixel type A, a second pixel type B, a third pixel type C, and a fourth pixel type D. If the substrate contains other pixels different from each other in addition to the first pixel A, such as the second pixel A, the third pixel C and/or the fourth pixel D, at least one layer of the second pixel type B, the third pixel type C and/or the fourth pixel type D can also be printed according to the method of the present application. However, at least one layer of these pixels can also be printed using other known methods. In the first preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, the organic functional material B has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature. The organic functional material A has a solubility of preferably ≥30 g/l, more preferably ≥40 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature. The organic functional material A has a solubility of preferably <10 g/l, more preferably <5 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. The organic functional material B has a solubility in the organic solvent B at room temperature of preferably ≥30 g/l, more preferably ≥40 g/l. The organic functional material B has a solubility in the organic solvent A at room temperature of preferably <10 g/l, more preferably <5 g/l. The solubilities of different organic functional materials in different organic solvents are always measured at room temperature (i.e., 20°C). In addition, the solubilities of different organic functional materials are always measured under atmospheric pressure (i.e., 1 atm.). In a specific embodiment of the method of the present invention, before drying the first pixel A, in addition to the first ink A and the second ink B, at least a third ink C is printed into the first pixel A, and the third ink contains at least one organic functional material C different from the organic functional materials A and B, and at least one organic solvent C different from the organic solvents A and/or B. According to the present application, the printing method can be any printing method known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, such as flood coating, dip coating, spray coating, spin coating, screen printing, relief printing, gravure printing, rotary printing, roll coating, flexographic printing, offset printing or nozzle printing. However, a preferred printing method is inkjet printing. The printing method of the present application, preferably the inkjet printing method of the present application is used to produce a functional layer of an electronic device, preferably a functional layer of an organic light emitting diode (OLED). The functional layer is preferably a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), a light emitting layer (EML), an electron transport layer (ETL) or an electron injection layer (EIL), and more preferably a light emitting layer (EML). In the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one organic functional material A and/or at least one organic functional material B is a low molecular weight material having a molecular weight of ≤3,000 g/mol, preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and more preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. In the first embodiment of the second preferred embodiment, at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic functional material B are different host materials. In the second embodiment of the second preferred embodiment, at least one organic functional material A is a host material and at least one organic functional material B is a light emitting material. The luminescent material is selected from fluorescent and phosphorescent luminescent materials. In a third embodiment of the second preferred embodiment, at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic functional material B are different luminescent materials. The luminescent material is selected from fluorescent and phosphorescent luminescent materials. According to the method of the present invention, ink A, ink B and optionally ink C are printed into the same pixel type to obtain an ink containing at least a first organic functional material A, a second organic functional material B, and optionally a third organic functional material C, and at least a first organic solvent A, at least a second organic solvent B and optionally a third organic solvent C. The content of the organic functional materials A, B and/or C in the corresponding ink is ≥2% by weight, preferably ≥3% by weight, and more preferably ≥4% by weight, respectively, based on the total weight of the ink. The content of the organic functional material A, B and/or C in the corresponding ink is in the range of 1 to 20 wt %, preferably in the range of 2 to 20 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 3 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the ink. In the corresponding ink, the organic solvent A, B and/or C has a boiling point in the range of 100 to 400° C., preferably in the range of 200 to 350° C., more preferably in the range of 225 to 325° C., and most preferably in the range of 250 to 300° C. The first, second and/or third inks have a viscosity in the range of 0.8 to 50 mPa.s , preferably in the range of 1 to 40 mPa.s , and more preferably in the range of 2 to 15 mPa.s. The viscosity of the ink and solvent according to the present invention is measured using a 1° cone plate rotational rheometer of the Discovery AR3 model (Thermo Scientific). The equipment allows precise temperature control and shear rate. The viscosity measurement is performed at a temperature of 25.0°C (+/-0.2°C) and a shear rate of 500s -1 . Each sample is measured three times and the measured values obtained are averaged. The first ink, the second ink and/or the third ink have a surface tension in the range of 15 to 70 mN/m, preferably in the range of 10 to 50 mN/m and more preferably in the range of 20 to 40 mN/m, respectively. The surface tension can be measured using an FTA (First Ten Angstrom) 1000 contact angle goniometer at 20°C. Details of the method can be obtained from First Ten Angstrom, e.g., "Surface Tension Measurements Using the Drop Shape Method" by Roger P. Woodward, Ph.D. Preferably, the surface tension can be measured using the pendant drop method. This measurement technique dispenses a drop of liquid from a needle in a bulk liquid or gas phase. The shape of the drop results from the relationship between surface tension, gravity, and density differences. Using the pendant drop method, the surface tension is calculated from the shadow image of the drop using http://www.kruss.de/services/education-theory/glossary/drop- shape-analysis. All surface tension measurements are performed using a commonly used and commercially available high-precision drop shape analysis tool, namely the FTA1000 from First Ten Ångstrom. Surface tension is measured by the software FTA1000. All measurements were performed at room temperature in the range between 20°C and 25°C. The standard operating procedure involves the determination of the surface tension of each formulation using a new disposable droplet dispensing system (syringe and needle). Sixty measurements were taken for each droplet over a duration of one minute and then averaged. Three droplets were measured for each formulation. The final value is the average of the measurements. The tool is regularly cross-checked against various liquids with known surface tensions. In a first preferred embodiment, the method of the present application can be used to prepare a hole injection layer (HIL) for an OLED. In this first embodiment, the first ink A contains at least one hole transport material as an organic functional material and at least one organic solvent A. As hole transport material, any suitable material that is particularly commonly used in OLEDs can be used. Preferred materials are described in the present application. At least one hole transport material used for the hole injection layer is preferably a polymer material having a molecular weight M w of preferably ≥10,000 g/mol, more preferably ≥25,000 g/mol and most preferably ≥50,000 g/mol. In this first specific embodiment, the second ink B contains at least one dopant as an organic functional material and at least one solvent B. As a dopant, any suitable material that is particularly commonly used in OLEDs, especially in combination with the above-mentioned hole transport materials, can be used, preferably any suitable salt. The term dopant as used herein is also used for the term salt. Preferred salts are described, for example, in WO 2016/107668 A1. At least one dopant is preferably a low molecular weight material having a molecular weight of preferably ≤3,000 g/mol, more preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and most preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. In the first specific embodiment, the ratio of the amounts of the two inks (i.e., ink A and ink B) can be varied within a very wide range, and the ratio of the hole transport material to the dopant can also be varied within a very wide range. Organic solvent A and organic solvent B can be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. As organic solvent A and organic solvent B, any suitable organic solvent or organic solvent mixture commonly used can be used. Preferred solvents and solvent mixtures are described in this application. In a second preferred embodiment, the method of the present application can be used to prepare a hole transport layer (HTL) of an OLED. In this second embodiment, the first ink A contains at least one hole transport material and at least one organic solvent A as an organic functional material, and the second ink B contains at least one hole transport material and at least one organic solvent B as an organic functional material. As a hole transport material for the hole transport layer, any suitable material that is particularly commonly used in OLEDs can be used. Preferred materials are described in the present application. As a hole transport material for the hole transport layer, the same hole transport material as that used for the hole injection layer can be used. Each of the hole transport materials can be a polymer material or a low molecular weight material. If the hole transport material is a polymer material, the polymer material has a molecular weight M w of preferably ≥10,000 g/mol, more preferably ≥25,000 g/mol and most preferably ≥50,000 g/mol. If at least one hole transport material is a low molecular weight material, the low molecular weight material has a molecular weight of preferably ≤3,000 g/mol, more preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and most preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. In a second specific embodiment, the ratio of the amounts of the two inks (i.e., ink A and ink B) can be varied within a very wide range, and the ratio of the hole transport material to the dopant can also be varied within a very wide range. Organic solvent A and organic solvent B can be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. As organic solvent A and organic solvent B, any suitable organic solvent or organic solvent mixture commonly used can be used. Preferred solvents and solvent mixtures are described in the present application. In the third preferred specific embodiment, the method of the present application can be used to prepare a light-emitting layer (EML) of an OLED. In this third specific embodiment, the first ink A contains at least one luminescent material as an organic functional material and at least one organic solvent A. As the luminescent material, any suitable material commonly used can be used. The luminescent material is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent luminescent materials and phosphorescent luminescent materials. Preferred materials are described in the present application. If the luminescent material of the first ink A is a red-light-emitting material, the luminescent material is preferably a red-light-emitting phosphorescent material. Red light emission according to the present invention means light emission in the range of 600 to 750 nm. If the light-emitting material of the first ink A is a light-emitting material emitting green light, the light-emitting material is preferably a phosphorescent light-emitting material emitting green light. Green light emission according to the present invention means light emission in the range of 500 to 570 nm. If the light-emitting material of the first ink A is a light-emitting material emitting blue light, the light-emitting material is preferably a fluorescent light-emitting material emitting blue light. Blue light emission according to the present invention means light emission in the range of 420 to 480 nm. At least one light-emitting material is preferably a low molecular weight material having a molecular weight of preferably ≤3,000 g/mol, more preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and most preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. In this third specific embodiment, the second ink A contains at least one matrix material as an organic functional material and at least one organic solvent A. As the matrix material, any suitable material commonly used can be used. Preferred materials are described in the present application. At least one matrix material is preferably a low molecular weight material, which has a molecular weight of