TW201545749A - 樟芝酸a、一種jak2/3酪胺酸激酶抑制劑及有潛力的肝炎治療劑 - Google Patents
樟芝酸a、一種jak2/3酪胺酸激酶抑制劑及有潛力的肝炎治療劑 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
樟芝酸A(ZAA)可抑制JAK2及JAK3磷酸化及下游分子發信。再者,ZAA可活體內及試管內抑制IFN-γ/STAT1/IRF-1途徑。再者,資料顯示出以ZAA預處理可在老鼠中明顯改善由Con A引發的肝炎。上述結果強烈建議ZAA治療可阻斷JAK2及JAK3活化,及可係一種對治療由免疫細胞引發的發炎有用之治療方法。
Description
本發明係關於樟芝酸A(ZAA)的新醫療用途,其係使用在患有Janus酪胺酸激酶(JAK)相關病症的患者之治療上,特別是由免疫細胞引發的發炎包括肝炎之治療。
在本發明中所使用的縮寫:JAK2,Janus酪胺酸激酶2;JAK3,Janus酪胺酸激酶;ZAA,樟芝酸A;STAT,訊號轉導及轉錄活化蛋白;IRF-1,干擾素調節因子1。
表現在免疫細胞中的Janus酪胺酸激酶(JAKs)調節對多種免疫細胞功能來說係重要的多種細胞介素之發信[1]。JAK/訊號轉導及轉錄活化蛋白(STAT)介導在細胞核的細胞表面上之IFNs、許多介白素及生長因子的發信[2,3]。細胞介素受體與JAKs之催化性FERM區段結合可活化JAKs,此產生用於STAT家族的對接區(docking sites)[4]。磷酸化的
STATs形成二聚物及轉位至細胞核,結合至DNA及調節標的基因表現性。JAK2的構成性活化係與炎性細胞介素諸如IL-6、IFN-γ及粒性細胞-巨噬細胞群落-刺激因子(GM-CSF)表現性相關[5-8],及係在脊髓增生性病症中觀察到[9,10]。再者,JAK3活化不僅包括T細胞的發展及存活,而且亦包括Th細胞分化[11,12]。最近的研究亦顯示出經IL-2刺激的JAK3活化在淋巴細胞之增生及分化上扮演重要角色,及增進NK-細胞的細胞溶解活性[13,14]。因此,當免疫疾病及自體免疫病持續呈現出發炎如為未滿足醫療需求時,JAK2及JAK3變成發展出創新療法的新穎目標。
先前研究顯示出樟芝酸A(ZAA)具有抗P-388鼠科白血病細胞的細胞毒素活性[15]。來自牛樟薄孔菌(Taiwanofungus camphoratus)的子實體之甲醇萃取物可抑制在經LPS/IFN-γ-活化的小神經膠質中之STAT1活化[16]及在Jurkat細胞中之抗增生活性[17]。但是,僅有少數與抗炎性相關的發信途徑之ZAA調節機制相關的研究已經被報導出來。
本發明的主要目標為提供一種治療患有JAK相關病症的患者之方法,其包括將樟芝酸A或其醫藥上可接受的鹽給藥至需要該治療的患者。
較佳的是,該JAK相關病症係一種脊髓增生性病症。較佳的是,該脊髓增生性病症係真性紅血球增多症(polycythemia vera)(PV)、原發性血小板過多症(essential
thrombocythemia)(ET)、髓狀轉變伴隨骨髓纖維化(MMM)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、慢性骨髓單核球性白血病(CMML)、嗜伊紅血球過多症候群(hypereosinophilic syndrome)(HES)或全身性肥大細胞疾病(SMCD)。
較佳的是,該JAK相關病症係一種由器官移植排斥造成的免疫疾病。
較佳的是,該JAK相關病症係一種自體免疫疾病。
較佳的是,該JAK相關病症係一種免疫細胞引發的發炎。
較佳的是,該JAK相關病症係肝炎。
圖1. ZAA在由多種刺激質及細胞介素發信所引發的T細胞增生上之試管內效應。(A)以刺激質處理C57/BL6脾細胞48小時,接著使用所指示的濃度之ZAA培養48小時,藉由MTS分析來評估細胞增生。(B)使用ZAA、ZAA及Con A處理脾細胞所指示的時間24小時,藉由ELISA決定上層液IFN-γ。(C)使用ZAA培養脾細胞3小時,然後以IFN-γ或IL-6處理30分鐘。在培養後,藉由免疫墨點法評估細胞溶成物。(D)以或不以Con A培養Jurkat細胞24小時,接著以所指示的濃度之ZAA培養24小時,藉由免疫墨點法偵測凋亡蛋白酶(caspases)(上面)。在相同條件下,藉由MTS分析評估在24、
