TW201326162A - 氮芥子氣衍生物 - Google Patents
氮芥子氣衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201326162A TW201326162A TW101135740A TW101135740A TW201326162A TW 201326162 A TW201326162 A TW 201326162A TW 101135740 A TW101135740 A TW 101135740A TW 101135740 A TW101135740 A TW 101135740A TW 201326162 A TW201326162 A TW 201326162A
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Abstract
本揭示案包括式(1)化合物:□其中X1、X2、Q、Z、R1及R2係如本文中所定義。亦揭示一種用此等化合物治療贅生性疾病或免疫性疾病之方法。
Description
本申請案為國際申請案,其主張2011年9月28日申請之美國臨時申請案第61/540,523號之優先權及權益。上述申請案之全部教示係以引用的方式併入本文中。
本發明係關於氮芥衍生物。
癌症為最威脅生命的疾病之一,其中身體一部分中之細胞經歷失控生長。根據美國癌症協會(American Cancer Society)之最新資料,癌症在美國為第二大死亡原因(僅次於心臟病)且在2009年奪去大於550,000條生命。實際上,據估計50%居住於美國之所有男性及33%居住於美國之所有女性將在其一生中患上某種類型之癌症。因此,在美國癌症構成主要公共健康負擔且造成顯著費用。數十年來,手術、化學療法及輻射為用於各種癌症之公認治療。患者通常視其疾病類型及程度而接受此等治療之組合。但當不可能進行手術治療時,化學療法為癌症患者之最重要選擇。
氮芥(Nitrogen mustard)為一種經典DNA烷化劑,其屬於合理應用於治療癌症之第一化學治療劑。二氯甲基二乙胺(Mechlorethamine)(一種芥子氣類似物且源自第二次世界大戰期間之化學戰研究)已用於癌症化學療法60年。在存在於細胞中之條件下,氮芥類一般藉由形成DNA加合物或在DNA股之間交聯,從而直接干擾細胞增殖週期來發揮
細胞毒性活性。以下為一些熟知氮芥之結構。
美法侖為批准用於治療多發性骨髓瘤之熟知DNA烷基化氮芥(Musto P等人,Expert Opin Investig Drugs.2007,16(9):1467-87)。美法侖與潑尼松(Prednisone)組合(MP)已用作第一線標準療法數十年以用於不適用於自體幹細胞移植之年老多發性骨髓瘤患者。目前,MP仍為新穎第一線MM化療方案之骨幹,諸如MP-沙力度胺(MP-thalidomide;MPT)、MP-來那度胺(MP-thalidomide;MPR)及MP-硼替佐米(MP-bortezomib;MPV)。另外,單獨使用美法侖作為自體幹細胞移植之調節方案被視為多發性骨髓瘤治療之「護理標準」。目前美法侖處於196種針對多種癌症適應症(諸如多發性骨髓瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤、MDS、卵巢癌、乳癌及腦腫瘤等)之陽性臨床試驗中。
在1963年首次合成之苯達莫司汀係由烷基化氮芥部分及具有所表明之嘌呤類似物作用的嘌呤樣苯并咪唑部分組成(Barman Balfour JA等人,Drugs 2001;61:631-640)。已顯示苯達莫司汀具有針對以下之實質活性:低級淋巴瘤(Herold M等人,Blood,1999;94,增刊1:262a)、多發性骨髓瘤(Poenisch W等人,Blood 2000;96,增刊1:759a)及若
干實體腫瘤(Kollmannsberger C等人,Anticancer Drugs 2000;11:535-539)。亦報導苯達莫司汀有效地誘導淋巴瘤細胞中之細胞凋亡(Chow KU等人,Haematologica,2001;86:485-493)。在2008年3月,FDA授予苯達莫司汀銷售批准以便治療慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)。在2008年10月,FDA授予進一步之苯達莫司汀銷售批准以便治療在用利妥昔單抗(rituximab)或含利妥昔單抗之方案治療六個月期間或之內已進展的惰性B細胞非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma;NHL)。目前針對多種癌症適應症(諸如白血病、淋巴瘤、小細胞肺癌、多發性骨髓瘤、MDS、卵巢癌、乳癌及腦腫瘤)對苯達莫司汀進行臨床試驗。
氮芥環磷醯胺仍為現代癌症療法中最成功及廣泛利用之抗腫瘤藥之一者(Emadi A等人,Nat Rev Clin Oncol.2009年11月;6(11):638-47)。環磷醯胺為需要酶促及化學活化之非活性前藥且所得氮芥產生股間及股內DNA交聯,其解釋其細胞毒性性質。基於環磷醯胺之化學療法(chemoregimen),諸如FCR、FCE、AC及R-CHOP仍為乳癌、淋巴瘤、CLL、卵巢癌及軟組織肉瘤之第一線治療的基石。
儘管習知DNA烷基化氮芥已對癌症治療作出顯著貢獻,但其具有較大限制。如吾人所知,習知DNA烷基化氮芥將損傷DNA,接著細胞DNA損傷反應路徑將得到活化以停滯細胞週期進程、誘導細胞凋亡且修復DNA損傷。然而,用習知氮芥治療之癌細胞可輕易逃脫細胞週期停滯及細胞