preferably ≤3,000 g/mol, more preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and most preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. The third specific embodiment of the method according to the present invention is for preparing a light-emitting layer (EML) of an OLED. In addition to a light-emitting material and a matrix material, the light-emitting material layer may also include at least another light-emitting material and/or at least one another matrix material. Preferably, the light-emitting layer includes another light-emitting material or another matrix material. If the luminescent layer comprises two luminescent materials (so-called double doping) and a matrix material, the first luminescent material is preferably a phosphorescent luminescent material emitting red light, and the second luminescent material is preferably a phosphorescent luminescent material emitting green light. If the luminescent layer comprises two matrix materials (so-called mixed host) and a luminescent material, the luminescent material is a phosphorescent luminescent material emitting red light or green light, or a fluorescent luminescent material emitting blue light. If the luminescent layer contains at least a third material, this material (i.e., organic functional material C) can be printed as a third ink C as described above, or can be a component of printing ink A or ink B, depending on the solubility of the third material in different solvents. In the third embodiment, the ratio of the amounts of the two inks (i.e., ink A and ink B) can be varied within a very wide range, and the ratio of the hole transport material to the dopant can also be varied within a very wide range. In the case of the third preferred embodiment, in which the method of the invention is used to prepare an OLED light-emitting layer (EML), the previously formed layer in direct contact with the EML is usually a hole transport layer (HTL), which contains at least one organic functional material H, i.e., a hole transport material. If the organic functional material H has a solubility of <20 g/l, preferably <10 g/l, and more preferably <5 g/l in the organic solvent A of the first ink A at room temperature, then even if the organic functional material is an uncrosslinked material, the method of the present application can be used to apply a light-emitting layer on top of the hole transport layer without any significant damage to the hole transport layer. Therefore, a further object of the present invention is a method for printing two functional layers, wherein the first functional layer contains at least one, preferably one, organic functional material H and the second functional layer contains at least two different organic functional materials A and B, the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a substrate having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing an ink H into the first pixel type A, the ink H containing at least one organic functional material H and at least one organic solvent H, (c) subsequently drying the first pixel A, (d) then printing a first ink A into the first pixel type A, the first ink A containing at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, and (e) A second ink B is printed into the first pixel type A, wherein the second ink B contains at least one organic functional material B different from the organic functional material A, and at least one organic solvent B different from the organic solvent A, and the organic solvent B is miscible with the organic solvent A in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and (f) the first pixel type A is then dried, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, the organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, the organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and the organic functional material H has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent A. The organic functional material H has a solubility in the organic solvent A at room temperature of preferably <10 g/l, more preferably <5 g/l. The organic solvent H may be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. As the organic solvent H, any suitable organic solvent or organic solvent mixture commonly used may be used. Preferred solvents and solvent mixtures are described in the present application. The present invention further relates to a method for producing an OLED, the OLED containing at least a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL) and a light-emitting layer (EML) between a pair of electrodes, wherein preferably the hole injection layer (HIL), the hole transport layer (HTL) and the light-emitting layer (EML), more preferably the light-emitting layer (EML) are produced according to the method of the present invention. The invention further relates to a method for producing a display, preferably a full-color display, containing an OLED, wherein the OLED is produced according to the method of the invention. According to the method of the invention, inks A and B and optionally C and ink H are used. Each of these inks contains at least one organic functional material that can be used to produce a functional layer of an electronic device. Functional materials are usually organic materials introduced between the anode and the cathode of an electronic device, preferably an OLED. The term organic functional material refers in particular to organic conductors, organic semiconductors, organic fluorescent compounds, organic phosphorescent compounds, organic light-absorbing compounds, organic photosensitizers, and other organic photoactive compounds. The term organic functional material further covers organic metal complexes of transition metals, rare earth elements, ruthenium elements and ruthenium elements. The organic functional material is preferably an organic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of: hole injection material (HIM), hole transport material (HTM), hole blocking material (HBM), electron injection material (EIM), electron transport material (ETM), electron blocking material (EBM), exciton blocking material (ExBM), host material, emitter material, and metal complex. Preferred specific embodiments of the organic functional material are disclosed in detail in WO 2011/076314 A1. In a more preferred specific embodiment, the organic semiconductor is a luminescent material selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent emitter and a phosphorescent emitter. According to the present application, the term emitter refers to a material that, after excitation (which can occur by transferring any type of energy), allows a radiative transition to the ground state and emits light. Generally, two classes of emitters are known, namely fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters. The term fluorescent emitter refers to a material or compound in which a radiative transition from an excited singlet state to the ground state occurs. The term phosphorescent emitter preferably refers to a luminescent material or compound containing a transition metal. If the dopant causes the above-mentioned properties in the system, the emitter is often also called a dopant. A dopant in a system comprising a matrix material and a dopant means that the proportion of this component in the mixture is relatively small. Correspondingly, the matrix material in a system comprising a matrix material and a dopant means that the proportion of the component in the mixture is larger. Therefore, the term phosphorescent emitter may also mean, for example, a phosphorescent dopant. The organic functional material may be a compound, a polymer, an oligomer or a dendrimer having a low molecular weight, wherein the organic functional material may also be in the form of a mixture. Therefore, the ink used according to the method of the present invention may contain two or more different compounds having a low molecular weight, a compound having a low molecular weight and a polymer or two polymers (blends). If the organic functional material is a low molecular weight compound, the low molecular weight compound has a molecular weight of preferably ≤3,000 g/mol, more preferably ≤2,000 g/mol and most preferably ≤1,000 g/mol. If the organic functional material is a polymer compound, the polymer compound has a molecular weight M w of preferably ≥ 10,000 g/mol, more preferably ≥ 25,000 g/mol and most preferably ≥ 50,000 g/mol. The molecular weight M w of the polymer here is preferably in the range of 10,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol, more preferably in the range of 25,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol and most preferably in the range of 50,000 to 300,000 g/mol. The molecular weight M w is determined by means of GPC (= gel permeation chromatography) relative to an internal polystyrene standard. The luminescent material is preferably selected from the class of organic electroluminescent luminescent materials as outlined elsewhere in the present application. The organic functional materials according to the present application are often characterized by their molecular frontier orbitals, i.e., the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (sometimes also called the valence band) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (sometimes also called the conduction band). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels are conventionally measured by, for example, XPS = X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UPS = ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy or CV = cyclovoltammetry and calculated by quantum chemical methods such as (time-dependent) DFT = density functional theory as known to those skilled in the art. Those with common knowledge in the art also realize that the absolute values of these energy levels depend significantly on the method used. The applicant has established a consistent combined method to determine the energy levels of organic semiconductors. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels of a group of semiconductors (more than 20 different semiconductors) are measured by CV using a reliable evaluation method, and are also calculated by DFT of Gaussian 03W using the same correction function (e.g. B3PW91) and the same basis set (e.g. 6-31 G(d)). The calculated values are then corrected based on the measured values. This correction factor is used in further calculations. The consistency between the calculated and measured values is very good. Therefore, the comparison of energy levels in this application is based on a reliable basis. The energy gap or band gap is obtained by the difference between the HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from hole injection materials (HIM). HIM refers to a material or unit that can promote holes (i.e., positive charges) injected from an anode to enter an organic layer or an anode. Generally speaking, HIM has a HOMO energy level that is comparable to or higher than the work function of the anode, i.e., -5.3 eV or higher. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from hole transport materials (HTM). HTM refers to a material or unit that can transport holes (i.e., positive charges) injected from a hole injection material or an anode. HTMs usually have a high HOMO, generally above -5.4 eV. In many cases, depending on the neighboring layers, HIMs can also act as HTMs. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from hole blocking materials (HBMs). HBMs refer to materials or units that prevent holes from flowing through when deposited adjacent to a light-emitting layer or a hole transport layer in a multilayer structure. Typically, HBMs have a lower HOMO than the HOMO energy level of the HTM in the neighboring layer. Hole blocking layers are often inserted between the light-emitting layer and the electron transport layer in an OLED. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from electron injection materials (EIMs). EIM refers to a material that can promote the electrons injected from the cathode (i.e., negative charges) to enter the organic layer. EIMs generally have a LUMO energy level that is comparable to or lower than the work function of the cathode. Generally speaking, EIMs have a LUMO below -2.6 eV. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from electron transport materials (ETMs). ETM refers to a material that can transport electrons injected from an EIM or cathode (i.e., negative charges). ETMs generally have a low LUMO, generally below -2.7 eV. In many cases, depending on the neighboring layers, an EIM can also act as an ETM. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from electron blocking materials (EBMs). EBM refers to a material that prevents electrons from flowing through when it is deposited adjacent to a light-emitting layer or an electron transport layer in a multilayer structure. Typically, EBM has a higher LUMO than the LUMO of an ETM in an adjacent layer. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from exciton blocking materials (ExBM). ExBM refers to a material that prevents excitons from diffusing through when it is deposited adjacent to a light-emitting layer in a multilayer structure. ExBM should have a higher triplet energy level (triplet level) or singlet energy level (singlet level) than the light-emitting layer or other adjacent layers. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from emitters. The term emitter refers to a material that emits light after undergoing radiative decay by transferring energy from either another material or by forming excitons electronically or optically. There are two classes of emitters, fluorescent and phosphorescent. The term fluorescent emitter relates to a material or compound that undergoes a radiative transition from an excited singlet state to its ground state. As used herein, the term phosphorescent emitter relates to a luminescent material or compound comprising a transition metal. This generally includes materials that cause luminescence by spin forbidden transition(s), such as from an excited triplet state. The ink according to the present invention may comprise one or more organic functional materials selected from metal complexes. According to quantum mechanics, the transition from an excited state with high spin multiplicity (e.g., from an excited triplet state) to the ground state is forbidden. However, the presence of heavy atoms (e.g., iridium, niobium, platinum, and mercury) leads to strong spin-orbit coupling, that is, mixing of excited singlet and triplet states, so that the triplet acquires some of the singlet properties; and if the singlet-triplet mixing produces a radiative decay rate that is faster than that of non-radiative events, then luminescence can be efficient. Such luminescence can be achieved using metal complexes, as first reported by Baldo et al.; Nature 395, 151-154 (1998). Other metal complexes can also act as highly efficient and wide-band light absorbing materials or dyes, such as the Ru complex reported by B. O'Regan & M. Graetzel, Nature 353, 737 (1991). The term dopant as used herein is also used for the term emitter or emitter material. The ink according to the present invention may include one or more organic functional materials selected from the host material. The host material is usually used in combination with an emitter and generally has a larger energy gap between HOMO and LUMO than the emitter material. In addition, the host material acts as an electron or hole transport material. The host material may also have both electron and hole transport properties. In the case of singlet transitions being the main cause of photoluminescence in OLEDs, it is highly desirable to have a maximum overlap between the absorption spectrum of the emitter and the photoluminescence spectrum of the host material. This ensures energy transfer from the host material to the emitter. Preferably, the host material is also referred to as matrix or matrix material if host is meant to be used in combination with the phosphorescent emitters in the OLED. And for copolymers comprising emitter units, the polymer backbone has the same meaning as host. With regard to HIMs mentioned elsewhere in this document, suitable HIMs are phenylenediamine derivatives (US 3615404), arylamine derivatives (US 3567450), amino-substituted chalcone derivatives (US 3526501), styrylanthracene derivatives (JP Showa 54 (1979) 110837), hydrazone derivatives (US 3717462), acylhydrazone, stilbene derivatives (JP Showa 61 (1986) 210363), silazane derivatives (US 4950950), polysilane compounds (JP Heisei 2 (1990) 204996), PVK and other conductive macromolecules, copolymers based on aniline (JP Heisei 2 (1990) 282263), conductive macromolecular thiophene oligomers (JP Heisei 1 (1989) 211399), PEDOT:PSS (spin-coated polymer), plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymer (US 6127004, US 6208075, US 6208077), porphyrin compounds (JP Showa 63 (1988) 2956965, US 4720432), tertiary aromatic amines and styrylamines (US 4127412), benzidine-type triphenylamine, styrylamine-type triphenylamine, and diamine-type triphenylamine. Arylamine dendrimers (JP Heisei 8 (1996) 193191), phthalocyanine derivatives, naphtholphthalocyanine derivatives, or butadiene derivatives may also be used. Preferably, the HIM is selected from monomeric organic compounds, which include amines, triarylamines, thiophenes, carbazoles, phthalocyanines, porphyrins and their derivatives. Particularly preferred are tertiary aromatic amines (US 2008/0102311 A1), such as N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-di(3-methylphenyl)benzidine (= 4,4'-bis[N-3-methylphenyl]-N-phenylamino)biphenyl (NPD) (US 5061569), N,N'-bis(N,N'-diphenyl-4-aminophenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-4,4'-diamino-1,1'-biphenyl (TPD 232) and 4,4',4"-tris[3-methylphenyl)phenyl-amino]-triphenylamine (MTDATA) (JP Heisei 4 (1992) 308688) or phthalocyanine derivatives (e.g., H2Pc, CuPc, CoPc, NiPc, ZnPc, PdPc, FePc, MnPc, ClAlPc, ClGaPc, ClInPc, ClSnPc, Cl2SiPc, (HO)AlPc, (HO)GaPc, VOPc, TiOPc, MoOPc, GaPc-O-GaPc). Particularly preferred are triarylamine compounds of the following formulas 1 (TPD 232), 2, 3, and 4 (which may also be substituted), and other compounds as disclosed in US 7399537 B2, US 2006/0061265 A1, EP 1661888 B1, and JP 08292586 A. Other compounds suitable as hole injection materials are disclosed in EP 0891121 A1 and EP 1029909 A1. Hole injection layers are generally described in US 2004/0174116. In principle, any HTM known to those skilled in the art can be used in the formulation according to the present invention. With regard to the HTM mentioned elsewhere herein, the HTM is preferably selected from amines, triarylamines, thiophenes, carbazoles, phthalocyanines, porphyrins, isomers and derivatives thereof. The HTM is preferably selected from amines, triarylamines, thiophenes, carbazoles, phthalocyanines, and porphyrins. Suitable materials for the hole transport layer are phenylenediamine derivatives (US 3615404), arylamine derivatives (US 3567450), amino-substituted chalcone derivatives (US 3526501), styrylanthracene derivatives (JP A 56-46234), polycyclic aromatic compounds (EP 1009041), polyarylalkane derivatives (US 3615402), fluorenone derivatives (JP A 54-110837), hydrazone derivatives (US 3717462), stilbene derivatives (JP A 61-210363), silazane derivatives (US 4950950), polysilane (JP A 2-204996), aniline copolymers (JP A 2-282263), thiophene oligomers, polythiophene, PVK, polypyrrole, polyaniline and other copolymers, porphyrin compounds (JP A 63-2956965), aromatic dimethylene compounds, carbazole compounds (such as CDBP, CBP, mCP), tertiary aromatic amines and styrylamine compounds (US 4127412), and monomeric triarylamines (US 3180730). Even more triarylamine groups may be present in the molecule. Preferred are tertiary aromatic amines containing at least two tertiary amine units (US 4720432 and US 5061569), such as 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPD) (US 5061569) or MTDATA (JP A 4-308688), N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(4-biphenyl)diaminobiphenyl (TBDB), 1,1-bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane (TAPC), 1,1-bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)-3-phenylpropane (TAPPP), 1,4-bis[2-[4-[N,N-di(p-tolyl)amino]phenyl]vinyl]benzene (BDTAPVB), N,N,N',N'-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl (TTB), TPD, N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-4,4"'-diamino-1,1':4',1":4",1"'-quaterphenyl, tertiary amines containing carbazole units, such as 4 (9H-carbazole-9-yl)-N,N-bis[4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)phenyl]aniline (TCTA). Similarly, the preferred one is the hexa-azatriphenylene compound according to US 2007/0092755 A1. Particularly preferred are triarylamine compounds of the following formulae 5 to 10 (which may also be substituted), and triarylamine compounds as disclosed in the following documents: EP 1162193 B1, EP 650955 B1, Synth. Metals 1997, 91(1-3), 209, DE 19646119 A1, WO 2006/122630 A1, EP 1860097 A1, EP 1834945 A1, JP 08053397 A, US 6251531 B1, and WO 2009/041635 A1. In principle, any HBM known to the person skilled in the art can be used in the formulation according to the invention. Suitable hole-blocking materials are metal complexes (US 2003/0068528), such as, for example, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)-aluminum(III) (BAlQ) for example. Fac-tris(1-phenylpyrazolato-N,C2)iridium(III) (Ir(ppz) 3 ) (US 2003/0175553 A1) is also used for this purpose. Phenanthroline derivatives, such as, for example, BCP, or phthalimides, such as, for example, TMPP, are also used. In addition, suitable hole-blocking materials are described in WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01/41512 and WO 01/93642 A1. In principle, any EIM known to a person skilled in the art can be used in the formulation according to the invention. With respect to the EIMs mentioned elsewhere herein, suitable EIMs mentioned elsewhere herein may be used according to the present invention, a plurality of EIMs comprising at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline, heterocyclic organic compounds, fluorenone, fluorenylidene methane, perylenetetracarboxylic acid, anthraquinone dimethane, diphenoquinone, anthrone, anthraquinonediethylene-diamine, isomers and derivatives thereof. Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (such as, for example, Alq 3 and Gaq 3 ) may be used as the EIM of the electron injection layer. Reductive doping with alkali or alkaline earth metals such as, for example, Li, Cs, Ca or Mg is advantageous at the cathode interface. Preferred are combinations comprising Cs, such as Cs and Na, Cs and K, Cs and Rb or Cs, Na and K. Heterocyclic organic compounds such as, for example, 1,10-phenanthene derivatives, benzimidazoles, thiopyrans, oxazoles, triazoles, imidazoles or diazoles are also suitable. Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing 5-membered rings are diazoles, thiazoles, diazoles, thiadiazoles, triazoles, and the compounds disclosed in US 2008/0102311 A1. Preferred EIMs are selected from compounds of formulae 11 to 13, which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Organic compounds such as fluorenone, fluorenyl methane, perylenetetracarboxylic acid, anthraquinone dimethane, dibenzoquinone, anthrone, anthraquinone diethylene diamine, for example, In principle, any ETM known to a person skilled in the art may be used in the formulation according to the invention. With regard to the ETMs mentioned elsewhere herein, suitable ETMs are selected from the group consisting of imidazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrimidinium, pyrrolidone, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoline, anthracene, benzanthracene, pyrene, perylene, benzimidazole, trioxadiazole, ketone, phosphine oxide, phenanthrene, phenanthroline, triarylboranes, isomers and derivatives thereof. Suitable ETMs for the electron transport layer are metal chelates of 8-hydroxyquinoline (e.g., Liq, Alq 3 , Gaq 3 , Mgq 2 , Znq 2 , Inq 3 , Zrq 4 ), Balq, 4-nitrophenanthren-5-ol/Be complex (US 5529853 A; e.g., Formula 16), butadiene derivatives (US 4356429), heterocyclic optical brighteners (US 4539507), indoles (e.g., 1,3,5-tris(2-N-phenyl-benzimidazolyl)benzene (TPBI) (US 5766779, Formula 17), 1,3,5-triazine, pyrene, anthracene, tetraphenylene, fluorene, spirobifluorene, dendrimers, tetraphenylene (e.g., rubrene derivatives), 1,10-phenanthene derivatives (JP 2003/115387, JP 2004/311184, JP 2001/267080, WO 2002/043449), silacyl-cyclopentadiene derivatives (EP 1480280, EP 1478032, EP 1469533), pyridine derivatives (JP 2004/200162 Kodak), phenanthene (e.g., BCP and Bphen), and several phenanthene bonds via biphenyl or other aromatic groups (US 2007/0252517 A1) or phenanthroline bonded to anthracene (US 2007/0122656 A1, for example, Formula 18 and 19), 1,3,4-oxadiazole (for example, Formula 20), triazole (for example, Formula 21), triarylborane (for example, triarylborane further having Si (for example, Formula 48)), benzimidazole derivatives and other N-heterocyclic compounds (see US 2007/0273272 A1), silylcyclopentadiene derivatives, borane derivatives, Ga-based oxinoid complexes. Preferred are 2,9,10-substituted anthracenes (having 1- or 2-naphthyl and 4- or 3-biphenyl) or molecules containing two anthracene units (US 2008/0193796 A1). Likewise, preferred are anthracene-benzimidazole derivatives, such as, for example, compounds of formulae 22 to 24, and compounds as disclosed in, for example, US 6878469 B2, US 2006/147747 A, and EP 1551206 A1. In principle, any EBM known to those having ordinary knowledge in the art can be used in the formulation according to the present invention. With regard to the EBMs mentioned elsewhere herein, transition metal complexes such as, for example, Ir(ppz) 3 (US 2003/0175553) can be used as materials for the electron blocking layer. Preferably, the EBM is further selected from amines, triarylamines and their derivatives. The choice of ExBMs known to those having ordinary knowledge in the art suitable for the formulation according to the present invention depends on the energy gap of the neighboring layer. A suitable ExBM should have a larger energy gap (singlet or triplet) than the functional material in the neighboring layer (preferably the light-emitting layer). With regard to the ExBMs mentioned elsewhere herein, substituted triarylamines such as, for example, MTDATA or 4,4',4"-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA) can be used as ExBMs of the electron blocking layer. Substituted triarylamines are described, for example, in US 2007/0134514 A1. N-substituted carbazole compounds such as, for example, TCTA or heterocycles such as, for example, BCP are also suitable. For