48及72小時處的細胞增生(下面)。(E)以或不以Con A培養Jurkat及C57/BL6 CD4+-T細胞24小時,接著以所指示的濃度之ZAA培養24小時,藉由免疫墨點法評估IRF-1表現性。資料係以平均±SEM(n=4)表現出。**P,0.01;***P,0.001對經刺激質處理的群組。在至少三個各自獨立的實驗中獲得類似結果。
圖2. ZAA與JAK2及JAK3之疏水性結合袋交互作用。(A)人類JAK2激酶(PDB編碼:4BBE)係與選擇性抑制劑3O4複合。(B)人類JAK2激酶係與ZAA複合。(C)在JAK2中的ZAA結合袋。(D)包括ZAA結合至JAK2的胺基酸殘基之交互作用。(E)在JAK2中之ZAA結合袋的近視圖。(F)以JAK2抗體進行免疫墨點法。(G)人類JAK3激酶(PDB編碼:4HVI)係與選擇性抑制劑19S複合。(H)人類JAK3激酶係與ZAA複合。(I)在JAK3中的ZAA結合袋。(J)包括ZAA結合至JAK3的胺基酸殘基之交互作用。(K)在JAK3中之ZAA結合袋的近視圖。(L)以JAK3抗體進行免疫墨點法。
圖3. ZAA抑制JAK2及JAK3之磷酸化及其下游發信。(A)以ZAA處理Jurkat及THP-1細胞3小時,接著以IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-2或GM-CSF刺激30分鐘。藉由免疫墨點法檢驗總細胞溶成物之所指示出的蛋白質。(B)以p-GAS-Luc質體轉染Jurkat細胞。在24小時後,以或不以ZAA處理細胞1小時,然後以IFN-γ處理24小時。採集總細胞溶成物,及決定其發光酶活性及對總蛋白質標準化。(C)以或不以ZAA預處理Jurkat及THP-1細胞3小時,接著以IFN-γ培養24小時。製
備總mRNA,及藉由RT-PCR偵測IRF-1及SOCS-1的mRNA程度。使用GAPDH作為參考帶。(D)以ZAA或魯索替尼(ruxolitinib)培養HepG2細胞48小時。藉由免疫墨點法檢驗總細胞溶成物之所指示出的蛋白質。使用β-肌動蛋白作為內部對照。(E)以ZAA處理Jurkat細胞3小時,接著以人類IFN-α(10奈克/毫升)、IFN-β(20奈克/毫升)或IFN-γ(20奈克/毫升)刺激30分鐘。藉由免疫墨點法檢驗總細胞溶成物之所指示出的蛋白質。全部資料係三個各自獨立而具有類似結果的實驗之一。
圖4. ZAA保護老鼠對抗由Con A引發的肝損傷。在靜脈內注射Con A(15毫克/公斤)前1小時,對C57BL/6老鼠腹膜內給藥媒劑或20毫克/公斤ZAA。(A)顯示出使用蘇木紫及伊紅染色的肝及脾組織病理學變化之典型顯微照片(原始倍率×200)。(B)以四點計分來分析壞死:0,無;1,1-20%壞死;2,20-40%壞死;3,>40%壞死。以四點嚴重程度尺規對白血球浸潤分級:0,無;1,些微;2,適當;3,大量。(C)在Con A注射後之8小時處測量血清ALT及AST活性。(D)在Con A注射後之8小時處,藉由ELISA測量IFN-γ、IL-6及IL-4的血清程度。(E)從經媒劑、ZAA及地塞米松(dexamethasone)處理的老鼠肝及脾組織萃取出蛋白質及接受免疫墨點法。該值係以來自各別老鼠(n=10-13隻老鼠/組)的平均±S.E.M.顯示出。***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,如與經媒劑處理的老鼠比較。在至少三個各自獨立的實驗中獲得類似結果。
圖5. (A)於所指示的濃度之ZAA存在或缺乏下,讓來自
已經以絲裂黴素C(25微克/毫升)處理1小時之BALB/c老鼠的脾細胞與來自C57/BL6的脾細胞共培養72小時。藉由MTS分析測量細胞增生。***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,當與對照組比較時。(B)及(C)以ZAA培養Jurkat細胞3小時,然後以不同濃度的IFN-γ處理30分鐘。(D)及(E)以ZAA培養Raw264.7細胞3小時,然後以不同濃度的IL-6處理30分鐘。在培養後,萃取出蛋白質及藉由免疫墨點分析評估。在至少三個各自獨立的實驗中獲得類似結果。
圖6. 使用來與ZAA對接的JAK1、JAK2、JAK3及TYK2之蛋白質結構。該JAK1、JAK2、JAK3及TYK2的PDB編碼各別係4KF6、4BBE、4HVI及3LXP。已發現ZAA係與在JAK2及JAK3上的基質結合位置結合而非JAK1及TYK2。在這四種激酶中,於該基質結合位置的區域中之胺基酸殘基係高度保守。
