本發明產生用於特異性靶向及遞送藥劑至自噬及/或凋亡細胞之表現或結合於囊泡上之經工程改造之表面蛋白質。特定言之，本發明之囊泡可實現對自噬及/或凋亡細胞以及含有自噬及/或凋亡細胞之組織之靶向及藥物遞送之協同作用。 除非特定說明，否則當術語之定義偏離術語之常用含義時，申請人意欲使用下文中提供之定義。 除非內容另有明確指示，否則如本說明書及隨附申請專利範圍中所使用之單數形式「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」包括複數個指示物。 如本文中所使用，除非另有說明，否則「或」之使用意謂「及/或」。在多項從屬請求項的情況下，使用「或」僅以替代的方式引用超過一項前述申請專利範圍獨立項或申請專利範圍從屬項。 如本文中所使用，術語「一或多個」可由熟習此項技術者容易地理解，尤其當在其使用情況下閱讀時。 如本文中所使用，術語「脂質體」為通用術語，其涵蓋藉由產生密封型脂質雙層或聚集體而形成之多種單層及多層脂質媒劑。脂質體可表徵為具有囊泡結構，其具有雙層膜，通常包含磷脂，及通常包含水性組合物之內部介質。 如本文中所使用，術語「微胞」係指分散於液體膠體中之界面活性劑分子之聚集物(或超分子集合體)。水性溶液中之典型微胞與親水性「頭部」區域形成聚集物，該等區域與周圍溶劑接觸，使微胞中心中之疏水性單尾區域螯合。 如本文所使用，術語「藥劑」或「治療劑」係指能夠治療及/或改善病狀或疾病之藥劑。 如本文中可互換地所用，術語「個人」、「個體」、「宿主」及「患者」係指哺乳動物，其包括(但不限於)鼠(大鼠、小鼠)、非人類靈長類動物、人類、犬科動物、貓科動物、有蹄動物(例如馬科動物、牛科動物、綿羊、豬科動物、山羊)等。 如本文中所使用，術語「治療有效量」或「有效量」係指當投與哺乳動物或其他個體以用於治療疾病時，足以實現對疾病之此類治療的囊泡之量。 如本文所使用，術語「治療(treatment/treating)」及其類似術語涵蓋對哺乳動物，尤其人類之疾病的任何治療，且包括：(a)預防疾病在易患該疾病但尚未診斷患有該疾病之個體中發生；(b)抑制疾病，亦即遏制其發展；及(c)緩解疾病，亦即引起疾病消退。 如本文中所使用，術語「結合位點」係指其中在兩個大分子之間形成共價鍵之位點，大部分為末端與側鏈分支鏈結合，且偶爾為分子頭對尾線形結合。 在一個態樣中，本發明提供蛋白質結合之囊泡，其包含表現或結合於囊泡表面之一或多種凝集素或其片段及視情況選用之藥劑。 在一個實施例中，藥劑囊封於囊泡內且連接至囊泡之外表面。 在一些實施例中，囊泡為脂質體或微胞。囊泡可經人工工程改造或細胞衍生。 在一些實施例中，凝集素或其片段係選自由以下組成之群：陽離子依賴性甘露糖-6-磷酸受體(M6PR)、P-選擇素、E-選擇素、L-選擇素、P-選擇素-配位體-1 (PSGL-1)、CD22、CD206、半乳糖凝集素3、磷脂結合蛋白V、CD31、整合素αLβ2、VE-鈣黏素、CD300a、CD47、凝血栓蛋白1 (TSP1)及CD36或其片段。在一些實施例中，單獨的M6PR、P-選擇素、E-選擇素、P-選擇素-配位體-1 (PSGL-1)、CD22、CD206、半乳糖凝集素3、磷脂結合蛋白V、整合素αLβ2、VE-鈣黏素足以引導囊泡靶向自噬及/或凋亡細胞以及含有自噬及/或凋亡細胞之組織，且充當第一蛋白質(EP)。在一些其他實施例中，囊泡包含M6PR與P-選擇素、E-選擇素、PSGL-1或半乳糖凝集素3之組合；或Siglec 2與P-選擇素或半乳糖凝集素3之組合。 在一些實施例中，CD300a、CD47、凝血栓蛋白1 (TSP1)及CD36亦可充當第二蛋白質。因此，本發明亦提供囊泡，其包含一或多種選自由M6PR、P-選擇素、E-選擇素、L-選擇素、P-選擇素-配位體-1 (PSGL-1)、CD22、CD206、半乳糖凝集素3、磷脂結合蛋白V、CD31、整合素αLβ2及VE-鈣黏素組成之群之第一蛋白質，及一或多種選自由CD300a、CD47、凝血栓蛋白1 (TSP1)、Toll樣受體4 (TLR4)及CD36以及其片段組成之群之第二蛋白質。在一些實施例中，囊泡包含M6PR或P-選擇素與TLR4、半乳糖凝集素3、CLEC2、整合素αLβ2或CD31之組合。具有蛋白質標記之組合之囊泡可實現對自噬及/凋亡細胞以及含有自噬及/或凋亡細胞之組織的靶向及藥物遞送之協同作用。對靶向作用之協同作用可降低待遞送之藥劑之有效劑量，且因此可減小藥物之副作用。 在一個實施例中，藥劑為診斷劑或治療劑。在一個實施例中，藥劑為自噬或凋亡藥物。在一些實施例中，藥劑之實例包括(但不限於)抗瘧疾藥物、自噬抑制劑、組蛋白脫乙醯基酶(HDAC)抑制劑、本文中所描述之EP或AP之拮抗劑、診斷造影劑、細胞存活增強劑(或細胞死亡抑制劑)、細胞存活抑制劑(或細胞死亡增強劑)、細胞(諸如幹細胞及祖細胞)、細胞組分、細胞器、細胞毒性劑、抗腫瘤藥物、毒素或抗體、脂質、蛋白質、DNA、RNA、治療劑及奈米材料。在一個實施例中，前述第一蛋白質或第二蛋白質之拮抗劑(諸如可溶形式、相應配位體以及中和及阻斷抗體)能夠充當解毒劑，以降低對自噬及凋亡細胞以及含有自噬及凋亡細胞之組織之囊泡靶向。在一些實施例中，藥劑為甲基巴多索隆(bardoxolone methyl)、氯奎寧(chloroquine)、奎寧(quinine)、氫氯奎寧(hydrochloroquine)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、Hsp90抑制劑、二甲雙胍(metformin)或克卓替尼(crizotinib)。 本文中提供之脂質體包括單層脂質體、多層脂質體及多囊泡脂質體。本文中提供之脂質體可由帶正電、帶負電或中性磷脂組成。 本發明中使用之脂質體可藉由此項技術中已知之不同方法製得。舉例而言，磷脂(諸如中性磷脂二油醯基磷脂醯膽鹼(DOPC)、二軟脂醯基膽鹼磷脂(DPPC)及/或EPC)可溶解於乙醇或其他有機溶劑中，且接著與用於包含於脂質雙層中之組分混合。混合物可進一步包括各種清潔劑。典型地，使脂質混合物渦旋，在乾冰/丙酮浴中冷凍且凍乾隔夜。凍乾製劑在-20℃或更低之溫度下長期儲存。在需要時復原經凍乾之脂質體。 或者，可藉由在容器(例如玻璃、梨形燒瓶)中，在溶劑中混合脂質來製備脂質體。容器之體積應比所預期之脂質體懸浮液之大超過十倍。使用旋轉式蒸發器，在負壓下，在約40℃下移除溶劑。視所需脂質體體積而定，通常在約5分鐘至2小時內移除溶劑。可在真空中，在乾燥器中進一步乾燥組合物。由於隨時間推移而劣化之趨勢，通常在約1週之後廢棄經乾燥之脂質。 微胞結構本身將大部分由用於形成微胞之聚合物分子之類型及組成以及微胞之溶劑環境決定。在一些實施例中，使用由親水性及疏水性單體單元組成之非離子型三嵌段共聚物構造微胞。在本發明之實施例中，使用泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)，其為聚(環氧乙烷)-聚(環氧丙烷)-聚(環氧乙烷)之三嵌段共聚物(PEO-PPO-PEO)。在一些實施例中，本發明之微胞可使用具有多種嵌段尺寸(例如處於上述範圍內之嵌段尺寸)之PEG-PLA聚合物且以多種比率(例如PEG:PLA為約1:10至約10:1，或該範圍內之任何整數比率)製備。 本文中所描述之蛋白質結合於囊泡中係經由使用基於剪切力之方法將經功能性基團標記之脂質補充至囊泡中來進行(Yu B, Lee RJ, Lee LJ. Microfluidic methods for production of liposomes. Methods Enzymol. 2009;465:129-141 ；及 Jeong D, Jo W, Yoon J 等人 , Nanovesicles engineered from ES cells for enhanced cell proliferation. Biomaterials. 2014;35(34):9302-9310
)。 在另一態樣中，本發明提供醫藥組合物，其包含本發明之囊泡及醫藥學上可接受之載劑。本發明之囊泡可以熟習此項技術者已知的多種不同方式調配。醫藥學上可接受之載劑部分由所投與之特定組合物以及用於投與組合物之特定方法決定。因此，存在廣泛多種適合的本發明之醫藥組合物之調配物(參見例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 第20版增刊, 2003, 見上文)。有效調配物包括口服及鼻用調配物、用於非經腸投藥之調配物及經調配以用於長期釋放之組合物。 出於投藥的目的，舉例而言，非經腸投藥，可使用水溶性鹽(例如NaCl)之無菌水溶液。其他或替代性載劑可包括芝麻油或花生油，以及水性丙二醇。視需要，可適當地緩衝水性溶液，且可用足夠的生理食鹽水或葡萄糖首先使液體稀釋劑等張。此等水性溶液尤其適用於靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、腹膜內及瘤內(IT)注射。 適用於口服投藥之調配物可由以下組成：(a)液體溶液，諸如懸浮於稀釋劑(諸如水、生理食鹽水或PEG 400)中之有效量的本發明之化合物；(b)膠囊、藥囊、藥物儲槽或錠劑，各含有預定量之活性成分，呈液體、固體、顆粒或明膠形式；(c)適合的液體中之懸浮液；(d)適合的乳液；及(e)貼片。上述液體溶液可為無菌溶液。醫藥學形式可包括以下中之一或多者：乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、磷酸鈣、玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、微晶纖維素、明膠、膠態二氧化矽、滑石、硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸及其他賦形劑、著色劑、填充劑、結合劑、稀釋劑、緩衝劑、濕潤劑、防腐劑、調味劑、染料、崩解劑及醫藥學上相容的載劑。口含錠形式可包含香料(例如蔗糖)中之活性成分，以及在惰性基質(諸如明膠及丙三醇或蔗糖及阿拉伯膠乳液、凝膠及其類似物)中包含活性成分之片劑，其除活性成分以外亦含有此項技術中已知的載劑。 在另一態樣中，本發明提供以將感興趣的藥劑靶向遞送至自噬及/或凋亡細胞或含有該細胞之組織之方法，其包含向個體投與本發明之蛋白質結合之囊泡。在一個實施例中，在投與囊泡之前，該方法額外包含向標靶細胞或標靶組織投與自噬及/或凋亡誘導劑之步驟。藉由使用該步驟，標靶細胞或組織將發生自噬或凋亡，使得本發明之囊泡可靶向自噬及/或凋亡細胞或組織，且接著遞送感興趣的藥劑至細胞或組織。舉例而言，首先向個體投與抗肥胖症抗體，使得脂肪細胞或組織自噬及/或凋亡；接著投與具有抗肥胖症藥物之囊泡以靶向自噬及/或凋亡脂肪細胞或組織，使得可藉由抗肥胖症藥物進一步破壞脂肪細胞或組織。 自噬為溶酶體降解路徑，其對於存活、分化、發育及穩定為必需的。藥劑或治療劑與本發明之囊泡一起遞送至自噬細胞係針對與自噬失調相關聯之疾病。與自噬失調相關聯之疾病包括(但不限於)創傷、暴露於化學及物理有毒因素、遺傳疾病、年齡相關之疾病、心血管疾病、感染性疾病、贅生性疾病、神經退化性疾病、代謝疾病、老化(當ATG5在整個生物體中過表現時)、肥胖症(當ATG7或前自噬轉錄因子EB[TFEB]在肝細胞中過表現時)、癌症(當beclin 1在KRAS誘導之肺腺瘤中表現時)、由β-澱粉狀蛋白或α-突觸核蛋白或毒性誘導之神經退化(當TFEB或beclin 1在大腦中過表現時或當胱抑素B，一種溶酶體半胱胺酸蛋白酶抑制劑，被基因剔除時)、肌肉退化病狀(當TFEB或beclin 1靶向骨胳肌肉時)及由囊腫性纖維化引起之慢性肺炎(當beclin 1在肺中表現時)。 凋亡由多個前及抗凋亡信號之整合控制。藥劑或治療劑與本發明之囊泡一起遞送至凋亡細胞係針對與凋亡變化相關聯之疾病。與凋亡變化相關聯之疾病包括(但不限於)創傷、暴露於化學及物理有毒因素、遺傳疾病、年齡相關之疾病、年齡相關之疾病、心血管疾病、感染性疾病、贅生性疾病、神經退化性疾病、代謝疾病、老化、肥胖症、癌症、由β-澱粉狀蛋白或α-突觸核蛋白(阿茲海默症、帕金森病、亨廷頓氏病、肌肉萎縮性側索硬化)或毒性誘導之神經退化、肌肉退化病狀或由囊腫性纖維化引起之慢性肺炎、心臟血管病症(諸如局部缺血、心臟衰竭及感染性疾病)及自體免疫疾病(全身性紅斑性狼瘡症、自體免疫性淋巴增生症候群、類風濕性關節炎及甲狀腺炎)。 本發明之囊泡可用於治療或診斷任何需要投與診斷劑或治療劑之疾病。任何適合的藥劑或治療劑皆可與本發明之囊泡一起使用。此外，本發明之囊泡適用於治療由病原體(諸如病毒、細菌、真菌及寄生蟲)引起之感染。可使用本發明之囊泡治療其他疾病。 在一些實施例中，可以多種方式向患者投與本發明之囊泡或醫藥組合物，包括局部、非經腸、經靜脈內、皮內、皮下、肌肉內、經結腸、經直腸或腹膜內。優選地，非經腸、局部、經靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、經口或經鼻(諸如經由吸入)投與醫藥組合物。 在一些實施例中蛋白質結合之囊泡可遞送脂質、蛋白質、DNA、RNA、治療劑或奈米材料。在一些實施例中，治療劑為細胞存活增強劑(或細胞死亡抑制劑)。向個體遞送細胞存活增強劑(或細胞死亡抑制劑)能夠引導藥物介導之組織損傷之救援。 在一些實施例中，藥劑為細胞存活抑制劑、細胞死亡增強劑或抗腫瘤劑。遞送細胞存活抑制劑(細胞死亡增強劑)或抗腫瘤劑能夠減少此等含有天然存在之自噬及凋亡細胞之組織(諸如腫瘤)之標靶細胞存活，或減少其中使用細胞毒素劑(諸如藥物、毒素或針對組織特異性蛋白質之抗體)在特異性組織中人工誘導之自噬及凋亡細胞之所選擇的特異性組織。 在一些實施例中，治療劑為幹細胞或祖細胞。遞送幹細胞及祖細胞能夠發揮保護性生理學功能及救援含有自噬及凋亡細胞之組織。 儘管已參考本發明之較佳實施例及實例描述本發明，但本發明之範疇不僅限於此等所描述之實施例。如熟習此項技術者將顯而易見，可在不偏離由隨附申請專利範圍所界定及限制之本發明之精神及範疇的情況下對上述本發明做出修改及變化。提供以下實例意欲說明本發明之實施例及優點且不欲限制其範疇。實例 實例 1 活體外靶向自噬細胞之脂質體
脂質體製備 藉由脂質體套組(Sigma-Aldrich Co.)及各別脂質製備脂質體。表面蛋白質之結合係經由使用基於剪切力之方法將功能性基團標記之脂質補充至脂質體中來進行(Yu B, Lee RJ, Lee LJ. Microfluidic methods for production of liposomes. Methods Enzymol. 2009;465:129-141
；及Jeong D, Jo W, Yoon J 等人 , Nanovesicles engineered from ES cells for enhanced cell proliferation. Biomaterials. 2014;35(34):9302-9310
)。蛋白質(M6PR、P-選擇素、E-選擇素、PSGL-1、CD22、CD206、半乳糖凝集素3、磷脂結合蛋白V、整合素αLβ2、VE-鈣黏素、CD300a、CD47、TSP1及CD36)與脂質體之蛋白質結合係基於由製造商提供之方法。 測定針對自噬及凋亡細胞之相對接合程度。 使小鼠B16-F10細胞懸浮4小時以誘導自噬及凋亡。分別使用Cyto-ID自噬偵測套組(Enzo Life Sciences)(參見圖1及圖3)及CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision)(參見圖2及圖4)套組，用綠色螢光染料(GFD)標記自噬及凋亡細胞。含有自噬及凋亡細胞之群體與用螢光染料鈣黃綠素-紅(CR)標記之各種蛋白質結合之脂質體接合。使用流式細胞測量術測定B16-F10-脂質體接合之群體(GFD及CR雙陽性群體)之百分比。將與未結合之細胞(「未結合」組)接合之脂質體及螢光珠粒之含量標準化至100% (參見圖1及圖2)。實例 2 經由各種蛋白質結合物特異性靶向受損組織之脂質體 硫代乙醯胺 ( TAA ) 肝炎小鼠模型中經工程改造之脂質體靶向受損肝臟
在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，分別將未結合之脂質體(含有螢光素)及M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)靜脈內注射至實驗小鼠中。在24小時之後，使用IVIS系統測定螢光含量(參見圖5)。此等結果表明M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)可將脂質體負載型螢光素特異性遞送至肝臟中。 根據上文所提及之方法進行協同分析法。結果展示於圖6中。如圖中所示，肝臟中M6PR與P-sel、gal-3、siglec2、MMR、αLβ2、CD31、磷脂結合蛋白V、CD44或VE-鈣黏素之組合之螢光強度顯著高於單獨的M6PR。以上組合呈現協同作用。來源於小鼠 B16 - F10 細胞株之實體腫瘤
向小鼠之腹股溝位點皮下注射B16-F10黑素瘤細胞(1×106
個細胞/小鼠)。在第三天及第八天，分別向小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性脂質體及M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在第十二天處死小鼠。使用IVIS® Spectrum觀測腫瘤之螢光強度且結果展示於圖7中。如圖中所示，腫瘤中M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體之螢光強度顯著高於其他器官，其表明M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體可鑑別腫瘤位點。 根據上文所提及之方法進行協同分析法。分別向小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性脂質體、M6PR、M6PR-p-sel結合之脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在第十二天處死小鼠。使用IVIS® Spectrum觀測腫瘤之螢光強度且結果展示於圖8中。如圖中所示，腫瘤中M6PR、M6PR-p-sel結合之脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體之螢光強度顯著高於其他器官。此外，M6PR-p-sel脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體與M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體相比呈現更好的協同功效。在抗脂肪抗體注射之後的脂肪組織