this purpose, metal complexes such as, for example, Ir(ppz) 3 or Alq 3 can likewise be used. In principle, any host material known to a person having ordinary skill in the art can be used in the formulation according to the invention. Depending on the type of emitter used, host materials can be divided into two categories, hosts for fluorescent emitters and hosts for phosphorescent emitters, whereby the latter are usually referred to as matrix or matrix materials. The formulation according to the invention can also contain more than one host material, preferably it contains 3 host materials, more preferably it contains 2 host materials and most preferably it contains 1 host material. If the formulation according to the invention contains at least two host materials, the host materials are also referred to as co-host or co-host materials. Preferred host materials for fluorescent emitters are selected from anthracene, benzanthracene, indenofluorene, fluorene, spirofluorene, phenanthrene, dehydrophenanthrene, thiophene, trioxane, imidazole and their derivatives. Particularly preferred host materials for fluorescent emitters are selected from the following classes: oligoarylene (e.g. 2,2',7,7'-tetraphenylspirofluorene or dinaphthylanthracene according to EP 676461), in particular oligoarylene containing condensed aromatic groups, such as phenanthrene, fused tetraphenyl, coronene, , fluorene, spirofluorene, perylene, phthaloperylene, naphthaloperylene, decacyclic fluorene; oligoarylene vinylene (e.g. 4,4'-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DPVBi) or 4,4-bis-2,2-diphenylvinyl-1,1-spirobiphenyl (spiro-DPVBi) according to EP676461); polypodal metal complexes (e.g. according to WO 2004/081017), in particular metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline, for example tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) (aluminium quinolate, Alq 3 ) or bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)-4-(phenylphenolato)aluminum; also imidazole chelates (US 2007/0092753 A1) and quinoline-metal complexes, aminoquinoline-metal complexes, benzoquinoline-metal complexes; hole-conducting compounds (for example according to WO 2004/058911); electron-conducting compounds, in particular ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfones, etc. (for example according to WO 2005/084081 and WO 2005/084082); atropisomers (for example according to WO 2006/048268); boronic acid derivatives (for example according to WO 2006/117052); or benzanthracene (for example DE 102007024850). Particularly preferred host materials are selected from the following classes: oligoarylene compounds containing naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene and/or pyrene, or atropisomers of these compounds; ketones; phosphine oxides and sulfones. Very particularly preferred host materials are selected from the following classes: oligoarylene compounds containing anthracene, benzanthracene and/or pyrene, or atropisomers of these compounds. For the purposes of this application, oligoarylene compounds are meant to be compounds in which at least three aryl or arylene groups are bonded to one another. Further preferred host materials for fluorescent emitters are in particular compounds of formula 25 wherein Ar 4 , Ar 5 , Ar 6 are identically or differently each time they occur, an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals and p is 1, 2, or 3, and the total number of π electrons in Ar 4 , Ar 5 and Ar 6 is at least 30 if p=1, at least 36 if p=2, and at least 42 if p=3. Particularly preferably, in the host material of formula 25, the group Ar 5 represents anthracene which may be substituted by one or more radicals R 1 , and the groups Ar 4 and Ar 6 are bonded at the 9 and 10 positions. Very particularly preferably, at least one of the groups Ar 4 and/or Ar 6 is a condensed aryl group selected from the following: 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl, 2-phenanthrenyl, 3-phenanthrenyl or 9-phenanthrenyl, 2-benzanthryl, 3-benzanthryl, 4-benzanthryl, 5-benzanthryl, 6-benzanthryl or 7-benzanthryl, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R 1 . Anthracene-based compounds such as 2-(4-methylphenyl)-9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-(1,1′-biphenyl)anthracene and 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)phenyl]anthracene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene and 1,4-bis(9′-ethynylanthryl)benzene are described in US 2007/0092753 A1 and US 2007/0252517 A1. The preferred host material is also a host material containing two anthracene units (US 2008/0193796 A1), such as 10,10'-bis[1,1',4',1"]terphenyl-2-yl-9,9'-dianthracene. Another preferred host material is a derivative of the following: arylamine, styrylamine, fluorescein, perynone, phthaloperynone, naphthaloperynone, diphenylbutadiene, tetraphenylbutadiene, cyclopentadiene, tetraphenylcyclopentadiene, pentaphenylcyclopentadiene, coumarin, oxadiazole, bisbenzoxazoline, oxazone, pyridine, pyrrolidone, imine, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzimidazole (US 2007/0092753 A1). A1) (for example, 2,2',2"-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole]), aldazine, stilbene, styryl arylene derivatives (for example, 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)phenyl]anthracene), and distyryl arylene derivatives (US 5121029), stilbene, vinylanthracene, diaminocarbazole, pyran, thiopyran, diketopyrrolopyrrole, polymethine, merocyanine, acridone, quinacridone, cinnamate and fluorescent dyes. Particularly preferred are derivatives of arylamine and styrylamine, for example, 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]biphenyl (TNB). Preferred compounds having an oligoarylene group as a host of the fluorescent emitter are compounds disclosed in the following documents, for example, US 2003/0027016 A1, US 7326371 B2, US 2006/043858 A, US 7326371 B2, US 2003/0027016 A1, WO 2007/114358, WO 2008/145239, JP 3148176 B2, EP 1009044, US 2004/018383, WO 2005/061656 A1, EP 0681019 B1, WO 2004/013073 A1, US 5077142, WO 2007/065678, and US 2007/0205412 A1. Particularly preferred oligoarylene-based compounds are compounds of formulae 26 to 32. Additional host materials for fluorescent emitters can be selected from spirobisfluorenes and their derivatives, for example, spiro-DPVBi as disclosed in EP 0676461 and indenofluorene as disclosed in US 6562485. Preferred host materials (i.e., matrix materials) for phosphorescent emitters are selected from ketones, carbazoles, triarylamines, indenofluorenes, fluorenes, spirobisfluorenes, phenanthrene, dehydrophenanthrene, thiophene, trioxane, imidazole and their derivatives. Some preferred derivatives are described in more detail below. For example, if the phosphorescent emitter is used as an electroluminescent component in an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), the host material must meet comparable properties as compared to the host material for the fluorescent emitter. The host material used for phosphorescent emitters must have a triplet energy level that is higher in energy than the triplet energy level of the emitter. The host material can transport electrons or holes or both. In addition, the emitter should have a large spin-orbit coupling constant to promote good singlet-triplet mixing. This can be achieved by using metal complexes. Preferred matrix materials are N,N-biscarbazolylbiphenyl (CBP), carbazole derivatives (e.g. according to WO 2005/039246, US 2005/0069729, JP 2004/288381, EP 1205527 or DE 102007002714), nitrogen-doped carbazoles (e.g. according to EP 1617710, EP 1617711, EP 1731584, JP 2005/347160), ketones (e.g. according to WO 2004/093207), phosphine oxides, sulfones and sulfones (e.g. according to WO 2005/003253), oligophenylenes, aromatic amines (e.g. according to US 2005/0069729), bipolar matrix materials (e.g. according to WO 2007/137725), silanes (for example according to WO 2005/111172), 9,9-diarylfluorene derivatives (for example according to DE 102008017591), azaboroles or boric acid esters (for example according to WO 2006/117052), triazole derivatives, oxazole and oxazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, distyrylpyrrolidine derivatives, thiodipyran derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, tertiary aromatic amines, styrylamines, indoles, anthrone derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, fluorenylidene methane derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, silazane derivatives, aromatic dimethylene compounds, porphyrin compounds, carbodiimide derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (such as Alq 3 , 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes may also contain triarylaminophenol ligands (US 2007/0134514 A1)), various metal complex-polysilane compounds with metal phthalocyanine, benzoxazole or benzothiazole as ligand, hole-conducting polymers (such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK)), aniline copolymers, thiophene oligomers, polythiophene, polythiophene derivatives, polyphenylene derivatives, polyfluorene derivatives. Another particularly preferred matrix material is selected from compounds comprising indolocarbazole and its derivatives (e.g., Formulae 33 to 39), as disclosed in, for example, DE 102009023155.2, EP 0906947B1, EP 0908787B1, EP 906948B1, WO 2008/056746A1, WO 2007/063754A1, WO 2008/146839A1, and WO 2008/149691A1. Preferred examples of carbazole derivatives are 1,3-N,N-dicarbazolebenzene (= 9,9'-(1,3-phenylene)bis-9H-carbazole) (mCP), 9,9'-(2,2'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis-9H-carbazole (CDBP), 1,3-bis(N,N'-dicarbazole)benzene (= 1,3-bis(carbazole-9-yl)benzene), PVK (polyvinylcarbazole), 3,5-bis(9H-carbazole-9-yl)biphenyl and compounds of formulae 40 to 44. Preferred Si tetraaryl compounds are, for example, compounds of formula 45 to 50 (US 2004/0209115, US 2004/0209116, US 2007/0087219 A1, US 2007/0087219 A1). A particularly preferred matrix for phosphorescent dopants is the compound of formula 51 (EP 652273 B1). Other particularly preferred matrix materials for phosphorescent dopants are selected from compounds of formula 52 (EP 1923448 B1). wherein M, L, and n are as defined in the references. Preferably, M is Zn, and L is quinolinate q, and n is 2, 3, or 4. Very preferably, [Znq 2 ] 2 , [Znq 2 ] 3 , and [Znq 2 ] 4 . Preferably, the co-host is selected from metallo-oxine complexes, whereby lithium quinolinate (Liq) or Alq 3 is particularly preferred. The emitter compound must have a smaller band gap than the host compound. Typically, a smaller band gap can be achieved by extending the π-electron system of the conjugated molecular system. Therefore, the emitter compound tends to have a more extended conjugated π-electron system than the host molecule. Many examples have been published, for example, styrylamine derivatives as disclosed in JP 2913116B and WO 2001/021729 A1, and indenofluorene derivatives as disclosed in WO 2008/006449 and WO 2007/140847. The blue fluorescent emitter is preferably a polyaromatic compound (such as, for example, 9,10-di(2-naphthylanthracene) and other anthracene derivatives), fused tetraphenyl, iodine, , perylene derivatives (such as 2,5,8,11-tetra-tert-butylperylene), phenylene (such as 4,4'-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazolylvinylene)-1,1'-biphenyl), fluorene, arylpyrene (US 2006/0222886), arylvinylene (US 5121029, US 5130603), rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone derivatives (such as N,N'-dimethylquinacridone (DMQA)), dicyanomethylenepyran (such as 4 (Dicyanoethyl)-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl-2-methyl)-4H-pyran (DCM), thiopyran, polymethine, pyrylium and thiopyrylium salts, periflanthene, indenoperylene, bis(azabiphenyl)imine-boron compounds (US 2007/0092753 A1), bis(azabiphenyl)methylene compounds and carbostyryl compounds. Other preferred blue fluorescent emitters are described in CH Chen et al.: "Recent developments in organic electroluminescent materials" Macromol. Symp. 125, (1997), 1-48 and "Recent progress of molecular organic electroluminescent materials and devices" Mat. Sci. and Eng. R, 39 (2002), 143-222. Preferred fluorescent dopants according to the present invention are selected from monostyrylamine, distyrylamine, tristyrylamine, tetrastyrylamine, styrylphosphine, styrylether and arylamine. Monostyrylamine means a compound containing one substituted or unsubstituted styryl group and at least one amine (preferably aromatic amine). Distyrylamine means a compound containing two substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one amine (preferably aromatic amine). Tristyrylamines are understood to mean compounds which contain three substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one amine, preferably an aromatic amine. Tetrastyrylamines are understood to mean compounds which contain four substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one amine, preferably an aromatic amine. The styryl groups are particularly preferably stilbenes, which may also be further substituted. The corresponding phosphines and ethers are defined in a similar manner to amines. For the purposes of the present invention, arylamines or aromatic amines are understood to mean compounds which contain three substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems which are directly bonded to the nitrogen. At least one of these aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems is preferably a condensed ring system which preferably has at least 14 aromatic ring atoms. Preferred embodiments are aromatic anthracene-amine, aromatic anthracene-diamine, aromatic pyrene-amine, aromatic pyrene-diamine, aromatic -Amines and aromatics -diamine. Aromatic anthracene-amine refers to a compound in which one diarylamine group is directly bonded to an anthracene group (preferably at the 9 position). Aromatic anthracene-diamine refers to a compound in which two diarylamine groups are directly bonded to anthracene groups (preferably at the 9 and 10 positions). Aromatic pyrene-amines, aromatic pyrene-diamines, aromatic -Amines and aromatics -diamines, wherein the diarylamino groups on the pyrene are preferably bonded in the 1-position or in the 1,6-position. Further preferred fluorescent dopants are selected from indenofluorene-amines and indenofluorene-diamines, for example according to WO 2006/122630, benzoindenofluorene-amines and benzoindenofluorene-diamines, for example according to WO 2008/006449, and dibenzoindenofluorene-amines and dibenzoindenofluorene-diamines, for example according to WO 2007/140847. Examples of dopants from the class of styrylamines are substituted or unsubstituted tristilbene-amines or the dopants described in WO 2006/000388, WO 2006/058737, WO 2006/000389, WO 2007/065549 and WO 2007/115610. Distyrylbenzene and distyrylbiphenyl derivatives are described in US 5121029. Further styrylamines are found in US 2007/0122656 A1. Particularly preferred styrylamine dopants and triarylamine dopants are compounds of formula 53 to 58 and as disclosed in US 7250532 B2, DE 102005058557 A1, CN 1583691 A, JP 08053397 A, US 6251531 B1, and US 2006/210830 A. Another preferred fluorescent doping agent is selected from the group of triarylamines disclosed in EP 1957606 A1 and US 2008/0113101 A1. Another preferred fluorescent doping agent is selected from the following derivatives: naphthalene, anthracene, tetraphenyl, fluorene, diindenoperylene, indenoperylene, phenanthrene, perylene (US 2007/0252517 A1), pyrene, , decacyclopentadiene, coronene, tetraphenylcyclopentadiene, pentaphenylcyclopentadiene, fluorene, spirofluorene, erythrene, coumarin (US 4769292, US 6020078, US 2007/0252517 A1), pyran, oxadiazole, benzo-oxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, pyrrolidine, cinnamate, diketopyrrolopyrrole, acridone and quinacridone (US 2007/0252517 A1). Among the anthracene compounds, 9,10-substituted anthracenes are particularly preferred, such as 9,10-diphenylanthracene and 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene. 1,4-Bis(9'-ethynylanthryl)benzene is also a preferred doping agent. Examples of phosphorescent emitters are disclosed by the applications WO 00/70655, WO 01/41512, WO 02/02714, WO 02/15645, EP 1191613, EP 1191612, EP 1191614 and WO 2005/033244. Generally, all phosphorescent complexes as used according to the prior art for phosphorescent OLEDs and as known to the person skilled in the art in the field of organic electroluminescence are suitable, and the person skilled in the art will be able to use further phosphorescent complexes without inventive step. The phosphorescent emitter may be a metal complex, preferably having the formula M(L) z , wherein M is a metal atom, L is independently at each occurrence an organic ligand bonded to M or coordinated to M via one, two or more positions, and z is an integer ≥1, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and wherein, optionally, these groups are linked to the polymer via one or more, preferably one, two or three positions (preferably via the ligand L). M is in particular a metal atom selected from the group consisting of a transition metal, preferably a transition metal of group VIII, or a ruthenium or ruthenium, particularly preferably from Rh, Os, Ir, Pt, Pd, Au, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Re, Cu, Zn, W, Mo, Pd, Ag or Ru, and very particularly preferably from Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Re, Pd or Pt. M may also be Zn. Preferred ligands are 2-phenylpyridine derivatives, 7,8-benzoquinoline derivatives, 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine derivatives, 2-(1-naphthyl)pyridine derivatives or 2-phenylquinoline derivatives. All of these compounds may be substituted, for example, in the case of blue, by fluorine or trifluoromethyl substituents. The auxiliary ligand is preferably acetylpyruvate or picric acid. In particular, complexes of Pt or Pd with a tetradentate ligand of formula 59 as disclosed in US 2007/0087219 A1, wherein R 1 to R 14 and Z 1 to Z 5 are as defined in the reference, Pt porphyrin complexes with an expanded ring system (US 2009/0061681 A1) and Ir complexes are suitable, such as 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H, 23H-porphyrin-Pt(II), tetraphenyl-Pt(II)-tetrabenzoporphyrin (US 2009/0061681 A1), and tetraphenyl-Pt(II)-tetrabenzoporphyrin. A1), cis-bis(2-phenylpyridinium-N, C2')Pt(II), cis-bis(2-(2'-thienyl)pyridinium-N, C3')Pt(II), cis-bis(2-(2'-thienyl)quinolinium-N, C5')Pt(II), (2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinium-N, C2')Pt(II) acetylacetonate, or tris(2-phenylpyridinium-N, C2')Ir(III) (Ir(ppy) 3 , green), bis(2-phenylpyridinium-N, C2)Ir(III) acetylacetonate (Ir(ppy) 2 acetylacetonate, green, US 2001/0053462 A1, Baldo, Thompson et al. Nature 403, (2000), 750-753), bis(1-phenylisoquinolyl-N,C2')(2-phenylpyridinyl-N,C2')iron(III), bis(2-phenylpyridinyl-N,C2')(1-phenylisoquinolyl-N,C2')iron(III), bis(2-(2'-benzothienyl)pyridinyl-N,C3')iron(III)acetylpyruvate, bis( 2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)pyridinium-N,C2') iridium(III) picolinate (Firpic, blue), bis(2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)pyridinium-N,C2') Ir(III) tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl) borate, tris(2-(biphenyl-3-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridinium)-iridium(III), (ppz) 2 Ir(5phdpym) (US 2009/0061681 A1), (45ooppz) 2 Ir(5phdpym) (US 2009/0061681 A1), derivatives of 2-phenylpyridine-Ir complexes, such as, for example, iridium(III) bis(2-phenylquinolyl-N,C2')acetylpyruvate (PQIr), tris(2-phenylisoquinolyl-N,C)Ir(III) (red), bis(2-(2'-benzo[4,5-a]thienyl)pyridinyl-N,C3)Ir acetylpyruvate ([Btp2Ir(acac)], red, Adachi et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001), 1622-1624). Also suitable are complexes of trivalent iodine elements, such as, for example, Tb 3+ and Eu 3+ (J. Kido et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 (1994), 2124, Kido et al. Chem. Lett. 657, 1990, US 2007/0252517 A1), or phosphorescent complexes of Pt(II), Ir(I), Rh(I) with maleonitrile dithiolate (Johnson et al., JACS 105, 1983, 1795), Re(I) tricarbonyldiimide complexes (especially Wrighton, JACS 96, 1974, 998), Os(II) complexes with cyano ligands and bipyridyl or phenanthroline ligands (Ma et al., Synth.Metals 94, 1998, 245) or host-free Alq 3 . Other phosphorescent emitters with tridentate ligands are described in US 6824895 and US 7029766. Red-emitting phosphorescent complexes are mentioned in US 6835469 and US 6830828. Particularly preferred phosphorescent dopants are compounds of formula 60 and other compounds as disclosed, for example, in US 2001/0053462 A1. Particularly preferred phosphorescent dopants are compounds of formula 61 and other compounds as disclosed, for example, in WO 2007/095118 A1. Other derivatives are described in US 7378162 B2, US 6835469 B2, and JP 2003/253145 A. With regard to the metal complexes mentioned elsewhere herein, suitable metal complexes according to the present invention may be selected from transition metals, rare earth elements, ruthenium elements and ruthenium elements, which are also the subject of the present invention. Preferably, the metal is selected from Ir, Ru, Os, Eu, Au, Pt, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Rh, Pd or Ag. The ink according to the present invention may also contain an organic functional material selected from the following: polymers, oligomers, dendrimers, and blends. The functional polymer is characterized in that different functions can be incorporated into a macromolecule or a blend of macromolecules. The functions are in particular the functions of hole injection material, hole transport material, electron blocking material, luminescent material, hole blocking material, electron injection material, electron transport material, and dye. The functions incorporated into the polymer can be classified into different groups. By selecting the desired functional groups and the ratios between them, the polymer can be transformed into having (multiple) desired functions. The differences between polymers, oligomers and dendrimers are due to the size, size distribution, and branching of the molecular entities as defined above. The different structures are in particular as disclosed and widely listed in WO 2002/077060 A1 and in DE 10337346 A1. The structural units can be derived from, for example, the following groups: Group 1: Units that increase the hole injection and/or hole transport properties of the polymer, which correspond to HIM or HTM as described above. Group 2: Cells that increase the electron injection and/or electron transport properties of the polymer, which corresponds to the EIM or ETM as described above. Group 3: Cells having a combination of individual cells from Group 1 and Group 2. Group 4: Cells that modify the luminescence properties to the extent that electrophosphorescence rather than electrofluorescence is obtained; generally speaking, they correspond to phosphorescent emitters as described above, or more preferably luminescent metal complexes. Group 5: Cells that improve the transition from the so-called singlet state to a higher spin state (e.g., triplet state). Group 6: Cells that affect the morphology and/or luminescence color of the resulting polymer. Group 7: Cells that are generally used as a backbone and can have an electron transport function, a hole transport function, or both. Group 8: Cells that have strong absorption in at least one wavelength from UV to infrared. It corresponds to the dye material as described above. Preferably, the organic functional material is a hole transport or hole injection polymer comprising units of group 1, which is preferably selected from units comprising low molecular weight HTM or HIM as described above. Other preferred units of group 1 are, for example, triarylamines, benzidine, tetraaryl-p-phenylenediamine, carbazole, azulene, thiophene, pyrrole and furan derivatives, and other heterocycles containing O, S, or N with high HOMO. These aromatic amines and heterocycles preferably result in a HOMO greater than 5.8 eV (relative to the vacuum energy level), particularly preferably greater than 5.5 eV in the polymer. A preferred polymer HTM or HIM is a polymer comprising at least one repeating unit of the following formula 62. wherein Ar1 may be the same or different, and if in different repeating units, independently represents a single bond or an optionally substituted mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic group, Ar2 may be the same or different, and if in different repeating units, independently represents an optionally substituted mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic group, Ar3 may be the same or different, and if in different repeating units, independently represents an optionally substituted mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic group, and m is 1, 2 or 3. Examples of polymer HTM are disclosed in WO 2007/131582 A1 and WO 2008/009343 A1. Preferably, the organic functional material is an electron transport or electron injection polymer comprising a unit of group 2, which is preferably selected from the group comprising the low molecular weight ETM or EIM as described above. Other preferred units of group 2 having electron injection or electron transport properties are, for example, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoline and phenanthrene derivatives, as well as triarylborane and other heterocycles containing O, S, or N with low LUMO. These units in the polymer lead to a LUMO of less than 2.7 eV (relative to the vacuum energy level), particularly preferably less than 2.8 eV. Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer comprising units of group 3, in which structures that increase hole mobility and electron mobility (i.e., units of groups 1 and 2) are directly bonded to each other. Some of these units can act as emitters and shift the emission color to green, yellow or red. Therefore, its use is suitable for, for example, generating other luminescent colors or broadband luminescence from a polymer that originally emits blue light. Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer comprising units of group 4, which is preferably selected from a group comprising phosphorescent emitters, especially luminescent metal complexes as described above. Particularly preferred here are corresponding structural units containing elements from groups 8 to 10 (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt). Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer triplet matrix comprising units of group 5, the units of group 5 can improve the transition from singlet to triplet and are used to support the structural elements of group 4, thereby improving the phosphorescent properties of these structural elements. Suitable for this purpose are in particular carbazole and bridged carbazole dimer units, as described in DE 10304819 A1 and DE 10328627 A1. Also suitable for this purpose are ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfonyl, sulfonyl, silane derivatives and similar compounds, as described in DE 10349033 A1. Further preferred structural units can be selected from the group comprising the low molecular weight phosphorescent substrates as described above. Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer comprising units of group 6, the units of group 6 influencing the morphology and/or the emission color of the polymer, and in addition to the above, they also have at least one further aromatic structure or another conjugated structure that does not belong to the above groups, i.e. they have only a slight influence on the charge carrier mobility, they are not organometallic complexes or they have no influence on the singlet-triplet transition. Structural elements of this type can influence the morphology and/or the emission color of the resulting polymer. Depending on the unit, they can therefore also be used as emitters. In the case of fluorescent OLEDs, preferred here are aromatic structures with 6 to 40 C atoms or also diphenylvinyl, stilbene or bisphenylvinyl arylene derivatives, each of which can be substituted by one or more radicals R 1 . Particularly preferred are 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,4-anthrylene or 9,10-anthrylene, 1,6-pyrenylene, 2,7-pyrenylene or 4,9-pyrenylene, 3,9-perylene or 3,10-perylene, 4,4'-biphenylene, 4,4"-terphenylene, 4,4'-bis-1,1'-naphthylene, 4,4'-tolanthylene, 4,4'-stilbenyl or 4,4"-stilbenyl arylene derivatives. Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer comprising a unit of Group 7, wherein the unit of Group 7 contains an aromatic structure having 6 to 40 C atoms, which is generally used as a polymer backbone. These are, for example, 4,5-dihydropyrene derivatives, 4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene derivatives, fluorene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in US 5962631, WO 2006/052457 A2 and WO 2006/118345 A1), 9,9'-spirofluorene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2003/020790 A1), 9,10-phenanthrene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/104264 A1), 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/014689 A2), 5,7-dihydrodibenzooxepine derivatives and cis- and trans-indenofluorene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2004/041901 A1, WO 2004113412 A2), and binaphthylene derivatives (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2006/063852 A1), and further units (as disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/056633 A1, EP 1344788 A1 and WO 2007/043495 A1, WO 2005/033174 A1, WO 2003/099901 A1 and DE 102006003710). Another preferred structural element of group 7 is selected from fluorene derivatives (such as disclosed in, for example, US 5,962,631, WO 2006/052457 A2 and WO 2006/118345 A1), spirofluorene derivatives (such as disclosed in, for example, WO 2003/020790 A1), benzofluorene, dibenzofluorene, benzothiophene, dibenzofluorene and derivatives thereof (such as disclosed in, for example, WO 2005/056633 A1, EP 1344788 A1 and WO 2007/043495 A1). Preferably, the organic functional material is a polymer comprising units of group 8, which can be selected from the group comprising dye materials as described above. Conjugated polymers suitable for organic solar cells (such as summarized by FCKrebs, in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol91, 953 (2007)) can also be used as the additional organic functional material in the present invention. Preferably, the polymer suitable for the present invention comprises one or more units selected from groups 1 to 8 at the same time. It is also preferred that more than one structural unit from a group exists at the same time. Preferably, the polymer suitable for the present invention comprises at least one structural unit from the above-mentioned group in addition to the structural unit of the emitter. At least two structural units are particularly preferably from the above-mentioned different categories of groups. If present in the polymer, the proportion of the different types of groups is preferably at least 5 mol% in each case, particularly preferably at least 10 mol% in each case. In particular, one of these structural units is selected from the group of hole-conducting units and the other group is a luminescent unit, wherein these two functions (hole conduction and luminescence) can also be adopted by the same unit. However, for example, for the synthesis of white-light-emitting copolymers, a smaller proportion of luminescent units (especially green- and red-light-emitting units) may also be preferred. The manner in which white-light-emitting copolymers can be synthesized is described in detail in DE 10343606 A1. In order to ensure sufficient solubility, it is preferred that an average of at least 2 non-aromatic C atoms are present in the substituents of each repeating unit. It is preferred here to have at least 4 and particularly preferably at least 8 C atoms. Furthermore, individual C atoms in these may be replaced by O or S. However, this may well mean that a certain proportion of the repeating units do not carry any additional non-aromatic substituents. In order to avoid impairment of the film morphology, it is preferred that there are no more than 12 C atoms in the linear chain, particularly preferably no more than 8 C atoms, and in particular no long-chain substituents with more than 6 C atoms. The polymer used as an organic functional material in the present invention may be a statistical copolymer or a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer or a regioregular copolymer, a block copolymer or a combination thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the polymer is a side-chain non-conjugated polymer, which is particularly important for polymer-based phosphorescent OLEDs. Typically, such phosphorescent polymers are obtained by means of free radical copolymerization of vinyl compounds and contain at least one phosphorescent emitter and at least one charge transport unit on the side chain, as disclosed in US 7250226 B2. Further embodiments of such phosphorescent polymers are disclosed, for example, in JP 2007/211243 A2, JP 2007/197574 A2, US 7250226 B2, and JP 2007/059939 A. In another preferred embodiment, the polymer is a main-chain non-conjugated polymer, wherein the backbone units are connected on the main chain via spacers. Like the side-chain non-conjugated polymers, the main-chain non-conjugated polymers also give high triplet energy levels. An embodiment of a triplet OLED based on a main chain nonconjugated polymer is disclosed in DE 102009023154. In another specific embodiment, the polymer may also be a nonconjugated polymer for fluorescent OLEDs. Preferred singlet nonconjugated polymers are, for example, side chain polymers with anthracene, benzanthracene and derivatives thereof in the side chains, as disclosed in JP 2005/108556, JP 2005/285661, and JP 2003/338375. The polymer may also act as an ETM or HTM, preferably the polymer is a nonconjugated polymer. The device according to the invention may also comprise additional layers which are not deposited by using the ink according to the invention. The additional layers can be deposited by techniques from solution or by vapor deposition. Accordingly, the specific method used depends on the characteristics of the materials used, and a person skilled in the art will have no problem choosing the appropriate technique. The deposited material can be any material used in the field of electronic or optoelectronic multilayer structures. In particular, the material can be any material described herein. Furthermore, the material can be selected from organic and inorganic functional materials as outlined below. Inorganic compounds such as p-type Si and p-type SiC and inorganic oxides such as vanadium oxide ( VOx ), molybdenum oxide ( MoOx ) or nickel oxide ( NiOx ) can also be used as HIM. The electron injection layer (EIL) often consists of an insulator and a semiconductor. Preferred alkali metal chalcogenides for EIL are Li 2 O, LiO, Na 2 S, Na 2 Se, NaO, K 2 O, and Cs 2 O. Preferred alkali earth metal chalcogenides for EIL are CaO, BaO, SrO, BeO, BaS, and CaSe. Preferred alkali metal halides for EIL are LiF, NaF, KF, CsF, LiCl, KCl, and NaCl. Preferred alkali earth metal halides for EIL are CaF 2 , BaF 2 , SrF 2 , MgF 2 , and BeF 2 . Similarly, alkali metal complexes, alkali earth metal complexes, rare earth metals (Sc, Y, Ce, Th, Yb), rare earth metal complexes, rare earth metal compounds (preferably YbF3 , ScF3 , TbF3 ), etc. can be used. The structure of the EIL is described in, for example, US 5608287, US 5776622, US 5776623, US 6137223, US 6140763, US 6914269. The electron transport layer can be composed of an intrinsic material or contain a dopant. Alq3 (EP 278757 B1) and Liq (EP 0569827 A2) are examples of the intrinsic layer. 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen):Li 1:1 (US 2003/02309890) and rubrene/LiF are examples of doped layers. According to the method of the present invention, inks A and B and ink H are used, and optionally ink C and another ink, such as ink D, are used. Each of these inks contains at least one of organic solvents A, B, C and D. The solvents A, B, C and D used in different inks are different from each other. In addition, the solvents A, B, C and D and solvent H used in different inks can be a single solvent or a mixture of two or more different solvents. As a solvent, any suitable solvent that is particularly commonly used in the printing of OLEDs can be used. Preferred solvents are described in this application. The solvent only needs to meet the solubility requirements for its respective organic functional material. The determination of the solubility of the material in the solvent can be carried out following ISO norm 7579:2009, which describes the solubility determination by photometric or gravimetric method. Photometric techniques are recommended and used here, since the boiling points of the solvents considered and used are higher than 120°C. Organic solvents A, B and H and optional solvents C and D each have a boiling point in the range of 120 to 400°C, preferably in the range of 200 to 350°C, more preferably in the range of 225 to 325°C and most preferably in the range of 250 to 300°C. Preferred solvents for inks A, B, C, D and H are independent of each other and are preferably organic solvents, which include ketones, ethers, esters, amides (such as di-C 1-2 -alkylformamides), sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, alkalis, halogenated alkalis (such as chlorinated alkalis), aromatic hydrocarbons or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene derivatives) and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons or halogenated heteroaromatic hydrocarbons. More preferred solvents can be selected from one of the following groups: substituted and unsubstituted aromatic or linear ethers such as 3-phenoxytoluene or anisole; substituted and unsubstituted aromatic derivatives such as cyclohexylbenzene; substituted and unsubstituted aromatic or linear esters such as butyl benzoate or ethyl p-toluate; substituted and unsubstituted indanes such as hexamethylindane; substituted and unsubstituted aromatic or linear ketones such as dicyclohexyl ketone; substituted and unsubstituted heterocycles such as pyrrolidone, pyridine, pyrrolidone; other fluorinated or chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, substituted and unsubstituted naphthalenes such as alkyl substituted naphthalenes, such as 1-ethylnaphthalene. Particularly preferred solvents are, for example, 1-ethyl-naphthalene, 2-ethyl-naphthalene, 2-propyl-naphthalene, 2-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene, 1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene, 2-butyl-naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl-naphthalene, 2,2'-dimethyl-biphenyl, 3,3'-dimethyl-biphenyl, 1-acetyl-naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl-benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl-benzene, 1,2,4 -Trichlorobenzene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2-dimethyl-naphthalene, 1,3-benzodioxole, 1,3-diisopropylbenzene, 1,3-dimethyl-naphthalene, 1,4-benzodioxane, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 1,4-dimethyl-naphthalene, 1,5-dimethyltetrahydronaphthalene, 1-benzothiophene, thianaphthalene, 1-bromonaphthalene, 1-chloro Methylnaphthalene, 1-methoxynaphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-bromo-3-bromomethylnaphthalene, 2-bromo-methyl-naphthalene, 2-bromonaphthalene, 2-ethoxynaphthalene, 2-isopropyl-anisole, 3,5-dimethyl-anisole, 5-methoxyindane, 5-methoxy-indole, 5-tert-butyl-m-xylene, 6-methylquinoline, 8-methylquinoline, acetophenone, benzothiazole, benzyl acetate, butylphenyl ether, butyl benzoate, p-toluene Ethyl formate, cyclohexylbenzene, decahydronaphthol, dimethoxytoluene, 3-phenoxy-toluene, diphenyl ether, propiophenone, hexylbenzene, hexamethylindane, isochromane, phenylacetate, propiophenone, veratrol, pyrrolidone, N,N-dibutylaniline, cyclohexyl hexanoate, menthyl isovalerate, dicyclohexyl ketone, ethyl laurate, ethyl