圖7. 在Jurkat、THP-1、Chang肝及HMEC-1細胞中之經IFN-γ-活化的STAT1及經引發的IRF-1蛋白質表現性。在無血清媒質中,以或不以ZAA培養細胞3小時,然後以IFN-γ(20奈克/毫升)刺激。在不同的時間時期後,採集細胞及製備總蛋白質萃取物,使用所指示出的抗體進行免疫墨點分析。在至少三個各自獨立的實驗中獲得類似結果。
在數種對多種免疫細胞功能來說係重要的細胞
介素發信中包括Janus酪胺酸激酶(JAK)活化,及其對炎性相關的疾病來說係非常有趣的治療標的。最近的研究已顯示出樟芝酸A(ZAA)係在牛樟薄孔菌(T.camphoratus)子實體中的主要藥理學活性化合物。本發明探索ZAA在肝炎治療中的分子機制。
使用HotLig模型方法來產生ZAA與JAK2及JAK3之結合模型。使用JAK2及JAK3特定的抗體競爭分析來闡明在ZAA與JAK2/3間之交互作用。使用由Con A引發的C57/BL6肝損傷鼠科模型來評估ZAA治療效力。
電腦模型顯示出ZAA可經由H鍵專門結合至JAK2及JAK3的疏水性袋。進一步實驗闡明ZAA與人類JH1-JH2區段結合可減少抗體雜交至非變性的JH1-JH2區段。ZAA可抑制JAK2及JAK3之磷酸化及下游分子發信。再者,ZAA可活體內及試管內抑制IFN-γ/STAT1/IRF-1途徑。再者,資料顯示出以ZAA預處理可明顯改善在老鼠中由Con A引發的肝炎。
上述結果強烈建議ZAA治療可阻斷JAK2及JAK3活化,及可係一種對由免疫細胞引發的發炎之治療有用
的治療方法。
在本發明中,HotLig的模型分析[18]結果明確顯示出ZAA可透過H鍵與JAK2及JAK3酵素之ATP-結合袋交互作用,及該關係係藉由使用JAK2及JAK3特定的抗體二者之競爭分析證實。ZAA與JH1-JH2區段結合減低非變性的JH1-JH2區段之抗體識別。再者,ZAA試管內及活體內抑制該STAT1/IRF-1發信途徑及IFN-γ之分泌。ZAA的腹膜內(i.p.)給藥保護老鼠抵抗由Con A引發的急性肝炎。就我們所知,此係第一證據,其顯示出係小分子羊毛甾醇的ZAA可抑制JAK2及JAK3磷酸化。本發明建議ZAA可有潛力地作用為治療劑來保護對抗由炎性細胞介素造成的免疫性疾病。
從生物資源保存及研究中心(Bioresource Collection and Research Center)(新竹,台灣)獲得Jurkat(人類T淋巴細胞)、THP-1(人類單核白血球)及HepG2細胞株。使用CD4+-T細胞分離工具箱(PerkinElmer,英國)收集老鼠CD4+脾細胞。從國家實驗動物中心(National Laboratory Animal Center)(台北,台灣)獲得公的BALB/c及C57/BL6老鼠(8-10週大)。該實驗方法堅持台灣動物保護條例細則(the rules of Animal Protection Act of Taiwan)及由國立成功大學(National Cheng Kung University)的實驗動物照護及使用委員會(Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee)批准。
如先前描述般從牛樟薄孔菌分離出ZAA[19,20]。將該化合物以濃度2毫克/毫升溶解在40%環糊精(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)中使用作為儲備溶液,貯存於-20℃下及在每次實驗前以細胞培養媒質稀釋。在全部實驗中所使用的最後環糊精濃度係低於0.2%。
免疫墨點分析
以不同濃度的ZAA處理Jurkat及THP-1細胞(2×106)3小時,以預定濃度的IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ及GM-CSF刺激30分鐘及以RIPA溶解緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl,150mM NaCl,2mM EDTA,pH 8.0,1mM Na3VO4,20微克/毫升亮肽素(leupeptin),20微克/毫升抗蛋白酶肽,1mM PMSF,50mM NaF)溶解細胞。藉由西方墨點法(western blot)與抗JAK2、pJAK2、JAK3、pJAK3、pSTAT1、pSTAT3、pSTAT5及β-肌動蛋白的一級抗體,接著適當的連結HRP的二級抗體來分析該細胞溶成物。使用提高化學發光(ECL)工具箱(Pierce Biotechnology,Rockford,IL)偵測免疫反應性蛋白質帶。