凋亡,且可有效修復DNA損傷,從而導致快速產生抗藥性及治療失敗。因此,亟需不斷地在此技術領域中搜尋抗癌活性顯著改良之新一代氮芥。
近年來,週期素依賴性激酶(CDK)最近已作為癌症治療之重要疾病目標而出現(Marcos Malumbres等人,Nat Rev Cancer.2009年3月;9(3):153-66;Silvia Lapenna等人,Nat Rev Drug Discovery,2009年7月;8(7):547-66)。CDK為調節關鍵細胞過程(包括細胞週期進程及RNA轉錄)之絲胺酸/酥胺酸激酶家族(Shapiro GI.J Clin Oncol.2006年4月10日;24(11):1770-83)。與調節性週期素單元異二聚,CDK一般可依據其功能分成兩組。第一組由核心細胞週期組分組成且支配細胞週期過渡及細胞分裂:週期素D依賴性激酶4/6及週期素E依賴性激酶2,其控制G1->S過渡;週期素A依賴性激酶1/2,即S-階段進展之重要調節劑;週期素B依賴性CDK1,其為G2->M過渡所需;及週期素H/CDK7,即CDK活化激酶。第二組(所謂轉錄CDK)包括週期素H/CDK7及週期素T/CDK9,其磷酸化RNA聚合酶II之C端域(CTD)且促進轉錄起始及伸長。
在實際上所有形式之人類癌症中均偵測到CDK活性解制,此最經常係歸因於週期素過表現及損失CDK抑制劑表現(de Career G等人,Curr Med Chem.2007;14(9):969-85)。已顯示CDK4/6抑制誘導強力的活體外G1停滯及活體內腫瘤消退(Lukas J等人,Nature.1995年6月8日;375(6531):503-6;Schreiber M等人,Oncogene.1999年3月
4日;18(9):1663-76;Fry DW等人,MoI Cancer Ther.2004年11月;3(11):1427-38)。已報導目的在於靶向CDK2/1之各種方法誘導S及G2停滯,接著誘導細胞凋亡(Chen YN等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1999年4月13日;96(8):4325-9;Chen W等人,Cancer Res.2004年6月1日;64(11):3949-57;Mendoza N等人,Cancer Res.2003年3月1日;63(5):1020-4)。抑制轉錄CDK 7及9可實現編碼抗細胞凋亡家族成員、細胞週期調節子以及p53及NF-κ B反應性基因目標之轉錄物的累積(Lam LT等人,Genome Biol.2001;2(10):RESEARCH0041)。所有此等作用均有助於誘導細胞凋亡以及增強細胞毒性,其藉由破壞許多癌細胞類型中之多種路徑來介導(Chen R等人,Blood.2005年10月1日;106(7):2513-9;Pepper C等人,Leuk Lymphoma.2003年2月;44(2):337-42)。因此,CDK經公認為一種用於設計及開發可在癌細胞中特異性結合及抑制週期素依賴性激酶活性及其信號轉導路徑之化合物的誘人目標,因此可充當治療劑。今日,在癌症治療臨床試驗中目前存在CDk抑制劑清單(例如AT-7519、AZD5438、夫拉平度(Flavopiridol)、P1446A-05、P276-00、CYC202、SCH 727965、BAY 1000394、LEE011等)。
本發明係關於習知DNA烷基化氮芥之新一類CDK抑制衍生物。更特定言之,本發明係關於新一類合理設計之雙功能性DNA烷基化氮芥/CDk抑制劑,其中在功能上能夠 抑制CDK之藥效團共價連接至氮芥藥效團。藉由自兩個不同方向同時(CDK抑制與DNA烷基化)攻擊癌細胞,單一雙功能性分子可改良習知DNA烷基化氮芥之藥物功效且防止出現抗藥性而未增大劑量限制性毒性。因此,本發明之化合物可適用於治療具有腫瘤之患者。本發明之化合物亦可適用於預防及治療免疫性疾病。
在一個態樣中,本發明係關於式(1)化合物:
在式(1)中,X1及X2各自獨立地為鹵基或OSO2Ra,其中Ra為烷基、烯基或炔基;Q為環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基或雜芳基,其各自獨立地視情況經以下取代:烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、硝基、側氧基、-CH=NH、氰基、烷基-Rb、CH=NORb、ORb、OC(O)Rb、OC(O)ORb、OC(O)SRb、SRb、C(O)Rb、C(O)ORb、C(O)SRb、C(O)NRcRd、SORb、SO2Rb、NRcRd、烷基-NRcRd或N(Rc)C(O)Rd,其中Rb、Rc及Rd各自獨立地為H、烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、氰基、硝基、胺基、羥基、烷基胺基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;Z缺失或為(CH2)m,其中m為1至10之整數;且R1及R2各自獨立地為H、烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、硝基、側氧基、-CH=NH、氰基、烷基
-Rb、CH=NORb、ORb、OC(O)Rb、OC(O)ORb、OC(O)SRb、SRb、C(O)Rb、C(O)ORb、C(O)SRb、C(O)NRcRd、SORb、SO2Rb、NRcRd、烷基-NRcRd或N(Rc)C(O)Rd。
式(1)化合物之一子集包括以下化合物:其中R1為H、烷基、烯基或炔基且R2為H。此等化合物之另一子集由式(2)表示:
式(2)化合物之一子集包括Q為芳基或雜芳基之化合物。在此等化合物中,Q可為5-6員芳基或雜芳基,例如
本發明之化合物可含有一或多個不對稱碳原子。因此,化合物可以非對映異構物、對映異構物或其混合物之形式存在。各不對稱碳原子可呈R或S組態且此等組態均在本發明之範疇內。
上述化合物包括化合物本身、以及其鹽、其溶劑合物及其前藥(適用時)。鹽例如可在陰離子與本發明化合物上之帶正電荷之基團(例如胺基)之間形成。適合陰離子包括氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、磺胺酸根、硝酸根、磷酸根、檸檬酸根、甲烷磺酸根、三氟乙酸根、麩
胺酸根、葡萄糖醛酸根、戊二酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、丁二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、酒石酸根、甲苯磺酸根、水楊酸根、乳酸根、萘磺酸根及乙酸根。同樣地,鹽亦可在陽離子與本發明化合物上之帶負電之基團(例如甲酸酯)之間形成。適合陽離子包括鈉離子、鉀離子、鎂離子、鈣離子及銨陽離子,諸如四甲銨離子。本發明之化合物亦包括含有四級氮原子之彼等鹽。前藥實例包括酯及其他醫藥學上可接受之衍生物,其在向受試者投與時能夠提供本文所述之活性化合物。
亦在本發明之範疇內的是含有一或多種上述用於治療贅生性或免疫性病症之化合物的醫藥組合物,以及此治療用途及化合物用於製造治療病症之藥劑的用途。
亦涵蓋任一上述化合物之經修飾化合物,其包括與未經修飾之化合物相比具有改良(例如增強、較大)之醫藥溶解度、穩定性及/或生物可用性的修飾。
本發明亦關於一種藉由向有需要之受試者投與有效量之化合物、上述其組合物及/或鹽及修飾物中一或多者來治療贅生性病症(例如癌症、骨髓發育不良症候群或骨髓增生性疾病)的方法。
此外,本發明係關於一種藉由向有需要之受試者投與有效量之化合物、上述其組合物及/或鹽及修飾物中一或多者來治療免疫性疾病(例如類風濕性關節炎及多發性硬化)的方法。
下文說明書中闡述本發明之一或多個實施例的細節。
本發明之其他特徵、目的及優勢將由說明書及由申請專利範圍顯而易知。
本文所述之例示性化合物包括(但不限於)以下:
本發明之化合物可含有一或多個不對稱碳原子。因
此,化合物可以非對映異構物、對映異構物或其混合物之形式存在。合成該等化合物可採用外消旋物、非對映異構物或對映異構物作為起始物質或作為中間物。非對映異構化合物可藉由層析或結晶方法分離。類似地,對映異構混合物可使用相同技術或此項技術中已知之其他技術來分離。各不對稱碳原子可呈R或S組態且此等組態均在本發明之範疇內。
應認識到,本發明之化合物可以活體內轉化為本發明化合物之鹽、溶劑合物及前藥的形式存在及視情況投與。舉例而言,在本發明之範疇內的是根據此項技術熟知之程序將本發明化合物轉化為其衍生自各種有機及無機酸及鹼之醫藥學上可接受之鹽且以該等鹽形式使用本發明化合物。本發明化合物之前藥衍生物可如下製備:修飾本發明化合物之取代基,其接著活體內轉化為不同取代基。應注意在許多情況下,前藥本身亦屬於本發明化合物之範圍的範疇。舉例而言,前藥可藉由使化合物與胺甲醯化劑(例如1,1-醯氧基烷基氯甲酸酯、碳酸對硝基苯酯)或醯化劑反應來製備。製造前藥之方法的其他實例描述於Saulnier等人,(1994),Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,p.1985。
本發明進一步涵蓋醫藥組合物,其包含本發明化合物之任何固體或液體實體形式。舉例而言,化合物可呈晶形、非晶形且具有任何粒度。粒子可經微米尺寸化,或可聚結、為微粒顆粒、粉末、油、油狀懸浮液或任何其他形式之固
體或液體實體形式。
當本發明之化合物顯示不足溶解度時,可使用溶解化合物之方法。此等方法為熟習此項技術者已知且包括(但不限於)pH值調節及鹽形成、使用共溶劑(諸如乙醇、丙二醇、聚乙二醇(PEG)300、PEG 400、DMA(10-30%)、DMSO(10-20%)、NMP(10-20%)、使用界面活性劑(諸如聚山梨醇酯80、聚山梨醇酯20(1-10%)、十六醇聚氧乙烯醚EL、十六醇聚氧乙烯醚RH40、十六醇聚氧乙烯醚RH60(5-10%)、普洛尼克(Pluronic)F68/泊洛沙姆(Poloxamer)188(20-50%)、Solutol HS15(20-50%)、維生素E TPGS及d-α-生育酚PEG 1000丁二酸鹽(20-50%))、使用複合(諸如HPβCD及SBEβCD(10-40%))及使用先進方法,諸如微膠粒、添加聚合物、奈米粒子懸浮液,及脂質體形成。
多種組合物可與本發明化合物組合使用。除本發明之化合物外,此等組合物亦可包括醫藥賦形劑及其他習知之醫藥學上非活性劑。另外,除本發明之化合物外,組合物亦可包括活性劑。此等其他活性劑可包括其他本發明化合物,或一或多種其他醫藥學上活性劑。
此外,本發明之組合物可呈控制釋放或立即釋放調配物形式。
多種投藥方法可與本發明之化合物組合使用。包含本發明化合物之組合物可用以下方式投與或共投與:經口、非經腸、腹膜內、靜脈內、動脈內、經皮、舌下、肌肉內、經直腸、經頰、鼻內、經脂質體、經由吸入、經陰道、眼
內、經由局部傳遞(例如藉由導管或血管內支架)、皮下、脂肪內、關節內或鞘內。本發明之化合物及/或組合物亦可以緩慢釋放劑型投與或共投與。組合物可呈氣體、液體、半液體或固體形式,以適用於待使用之投藥途徑的方式調配。對於經口投與,適合之固體經口調配物包括錠劑、膠囊、丸劑、顆粒、丸粒、藥囊及起泡劑、散劑及其類似物。適合之液體經口調配物包括溶液、懸浮液、分散液、乳液、油及其類似物。對於非經腸投與,通常使用凍乾散劑復原。