caprate. In addition to the above-mentioned components, especially the organic functional material and the solvent, the ink of the present invention may also contain other additives and processing aids. These include, in particular, surface active substances (surface active agents), lubricants and greases, viscosity-modifying additives, conductivity-increasing additives, dispersants, hydrophobic agents, adhesion promoters, flow improvers, defoamers, deaerators, reactive or non-reactive diluents, fillers, additives, processing aids, dyes, pigments, stabilizers, sensitizers, nanoparticles and inhibitors. In addition to the above materials, the organic electroluminescent device according to the present invention may also include at least one anode, at least one cathode and one or more substrates. For the purpose of the present invention, the electrodes (cathode, anode) are selected in such a way that the energy band energies of the electrodes are as close as possible to the energy band energies of the adjacent organic layers to ensure efficient electron or hole injection. Preferred materials for the anode are metal oxides selected from, but not limited to, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO), ZnO, InO, aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO), and other metal oxides, such as aluminum-zinc oxide doped with zinc oxide and indium-zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. Metal nitrides (such as gallium nitride) and metal selenides (such as zinc selenide) and metal sulfides (such as zinc sulfide) can also be used. Another material that can be used for the anode is a conductive polymer, such as polythiophene and polypyrrole. The anode can be transparent, opaque, or reflective. The anode can also adopt an intermediate state, such as partially reflective and partially transparent. If the anode is not transparent or only partially transparent, another conductive material can be used. Preferred materials for opaque or partially transparent anodes are selected from but not limited to Au, Ir, Mo, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Sn, C, Al, V, Fe, Co, Ni, W, and mixtures thereof. The conductive material can also be mixed with another conductive material as described above, such as In-Cu. The anode is preferably transparent and a particularly preferred material for the anode is ITO. In the case of a bottom-emitting device, the glass or plastic is preferably coated with ITO. In the case of a top-emitting device, the anode preferably comprises a reflective material. Other materials known to those skilled in the art may be used for the anode. Flexible and transparent combinations of substrates and anodes are described, for example, in US 5844363 B2 and US 6602540 B2. The cathode may be transparent, opaque, or reflective. The cathode is selected from a metal or alloy with a low work function. Preferably, a metal, alloy, or conductive compound or material having a work function of less than 4.0 eV is used. Particularly preferred cathodes are selected from, but not limited to, Ba, Ca, Sr, Yb, Ga, Cd, Si, Ta, Sb, Zn, Mg, Al, In, Li, Na, Cs, Ag, mixtures of two or more elements (such as alloys containing Mg/Al or Al/Li or Al/Sc/Li or Mg/Ag) or metal oxides (such as ITO or IZO). Another preferred material for the cathode (for forming a thin dielectric layer) is selected from metals mixed with LiF, Li2O , BaF2 , MgO, or NaF. A common combination is LiF/Al. Mg/Al cathodes with an ITO layer on top are described in US 5703436, US 5707745, US 6548956 B2, US 6576134 B2. Mg/Ag alloys are described in US 4885221. Any type of material known to the person skilled in the art can be used as a substrate. The substrate can be rigid or flexible. The substrate can be transparent, translucent, opaque or reflective. The material used can be glass, plastic, ceramic or metal foil, wherein plastic and metal foil are preferably used for flexible substrates. However, semiconductor materials such as, for example, silicon wafers or printed circuit board (PCB) materials can also be used to simplify the generation of the conductor tracks. Other substrates can also be used. The glass used may be, for example, sodium calcium glass, glass containing Ba or Sr, lead glass, aluminum silicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass or quartz. The plastic plate may be composed of, for example, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polysilicone resin, fluorine resin, polyether sulfide resin or polysulfone resin. For the transparent film, for example, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, PVC, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, nylon, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polytrifluorochloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyimide or polyetherimide are used. The substrate has a hydrophobic layer. The substrate is preferably transparent. Other materials other than those mentioned here can also be used. Suitable materials are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. After applying at least two inks of the present invention (e.g., the first ink A and the second ink B) to the substrate or the applied functional layer, a drying step is performed to remove the solvent(s). Drying can preferably be performed at a relatively low temperature and for a relatively long time to avoid bubble formation and obtain a uniform coating. Drying here can preferably be performed under a pressure in the range of 10-6 mbar to 1 mbar, more preferably in the range of 10-6 mbar to 10-2 mbar and most preferably in the range of 10-6 mbar to 10-4 mbar. During the drying process, the temperature of the substrate can vary from -5°C to 40°C. It can also be proposed that the process is repeated several times to form different or identical functional layers. The functional layers formed can hereby be crosslinked in order to prevent their dissolution, as disclosed, for example, in EP 0 637 899 A1. In addition, the present invention also relates to an ink set, which contains at least two different inks, ink A and ink B, - wherein ink A contains at least a first organic functional material A and at least a first organic solvent A, - wherein ink B contains at least a second organic functional material B and at least a second organic solvent B, - wherein the first organic functional material A and the second organic functional material B are different, - wherein the first organic solvent A and the second organic solvent B are different, - and wherein the organic solvent A and the organic solvent B are miscible with each other in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and is characterized in that - the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, - the organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and - the organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. When the two inks of the set are mixed, an ink is obtained, which contains at least a first organic functional material A, at least a second organic functional material B, at least a first organic solvent A and at least a second organic solvent B. In addition, the present invention relates to a method for preparing an ink, which contains at least a first organic functional material A, a second organic functional material B, at least a first organic solvent A and at least a second organic solvent B, characterized in that at least two different inks of the set of the present invention are mixed. The present invention also relates to an electronic device, preferably an organic light emitting diode (OLED), characterized in that at least one layer is prepared using the method of the present invention. An electronic device refers to a device comprising an anode, a cathode and at least one functional layer therebetween, wherein this functional layer comprises at least one organic functional material. The organic electronic device is preferably an organic light emitting diode (OLED), an organic integrated circuit (O-IC), an organic field effect transistor (O-FET), an organic thin film transistor (O-TFT), an organic light emitting transistor (O-LET), an organic solar cell (O-SC), an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell, an organic photodetector, an organic photoreceptor, an organic field-quench device (O-FQD), an organic inductor, a light emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) or an organic laser diode (O-laser), more preferably an organic light emitting diode (OLED). Surprisingly, it was found that in the case of applying the method of the present application, the components of the different inks are combined for only a short time before they dry. Since the time between the mixing of the ink and its drying is significantly lower than its shelf life, problems regarding the stability of the ink no longer exist. In particular, when, for example, the organic functional material A of the first ink A has a low solubility or is insoluble in at least one organic solvent B of the second ink B, this organic functional material A can be stored and processed in at least one organic solvent A and combined with a suitable printing organic solvent B only shortly before drying. Therefore, precipitation of components in the ink during storage can be prevented. In addition, as shown above and in the working examples, when using the printing method of the present invention, for example, full-color OLED displays can be manufactured without the above-mentioned disadvantages of conventional printing methods. These above-mentioned advantages are not accompanied by damage to other electronic properties. The present invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to working examples, but is not limited thereto. Working Examples In the working examples, the following materials are used: Example 1 Long-term ink stability check In order to evaluate the suitability of the solvent blends formed by the present invention for their direct use in pixels, a series of inks were prepared and monitored. Compound D1 was weighed into a glass vial to allow the preparation of an ink with a concentration of 40 g/l. In a separate container, ENA and menthyl isovalerate were flushed with an inert gas (Nitrogen) for 20 minutes. ENA was added to the solid using a glass pipette. The solution was stirred at room temperature with a magnetic stirrer until the solid was completely dissolved to obtain Solution 1. An aliquot of Solution 1 was divided into another glass vial and menthyl isovalerate was added to give Solution 2, with a concentration of 13.33 g/l and a solvent ratio of menthyl isovalerate/ENA of 2/1 (V/V). An aliquot of solution 1 was divided into another glass vial and menthyl isovalerate was added to give solution 3 with a concentration of 6.67 g/l and a solvent ratio of menthyl isovalerate/ENA of 5/1 (V/V). The clear solutions 1 to 3 were stored in glass bottles under argon at room temperature for 14 days and checked regularly for precipitation. Solution 1 remained clear throughout the observation time. Solution 2 and solution 3 became turbid after 4 hours and most of the solid material had precipitated within 20 hours. Although solution 1 was stable for a long time, solution 2 and solution 3 could not be stored for a longer time. Example 2 Short-term ink stability check In order to determine the maximum amount of undesirable solvent used in a pixel, a titration experiment was performed. Compound D1 was weighed into a glass vial to allow the preparation of an ink with a concentration of 40 g/l. In a separate container, ENA and menthyl isovalerate were flushed with an inert gas (Nitrogen) for 20 minutes. ENA was added to the solid using a glass pipette. The solution was stirred at room temperature with a magnetic stirrer until the solid was completely dissolved. Menthyl isovalerate was added dropwise to an aliquot of this solution under magnetic stirring and the solution was monitored for immediate precipitation. Precipitation was not observed until the solvent ratio of menthyl isovalerate/ENA exceeded 15/1 (V/V) and the concentration had dropped to approximately below 2.5 g/l. After a few hours, the solution began to become turbid and a precipitate formed. Comparative Example 3 uses one ink and prints it in one pixel to prepare a functional layer (i.e., G-EML) Material Solvent Target concentration (g/L) Remarks H1 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 Solubility＞ 50 g/L D1 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 Insoluble, solubility < 5 g/L H1:D1 cannot be achieved by printing two materials in menthyl isovalerate. Example 3 uses two inks and prints them in one pixel to prepare the functional layer (i.e., G-EML) Material Solvent Target concentration (g/L) Remarks H1 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 Solubility＞ 50 g/L D1 ENA 50 Solubility＞ 50 g/L H1:D1 can be achieved by printing H1 (menthyl isovalerate) and D1 (ENA). Comparative Example 4 uses one ink and prints it in one pixel to prepare the functional layer. Material Solvent Target concentration (g/L) Solubility Day 1 Solubility Day 7 Remarks H1 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L Stable ink H2 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＜ 10 g/L Unstable ink Because the storage life of H2 in menthyl isovalerate is poor, H1:H2 cannot be achieved by printing both materials in menthyl isovalerate. Example 4 uses two inks and prints them in one pixel to prepare a functional layer Material Solvent Target concentration (g/L) Solubility Day 1 Solubility Day 7 Remarks H1 Menthyl Isovalerate 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L Stable ink H2 ENA 50 ＞ 50 g/L ＞ 50 g/L Stable ink H1:H2 can be achieved by printing H1 (menthyl isovalerate) and H2 (ENA). When printing H1 (menthyl isovalerate) and H2 (ENA) into the same pixel, the stability of H2 in menthyl isovalerate is not an issue because the ink mixture is only left for a few minutes before drying.