分別在第0及48小時向具有高脂肪飲食之小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性Ig或抗脂肪抗體(75微克/小鼠)。分別在第6、24、54及72小時向小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性脂質體、M6PR、M6PR-p-sel結合之脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在96小時之後處死小鼠以採集白色脂肪組織。使用IVIS® Spectrum觀測腫瘤之螢光強度且結果展示於圖9中。如圖中所示，脂肪組織中M6PR、M6PR-p-sel結合之脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體之螢光強度顯著高於對照物。此外，M6PR-p-sel脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體與M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體相比呈現更好的協同功效。受損組織含有自噬及凋亡細胞。 經硫代乙醯胺 ( TAA ) 處理之小鼠肝臟
在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，分別向實驗小鼠之眼窩竇靜脈內注射未結合之脂質體(含有螢光素)及M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在24小時之後，分別使用Cyto-ID自噬偵測套組(Enzo Life Sciences)及CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision)套組，用綠色螢光染料(GFD)標記自噬及凋亡肝細胞。含有自噬及凋亡肝細胞之群體與M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體接合，該等脂質體用螢光染料鈣黃綠素-紅(CR)標記。使用流式細胞測量術測定肝細胞-脂質體接合之群體(GFD及CR雙陽性群體)之百分比。將與未結合之細胞(「未結合」組)接合之脂質體及螢光珠粒之含量標準化至100% (參見圖10)。由 B16 - F10 細胞形成之實體腫瘤
向小鼠之腹股溝位點皮下注射B16-F10黑素瘤細胞(1×106
個細胞/小鼠)。在第三天及第八天，向小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性脂質體及M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在第十二天處死小鼠。分別使用Cyto-ID自噬偵測套組(Enzo Life Sciences)及CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision)套組，用綠色螢光染料(GFD)標記自噬及凋亡腫瘤細胞。含有自噬及凋亡腫瘤細胞之群體與M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體接合，該等脂質體用螢光染料鈣黃綠素-紅(CR)標記。使用流式細胞測量術測定肝細胞-脂質體接合之群體(GFD及CR雙陽性群體)之百分比。將與未結合之細胞(「未結合」組)接合之脂質體及螢光珠粒之含量標準化至100% (參見圖11)。經抗脂肪抗體處理之脂肪組織
分別在第0及48小時向具有高脂肪飲食之小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性Ig或抗脂肪抗體(75微克/小鼠)。分別在第6、24、54及72小時向小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性脂質體、M6PR、M6PR-p-sel結合之脂質體及M6PR-Gal3結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有螢光素)。在96小時之後處死小鼠以採集白色脂肪組織。分別使用Cyto-ID自噬偵測套組(Enzo Life Sciences)及CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision)套組，用綠色螢光染料(GFD)標記自噬及凋亡脂肪細胞。含有自噬及凋亡脂肪細胞之群體與M6PR結合之經工程改造之脂質體接合，該等脂質體用螢光染料鈣黃綠素-紅(CR)標記。使用流式細胞測量術測定肝細胞-脂質體接合之群體(GFD及CR雙陽性群體)之百分比。將與未結合之細胞(「未結合」組)接合之脂質體及螢光珠粒之含量標準化至100% (參見圖12)。實例 3 阻斷抗體、可溶性重組型蛋白質及可溶性 M6P 之處理能夠阻斷靶向自噬及凋亡細胞之 M6PR 結合之經工程改造之脂質體 / 小胞之靶向且可充當解毒劑
使小鼠B16-F10細胞懸浮4小時且接著用阻斷抗體或可溶性M6PR重組型蛋白質加其他M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體處理。分別使用Cyto-ID自噬偵測套組(Enzo Life Sciences)及CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision)套組，用綠色螢光染料(GFD)標記自噬及凋亡細胞。含有自噬及凋亡細胞之群體與M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體接合，該等脂質體用螢光染料鈣黃綠素-紅(CR)標記。使用流式細胞測量術測定B16-F10-脂質體接合之群體(GFD及CR雙陽性群體)之百分比。將與未結合之細胞(「未結合」組)接合之脂質體及螢光珠粒之含量標準化至100% (參見圖13及圖14)。實例 4 活體外特異性靶向自噬及凋亡細胞之脂質體負載型材料 ( 脂質、 DNA 、 RNA 、 蛋白質、藥物 )
使小鼠B16-F10細胞懸浮4小時以誘導凋亡，且接著用卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型M6PR結合之脂質體處理且與不含血清之培養基一起培育。在24小時之後，使用流式細胞測量術測定凋亡細胞之百分比(參見圖17)。 使用Molecular Probes®標記化學物質(DNA、RNA及蛋白質標記套組；ThermoFisher Scientific Co.)製備螢光標記之DNA、RNA及蛋白質。螢光DNA、RNA及蛋白質(Bcl-xL BH4主結構)經由複合物遞送至脂質體/MV或與細胞穿透肽R8 11結合(戊二醛；Sigma-Aldrich Co.)。此產生之M6PR接合之脂質體能夠實現DNA、RNA及蛋白質負載型脂質體對凋亡細胞之靶向(參見圖18)。 表1. 使用與單一重組型蛋白質結合之卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型脂質體作為實例，經由借助於經還原之ALT含量進行之偵測來分析經TAA處理之小鼠之協同救援(+P
＜0.05，++P
＜0.01)。
表2. 使用與M6PR加第二蛋白質結合之卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型脂質體作為實例，經由借助於經還原之ALT含量進行之偵測來分析經TAA處理之小鼠之協同救援(+P
＜0.05，++P
＜0.01)。. 實例 6 活體內經由脂質體上之各種蛋白質結合物特異性靶向受損組織 ( IVIS ) 之 經工程改造之脂質體之說明
在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射theM6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型脂質體。在24小時之後，分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量(參見圖19)。此等結果表明選擇素結合之脂質體不僅能夠靶向受損組織，且亦能夠運載藥物以治癒標靶組織(參見圖19)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之Bcl-2表現質體負載型脂質體。在24小時之後，分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量(參見圖20)。此等結果表明選擇素結合之脂質體不僅能夠靶向受損組織，且亦能夠運載質體DNA以治癒標靶組織。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之卡斯蛋白酶-3 siRNA負載型脂質體。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖21)。此等結果表明選擇素結合之脂質體不僅能夠靶向受損組織，且亦能夠運載RNA以治癒標靶組織(參見圖21)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之抗凋亡Bcl-xL衍生之BH4主結構負載型脂質體。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖22)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射M6PR+半乳糖凝集素3、M6PR+P-選擇素、Siglec 2+P-選擇素及Siglec 2+半乳糖凝集素3結合之卡斯蛋白酶3抑制劑負載型脂質體。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖23)。實例 7 CD34 + 細胞藉由本發明之蛋白質結合之脂質體靶向損傷位點及蛋白質結合之脂質體對 CD34 + 細胞介導之救援之協同作用
向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射螢光(鈣黃綠素紅)標記之小鼠CD34+
幹細胞(1×107
個細胞/小鼠)以及M6PR及M6PR+P-sel結合之脂質體/MV (2.5×109
個MV/小鼠)。使用IVIS系統測定螢光含量(參見圖24)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射小鼠CD34+
幹細胞(1×107
個細胞/小鼠)以及M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1-結合之脂質體/MV (2.5×109
個MV/小鼠)。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖25)。實例 8 抗癌藥物或細胞抑制劑藉由本發明之蛋白質結合之脂質體靶向癌細胞
向小鼠之腹股溝位點皮下注射B16-F10黑素瘤細胞(1×106
個細胞/小鼠)。在第三天及第八天，分別向小鼠之眼窩竇注射MV (含有絲裂黴素C，0.2μ
g)及MV (含有順鉑(cisplatin)：2μ
g)。在第十二天處死小鼠以採集腫瘤。測定腫瘤之尺寸及重量(參見圖26(a)及(b))。如圖26中所示，MV可運載抗癌藥物至腫瘤且將藥物遞送至腫瘤中，以抑制或緩解腫瘤生長及減小腫瘤尺寸。 根據上文所提及之方法，使用蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星)作為運載抗癌藥物之載劑。如圖27中所示，蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星)可抑制生長率(參見圖27(a))，且可亦降低小鼠之死亡率(圖27(b))。實例 9 藥物藉由本發明之蛋白質結合之脂質體靶向脂肪組織
分別在第0及48小時向具有高脂肪飲食之小鼠之眼窩竇注射對照性Ig或抗脂肪抗體(75微克/小鼠)。在第6小時、第24小時、第54小時及第72小時，分別向小鼠之眼窩竇注射MV (含有絲裂黴素C，0.2μ
g)及MV (含有順鉑：2μ
g)。測定小鼠之體重且結果展示於圖28中。結果表明MV (含有絲裂黴素C，0.2μ
g)可降低小鼠之體重增加率。 根據上文所提及之方法，在分析法中使用蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星)。如圖29中所示，蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星)可降低小鼠之體重增加率(圖29(a))。此外，抗脂肪抗體或脂質體(含有多柔比星)不會引起肝功能指數增長(圖29(b))。實例 10 本發明之蛋白質結合之脂質體在不負載有其他藥物 / 材料之情況下僅介導對受損組織之救援
與血清及細胞(C6/36)衍生之MV相比，血漿MV以較高表面P-選擇素含量來表現P-選擇素。藉由流式細胞測量術進行分析(參見圖30)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射血漿、血清及細胞(C6/36)衍生之MV (2.5×109
個MV/小鼠)。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖31)。 在硫代乙醯胺(TAA)肝炎小鼠模型中，向實驗小鼠靜脈內注射小鼠CD34+
幹細胞(1×107
個細胞/小鼠)以及血漿、血清及細胞(C6/36)衍生之MV (2.5×109
個MV/小鼠)。在24小時之後，分析血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量(參見圖32)。The present invention produces engineered surface proteins for the specific targeting and delivery of agents to the expression of autophagy and/or apoptotic cells or to vesicles. In particular, the vesicles of the invention achieve synergistic effects on targeting and drug delivery of autophagy and/or apoptotic cells as well as tissues containing autophagy and/or apoptotic cells. Unless specifically stated otherwise, when the definition of a term deviates from the usual meaning of the term, the applicant intends to use the definitions provided below. The singular forms "a", "the" and "the" are used in the <RTI ID=0.0></RTI></RTI><RTIgt; As used herein, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. In the case of a plurality of dependent claims, the use of "or" merely refers to more than one of the aforementioned patent-scoped independent items or patent-scoped dependent items. As used herein, the term "one or more" is readily understood by those skilled in the art, especially when read in the context of its use. As used herein, the term "liposome" is a generic term that encompasses a variety of monolayer and multilamellar lipid vehicles formed by the production of a sealed lipid bilayer or aggregate. Liposomes can be characterized as having a vesicular structure with a bilayer membrane, typically comprising phospholipids, and an internal medium typically comprising an aqueous composition. As used herein, the term "microcell" refers to an aggregate (or supramolecular aggregate) of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. Typical micelles in aqueous solutions form aggregates with hydrophilic "head" regions that contact the surrounding solvent to sequester the hydrophobic one-tailed region in the center of the micelle. As used herein, the term "agent" or "therapeutic agent" refers to an agent that is capable of treating and/or ameliorating a condition or disease. As used interchangeably herein, the terms "personal,""individual,""host," and "patient" are mammals including, but not limited to, rats (rats, mice), non-human primates. Animals, humans, canines, felines, ungulates (eg, equines, bovines, sheep, swine, goats, etc.). As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" or "effective amount" refers to an amount of vesicles sufficient to effect such treatment of a disease when administered to a mammal or other individual for the treatment of a disease. As used herein, the term "treatment/treating" and the like encompasses any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing the disease from predisposed to the disease but not yet diagnosed. Occurs in individuals with disease; (b) inhibits disease, that is, curbs its development; and (c) relieves disease, that is, causes disease to subside. As used herein, the term "binding site" refers to a site in which a covalent bond is formed between two macromolecules, most of which are terminally linked to a side chain branched chain, and occasionally a molecular head to tail linear combination. . In one aspect, the invention provides a protein-bound vesicle comprising one or more lectins or fragments thereof that exhibit or bind to a vesicle surface and, optionally, an agent. In one embodiment, the medicament is encapsulated within the vesicle and attached to the outer surface of the vesicle. In some embodiments, the vesicle is a liposome or a microcell. Vesicles can be engineered or cell derived. In some embodiments, the lectin or fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of: a cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR), P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin, P - Selectin-ligand-1 (PSGL-1), CD22, CD206, Galectin-3, phospholipid binding protein V, CD31, integrin αLβ2, VE-cadherin, CD300a, CD47, thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) and CD36 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, M6PR, P-selectin, E-selectin, P-selectin-ligand-1 (PSGL-1), CD22, CD206, galectin-3, phospholipid binding protein V, alone Integrin αLβ2, VE-cadherin is sufficient to direct vesicles to target autophagy and/or apoptotic cells as well as tissues containing autophagy and/or apoptotic cells, and to act as a first protein (EP). In some other embodiments, the vesicle comprises a combination of M6PR and P-selectin, E-selectin, PSGL-1 or galectin-3; or a combination of Siglec 2 and P-selectin or galectin-3 . In some embodiments, CD300a, CD47, thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), and CD36 can also serve as a second protein. Accordingly, the present invention also provides a vesicle comprising one or more selected from the group consisting of M6PR, P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin, P-selectin-ligand-1 (PSGL-1), CD22 a first protein consisting of CD206, galectin-3, phospholipid binding protein V, CD31, integrin αLβ2, and VE-cadherin, and one or more selected from the group consisting of CD300a, CD47, and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) a second protein of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD36 and a population thereof. In some embodiments, the vesicle comprises a combination of M6PR or P-selectin and TLR4, Galectin 3, CLEC2, Integrin αLβ2 or CD31. A vesicle with a combination of protein markers can achieve synergistic targeting and drug delivery to autophagy and/or apoptotic cells as well as tissues containing autophagy and/or apoptotic cells. The synergistic effect on targeting can reduce the effective dose of the agent to be delivered, and thus can reduce the side effects of the drug. In one embodiment, the agent is a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the agent is an autophagy or apoptotic drug. In some embodiments, examples of agents include, but are not limited to, anti-malarial drugs, autophagy inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, antagonists of EP or AP described herein, diagnostics Contrast agent, cell survival enhancer (or cell death inhibitor), cell survival inhibitor (or cell death enhancer), cells (such as stem cells and progenitor cells), cellular components, organelles, cytotoxic agents, antitumor drugs , toxins or antibodies, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, therapeutic agents, and nanomaterials. In one embodiment, an antagonist of the aforementioned first or second protein, such as a soluble form, a corresponding ligand, and a neutralizing and blocking antibody, can act as an antidote to reduce autophagy and apoptotic cells, and Vesicle targeting of tissues containing autophagy and apoptotic cells. In some embodiments, the agent is bardoxolone methyl, chloroquine, quinine, hydrochloroquine, sorafenib, sulphonic Sunitinib, Hsp90 inhibitor, metformin or crizotinib. Liposomes provided herein include unilamellar liposomes, multilamellar liposomes, and multivesicular liposomes. The liposomes provided herein may be comprised of positively charged, negatively charged or neutral phospholipids. Liposomes for use in the present invention can be made by various methods known in the art. For example, a phospholipid such as the neutral phospholipid dioleyl phospholipid choline (DOPC), di-lipoylcholine phospholipid (DPPC) and/or EPC can be dissolved in ethanol or other organic solvent, and then It is mixed with the components for inclusion in the lipid bilayer. The mixture may further comprise various cleaning agents. Typically, the lipid mixture is vortexed, frozen in a dry ice/acetone bath and lyophilized overnight. The lyophilized preparation is stored for a long period of time at -20 ° C or lower. The lyophilized liposomes are reconstituted as needed. Alternatively, the liposomes can be prepared by mixing the lipids in a solvent in a container such as a glass or a pear-shaped flask. The volume of the container should be more than ten times larger than the expected liposome suspension. The solvent was removed at about 40 ° C under a reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. Depending on the desired liposome volume, the solvent is typically removed in about 5 minutes to 2 hours. The composition can be further dried in a desiccator in a vacuum. The dried lipid is usually discarded after about 1 week due to the tendency to deteriorate over time. The microtubule structure itself will be largely determined by the type and composition of the polymer molecules used to form the micelles and the solvent environment of the micelles. In some embodiments, the micelles are constructed using a nonionic triblock copolymer composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer units. In an embodiment of the invention, a poloxamer is used, which is a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (PEO- PPO-PEO). In some embodiments, the micelles of the invention can use PEG-PLA polymers having a plurality of block sizes (eg, block sizes within the above ranges) and in various ratios (eg, PEG:PLA of about 1:10 to Prepared at about 10:1, or any integer ratio within the range. The binding of the proteins described herein to the vesicles is carried out by supplementing the functional group-labeled lipids to the vesicles using a shear-based method ( Yu B, Lee RJ, Lee LJ. Microfluidic methods for production) Methods of liposomes. Methods Enzymol. 2009;465:129-141 ; and Jeong D, Jo W, Yoon J et al , Nanovesicles engineered from ES cells for enhanced cell proliferation. Biomaterials. 2014;35(34):9302-9310 ). In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vesicle of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The vesicles of the present invention can be formulated in a variety of different ways known to those skilled in the art. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier moiety is determined by the particular composition being administered and the particular method used to administer the composition. Thus, there are a wide variety of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th Edition Supplement, 2003, supra). Effective formulations include oral and nasal formulations, formulations for parenteral administration, and compositions formulated for long-term release. For the purpose of administration, for example, parenteral administration, a sterile aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt such as NaCl can be used. Other or alternative carriers may include sesame oil or peanut oil, as well as aqueous propylene glycol. The aqueous solution may be suitably buffered as needed, and the liquid diluent may be first isotonic with sufficient physiological saline or glucose. These aqueous solutions are especially useful for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intratumoral (IT) injections. Formulations suitable for oral administration may consist of (a) a liquid solution such as an effective amount of a compound of the invention suspended in a diluent such as water, physiological saline or PEG 400; (b) capsules, sachets , a drug reservoir or lozenge, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient in the form of a liquid, solid, granule or gelatin; (c) a suspension in a suitable liquid; (d) a suitable emulsion; and (e) a patch . The above liquid solution may be a sterile solution. The pharmaceutical form may include one or more of the following: lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium phosphate, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, colloidal cerium oxide, talc, stearin Magnesium, stearic acid and other excipients, colorants, fillers, binders, diluents, buffers, wetting agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, dyes, disintegrating agents and pharmaceutically compatible carriers . The buccal form may comprise the active ingredient in a perfume such as sucrose, and a tablet containing the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerol or sucrose and gum arabic emulsions, gels and the like. Carriers known in the art are also included in addition to the active ingredient. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of targeted delivery of an agent of interest to an autophagy and/or apoptotic cell or tissue comprising the cell, comprising administering to the individual a protein binding pocket of the invention bubble. In one embodiment, the method additionally comprises the step of administering an autophagy and/or an apoptosis inducing agent to the target cell or target tissue prior to administration of the vesicle. By using this step, the target cell or tissue will undergo autophagy or apoptosis such that the vesicles of the invention can target autophagy and/or apoptotic cells or tissues, and then deliver the agent of interest to the cell or tissue. . For example, an anti-obesity antibody is first administered to an individual such that the adipocytes or tissues are autophagy and/or apoptotic; then a vesicle having an anti-obesity agent is administered to target autophagy and/or apoptotic adipocytes Or tissue so that fat cells or tissues can be further destroyed by anti-obesity drugs. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation, development, and stability. The agent or therapeutic agent is delivered to the autophagic cell line with the vesicles of the invention for diseases associated with dysregulation of autophagy. Diseases associated with autophagy disorders include, but are not limited to, trauma, exposure to chemical and physical toxic factors, genetic diseases, age-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, neoplastic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolism Disease, aging (when ATG5 is overexpressed throughout the organism), obesity (when ATG7 or pre-autophagy transcription factor EB [TFEB] is overexpressed in hepatocytes), cancer (when beclin 1 is induced in KRAS) When expressed in adenomas, neurodegeneration induced by β-amyloid or α-synuclein or toxicity (when TFEB or beclin 1 is overexpressed in the brain or when Cystatin B, a lysosomal half Cystatin inhibitors, when knocked out by genes), muscle degenerative conditions (when TFEB or beclin 1 target skeletal muscle) and chronic pneumonia caused by cystic fibrosis (when beclin 1 is expressed in the lungs) . Apoptosis is controlled by the integration of multiple pre- and anti-apoptotic signals. The agent or therapeutic agent is delivered to the apoptotic cell line with the vesicles of the invention for diseases associated with changes in apoptosis. Diseases associated with changes in apoptosis include, but are not limited to, trauma, exposure to chemical and physical toxic factors, genetic diseases, age-related diseases, age-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, neoplastic diseases, nerves Degenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, aging, obesity, cancer, by β-amyloid or α-synuclein (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or Toxicity-induced neurodegeneration, muscle degenerative conditions or chronic pneumonia caused by cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular disorders (such as ischemia, heart failure and infectious diseases) and autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroiditis). The vesicles of the invention can be used to treat or diagnose any condition in which a diagnostic or therapeutic agent needs to be administered. Any suitable agent or therapeutic agent can be used with the vesicles of the present invention. Furthermore, the vesicles of the invention are useful for treating infections caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The vesicles of the invention can be used to treat other diseases. In some embodiments, the vesicle or pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered to a patient in a variety of ways, including topically, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, transcolonally, rectally, or intraperitoneally. . Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, topically, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally or nasally, such as via inhalation. In some embodiments, protein-bound vesicles can deliver lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, therapeutic agents, or nanomaterials. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cell survival enhancer (or a cell death inhibitor). Delivery of a cell survival enhancer (or cell death inhibitor) to an individual can direct drug-mediated rescue of tissue damage. In some embodiments, the agent is a cell survival inhibitor, a cell death enhancer, or an anti-tumor agent. Delivery of a cell survival inhibitor (cell death enhancer) or an anti-tumor agent can reduce the survival of target cells of such tissues (such as tumors) containing naturally occurring autophagy and apoptotic cells, or reduce the use of cytotoxic agents therein (such as Drugs, toxins or antibodies directed against tissue-specific proteins) The specific tissues selected by autophagy and apoptotic cells that are artificially induced in specific tissues. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a stem cell or a progenitor cell. Delivery of stem cells and progenitor cells can provide protective physiological functions and rescue tissues containing autophagy and apoptotic cells. Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments and examples of the invention, the scope of the invention is not limited to the embodiments described. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified and changed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The following examples are provided to illustrate the embodiments and advantages of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. EXAMPLES Example 1 Liposomes targeting autophagic cells in vitro Liposomes Preparation Liposomes were prepared by liposome kits (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and individual lipids. The binding of surface proteins is carried out by using a shear-based method to supplement functional group-labeled lipids into liposomes ( Yu, Lee RJ, Lee LJ. Microfluidic methods for production of liposomes. Methods Enzymol. 2009; 465: 129-141 ; and Jeong D, Jo W, Yoon J et al , Nanovesicles engineered from ES cells for enhanced cell proliferation. Biomaterials. 