「組合療法」包括與其他生物活性成分(諸如(但不限於)第二及不同抗腫瘤劑)及非藥物療法(諸如(但不限於)手術或輻射治療)進一步組合投與主題組合物。舉例而言,本發明之化合物可與其他醫藥學上活性化合物,較佳與能增強本發明化合物之效果的化合物組合使用。本發明化合物可與其他藥物療法同時投與(以單一製劑或個別製劑形式)或繼其他藥物療法後投與。一般而言,組合療法設想在單個療法週期或療程期間投與兩種或兩種以上藥物。
在某些較佳實施例中,與化學治療劑組合投與本發明化合物。化學治療劑涵蓋腫瘤學領域中之大範圍治療性治療。此等藥劑係在各種疾病階段投與以達成縮小腫瘤、破壞手術後留下之剩餘癌細胞、誘導緩解、維持緩解及/或緩和與癌症或其治療有關之症狀的目的。此等藥劑之實例包括(但不限於)烷化劑,諸如芥子氣衍生物(二氯甲基二乙胺、環磷醯胺(cyclophospamide)、氯芥苯丁酸、美法侖、曲洛磷胺)、伸乙基亞胺(塞替派(thiotepa)、六甲基黑色素
(hexamethylmelanine))、烷基磺酸鹽(硫酸布他卡因(Busulfan))、肼及三嗪(例如六甲密胺(Altretamine)、丙卡巴肼(Procarbazine)、達卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine)及替莫唑胺)、硝基脲(卡莫司汀(Carmustine)、洛莫司汀(Lomustine)及鏈佐星(Streptozocin))、異環磷醯胺及金屬鹽(卡波鉑(Carboplatin)、順鉑(Cisplatin)及奧沙利鉑(Oxaliplatin));植物鹼,諸如鬼臼毒素(Podophyllotoxin)(依託泊苷(Etoposide)及停尼泊苷(Tenisopide))、紫杉烷(Taxane)(太平洋紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)及多西他賽(Docetaxel))、長春花鹼(Vinca alkaloid)(長春新鹼(Vincristine)、長春鹼(Vinblastine)及長春瑞賓(Vinorelbine));抗腫瘤抗生素,諸如色黴素(Chromomycin)(放線菌素D(Dactinomycin)及普卡黴素(Plicamycin))、蒽環黴素(Anthracycline)(阿黴素(Doxorubicin)、道諾黴素(Daunorubicin)、表柔比星(Epirubicin)、米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone)及艾達黴素(Idarubicin)),及雜項抗生素,諸如絲裂黴素(Mitomycin)及平陽黴素(Bleomycin);抗代謝物,諸如葉酸拮抗劑(例如甲胺喋呤(Methotrexate))、嘧啶拮抗劑(5-氟尿嘧啶、氟尿苷(Foxuridine)、阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine)、卡西他賓(Capecitabine)及吉西他濱(Gemcitabine))、嘌呤拮抗劑(6-巰基嘌呤及6-硫鳥嘌呤)及腺苷去胺酶抑制劑(克拉屈濱(Cladribine)、氟達拉濱(Fludarabine)、奈拉濱(Nelarabine)及噴司他丁(Pentostatin));拓撲異構酶抑制劑,諸如拓撲異構酶I抑制劑(伊立替康(Ironotecan)、拓朴替康(topotecan)),及拓撲異
構酶II抑制劑(例如安吖啶(Amsacrine)、依託泊苷、磷酸依託泊苷、替尼泊甙(Teniposide))、單株抗體(阿來組單抗(Alemtuzumab)、吉妥珠單抗奧唑米星(Gemtuzumab ozogamicin)、利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)、曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)、異貝莫單抗替坦(Ibritumomab Tioxetan));及雜項抗贅生劑,諸如核糖核苷酸還原酶抑制劑(羥基脲);腎上腺皮質類固醇(米托坦(Mitotane));酶(天門冬醯胺酶(Asparaginase)及培門冬酶(Pegaspargase));抗微管劑(雌莫司汀(Estramustine));及類視色素(貝瑟羅汀(Bexarotene)、異維甲酸(Isotretinoin)、維甲酸(ATRA)。
在某些較佳實施例中,與目標抗癌劑組合投與本發明化合物。目標抗癌劑涵蓋腫瘤學領域中之大範圍治療性治療。此等藥劑之實例包括(但不限於)功能上能夠抑制以下各者活性之化合物:酪胺酸激酶、血清素/酥胺酸激酶、DNA甲基轉移酶(DNMT)、蛋白酶體及熱休克蛋白(HSP)、血管內皮生長因子受體(VEGFR)、血小板源性生長因子受體(PDGFR)、纖維母細胞生長因子受體(FGFR)、致裂物質活化蛋白激酶(MAPK/MEK)、週期素依賴性激酶(CDK)、組蛋白去乙醯酶(HDAC)及磷脂醯肌醇4,5-雙磷酸鹽-AKT-雷帕黴素(rapamycin)路徑之哺乳動物目標[P13K-AKT(RAF,mTOR)]、基質金屬蛋白酶、法呢基轉移酶(farnesyl transferase)及細胞凋亡。
在某些較佳實施例中,本發明之化合物係與化學保護劑、免疫療劑、疫苗或抗體組合投與。化學保護劑用以保
護身體或將化學療法副作用減到最小。此等藥劑之實例包括(但不限於)阿米福汀(amfostine)、美司鈉(mesna)及右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)。