使用Dock 5.1.1軟體進行可撓分子對接[21]。對蛋白質模型施加Kollam部分電荷用於力場計算。使用Marvin 5.2.2(可在http://www.chemaxon.com處獲得)及Ballon 0.6軟
體產生能量最佳化的小分子三維座標[22]。此外,藉由OpenBabel 2.2.3軟體計算用於配體的Gasteiger部分電荷[23]。設定用於Dock程式的參數,以便在具有1的”錨狀物尺寸”之結合袋中迭代產生1000個定向及200個構形體。該已對接的構形體藉由HotLig再計分及歸類以預測蛋白質-配體交互作用[18]。使用Chimera及Ligplot軟體提供用於分子模型化的圖形[24,25]。使用Delphi[26]與在Chimera中的預設參數設定[24]來計算蛋白質的靜電位。
在靜脈內給藥Con A(15毫克/公斤)前1小時,讓老鼠接收ZAA(20毫克/公斤)或地塞米松(1毫克/公斤)的腹膜內給藥。具有由Con A引發的肝炎之正對照動物i.p.提供相同量的溶劑(0.2%環糊精),沒有任何藥物。收集每組的血液樣品用於血漿胺基轉移酶活性及細胞介素表現性程度之決定。以10%福馬林固定部分的肝及脾活體組織切片檢查樣品,將其埋入石蠟中用於進一步蘇木紫-伊紅染色;及將剩餘的組織樣品冷凍在-80℃下用於進一步研究。
結果係以平均±標準偏差(SD)呈現。使用Student未成對T檢定或SigmaPlotTM軟體(Systat)分析統計差異。p值小於0.05視為統計顯著。
為了評估ZAA的免疫抑制活性,使用預定的ZAA來培養由Con-A、PHA或抗-CD3/CD28引發的脾細胞。結果明確地顯示出ZAA明顯以濃度相依性方式抑制受刺激質活化的T細胞增生(圖1A)及減少由Con-A引發的IFN-γ分泌(圖1B)。類似地,在單一混合的淋巴細胞反應中亦顯示出ZAA的抑制效應(圖5A)。但是,單獨ZAA在測試濃度(最高20μM)下不影響脾細胞增生也無觀察到IFN-γ產生能力。這些結果建議ZAA抑制由多種刺激質引發的淋巴細胞活化。
為了進一步分析在脾細胞中之ZAA介導的IFN-γ發信抑制機制,藉由免疫墨點分析來測量STAT1及IRF-1的磷酸化狀態。使用IFN-γ培養脾細胞及Jurkat細胞30分鐘造成STAT1酪胺酸磷酸化明顯提高(圖1C及圖5B),同時與ZAA共處理可完全抑制STAT1的Tyr701磷酸化。已觀察到ZAA以濃度相依性方式在IRF-1上,一種STAT的下游分子,具有類似的抑制效應。再者,ZAA亦可在脾細胞(圖1C)及Raw264.7細胞(圖5C)中抑制STAT3之由IL-6引發的Tyr705磷酸化。再者,ZAA對STAT活化的抑制效應可藉由高劑量IFN-γ及IL-6處理逆轉(圖5D及5E)。
為了決定ZAA是否抑制特別活化的CD4+-T細
胞,我們使用永生人類CD4+-T淋巴細胞(Jurkat細胞),藉由MTS分析來評估細胞生存能力。如顯示在圖1D中,ZAA明顯抑制含或不含Con A處理的Jurkat細胞增生。在24小時ZAA處理結束時,亦觀察到凋亡蛋白酶原片段-3及凋亡蛋白酶原-8增加。此結果亦指示出使用ZAA處理,其隨著時間之抑制由Con A引發的細胞增生之效應比抑制非由Con A引發的細胞增生之效應更明顯。為了辨別ZAA是否對經活化及正常的CD4+淋巴細胞擁有差異細胞毒害性(differential cytotoxicity),將Jurkat細胞及CD4+脾細胞曝露至ZAA含或不含Con A處理,及藉由免疫墨點分析來評估IRF-1分子。如顯示在圖1E中,ZAA(20μM)在Jurkat但非CD4+脾細胞中抑制IRF-1表現性,與經媒劑處理的細胞比較。這些結果建議ZAA可抑制經活化的CD4+細胞,諸如Jurkat細胞,但不抑制正常細胞。換句話說,ZAA在正常細胞中係安全,但在快速增生的細胞中則否。
為了預測ZAA的結合標的,勘測IFN-γ、STAT1、IRF-1及JAK家族(JAK1、JAK2、JAK3及TYK2)的結構。僅發現JAK家族的蛋白質結構擁有明顯用於ZAA結合的口袋。隨後,透過分子對接研究來調查在ZAA與JAK家族的蛋白質間之可能的交互作用。如在”方法”中所描述,使用對接軟體對該等蛋白質結構取樣ZAA的對接構象異構體[21],然後藉由HotLig評分及歸類這些構象異構體[18]來預測ZAA與每種