2014; 35(34): 9302-9310 ). Protein (M6PR, P-selectin, E-selectin, PSGL-1, CD22, CD206, galectin-3, phospholipid binding protein V, integrin αLβ2, VE-cadherin, CD300a, CD47, TSP1 and CD36 The protein binding to liposomes is based on methods provided by the manufacturer. The degree of relative binding to autophagy and apoptotic cells was determined. Mouse B16-F10 cells were suspended for 4 hours to induce autophagy and apoptosis. Use the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit (Enzo Life Sciences) (see Figure 1 and Figure 3) and the CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision) (see Figure 2 and Figure 4) kits with green Light dye (GFD) marks autophagy and apoptotic cells. The population containing autophagy and apoptotic cells is conjugated to liposomes bound with various proteins labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein-red (CR). The percentage of B16-F10-liposome-conjugated populations (GFD and CR double positive populations) was determined using flow cytometry. The content of liposomes and fluorescent beads bound to unbound cells ("unbound" group) was normalized to 100% (see Figures 1 and 2). Example 2 Specific targeting of damaged tissue via various protein conjugates Liposomal thioacetamide ( TAA ) in a mouse mouse model of engineered liposomes targeted to damaged liver in thioacetamide (TAA) In the mouse model of hepatitis, unbound liposomes (containing luciferin) and M6PR-bound engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) were intravenously injected into experimental mice, respectively. After 24 hours, the fluorescence content was determined using the IVIS system (see Figure 5). These results indicate that M6PR-bound engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) specifically deliver liposome-loaded luciferin to the liver. Synergistic analysis was performed according to the methods mentioned above. The results are shown in Figure 6. As shown in the figure, the fluorescence intensity of M6PR in the liver combined with P-sel, gal-3, siglec2, MMR, αLβ2, CD31, phospholipid binding protein V, CD44 or VE-cadherin was significantly higher than that of M6PR alone. . The above combinations exhibit synergy. Solid tumor derived from mouse B16 - F10 cell line B16-F10 melanoma cells (1 × 10 6 cells/mouse) were subcutaneously injected into the inguinal locus of mice. On the third and eighth days, control liposomes and M6PR-conjugated engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) were injected into the orbital sinus of the mice, respectively. The mice were sacrificed on the twelfth day. The fluorescence intensity of the tumor was observed using IVIS® Spectrum and the results are shown in Figure 7. As shown in the figure, the fluorescence intensity of M6PR-bound engineered liposomes in tumors was significantly higher than in other organs, indicating that M6PR-bound engineered liposomes can identify tumor sites. Synergistic analysis was performed according to the methods mentioned above. Controlled liposomes, M6PR, M6PR-p-sel-bound liposomes and M6PR-Gal3-bound engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) were injected into the orbital sinus of mice, respectively. The mice were sacrificed on the twelfth day. The fluorescence intensity of the tumor was observed using IVIS® Spectrum and the results are shown in Figure 8. As shown in the figure, the fluorescence intensity of engineered liposomes combined with M6PR, M6PR-p-sel-bound liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 in tumors was significantly higher than that of other organs. In addition, M6PR-p-sel liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 combined engineered liposomes exhibited better synergistic efficacy than engineered liposomes in combination with M6PR. Adipose tissue after anti-fat antibody injection A control Ig or anti-lipid antibody (75 μg/mouse) was injected into the orbital sinus of mice with a high-fat diet at 0 and 48 hours, respectively. Controlled liposomes, M6PR, M6PR-p-sel-bound liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 combined engineered liposomes (containing fluorescent light) were injected into the orbital sinus of mice at 6, 24, 54 and 72 hours, respectively. Prime). Mice were sacrificed after 96 hours to collect white adipose tissue. The fluorescence intensity of the tumor was observed using IVIS® Spectrum and the results are shown in Figure 9. As shown in the figure, the fluorescence intensity of the engineered liposomes bound to M6PR, M6PR-p-sel-bound liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 in adipose tissue was significantly higher than that of the control. In addition, M6PR-p-sel liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 combined engineered liposomes exhibited better synergistic efficacy than engineered liposomes in combination with M6PR. The damaged tissue contains autophagy and apoptotic cells. Mouse livers by the process as acetamide thio (TAA) in acetyl thio amine (TAA) mouse model of hepatitis, respectively Liposome Injections unbound intraorbital sinus vein of mice (containing luciferase And engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) in combination with M6PR. After 24 hours, the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit (Enzo Life Sciences) and the CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision) kit were used to label autophagy and apoptosis with green fluorescent dye (GFD). Hepatocyte. The population containing autophagy and apoptotic hepatocytes is conjugated to an engineered liposome bound to M6PR, which is labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein-red (CR). The percentage of hepatocyte-liposome-conjugated populations (GFD and CR double positive populations) was determined using flow cytometry. The content of liposomes and fluorescent beads conjugated to unbound cells ("unbound" group) was normalized to 100% (see Figure 10). Solid tumor formed by B16 - F10 cells B16-F10 melanoma cells (1 × 10 6 cells/mouse) were subcutaneously injected into the inguinal locus of mice. On the third and eighth days, control liposomes and M6PR-conjugated engineered liposomes (containing luciferin) were injected into the orbital sinus of mice. The mice were sacrificed on the twelfth day. Autophagy and apoptotic tumor cells were labeled with green fluorescent dye (GFD) using the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit (Enzo Life Sciences) and the CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision) kit, respectively. The population containing autophagy and apoptotic tumor cells is conjugated to an engineered liposome bound to M6PR, which is labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein-red (CR). The percentage of hepatocyte-liposome-conjugated populations (GFD and CR double positive populations) was determined using flow cytometry. The content of liposomes and fluorescent beads conjugated to unbound cells ("unbound" group) was normalized to 100% (see Figure 11). Adipose tissue treated with anti-lipid antibody A control Ig or anti-lipid antibody (75 μg/mouse) was injected into the orbital sinus of mice with a high-fat diet at 0 and 48 hours, respectively. Controlled liposomes, M6PR, M6PR-p-sel-bound liposomes and M6PR-Gal3 combined engineered liposomes (containing fluorescent light) were injected into the orbital sinus of mice at 6, 24, 54 and 72 hours, respectively. Prime). Mice were sacrificed after 96 hours to collect white adipose tissue. Autophagy and apoptotic adipocytes were labeled with green fluorescent dye (GFD) using the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit (Enzo Life Sciences) and the CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision) kit, respectively. The population containing autophagy and apoptotic adipocytes is conjugated to an engineered liposome bound to M6PR, which is labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein-red (CR). The percentage of hepatocyte-liposome-conjugated populations (GFD and CR double positive populations) was determined using flow cytometry. The content of liposomes and fluorescent beads conjugated to unbound cells ("unbound" group) was normalized to 100% (see Figure 12). Example 3 Blocking of Antibody, Soluble Recombinant Protein, and Soluble M6P The ability to block the targeting of engineered liposomes / small cells targeting M6PR binding to autophagy and apoptotic cells and acting