在某些較佳實施例中,主題化合物係與輻射療法組合投與。輻射通常經內部傳遞(於癌症部位附近植入放射性物質)或自採用光子(x射線或γ射線)或粒子輻射之機器外部傳遞。當組合療法進一步包括輻射治療時,輻射治療可進行任何適合時間,只要自治療劑與輻射治療之組合的共同作用達成有利效果。舉例而言,在適當情況下,當自治療劑投與中臨時移除輻射治療或許數日或甚至數週時仍達成有利效果。
本發明進一步係關於一種用於在哺乳動物中治療贅生性病症之醫藥組合物,其包含治療有效量之由式I表示之化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、水合物、溶劑合物、前藥、活性代謝物、相應對映異構物、相應外消旋物或相應非對映異構物。
在一個較佳實施例中,其中該贅生性疾病係選自由以下組成之群:肺癌、頭頸癌、中樞神經系統癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、結腸直腸癌、胰腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、膽道癌、食道癌、胃腸基質腫瘤、乳癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、子宮癌、白血病、淋巴瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、黑色素瘤、基底細胞癌、鱗狀細胞癌、膀胱癌、腎癌、肉瘤、間皮瘤、胸腺瘤、骨髓發育不良症候群及骨髓增生性疾病。
熟知免疫抑制為習知化學治療劑(諸如氮芥)之主要副
作用之一。在低劑量下,化學治療劑可用以治療免疫性疾病,諸如多發性硬化、類風濕性關節炎及抑制移植物排斥反應。舉例而言,氮芥環磷醯胺為極強力免疫抑制劑(Emadi A等人,Nat Rev Clin Oncol.2009年11月;6(11):638-47;Perini P等人,Neurol Sci.2008年9月;29增刊2:S233-4。)且亦廣泛用於骨髓移植「調節」及「動員」方案中,且用於治療難治癒之嚴重自體免疫性病狀,諸如全身性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、最小病變性疾病(minimal change disease)、嚴重類風濕性關節炎、韋格納肉牙腫病(Wegener's granulomatosis)(商標名為Cytoxan)、硬皮病及多發性硬化(商標名為Revimmune)。另外,CDK抑制劑作為新一類免疫抑制劑而出現。舉例而言,發現CDK活性可為治療全身性紅斑狼瘡中之適用目標。(Zoja C等人,Arthritis Rheum.2007年5月;56(5):1629-37)。CDK抑制劑西立西比(seliciclib)對T細胞及B細胞之直接免疫調節作用可為下伏於有利作用之機制之一。在另一論文中(Sekine C等人,J Immunol.2008年2月1日;180(3):1954-61),已報導用小分子週期素依賴性激酶抑制劑成功治療類風濕性關節炎動物模型。因此,不難想像由式(I)表示之雙功能氮芥/CDK抑制劑可用於治療免疫性疾病。本發明進一步係關於一種用於在哺乳動物中治療免疫性疾病之醫藥組合物,其包含治療有效量之式I化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、水合物、溶劑合物、前藥、活性代謝物、相應對映異構物、相應外消旋物或相應非對映異構物。
在一個較佳實施例中,免疫性疾病係選自由以下組成之群:移植器官及組織之排斥反應、移植物抗宿主疾病、非自體免疫性發炎性疾病及自體免疫性疾病,其中該自體免疫性疾病係選自由以下組成之群:急性播散性腦脊髓炎、阿狄森氏病(addison's disease)、僵直性脊椎炎、抗磷脂抗體症候群、自身免疫性溶血性貧血、自體免疫性肝炎、自體免疫性內耳疾病、大皰性類天皰瘡、腹腔病、乳糜瀉、卻格司氏病(chagas disease)、慢性阻塞性肺臟疾病、謝格-司托司症候群(churg-strauss syndrome)、皮肌炎、克隆氏病(Crohn's disease)、1型糖尿病、子宮內膜異位、古巴士德氏症候群(goodpasture's syndrome)、格雷夫斯氏病(graves' disease)、吉蘭-巴雷症候群(guillain-barré syndrome)、橋本氏病(hashimoto's disease)、化膿性汗腺炎、特發性血小板減少性紫癜、間質性膀胱炎、紅斑狼瘡、硬斑病、多發性硬化、重症肌無力、發作性睡病、神經性肌強直、尋常型天皰瘡、惡性貧血、多發性肌炎、原發性膽汁性肝硬化、牛皮癬、牛皮癬性關節炎、類風濕性關節炎、精神分裂症、硬皮病、顳動脈炎、血管炎、白斑病及韋格納肉牙腫病。
應瞭解,本發明不限於本文所展示及描述之特定實施例,而可在不脫離如由申請專利範圍所界定之本發明之精神及範疇的情況下進行各種改變及修改。
「醯基」意謂由式-C(O)-R表示之含有取代基之羰基,其中R為H、烷基、碳環、雜環、碳環取代之烷基或雜環
取代之烷基,其中烷基、烷氧基、碳環及雜環如本文所定義。醯基包括烷醯基(例如乙醯基)、芳醯基(例如苯甲醯基)及雜芳基(heteroaroyl)。
「脂族」意謂特徵在於組成性碳原子之直鏈或支鏈排列之部分且可為飽和或部分不飽和(含一或多個雙鍵或參鍵)。