JAK激酶的交互作用。如在圖6中指示出,已發現ZAA結合在JAK2及JAK3而非JAK1或TYK2上的基質結合位置。進一步分析在這四種激酶當中之胺基酸序列的保守性。在這四種激酶中,於基質結合位置的區域中之胺基酸殘基係高度保守。但是,在JAK1及TYK2上的結合袋對ZAA來說係大概太窄而無法進入。
如顯示在圖2A中,使用與選擇性抑制劑3O4複合[28]之人類JAK2激酶(PDB編碼:4BBE)的結構模型[27]用於分子對接研究。如在”方法”中所描述,使用對接軟體對著3O4-結合袋產生ZAA的對接構象異構體[21],及藉由HotLig再計分來預測ZAA與JAK2激酶的交互作用。ZAA之經計算的束縛能計分係-28.52,其係和3O4(-28.46)幾乎一樣(表1)。ZAA之預測的結合姿勢係顯示在圖2B中。亦使用Delphi程式計算在JAK2激酶的蛋白質表面上之靜電位[26]。如顯示在圖2C中,負電荷電位係以紅色著色,然而正電荷電位係以藍色著色。ZAA的結合袋主要呈現白色,此指示出該口袋係由疏水性胺基酸殘基構成。在ZAA與結合袋間之詳細的交互作用係顯示在圖2D中。ZAA與JAK2激酶的胺基酸Lys943擁有一個明顯的H鍵(H鍵長度2.94埃)。此外,已發現二個潛在與胺基酸Leu932及Asp994交互作用的弱H鍵(H鍵長度係3.93~3.94埃)。已發現JAK2激酶的胺基酸殘基Gly935、
Leu983、Val863、Tyr931及Leu855透過疏水性接觸與ZAA交互作用(圖2D)。圖2E顯示出呈3D模型的ZAA-結合袋之近視圖。與ZAA形成H鍵之三個胺基酸Lys943(淡藍色)、Leu932(黃色)及Asp994(橙色)的位置係經標記以指示出其與ZAA分子的交互作用。其次,我們使用抗-JAK2抗體,抗JAK2胺基酸745-955的單株抗體進行免疫電泳。ZAA與人類JH1-JH2區段結合減低該抗體對非變性的JH1-JH2區段之識別,類似於魯索替尼結合的效應(圖2F)。
類似地,圖2G顯示出在與JAK3-選擇性抑制劑19S的複體中之人類JAK3激酶(PDB編碼:4HVI),其對ZAA的束縛能計分係-27.38,此係和19S(-28.33)幾乎一樣(表1)。ZAA之預測的結合姿勢係顯示在圖2H中。如顯示在圖2I中,負電荷電位係呈紅色著色,然而正電荷電位係呈藍色著色。
ZAA擁有五個明顯的H鍵結,與JAK3激酶的胺基酸Arg916(H鍵長度2.85、3.09及3.30埃)、JAK3激酶的Leu905(H鍵長度3.54埃)及JAK3激酶的Asp967(H鍵長度3.02埃)(圖2J)。圖2K以3D模型呈現出ZAA-結合袋的近視圖。我們亦使用抗-JAK3抗體,抗JAK2胺基酸716-967的多株抗體進行免疫電泳。ZAA與人類JH1-JH2區段結合減低抗體對非變性的JH1-JH2區段之識別,類似於魯索替尼結合的效應(圖2L)。
因此,分子對接結果建議ZAA可顯著地將JAK2及JAK3激酶作為標靶。類似方法係使用於IFN-γ、STAT1及IRF-1;但是,無鑑別出明顯用於ZAA的結合袋。
為了決定ZAA是否透過與JAKs的疏水性袋結合而抑制JAK2及JAK3發信,我們調查在已經以酪胺酸磷酸酶抑制劑處理的Jurkat及THP-1細胞中之JAKs及STATs磷酸化來評估效應[29,30]。如藉由免疫墨點分析闡明(圖3A),ZAA有效力地抑制由IFN-γ引發的JAK2/STAT1、由IL-6引發的JAK2/STAT1及JAK2/STAT3、由IL-2引發的JAK3/STAT5及由GM-CSF引發的JAK2/STAT5自動磷酸化及磷酸化。再者,為了調查ZAA在經IFN-γ刺激的干擾素-γ活化的序列(GAS)發信中之抑制劑角色,我們偵測其在GAS的轉錄活性上之效應。圖3B顯示出ZAA抑制在Jurkat細胞中之GAS介導的轉錄活性,如由發光酶報導子分析顯露出。此外,IFN-γ處理刺激IRF-1及細胞介素發信抑制因子1(SOCS-1)轉錄,其明顯由
ZAA防止(圖3C)。因為JAK2/STAT3發信在人類肝細胞瘤HepG2細胞增生中具有角色[31],JAK2活化促進對STAT3及STAT5的受體複體[32]及LMO2表現性[10]之反射增進。因此,ZAA朝向SATA3/5發信途徑的活性係可與JAK1/JAK2抑制劑魯索替尼比較[33]。如顯示在圖3D中,ZAA及魯索替尼二者可在劑量20μM下,於48小時培養後有效抑制在HepG2細胞中的JAK2、STAT3及STAT5之磷酸化及LMO2表現性。這些結果建議ZAA可藉由阻斷JAK2及JAK3磷酸化而抑制由JAK2及JAK3引發的下游發信。相較之下,我們亦決定ZAA是否抑制經由JAK1及TYK2之由IFN-α及IFN-β引發的STAT1磷酸化。如顯示在圖3E中,ZAA無法抑制由IFN-α及IFN-β引發STAT1磷酸化,但是確實抑制IFN-γ。JAK1磷酸化不受20μM的ZAA抑制。