as an antidote to mice B16-F10 cells were suspended for 4 hours and then treated with blocking antibody or soluble M6PR recombinant protein plus other M6PR + P-selectin bound liposomes. Autophagy and apoptotic cells were labeled with green fluorescent dye (GFD) using the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit (Enzo Life Sciences) and the CaspGLOWTM Red Active Caspase-3 Staining Kit (BioVision) kit, respectively. The population containing autophagy and apoptotic cells is conjugated to M6PR+P-selectin-bound liposomes labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein-red (CR). The percentage of B16-F10-liposome-conjugated populations (GFD and CR double positive populations) was determined using flow cytometry. The content of liposomes and fluorescent beads conjugated to unbound cells ("unbound" group) was normalized to 100% (see Figures 13 and 14). Example 4 In vitro liposome-loaded materials ( lipids, DNA , RNA , proteins, drugs ) that specifically target autophagy and apoptotic cells suspend mouse B16-F10 cells for 4 hours to induce apoptosis, and then use a card The peptidase-3 inhibitor-loaded M6PR-bound liposomes were treated and incubated with serum-free medium. After 24 hours, the percentage of apoptotic cells was determined using flow cytometry (see Figure 17). Fluorescently labeled DNA, RNA and proteins were prepared using Molecular Probes® labeling chemicals (DNA, RNA and protein labeling kits; ThermoFisher Scientific Co.). Fluorescent DNA, RNA and protein (Bcl-xL BH4 main structure) were delivered to the liposome/MV via the complex or to the cell penetrating peptide R8 11 (glutaraldehyde; Sigma-Aldrich Co.). The resulting M6PR-conjugated liposomes are capable of targeting apoptotic cells by DNA, RNA and protein-loaded liposomes (see Figure 18). Table 1. Caspase-3 inhibitor-loaded liposomes combined with a single recombinant protein as an example, analysis of coordinated rescue of TAA-treated mice by detection by means of reduced ALT content (+ P < 0.05, ++ P <0.01). Table 2. Cosmidase-loaded liposomes bound to M6PR plus a second protein were used as an example to analyze the coordinated rescue of TAA-treated mice by detection by means of reduced ALT content ( + P <0.05, ++ P <0.01). . The liposomes described by Example 6 of the engineered binding specificity in vivo targeting of damaged tissue (the IVIS) via a variety of proteins on the liposome thio as acetamide (TAA) mouse model of hepatitis, to small experimental The mice were intravenously injected with the M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin-, and M6PR+PSGL-1-conjugated caspase-3 inhibitor-loaded liposomes. After 24 hours, the plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) content was analyzed (see Figure 19). These results indicate that selectin-bound liposomes are not only capable of targeting damaged tissues, but are also capable of carrying drugs to cure target tissues (see Figure 19). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were injected intravenously with M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 in combination with Bcl-2. Characterizes plastid-loaded liposomes. After 24 hours, the plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) content was analyzed (see Figure 20). These results indicate that selectin-bound liposomes are not only capable of targeting damaged tissues, but are also capable of carrying plastid DNA to cure target tissues. In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were intravenously injected with M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 in combination with caspase. -3 siRNA-loaded liposomes. Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 21). These results indicate that selectin-bound liposomes are not only capable of targeting damaged tissues, but are also capable of carrying RNA to cure target tissues (see Figure 21). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were injected intravenously with M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 to prevent apoptosis. Bcl-xL derived BH4 main structure loaded liposomes. Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 22). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were intravenously injected with M6PR+galectin-3, M6PR+P-selectin, Siglec 2+P-selectin, and Siglec 2+ galactose agglutination. Prime 3 binds to a caspase 3 inhibitor-loaded liposome. Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 23). Example 7 CD34 + cells were injected intravenously with fluorescent (calcium chlorophyll red) by experimental mice by the synergistic effect of the protein-bound liposome-targeted lesion site and protein-bound liposomes on CD34 + cell-mediated rescue. Labeled mouse CD34 + stem cells (1 × 10 7 cells / mouse) and M6PR and M6PR + P-sel combined liposomes / MV (2.5 × 10 9 MV / mouse). The fluorescence content was determined using the IVIS system (see Figure 24). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were intravenously injected with mouse CD34 + stem cells (1 × 10 7 cells / mouse) and M6PR, M6PR + P-selectin -, M6PR +E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1-conjugated liposomes/MV (2.5 x 10 9 MV/mouse). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 25). Example 8 Anticancer drug or cytostatic agent B16-F10 melanoma cells (1 × 10 6 cells/mouse) were subcutaneously injected into the inguinal locus of mice by the protein-bound liposome-targeted cancer cells of the present invention . In the third and eighth day, respectively orbital sinus of mice injected MV (containing mitomycin C, 0.2 μ g) and MV (containing cisplatin (cisplatin): 2 μ g) . Mice were sacrificed on day 12 to collect tumors. The size and weight of the tumor were measured (see Figures 26(a) and (b)). As shown in Figure 26, the MV can carry an anti-cancer drug to the tumor and deliver the drug into the tumor to inhibit or alleviate tumor growth and reduce tumor size. Protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) are used as carriers for carrying anticancer drugs according to the methods mentioned above. As shown in Figure 27, protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) inhibited growth rates (see Figure 27(a)) and may also reduce mortality in mice (Figure 27 (b) )). Example 9 Drug Targeting Adipose Tissue by Protein-Bound Liposomes of the Invention Control Ig or anti-lipid antibodies (75 μg/mouse) were injected into the orbital sinus of mice with a high-fat diet at 0 and 48 hours, respectively. At 6 hours, 24 hours and 54 hours the first and second 72 hours, respectively, to orbital sinus of mice injected MV (containing mitomycin C, 0.2 μ g) and MV (containing cisplatin: 2 μ g). The body weight of the mice was measured and the results are shown in Fig. 28. The results indicate that MV (containing mitomycin C, 0.2 μ g) can reduce the rate of weight gain of mice. Protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) were used in the assay according to the methods mentioned above. As shown in Figure 29, protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) reduced the rate of weight gain in mice (Fig. 29(a)). In addition, anti-lipid antibodies or liposomes (containing doxorubicin) do not cause an increase in liver function index (Fig. 29(b)). Example 10 The protein-bound liposomes of the present invention only mediate rescue of damaged tissues compared to serum and cell (C6/36) derived MVs without loading other drugs / materials , plasma MVs are higher The surface P-selectin content is used to express P-selectin. Analysis was performed by flow cytometry (see Figure 30). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were intravenously injected with plasma, serum, and cell (C6/36)-derived MV (2.5 x 109 MV/mouse). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 31). In a mouse model of thioacetamide (TAA) hepatitis, experimental mice were injected intravenously with mouse CD34 + stem cells (1 × 10 7 cells / mouse) and plasma, serum and cells (C6 / 36) derived MV (2.5 × 10 9 MV / mouse). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed after 24 hours (see Figure 32).