術語「烷基」係指含有1-20個碳原子(例如C1-C10)之直鏈或支鏈烴。烷基實例包括(但不限於)甲基、亞甲基、乙基、伸乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基及第三丁基。術語「烯基」係指含有2-20個碳原子(例如C2-C10)及一或多個雙鍵之直鏈或支鏈烴。烯基實例包括(但不限於)乙烯基、丙烯基及烯丙基。術語「炔基」係指含有2-20個碳原子(例如C2-C10)及一或多個參鍵之直鏈或支鏈烴。炔基實例包括(但不限於)乙炔基、1-丙炔基、1-丁炔基及2-丁炔基,及1-甲基-2-丁炔基。術語「烷基胺基」係指-N(R)-烷基,其中R可為H、烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、環烯基、雜環烷基、雜環烯基、芳基或雜芳基。「烷氧基」意謂具有另一烷基取代基之氧部分。「烷氧羰基」意謂烷氧基連接於羰基。「側氧基烷基」意謂進一步經羰基取代之烷基。羰基可為醛、酮、酯、醯胺、酸或酸氯化物。
術語「環烷基」係指具有3至30個碳(例如C3-C12)之飽和烴環系統。環烷基實例包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基及環辛基。術語「環烯基」係指具有3至30個碳(例如C3-C12)及一或多個雙鍵之非芳
族烴環系統。實例包括環戊烯基、環己烯基及環庚烯基。術語「雜環烷基」係指具有一或多個雜原子(諸如O、N、S、P或Se)之非芳族5-8員單環系統、8-12員雙環系統或11-14員三環系統。雜環烷基實例包括(但不限於)哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、二氧雜環己烷基、嗎啉基及四氫呋喃基。術語「雜環烯基」係指具有一或多個雜原子(諸如O、N、S、P或Se)及一或多個雙鍵之非芳族5-8員單環系統、8-12員雙環系統或11-14員三環系統。
術語「芳基」係指6碳單環、10碳雙環、14碳三環芳環系統。芳基實例包括(但不限於)苯基、萘基及蒽基。術語「雜芳基」係指具有一或多個雜原子(諸如O、N、S、P或Se)之芳族5-8員單環系統、8-12員雙環系統或11-14員三環系統。雜芳基實例包括吡啶基、呋喃基、咪唑基、苯并咪唑基、嘧啶基、噻吩基、喹啉基、吲哚基及噻唑基。
上述烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、烷基胺基、芳基及雜芳基包括經取代與未經取代之部分。烷基胺基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基及雜芳基上之可能取代基包括(但不限於)C1-C10烷基、C2-C10烯基、C2-C10炔基、C3-C20環烷基、C3-C20環烯基、C1-C20雜環烷基、C1-C20雜環烯基、C1-C10烷氧基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、雜芳氧基、胺基、C1-C10烷基胺基、芳基胺基、羥基、鹵基、側氧基(O=)、硫酮基(S=)、硫基、矽烷基、C1-C10烷硫基、芳硫基、C1-C10烷基磺醯基、芳基磺醯基、醯胺基、胺基醯基、胺基硫醯基、甲脒基、巰基、
醯胺基、硫脲基、硫氰基、磺醯胺基、胍、脲基、氰基、硝基、醯基、硫醯基、醯氧基、脲基、胺甲醯基、羧基及羧酸酯。另一方面,烷基、烯基或炔基上之可能取代基包括所有上述取代基,除C1-C10烷基外。環烷基、環烯基、雜環烷基、雜環烯基、芳基及雜芳基亦可相互稠合。
「胺基」意謂具有兩個其他取代基之氮部分,其中各取代基具有氫或碳原子α鍵結於氮。除非另有指示,否則含有胺基部分之本發明化合物可包括其經保護之衍生物。適用於胺基部分之保護基包括乙醯基、第三丁氧羰基、苯甲氧羰基及其類似物。
「芳族」意謂組成性原子構成不飽和環系統、環系統中之所有原子均經sp2雜化且π電子總數等於4n+2之部分。芳環可為如此:環原子僅為碳原子或可包括碳及非碳原子(參見雜芳基)。
「胺甲醯基」意謂基團-OC(O)NRaRb,其中Ra及Rb各自獨立地為兩個其他取代基,其中氫或碳原子相對於氮為α。應注意,胺甲醯基部分可包括其經保護之衍生物。適用於胺甲醯基部分之保護基的實例包括乙醯基、第三丁氧羰基、苯甲氧羰基及其類似物。應注意,未經保護與經保護之衍生物均屬於本發明之範疇。
「羰基」意謂基團-C(O)-。應注意,羰基可進一步經多種取代基取代以形成不同羰基,包括酸、酸鹵化物、醯胺、酯及酮。
「羧基」意謂基團-C(O)O-。應注意,含有羧基部分之
本發明化合物可包括其經保護之衍生物,亦即其中氧經保護基取代。適用於羧基部分之保護基包括苯甲基、第三丁基及其類似物。
「氰基」意謂基團-CN。
「鹵基」意謂氟基、氯基、溴基或碘基。
作為分離之基團或較大基團之部分,「鹵基取代之烷基」意謂經一或多個「鹵基」原子取代之「烷基」,如此等術語在本申請案中所定義。鹵基取代之烷基包括鹵烷基、二鹵烷基、三鹵烷基、全鹵烷基及其類似物。
「羥基」意謂基團-OH。
「亞胺衍生物」意謂包含--C(NR)--部分之衍生物,其中R包含相對於氮為α之氫或碳原子。
「異構物」意謂具有相同分子式但其性質或其原子鍵結順序或其原子空間排列不同之任何化合物。原子空間排列不同之異構物稱為「立體異構物」。彼此非鏡像之立體異構物稱為「非對映異構物」且非重疊鏡像之立體異構物稱為「對映異構物」或有時稱為「光學異構物」。鍵結於四個不同取代基之碳原子稱為「對掌性中心」。含一個對掌性中心之化合物具有相對對掌性之兩種對映異構形式。兩種對映異構形式之混合物稱為「外消旋混合物」。
「硝基」意謂基團-NO2。
「經保護之衍生物」意謂反應性位點用保護基阻斷之抑制劑衍生物。經保護之衍生物適用於製備抑制劑或本身作為抑制劑可為活性的。適合保護基之綜合清單可見於T.