先前研究闡明向上調節IFN-γ、IRF-1的下游標靶之表現性在Con A介導的肝損傷上扮演一關鍵角色[34],及中斷IRF-1基因表現或活化可保護與Con A之注射相關的死亡率[35]。為了決定ZAA是否可促進朝向由Con A引發之T細胞介導的急性肝炎之肝保護效應,使用ZAA對老鼠進行預處理。如顯示在圖4A中,使用脾腫大作為該經活化的淋巴器官,在8小時處理後,於經Con A處理的老鼠之肝活體組織切片檢查中觀察到大量細胞壞死與細胞質膨脹及白血球浸潤。但是,以20毫克/公斤ZAA預處理可顯著減低肝損傷程
度與最小化白血球浸潤。病理等級亦顯示出ZAA在白血球壞死及浸潤上具有明顯的保護效應(圖4B);及根據ALT及AST血清程度之評估,經緩和由Con A引發的肝炎表現型係幾乎完全復原(圖4C)。亦決定ZAA在由Con A引發的肝炎中於細胞介素產生上的影響。如顯示在圖4D中,在Con A注射8小時後,ZAA預處理減低IFN-γ的血清程度37%,IL-6係66%及IL-4係38%。顯現在圖4E中的結果指示出20毫克/公斤的ZAA預處理明顯減低在肝及脾組織中的凋亡蛋白酶3活性及IRF-1表現性。在經地塞米松處理的老鼠中觀察到類似結果及顯示出明顯減弱由Con A引發的急性肝炎(圖4)。這些結果建議ZAA保護肝細胞對抗由IFN-γ/IRF-1途徑引發的細胞凋亡。
為了進一步了解ZAA是否抑制一般在其它肝細胞型式中發生之經IFN-γ活化的發信現象,使用經IFN-γ預處理的HMEC-1及Chang肝細胞來評估ZAA抑制效應。如顯示在圖7中,藉由ZAA預處理係抑制在Jurkat、THP-1、HMEC-1及Chang肝細胞中之經IFN-γ活化的pSTAT1及IRF-1(2小時及8小時)。這些結果建議ZAA透過抑制IFN-γ/STAT1/IRF-1發信途徑來抑制肝炎可係在肝細胞中的一般機制。
ZAA的作用機制複雜,包括整合促細胞凋亡
(pro-apoptotic)效應、抑制增生及DNA損傷。雖然可獲得很多關於ZAA的抗癌效應之資訊,但對文件化ZAA抑制經活化的免疫細胞生長之分子機制所進行的研究相當少數,其機制尚未充分闡明。在本發明中,我們的結果明確顯現出重要的觀察:(1)ZAA以劑量相依性方式抑制JAK2/STATs及JAK3/STAT5之活化,及同步向下調節下游基因;(2)在經活化及高增生的T細胞白血病但非正常免疫細胞中觀察到由ZAA引發的細胞凋亡;(3)ZAA藉由抑制JAK2/STAT1/IRF1發信途徑緩和由Con A引發的肝炎,試管內及活體內二者。上述研究結果建議ZAA在治療炎性病症上可係潛在地有用。
JAK1/JAK2抑制劑魯索替尼已經由FDA批准用來治療經構成性活化的JAK2骨髓纖維化[36]。先前研究顯示出魯索替尼與JAK2的JH1-JH2區段之Met-929、Tyr-931及Gly-935交互作用[37],已建議此胺基酸區域係JAK2激酶活性的關鍵。根據我們的電腦模型分析結果,這些胺基酸係接近可與ZAA形成H鍵的Leu-932、Lys-943及Asp-994。再者,進一步分析顯示出在ZAA中與JAK3激酶的Arg-916有三個H鍵、與Leu905有一個H鍵及與Asp967有一個H鍵之交互作用。相較之下,在ZAA與JAK2或JAK3間之交互作用係比JAK1及TYK2更好,已建議其可使用來治療脊髓增生性病症,及抑制劑而作為用於器官移植及自體免疫病的免疫抑制劑。
我們的先前研究已闡明ZAA係一種因應炎性刺激的NF-κB活化之LPS拮抗劑。STAT3是否由ZAA抑制係與
其在需要進一步調查的NF-κB途徑上所觀察到之抑制效應相關。Yu等人已闡明NF-κB的p65次單位與STAT3緊密地通訊[38],但是通常來說STAT3及NF-κB之活化係與不同細胞介素相依。雖然IL-6係STAT3的主要激活劑,LPS亦係NF-κB之有效力的激活劑。亦已顯示出JAK2激酶之活化係由紅血球生成素引發的NF-κB活化之必需[39]。因此有可能的是,JAK2活化之抑制係潛在連結由ZAA抑制NF-κB及STAT3活化二者。