圖1展示活體外靶向自噬細胞之脂質體。*P
＜0.05對比「無」組(n=3)。組1-15顯示具有或不具有蛋白質結合之各種脂質體之細胞結合程度。組：1，未結合；2，M6PR；3，P-選擇素；4，E-選擇素；5，PSGL-1；6，CD22；7，CD206；8，半乳糖凝集素3；9，磷脂結合蛋白V；10，整合素αLβ2；11，VE-鈣黏素；12，CD300a；13，CD47；14，TSP1及CD36、結合之脂質體。將未結合之組標準化至100%。 圖2展示活體外靶向凋亡細胞之脂質體。*P
＜0.05對比「無」組(n=3)。組1-15顯示具有或不具有蛋白質結合之各種脂質體之細胞結合程度。組：1，未結合；2，M6PR；3，P-選擇素；4，E-選擇素；5，PSGL-1；6，CD22；7，CD206；8，半乳糖凝集素3；9，磷脂結合蛋白V；10，整合素αLβ2；11，VE-鈣黏素；12，CD300a；13，CD47；14，TSP1及CD36、結合之脂質體。將未結合之組標準化至100%。 圖3展示自噬細胞(藍色群體)之流式細胞測量術分析及偵測之實例。 圖4展示凋亡細胞(紫色群體)之流式細胞測量術分析及偵測之實例。 圖5藉由活體內影像系統(IVIS)展示重組型蛋白質結合之脂質體之靶向作用。重組型M6PR結合之脂質體之螢光強度(標記螢光染料鈣黃綠素紅)。 圖6藉由活體內影像系統(IVIS)展示B16-F10腫瘤細胞上重組型蛋白質結合之脂質體之靶向作用。使用螢光標記之脂質體。重組型M6PR蛋白質結合之脂質體之螢光強度(標記螢光染料鈣黃綠素紅)。無：用未結合之脂質體處理。 圖7展示使用活體內影像系統(IVIS)鑑別重組型蛋白質結合之螢光脂質體是否對受損肝臟具有靶向作用。量測在具有或不具有TAA及脂質體處理情況下，小鼠器官(其包括心臟、肺、肝及脾)之相對螢光強度。A，指示小鼠器官(其包括心臟、肺、肝及脾)之亮視野影像。B-S，螢光影像，其中偽彩色影像B、D、F、H、J中之紅色部分展示於C、E、G、I、K中。協同靶向：B-C，M6PR加P-選擇素；D-E M6PR加半乳糖凝集素3及Siglec 2；F-G，M6PR加MMR及整合素αLβ2；H-I，M6PR加CD31及磷脂結合蛋白V；J-K，M6PR加CD44及VE-鈣黏素。與用未結合之脂質體(媒劑)處理之對照組相比，所有蛋白質結合之脂質體展示更高的肝優先靶向特性。此外，與單一蛋白質結合之組相比，此等具有兩種蛋白質結合之組中之螢光含量更高。 圖8展示使用活體內影像系統(IVIS)鑑別重組型蛋白質結合之螢光脂質體是否對腫瘤具有靶向作用。吾人發現螢光負載型脂質體更有效地靶向B16-F10黑素瘤細胞形成之腫瘤(M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素及M6PR+半乳糖凝集素3組對比未經處理及媒劑組)。 圖9展示使用活體內影像系統(IVIS)鑑別重組型蛋白質結合之螢光脂質體是否對受損白色脂肪組織(用抗脂肪-組織抗體預處理)具有靶向作用。C57BL/6J小鼠用或不用兔抗小鼠脂肪細胞抗體處理。接著，用具有重組型蛋白質結合物之螢光(鈣黃綠素紅)脂質體處理小鼠。組：1，未經處理；2，未結合之脂質體；3，M6PR+半乳糖凝集素3；4，M6PR+P-選擇素；5，M6PR。 圖10展示受損小鼠肝臟含有自噬及凋亡細胞。*P
＜0.05，與正常組相比(n=4)。 圖11展示小鼠B16-F10細胞形成之實體腫瘤含有自噬及凋亡細胞。*P
＜0.05，與正常組相比(n=4)。 圖12展示經抗脂肪抗體處理之小鼠脂肪組織含有自噬及凋亡細胞。*P
＜0.05，與正常組相比(n=4)。 圖13展示脂質體標靶對凋亡細胞之阻斷。阻斷抗體及可溶性M6PR重組型蛋白質(分別為圖3及4)能夠阻斷靶向凋亡細胞之M6PR結合之脂質體小胞之靶向(圖2)且可充當解毒劑。脂質體製劑：圖1，未結合；圖2，M6PR+P-選擇素結合型；3，M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體+阻斷抗體；4，M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體+可溶性M6PR重組型蛋白質。 圖14展示脂質體標靶對自噬細胞之阻斷。阻斷抗體及可溶性M6PR重組型蛋白質(分別為圖3及4)能夠阻斷靶向自噬細胞之M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體小胞之靶向(圖2)且可充當解毒劑。脂質體製劑：圖1，未結合；圖2，M6PR+P-選擇素結合型；3，M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體+阻斷抗體；4，M6PR+P-選擇素結合之脂質體+可溶性M6PR重組型蛋白質。 圖15展示靶向凋亡細胞之脂質體。組1-4分別指示未經處理、M6PR+P-選擇素、M6PR+E-選擇素及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之組。*P＜0.05，與未經處理(圖1)之組相比(n=4)。此等結果表明特異性阻斷抗體、特異性可溶性重組型蛋白質及唾液酸基-路易斯x寡醣(lewis x oligosaccharide)能夠充當解毒劑，以阻斷靶向凋亡細胞之P-選擇素、E-選擇素及PSGL-1結合之脂質體。 圖16展示靶向自噬細胞之脂質體。組1-4分別指示未經處理、M6PR+P-選擇素、M6PR+E-選擇素及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之組。*P＜0.05，與未經處理(圖1)之組相比(n=4)。此等結果表明特異性阻斷抗體、特異性可溶性重組型蛋白質及唾液酸基-路易斯x寡醣能夠充當解毒劑，以阻斷靶向自噬細胞之P-選擇素、E-選擇素及PSGL-1結合之脂質體。 圖17展示卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型M6PR結合之脂質體活體外對經剝離之凋亡B16-F10細胞之救援。*P＜0.05，與經剝離之組相比(n=4)。此等結果表明M6PR結合之脂質體可將脂質體負載型卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑(BioVision)特異性遞送至凋亡細胞中。 圖18展示DNA-(白色圖)、RNA-(灰色圖)、蛋白質(黑色圖)-負載型及M6PR結合之脂質體對DNA、RNA及蛋白質遞送至B16-F10細胞之作用。使用流式細胞測量術分析在具有或不具有脂質體情況下，B16-F10細胞之相對螢光含量。*P＜0.05，與各別未結合之組相比(n=4)。 圖19展示M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合型、卡斯蛋白酶-3抑制劑負載型脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之作用。分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；E-選擇素：E-sel；P-選擇素醣蛋白配位體1：PSGL-1。#P＜0.05，與未結合之MV組相比。**P＜0.01，與各別重組型蛋白質結合之組相比(n=6)。 圖20展示M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合型、Bcl -2表現質體負載型脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之作用。分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；E-選擇素：E-sel；P-選擇素醣蛋白配位體1；PSGL-1。#P＜0.05，與無脂質體/MV組相比。**P＜0.01，與各別重組型蛋白質結合之組相比(n=6)。 圖21展示M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合型、卡斯蛋白酶-3 siRNA負載型脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之作用。分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；E-選擇素：E-sel；P-選擇素醣蛋白配位體1；PSGL-1。#P＜0.05，與未結合之MV組相比。**P＜0.01，與各別重組型蛋白質結合之組相比(n=6)。 圖22展示M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之抗凋亡Bcl-xL衍生之BH4主結構負載型脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之作用。分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；E-選擇素：E-sel；P-選擇素醣蛋白配位體1；PSGL-1。#P＜0.05，與未結合之MV組相比。**P＜0.01，與各別重組型蛋白質結合之組(負載有抗凋亡Bcl-xL衍生之BH4主結構)相比(n=6)。 圖23展示M6PR+半乳糖凝集素3、M6PR+P-選擇素、Siglec 2+P-選擇素及Siglec 2+半乳糖凝集素3結合之卡斯蛋白酶3抑制劑負載型脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之協同作用。分析血小板計數(PLT)及血漿丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；半乳糖凝集素3：Gal3。##P＜0.01，與無BSA組相比。*P＜0.05，**P＜0.01，與各別單一重組型蛋白質結合之組(負載有卡斯蛋白酶3抑制劑)相比(n=6)。 圖24展示M6PR及P-選擇素(P-sel)結合之脂質體/MV對靶向受損組織之螢光標記之CD34+幹細胞的促進作用之IVIS分析。本文中展示經TAA處理之小鼠模型中之肝臟。 圖25展示M6PR、M6PR+P-選擇素-、M6PR+E-選擇素-及M6PR+PSGL-1結合之脂質體/MV對經TAA處理之小鼠之救援之作用。分析血漿天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)含量。P-選擇素：P-sel；E-選擇素：E-sel；P-選擇素醣蛋白配位體1；PSGL-1。#P＜0.05，與未結合之MV組相比。**P＜0.01，與各別M6PR結合之脂質體/MV組相比(n=6)。 圖26展示MP負載型抗癌藥物對腫瘤之生長率之作用。(a)各組之腫瘤曲線。(b)各組之腫瘤之重量及體積。媒劑：標準生理食鹽水(對照物)，MMC：絲裂黴素C(抗癌藥物)。 圖27(a)及(b)展示蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星(doxorubicin))可抑制腫瘤生長率(參見圖27(a))且亦可降低小鼠死亡率(圖27(b))。 圖28展示脂質體負載型絲裂黴素C對脂肪小鼠之作用。脂質體-藥物：脂質體負載型絲裂黴素C，CIg：對照性Ig。 圖29(a)及(b)展示蛋白質結合之經工程改造之脂質體(含有多柔比星)可降低小鼠之體重增長率(a)。此外，抗脂肪抗體或脂質體(含有多柔比星)不會引起肝功能指數增長(b)。 圖30展示與血清及細胞(C6/36)衍生之MV相比，血漿MV以相對較高之表面P-選擇素含量來表現P-選擇素。藉由流式細胞測量術進行分析。*P＜0.05，與血清衍生之MV組相比(n=4)。 圖31展示TAA小鼠模型中血漿衍生之MP對肝臟損傷之救援之作用(n=4)。 圖32展示血漿肝酶AST含量，其指示實驗小鼠之肝功能(AST含量越高表明肝功能越低)。*P＜0.05，與血清衍生之MV組相比(n=4)。此等結果表明血漿MV能夠救援靶向組織中之損傷。Figure 1 shows liposomes targeted to autophagic cells in vitro. * P <0.05 vs. "None" group (n=3). Groups 1-15 show the degree of cell binding of various liposomes with or without protein binding. Group: 1, unbound; 2, M6PR; 3, P-selectin; 4, E-selectin; 5, PSGL-1; 6, CD22; 7, CD206; 8, galectin-3; Binding protein V; 10, integrin αLβ2; 11, VE-cadherin; 12, CD300a; 13, CD47; 14, TSP1 and CD36, bound liposomes. The unbound group was normalized to 100%. Figure 2 shows liposomes targeting apoptotic cells in vitro. * P <0.05 vs. "None" group (n=3). Groups 1-15 show the degree of cell binding of various liposomes with or without protein binding. Group: 1, unbound; 2, M6PR; 3, P-selectin; 4, E-selectin; 5, PSGL-1; 6, CD22; 7, CD206; 8, galectin-3; Binding protein V; 10, integrin αLβ2; 11, VE-cadherin; 12, CD300a; 13, CD47; 14, TSP1 and CD36, bound liposomes. The unbound group was normalized to 100%. Figure 3 shows an example of flow cytometry analysis and detection of autophagic cells (blue population). Figure 4 shows an example of flow cytometry analysis and detection of apoptotic cells (purple population). Figure 5 shows the targeting of recombinant protein-bound liposomes by the In vivo Imaging System (IVIS). Fluorescence intensity of the recombinant M6PR-bound liposome (labeled fluorescent dye calcein red). Figure 6 shows the targeting of recombinant protein-bound liposomes on B16-F10 tumor cells by the In vivo Imaging System (IVIS). Fluorescently labeled liposomes were used. Fluorescence intensity of the recombinant M6PR protein-bound liposome (labeled fluorescent dye calcein red). None: Treated with unbound liposomes. Figure 7 shows the use of an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) to identify whether recombinant protein-bound fluorescent liposomes have a targeted effect on damaged liver. The relative fluorescence intensity of mouse organs, including the heart, lung, liver, and spleen, was measured with or without TAA and liposome treatment. A, a bright field image of a mouse organ, which includes the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen. BS, fluorescent image, in which the red part of the pseudo color image B, D, F, H, J is displayed in C, E, G, I, K. Synergistic targeting: BC, M6PR plus P-selectin; DE M6PR plus galectin 3 and Siglec 2; FG, M6PR plus MMR and integrin αLβ2; HI, M6PR plus CD31 and phospholipid binding protein V; JK, M6PR plus CD44 and VE-cadherin. All protein-bound liposomes exhibited higher liver-prioritized targeting characteristics than controls treated with unbound liposomes (vehicle). In addition, the fluorescence levels of these two protein-binding groups were higher compared to the single protein-bound group. Figure 8 shows the use of an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) to identify whether recombinant protein-bound fluorescent liposomes have a targeting effect on tumors. I have found that fluorescently loaded liposomes are more effective in targeting tumors formed by B16-F10 melanoma cells (M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin and M6PR+galectin-3 groups versus untreated and vehicle groups). Figure 