W.Greene,Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,第3版,John Wiley & Sons,1999。
「經取代或未經取代」意謂既定部分可經由可用原子價(未經取代)僅由氫取代基組成或可經由未由既定部分之名稱另外指定之可用原子價(經取代)來進一步包含一或多個非氫取代基。
「硫化物」意謂-S-R,其中R為H、烷基、碳環、雜環、碳烷基或雜環烷基。特定硫化物基團為巰基、硫化烷基,例如二甲硫(-S-Me);芳基硫,例如苯硫;芳烷基硫,例如苯甲硫。
「亞磺醯基」意謂基團-S(O)-。應注意,亞磺醯基可進一步經多種取代基取代以形成不同亞磺醯基,包括亞磺酸、亞磺醯胺、亞磺醯酯及亞碸。
「磺醯基」意謂基團-S(O)(O)-。應注意,磺醯基可進一步經多種取代基取代以形成不同磺醯基,包括磺酸、磺醯胺、磺酸酯及碸。
「硫羰基」意謂基團-C(S)-。應注意,硫羰基可進一步經多種取代基取代以形成不同硫羰基,包括硫代酸、硫醯胺、硫酯及硫酮。
「動物」包括人類、非人類哺乳動物(例如狗、貓、兔、牛、馬、綿羊、山羊、豬、鹿及其類似物)及非哺乳動物(例如鳥及其類似物)。
如本文所用,「生物可用率」為達成體循環完整之藥物或醫藥組合物之投與劑量的分數或百分比。一般而言,
當靜脈內投與醫藥時,其生物可用率為100%。然而,當經由其他途徑(例如經口)投與醫藥時,其生物可用率降低(例如因不完全吸收及首次通過代謝)。改良生物可用率之方法包括前藥方法、鹽合成、粒度減小、複合、實體形式變化、固體分散、噴霧乾燥及熱熔擠出。
「疾病」特定言之包括動物或其部分之任何不健康狀況且包括可由施用於該動物之醫學或獸醫學療法所引起或該療法易發生之不健康狀況,亦即此療法之「副作用」。
「醫藥學上可接受」意謂適用於製備一般為安全無毒且在生物學上及其他方面均無不合需要之醫藥組合物,且包括可為獸醫之用以及人類醫藥之用所接受。
「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」意謂如上所定義為醫藥學上可接受且具有所需藥理學活性之本發明化合物之鹽。此等鹽包括用無機酸或用有機酸形成之酸加成鹽。醫藥學上可接受之鹽亦包括可在所存在之酸性質子能夠與無機鹼或有機鹼反應時形成之鹼加成鹽。
「前藥」意謂可在活體內代謝式轉化成本發明之抑制劑的化合物。舉例而言,包含羥基之抑制劑可以酯形式投與,該酯藉由水解活體內轉化為羥基化合物。
如國際純化學暨應用化學聯合會(The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)所定義,「藥效團」為確保與特定生物目標之最佳超分子相互作用及引發(或阻斷)其生物反應所必需的空間特徵及電子特徵之集合。舉例而言,喜樹鹸(Camptothecin)為熟知藥物拓朴替康及伊立替
康(irinotecan)之藥效團。舉另一實例而言,氮芥藥效團具有-N(CH2CH2X)2之典型式子或其N-氧化物類似物,其中X為離去基團,諸如鹵基。含有氮芥藥效團之抗癌藥物包括(但不限於)美法侖、苯達莫司汀、環磷醯胺、PX-478、TH-302、PR-104、、異環磷醯胺等。
「穩定性」一般係指藥物保持其性質而未損失效能之時間長度。有時其稱為保存期限。影響藥物穩定性之因素尤其包括藥物之化學結構、調配物中之雜質、pH值、水分含量,以及環境因素,諸如溫度、氧化作用、光及相對濕度。穩定性可藉由提供適合之化學修飾及/或晶體修飾(例如可改變水合作用動力學之表面修飾;可具有不同性質之不同晶體)、賦形劑(例如劑型中除活性物質外之任何物質)、包裝條件、儲存條件等來改良。
如本文所用,術語「治療」係指向患有贅生性病症或免疫病症或具有其症狀或其傾向性之受試者投與化合物,旨在治癒(cure)、治癒(heal)、緩和、減輕、改變、補救、改善、改良或影響病症、病症之症狀或病症傾向性。術語「有效量」係指在受試者中賦予預定治療效果所需之活性劑之量。如熟習此項技術者所認識到,有效量可視投藥途徑、賦形劑使用及與其他藥劑共用之可能性而變化。「受試者」係指人類和非人類動物。非人類動物之實例包括所有脊椎動物,例如哺乳動物,諸如非人類靈長類動物(特定言之為較高級靈長類動物)、狗、齧齒動物(例如小鼠或大鼠)、天竺鼠、貓,及非哺乳動物,諸如鳥、兩棲動物、爬
蟲等。在一個較佳實施例中,受試者為人類。在另一實施例中,受試者為實驗動物或適用作疾病模型之動物。
本發明之化合物可藉由此領域中已知之任何方法來製備。必需之起始物質可藉由標準有機化學程序來獲得。本發明之化合物及方法將關聯以下代表性合成流程及實例來得到較佳理解,該等合成流程及實例意欲僅作為說明且不限制性本發明之範疇。所揭示之實施例的各種變化及修改將對熟習此項技術者顯而易知且此等變化及修改(包括(不限於)與本發明之化學結構、取代基、衍生物、調配物及/或方法有關之變化及修改)可在不脫離本發明之精神及隨附申請專利範圍之範疇的情況下進行。
一般而言,式(1)化合物可藉由以下流程1製備:其中X1、X2、Q、Z、R1及R2係與上述概述章節中所述者相同。
如流程1中所示,中間物A可與含羧酸尾部之適當氮芥(1-1)偶合得到式(I)目標分子。許多偶合劑,如DCC(N,N'-二環己基碳化二亞胺)、DIC(N,N'-二異丙基碳化二亞胺)、EDC(亦為EDAC或EDCI、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲胺基丙基)碳化