Claims (29)

一種印刷含有至少兩種不同有機功能材料A及B之功能層之方法，其包含以下步驟： (a)  提供基材，其具有至少第一像素類型A， (b)  將第一油墨A印刷至該第一像素類型A中，該第一油墨A含有至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機溶劑A， (c)  將第二油墨B印刷至該第一像素類型A中，該第二油墨B含有至少一種不同於該有機功能材料A之有機功能材料B、及至少一種不同於該有機溶劑A之有機溶劑B，且該有機溶劑B在室溫下可與該有機溶劑A以任何混合比率互溶，及 (d)  之後乾燥該第一像素類型A， 其特徵在於 - 該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， - 該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 - 該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 A method for printing a functional layer containing at least two different organic functional materials A and B, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a substrate having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing a first ink A into the first pixel type A, the first ink A containing at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, (c) printing a second ink B into the first pixel type A, the second ink B containing at least one organic functional material B different from the organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent B different from the organic solvent A, and the organic solvent B is miscible with the organic solvent A in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and (d) thereafter drying the first pixel type A, characterized in that - the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, - The organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and - The organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. 一種印刷兩個功能層之方法，其中第一功能層含有至少一種，較佳地一種有機功能材料H且第二功能層含有至少兩種不同的有機功能材料A及B，該方法包含以下步驟： (a)  提供基材，其具有至少第一像素類型A， (b)  將油墨H印刷至該第一像素類型A中，該油墨H含有至少一種有機功能材料H及至少一種有機溶劑H， (c)  之後乾燥該第一像素A， (d)  然後將第一油墨A印刷至該第一像素類型A中，該第一油墨A含有至少一種有機功能材料A及至少一種有機溶劑A，及 (e)  將第二油墨B印刷至該第一像素類型A中，該第二油墨B含有至少一種不同於該有機功能材料A之有機功能材料B、及至少一種不同於該有機溶劑A之有機溶劑B，且該有機溶劑B在室溫下可與該有機溶劑A以任何混合比率互溶，及 (f)   之後乾燥該第一像素類型A， 其特徵在於 該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， 該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度，及 該有機功能材料H在該有機溶劑A中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 A method for printing two functional layers, wherein the first functional layer contains at least one, preferably one, organic functional material H and the second functional layer contains at least two different organic functional materials A and B, the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a substrate having at least a first pixel type A, (b) printing ink H into the first pixel type A, the ink H containing at least one organic functional material H and at least one organic solvent H, (c) thereafter drying the first pixel A, (d) then printing a first ink A into the first pixel type A, the first ink A containing at least one organic functional material A and at least one organic solvent A, and (e) Printing a second ink B into the first pixel type A, the second ink B containing at least one organic functional material B different from the organic functional material A, and at least one organic solvent B different from the organic solvent A, and the organic solvent B is miscible with the organic solvent A in any mixing ratio at room temperature, and (f)   thereafter drying the first pixel type A, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, the organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, the organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and the organic functional material H has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent A. 如請求項1或2之方法，其中該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the organic functional material B has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature. 如請求項1至3中一或多項之方法，其中該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有≥30 g/l、較佳地≥40 g/l之溶解度。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 3, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥30 g/l, preferably ≥40 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature. 如請求項1至4中一或多項之方法，其中該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有≥30 g/l、較佳地≥40 g/l之溶解度。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 4, wherein the organic functional material B has a solubility in the organic solvent B of ≥30 g/l, preferably ≥40 g/l at room temperature. 如請求項1至5中一或多項之方法，其中該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有＜10 g/l、較佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 5, wherein the organic functional material A has a solubility in the organic solvent B of <10 g/l, preferably <5 g/l at room temperature. 如請求項3至5中一或多項之方法，其中該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有＜10 g/l、較佳地＜5 g/l之溶解度。The method of one or more of claims 3 to 5, wherein the organic functional material B has a solubility of <10 g/l, preferably <5 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature. 如請求項1至7中一或多項之方法，其中除了該第一油墨A及該第二油墨B之外，還將至少第三油墨C印刷至該第一像素A中，該第三油墨C含有至少一種不同於該等有機功能材A及B之有機功能材料C、及至少一種不同於該等有機溶劑A及/或B之有機溶劑C。A method as claimed in one or more of items 1 to 7, wherein in addition to the first ink A and the second ink B, at least a third ink C is printed into the first pixel A, and the third ink C contains at least one organic functional material C different from the organic functional materials A and B, and at least one organic solvent C different from the organic solvents A and/or B. 如請求項1至8中一或多項之方法，其中該功能層係電子裝置之功能層、較佳地係有機發光二極體(OLED)之功能層。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 8, wherein the functional layer is a functional layer of an electronic device, preferably a functional layer of an organic light emitting diode (OLED). 如請求項9之方法，其中該功能層係電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)、發光層(EML)、電子傳輸層(ETL)或電子注入層(EIL)，較佳地係發光層(EML)。The method of claim 9, wherein the functional layer is a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), a light emitting layer (EML), an electron transport layer (ETL) or an electron injection layer (EIL), preferably a light emitting layer (EML). 如請求項1至10中一或多項之方法，其中該至少一種有機功能材料A及/或該至少一種有機功能材料B係具有≤ 3,000 g/mol之分子量的低分子量材料。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 10, wherein the at least one organic functional material A and/or the at least one organic functional material B is a low molecular weight material having a molecular weight of ≤ 3,000 g/mol. 如請求項1至11中一或多項之方法，其中該至少一種有機功能材料A及該至少一種有機功能材料B係不同的主體材料。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 11, wherein the at least one organic functional material A and the at least one organic functional material B are different host materials. 如請求項1至11中一或多項之方法，其中該至少一種有機功能材料A係主體材料且該至少一種有機功能材料B係發光材料。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 11, wherein the at least one organic functional material A is a host material and the at least one organic functional material B is a luminescent material. 如請求項1至11中一或多項之方法，其中該至少一種有機功能材料A及該至少一種有機功能材料B係不同的發光材料。The method of one or more of claims 1 to 11, wherein the at least one organic functional material A and the at least one organic functional material B are different luminescent materials. 如請求項13或14之方法，其中該發光材料係選自螢光及磷光發光材料。The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the luminescent material is selected from fluorescent and phosphorescent materials. 如請求項1至15中一或多項之方法，其中將油墨A及油墨B及可選地油墨C印刷至相同的像素類型中，得到一種油墨，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、至少第二有機功能材料B、及可選地至少第三有機功能材料C、至少第一有機溶劑A、至少第二有機溶劑B及可選地至少第三有機溶劑C。A method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 15, wherein ink A, ink B and optionally ink C are printed into the same pixel type to obtain an ink containing at least a first organic functional material A, at least a second organic functional material B, and optionally at least a third organic functional material C, at least a first organic solvent A, at least a second organic solvent B and optionally at least a third organic solvent C. 如請求項1至16中一或多項之方法，其中在該等對應油墨中該等有機功能材料A、B及/或C之含量分別係≥2重量%、較佳地≥3重量%、及更佳地≥4重量%，其係基於該油墨之總重量計。A method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 16, wherein the content of the organic functional materials A, B and/or C in the corresponding inks is ≥ 2% by weight, preferably ≥ 3% by weight, and more preferably ≥ 4% by weight, respectively, based on the total weight of the ink. 如請求項1至17中一或多項之方法，其中該等有機溶劑A、B及/或C具有在120至400℃之範圍內、較佳地在200至350℃之範圍內、更佳地在225至325℃之範圍內、及最佳地在250至300℃之範圍內的沸點。A method as in one or more of claims 1 to 17, wherein the organic solvents A, B and/or C have a boiling point in the range of 120 to 400°C, preferably in the range of 200 to 350°C, more preferably in the range of 225 to 325°C, and most preferably in the range of 250 to 300°C. 如請求項1至18中一或多項之方法，其中該第一、該第二及/或該第三油墨各自具有在0.8至50 mPa .s之範圍內、較佳地在1至40 mPa .s之範圍內、及更佳地在2至15 mPa .s之範圍內的黏度。 A method as in one or more of claims 1 to 18, wherein the first, second and/or third ink each has a viscosity in the range of 0.8 to 50 mPa.s , preferably in the range of 1 to 40 mPa.s , and more preferably in the range of 2 to 15 mPa.s. 如請求項1至19中一或多項之方法，其中該第一油墨、該第二油墨及/或該第三油墨分別具有在15至70 mN/m之範圍內、較佳地在10至50 mN/m之範圍內及更佳地在20至40 mN/m之範圍內的表面張力。A method as in one or more of claims 1 to 19, wherein the first ink, the second ink and/or the third ink each have a surface tension in the range of 15 to 70 mN/m, preferably in the range of 10 to 50 mN/m and more preferably in the range of 20 to 40 mN/m. 如請求項1至20中一或多項之方法，其中該印刷方法係噴墨印刷。A method as in one or more of claims 1 to 20, wherein the printing method is inkjet printing. 如請求項1至21中一或多項之方法，其中該基材具有至少兩種不同的像素類型，第一像素類型A及第二像素類型B；較佳地至少三種不同的像素類型，第一像素類型A、第二像素類型B及第三像素類型C。A method as in one or more of claims 1 to 21, wherein the substrate has at least two different pixel types, a first pixel type A and a second pixel type B; preferably at least three different pixel types, a first pixel type A, a second pixel type B and a third pixel type C. 如請求項22之方法，其中該像素類型B及/或該像素類型C中之至少一個功能層係如請求項1至20中一或多項之方法印刷。A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein at least one functional layer of the pixel type B and/or the pixel type C is printed by a method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 20. 一種用於生產OLED之方法，其在一對電極之間含有至少電洞注入層(HIL)、電洞傳輸層(HTL)及發光層(EML)，其特徵在於該發光層(EML)係如請求項1至23中一或多項之方法生產。A method for producing an OLED, which contains at least a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL) and a light-emitting layer (EML) between a pair of electrodes, characterized in that the light-emitting layer (EML) is produced by the method of one or more of claims 1 to 23. 一種用於生產含有OLED之顯示器之方法，其特徵在於該OLED係如請求項24之方法生產。A method for producing a display containing an OLED, characterized in that the OLED is produced by the method of claim 24. 如請求項25之方法，其中該顯示器係全彩顯示器。A method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the display is a full-color display. 一種油墨套組，其含有至少兩種不同的油墨，油墨A及油墨B， -     其中該油墨A含有至少第一有機功能材料A及至少第一有機溶劑A， -     其中該油墨B含有至少第二有機功能材料B及至少第二有機溶劑B， -     其中該第一有機功能材料A及該第二有機功能材料B係不同的， -     其中該第一有機溶劑A及該第二有機溶劑B係不同的， -     且其中有機溶劑A及有機溶劑B在室溫下可以任何混合比率彼此互溶， 其特徵在於 -     該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑A中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度， -     該有機功能材料B在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有≥20 g/l之溶解度，及 -     該有機功能材料A在室溫下在該有機溶劑B中具有＜20 g/l之溶解度。 An ink set comprising at least two different inks, ink A and ink B, -     wherein the ink A comprises at least a first organic functional material A and at least a first organic solvent A, -     wherein the ink B comprises at least a second organic functional material B and at least a second organic solvent B, -     wherein the first organic functional material A and the second organic functional material B are different, -     wherein the first organic solvent A and the second organic solvent B are different, -     and wherein the organic solvent A and the organic solvent B are mutually soluble in each other at any mixing ratio at room temperature, characterized in that -     the organic functional material A has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent A at room temperature, -     the organic functional material B has a solubility of ≥20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature, and -    The organic functional material A has a solubility of <20 g/l in the organic solvent B at room temperature. 如請求項27之套組，其中當混合兩種油墨時得到一種油墨，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、至少第二有機功能材料B、至少第一有機溶劑A及至少第二有機溶劑B。A kit as claimed in claim 27, wherein when the two inks are mixed, an ink is obtained, which contains at least a first organic functional material A, at least a second organic functional material B, at least a first organic solvent A and at least a second organic solvent B. 一種用於製備油墨之方法，該油墨含有至少第一有機功能材料A、至少第二有機功能材料B、至少第一有機溶劑A及至少第二有機溶劑B， 其特徵在於如請求項27之套組之至少兩種不同的油墨係混合的。 A method for preparing an ink, the ink containing at least a first organic functional material A, at least a second organic functional material B, at least a first organic solvent A and at least a second organic solvent B, characterized in that at least two different inks of the set as claimed in claim 27 are mixed.
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