在肝中的STAT蛋白質活化係對抗肝炎病毒感染的抗病毒防禦及用來控制損傷、發炎及腫瘤形成之關鍵[40]。STAT1之IFN-γ活化直接引發肝細胞凋亡,造成細胞凋亡相關的肝發炎[41,42]。在T細胞中過度表現出STAT1之轉殖基因老鼠更易受由Con A引發的肝炎影響,此建議STAT1之抑制可抑制肝發炎[41]。我們的結果明確闡明ZAA可藉由抑制細胞增生抑制經Con A活化的IFN-γ分泌,及藉由阻斷JAK2磷酸化來抑制經IFN-γ刺激的IRF-1表現性,試管內及活體內二者。因此,ZAA可係一種對抗經IFN-γ/STAT1活化的炎性病症之有用的治療選擇。
刀豆球蛋白A、環孢黴素A、地塞米松、絲裂黴素C及環糊精係從Sigma-Aldrich(St.Louis,MO)購買。魯索替尼係來自Biochempartner(上海,中國)。Trizol試劑及植物
血球凝集素(PHA)係來自Invitrogen。用於老鼠IFN-γ、IL-6及IL-4的ELISA工具箱係從R & D Systems(Minneapolis,MN)購買。IRF-1、凋亡蛋白酶-8、pJAK1、JAK2、pJAK2、JAK3(C-21)、pJAK3、STAT1、STAT3、pSTAT5及LMO2抗體係從Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.(Santa Cruz,CA)購買。對抗JAK2(AA,745-955)的抗體係來自Abcam(Cambridge,MA)及抗JAK3(AA,716-967)的抗體係來自Cloud-Clone(Houston,US)。人類JAK2 JH1-JH2及JAK3 JH1-JH2係來自Life Technologies(California,US)。重組人類IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-2及GM-CSF係由Peprotech(Rocky Hill,NJ)提供。抗凋亡蛋白酶-3、pSTAT1及pSTAT3抗體係來自Cell Signaling。抗CD3及CD28抗體係來自BD PharMingen(San Diego,CA)。
使用溶解在環糊精中的絲裂黴素C(25微克/毫升)處理BALB/c脾細胞(4×105)1小時,然後在不同濃度的ZAA缺乏或存在下,與C57/BL6脾細胞(4×105)共培養72小時。使用CellTiter工具箱來測量總淋巴細胞的細胞數目。
在96井板中,使用10% FBS RPMI 1640媒質,以密度4×105細胞/井培養初代老鼠脾細胞,及在37℃下,於5%CO2/空氣中,以三種不同刺激質(Con A:5微克/毫升;
PHA:2.5微克/毫升;抗-CD3/CD28:10/1微克/毫升)活化。在48小時培養後,使用所指示出的濃度之ZAA進一步培養48小時。在96井板中,使用10% FBS RPMI 1640媒質,以密度2×103細胞/井平板培養Jurkat細胞,及與所指示出的濃度之ZAA及Con A(5微克/毫升)共培養24小時、48小時及72小時。藉由MTS分析,使用CellTiter工具箱(Promega,Madison,WI)評估細胞增生。
使用10% FBS RPMI媒質,在96井板中,以1×105細胞/井平板培養初代老鼠脾細胞。測試四種不同實驗條件。首先,以媒劑或不同濃度ZAA處理細胞24小時。其次,以媒劑或不同濃度的ZAA處理細胞12小時,接著Con A活化12小時。第三,以媒劑或不同濃度的ZAA及Con A處理細胞24小時。第四,以Con A活化細胞12小時及以媒劑或不同濃度的ZAA處理。全部實驗係在37℃下進行。在培養總共24小時後,藉由ELISA工具箱,遵循製造用法說明測量上層液IFN-γ濃度。
對試管內結合分析來說,對預定量的魯索替尼或ZAA進行聲波處理3分鐘,及在37℃下,以人類JAK2 JH1-JH2及JAK3 JH1-JH2培養3小時。將樣品負載到用於電泳之非變性PAGE凝膠上,及藉由免疫墨點法測量自由態JH1-JH2區
段的程度。經由ECL遵循製造者的建議偵測訊號。
使用Trizol試劑,根據製造者的用法說明萃取總RNA。藉由RT-PCR偵測IRF-1、SOCS-1及甘油醛3-磷酸鹽GAPDH mRNA表現性程度。
以無血清RPMI置換呈對數生長的Jurkat細胞之含血清媒質,及使用氖轉染系統(Neon Transfection System)(Invitrogen),以p-GAS-Luc(0.5微克/毫升)質體轉染細胞。四小時後,以包含10% FBS的RPMI置換該無血清媒質。二十四小時轉染後,在含或不含10或20μM ZAA之無血清RPMI中共培養細胞3小時,接著IFN-γ(最後濃度:20奈克/毫升)24小時。根據製造者的推薦測量發光酶報導子活性。