9 shows the use of an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) to identify whether recombinant protein-bound fluorescent liposomes have a targeting effect on damaged white adipose tissue (pretreated with anti-fat-tissue antibodies). C57BL/6J mice were treated with or without rabbit anti-mouse adipocyte antibodies. Next, the mice were treated with fluorescent (calcium chlorophyll red) liposomes with recombinant protein conjugates. Group: 1, untreated; 2, unbound liposomes; 3, M6PR + galectin-3; 4, M6PR + P-selectin; 5, M6PR. Figure 10 shows that the liver of a damaged mouse contains autophagy and apoptotic cells. * P <0.05 compared to the normal group (n=4). Figure 11 shows that solid tumors formed by mouse B16-F10 cells contain autophagy and apoptotic cells. * P <0.05 compared to the normal group (n=4). Figure 12 shows that mouse adipose tissue treated with anti-lipid antibodies contains autophagy and apoptotic cells. * P <0.05 compared to the normal group (n=4). Figure 13 shows the blockade of apoptotic cells by liposome targets. Blocking antibodies and soluble M6PR recombinant proteins (Figures 3 and 4, respectively) were able to block targeting of M6PR-bound liposome cells targeting apoptotic cells (Figure 2) and could act as antidote. Liposomal preparation: Figure 1, unbound; Figure 2, M6PR + P-selectin binding; 3, M6PR + P-selectin bound liposome + blocking antibody; 4, M6PR + P-selectin binding lipid Body + soluble M6PR recombinant protein. Figure 14 shows the blockade of autophagic cells by liposome targets. Blocking antibodies and soluble M6PR recombinant proteins (Figures 3 and 4, respectively) are capable of blocking the targeting of M6PR+P-selectin-binding liposome cells targeting autophagic cells (Figure 2) and can act as antidote . Liposomal preparation: Figure 1, unbound; Figure 2, M6PR + P-selectin binding; 3, M6PR + P-selectin bound liposome + blocking antibody; 4, M6PR + P-selectin binding lipid Body + soluble M6PR recombinant protein. Figure 15 shows liposomes targeting apoptotic cells. Groups 1-4 indicate the untreated, M6PR+P-selectin, M6PR+E-selectin, and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding groups, respectively. *P < 0.05 compared to the untreated (Figure 1) group (n = 4). These results indicate that specific blocking antibodies, specific soluble recombinant proteins, and lysyl-oligosaccharides can act as antidote to block P-selectin, E targeting apoptotic cells. - Selectin and PSGL-1 binding liposomes. Figure 16 shows liposomes targeted to autophagic cells. Groups 1-4 indicate the untreated, M6PR+P-selectin, M6PR+E-selectin, and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding groups, respectively. *P < 0.05 compared to the untreated (Figure 1) group (n = 4). These results indicate that specific blocking antibodies, specific soluble recombinant proteins, and sialyl-Lewis x oligosaccharides can act as antidote to block P-selectin, E-selectin, and PSGL targeting autophagic cells. -1 bound liposome. Figure 17 shows rescue of exfoliated apoptotic B16-F10 cells in vitro by a caspase-3 inhibitor-loaded M6PR-bound liposome. *P < 0.05 compared to the exfoliated group (n = 4). These results indicate that M6PR-bound liposomes can specifically deliver liposome-loaded caspase-3 inhibitor (BioVision) to apoptotic cells. Figure 18 shows the effect of DNA-(white), RNA-(grey), protein (black)-loaded and M6PR-bound liposomes on DNA, RNA and protein delivery to B16-F10 cells. The relative fluorescence content of B16-F10 cells with or without liposomes was analyzed using flow cytometry. *P < 0.05 compared to the unconjugated group (n = 4). Figure 19 shows M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding, caspase-3 inhibitor-loaded liposomes/MV for TAA-treated mice The role of rescue. Plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; E-selectin: E-sel; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1: PSGL-1. #P<0.05, compared to the unconjugated MV group. **P < 0.01 compared to the group in which the respective recombinant proteins were combined (n = 6). Figure 20 shows M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding, and Bcl-2 expression of plastid-loaded liposomes/MV for TAA-treated mice The role. Plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; E-selectin: E-sel; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; PSGL-1. #P<0.05, compared to the liposome-free/MV group. **P < 0.01 compared to the group in which the respective recombinant proteins were combined (n = 6). Figure 21 shows rescue of TAA-treated mice with M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding, and caspase-3 siRNA-loaded liposomes/MV The role. Plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; E-selectin: E-sel; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; PSGL-1. #P<0.05, compared to the unconjugated MV group. **P < 0.01 compared to the group in which the respective recombinant proteins were combined (n = 6). Figure 22 shows M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin- and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding to anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL-derived BH4 major structure-loaded liposomes/MV pairs treated with TAA The role of the rescue of mice. Plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; E-selectin: E-sel; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; PSGL-1. #P<0.05, compared to the unconjugated MV group. **P<0.01, compared to the group in which the respective recombinant proteins were bound (loaded with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL-derived BH4 main structure) (n=6). Figure 23 shows M6PR+galectin-3, M6PR+P-selectin, Siglec 2+P-selectin and Siglec 2+ galectin-3 binding to a caspase 3 inhibitor-loaded liposome/MV pair via TAA Synergistic effect of rescue of treated mice. Platelet count (PLT) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; galectin-3: Gal3. ##P<0.01, compared with the BSA-free group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, compared to the group in which each single recombinant protein was bound (loaded with a caspase 3 inhibitor) (n=6). Figure 24 shows IVIS analysis of the promotion of M6PR and P-selectin (P-sel)-bound liposomes/MVs to fluorescently labeled CD34+ stem cells targeting damaged tissues. The liver in a TAA treated mouse model is shown herein. Figure 25 shows the effect of M6PR, M6PR+P-selectin-, M6PR+E-selectin-, and M6PR+PSGL-1 binding liposomes/MV on rescue of TAA-treated mice. Plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were analyzed. P-selectin: P-sel; E-selectin: E-sel; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; PSGL-1. #P<0.05, compared to the unconjugated MV group. **P < 0.01 compared to the respective M6PR-bound liposome/MV group (n=6). Figure 26 shows the effect of MP-loaded anticancer drugs on tumor growth rate. (a) Tumor curves for each group. (b) The weight and volume of the tumors of each group. Vehicle: standard physiological saline (control), MMC: mitomycin C (anticancer drug). Figure 27 (a) and (b) show that protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) inhibit tumor growth rate (see Figure 27 (a)) and can also reduce mouse mortality. (Fig. 27(b)). Figure 28 shows the effect of liposomally loaded mitomycin C on fatty mice. Liposomes - Drugs: liposome-loaded mitomycin C, CIg: control Ig. Figures 29 (a) and (b) show that protein-bound engineered liposomes (containing doxorubicin) reduce the body weight growth rate in mice (a). In addition, anti-lipid antibodies or liposomes (containing doxorubicin) do not cause an increase in liver function index (b). Figure 30 shows that plasma MV expresses P-selectin at a relatively high surface P-selectin content compared to serum and cell (C6/36) derived MV. Analysis was performed by flow cytometry. *P < 0.05 compared to the serum-derived MV group (n=4). Figure 31 shows the effect of plasma-derived MP on rescue of liver damage in a TAA mouse model (n=4). Figure 32 shows plasma liver enzyme AST content indicating liver function in experimental mice (higher AST content indicates lower liver function). *P < 0.05 compared to the serum-derived MV group (n=4). These results indicate that plasma MV can rescue damage in targeted tissues.