根據Reitman-Frankel方法,藉由決定在血清中的丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)及天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)活性來定量肝損傷。
以不同濃度的ZAA處理Jurkat、Raw264.7、THP-1細胞、Chang肝及HMEC-1(人類微細血管內皮細胞)(2×106)3
小時,以預定濃度的IL-6及IFN-γ刺激30分鐘及以RIPA溶解緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl,150mM NaCl,2mM EDTA,pH 8.0,1mM Na3VO4,20微克/毫升亮肽素,20微克/毫升抗蛋白酶肽,1mM PMSF,50mM NaF)溶解細胞。藉由免疫墨點法與抗pSTAT1、pSTAT3、IRF-1及β-肌動蛋白的一級抗體,接著適當的連結HRP的二級抗體來分析細胞溶成物。使用提高化學發光(ECL)工具箱(Pierce Biotechnology,Rockford,IL)偵測免疫反應性蛋白質帶。
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Claims (7)
- 一種治療患有JAK相關病症的患者之方法,其包括將樟芝酸A或其醫藥上可接受的鹽給藥至需要該治療的患者。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該JAK相關病症係一種脊髓增生性病症。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中該脊髓增生性病症係真性紅血球增多症(PV)、原發性血小板過多症(ET)、髓狀轉變伴隨骨髓纖維化(MMM)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、慢性骨髓單核球性白血病(CMML)、嗜伊紅血球過多症候群(HES)或全身性肥大細胞疾病(SMCD)。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該JAK相關病症係一種由器官移植排斥造成的免疫疾病。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該JAK相關病症係一種自體免疫性疾病。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該JAK相關病症係一種由免疫細胞引發的發炎。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該JAK相關病症係肝炎。
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| US20210113562A1 (en) | 2018-04-13 | 2021-04-22 | Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncology, Inc. | Pim kinase inhibitors for treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and fibrosis associated with cancer |
| CA3127502A1 (en) | 2019-02-12 | 2020-08-20 | Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncology, Inc. | Formulations comprising heterocyclic protein kinase inhibitors |
| CN114761013A (zh) | 2019-09-27 | 2022-07-15 | 迪斯克医药公司 | 治疗骨髓纤维化和相关病症的方法 |
| KR20230012539A (ko) | 2020-05-13 | 2023-01-26 | 디스크 메디슨, 인크. | 골수섬유증을 치료하기 위한 항-헤모주벨린 (hjv) 항체 |
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