二亞胺之簡稱)、HBTU(O-(苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-六氟磷酸四甲)、TBTU(O-(苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四氟硼酸四甲)、HATU(O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-六氟磷酸四甲)、HCTU(O-(6-氯苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-8六氟磷酸四甲)可用於偶合反應。
流程1中之中間物A可藉由以下流程2-A及2-B製備,其中R1及R2係與上述概述章節中所述者相同。
如流程2-A中所示,起始物質2-1可藉由用疊氮化鈉處理接著進行催化氫化而順利轉化為2-2。用氯乙醯氯使2-2醯化將得到酮醯胺2-3,其將在回流磷醯氯中環化成中間物氯甲基噁唑2-4。在流程2-B中,噻唑核心可如下精製:用溴及硫氰酸鉀處理市售2-胺基噻唑(2-5)以低產率但適度可擴大規模之方法得到2-6。藉由暴露於硼氫化鈉之甲醇溶液來還原2-6,接著用氯甲基噁唑2-4烷基化所得硫醇鹽將得到中間物A。
此領域中熟知流程1中所示之氮芥1-1製備。舉例而言,可藉由以下流程3製備1-1氮芥,其中X1係與X2(例
如Cl)相同。
起始物質(3-1)可例如用H2、Pd/C還原為胺基取代之中間物(3-2)。藉由標準有機合成技術,所得中間物(3-2)可以高產率輕易轉化為中間物(3-3),接著轉化為中間物(3-4)。在LiOH中水解中間物(3-4)可得到氮芥1-1。
可藉由以下流程4製備不對稱氮芥1-1,其中X1不同於X2(例如X1為Br且X1為-OSO2CH3)。
起始物質(4-1)可例如用H2、Pd/C還原為胺基取代之中間物(4-2)。藉由標準有機合成技術,所得中間物(4-2)可以高產率輕易轉化為中間物(4-3),接著轉化為中間物(4-4)。在沸騰3-甲基-2-丁酮中以LiBr置換(4-4)之氯基得到二溴化物(4-5),其在回流乙腈中進一步經甲烷磺酸銀取代,產
生單甲磺酸鹽與二甲磺酸鹽((4-6-A)與(4-6-B))之混合物,其可藉由管柱層析分離。在LiOH中水解中間物(4-6-A)可得到不對稱氮芥1-1。
實例1:製備中間物CY-200。
步驟1:向配備有機械攪拌器之2 L三頸圓底燒瓶中添加溴基酮A-1(134 g,747 mmol,1.0當量)、丙酮(1.2 L)及疊氮化鈉(63.2 g,971 mmol,1.3當量)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物隔夜,接著過濾,且以丙酮(2×100 mL)洗滌固體。在真空中濃縮濾液以提供呈油狀之疊氮基酮(105.0 g,100%)。粗物質未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟。
步驟2:向配備有機械攪拌器之2 L三頸圓底燒瓶中添加疊氮基酮(28.6 g,203 mmol,1.0當量)、甲醇(1145 mL)、濃鹽酸(18 mL)及10% Pd/C(3.5 g,50%水濕)。在氫氣下在20 psi下攪拌反應混合物2小時,經由矽藻土襯墊過濾混合物且以甲醇(2×50 mL)沖洗殘餘物。在減壓下在40
℃以下之溫度下濃縮濾液。使所得濕固體與2-丙醇(2×100 mL)共沸,添加無水乙醚(100 mL),且攪拌所形成之漿料5分鐘。藉由過濾收集固體產物,且以乙醚(2×30 mL)洗滌濾餅,接著在真空中乾燥得到胺基酮鹽酸鹽A-2。
步驟3:向配備有機械攪拌器之1 L三頸圓底燒瓶中添加胺基酮鹽酸鹽A-2(15.2 g,100 mmol,1.0當量)及CH2Cl2(350 mL)。將漿料冷卻至-5℃,且添加三乙胺(35 mL,250 mmol,2.5當量)。攪拌所得混合物且冷卻至-10℃。歷經15分鐘逐滴添加氯乙醯氯(8.8 mL,110 mmol,1.1當量)之CH2Cl2(20 mL)溶液,同時保持反應溫度在-5℃以下。攪拌反應液1小時,接著用1 N HCl水溶液(200 mL)淬滅。分離各相,且以1 N HCl水溶液(200 mL)及水(50 mL)洗滌有機相,乾燥(Na2SO4)且在真空中濃縮得到呈白色固體狀之A-3(18.9 g,98%)。
步驟4:向配備有磁攪拌器之100 mL圓底燒瓶中添加A-3(18.9 g,98.6 mmol,1當量)及POCl3(38 mL,407 mmol,4.1當量)。將反應混合物加熱至105℃且攪拌1小時。在冷卻至室溫之後,將反應混合物謹慎傾入冰(180 g)中。以乙醚(6×150 mL)萃取混合物。合併有機萃取物且以飽和碳酸氫鈉(約700 mL)中和至pH 7-8。分離有機相且依次以飽和碳酸氫鈉(100 mL)、水(100 mL)及鹽水(50 mL)洗滌,乾燥(MgSO4),且在真空中濃縮。在減壓下蒸餾粗物質以得到呈無色油狀之A-4。
步驟5:根據J.Heterocycl.Chem. 1984,21,401-406
之論文自A-5製備A-6。在室溫下向A-6(10.0 g,63.3 mmol)之絕對EtOH(600 mL)溶液中逐份添加NaBH4(4.8 g,120 mmol)。攪拌混合物1小時,接著緩慢引入丙酮(300 mL)。1小時之後,添加氯化噁唑A-4(12.0 g,69 mmol)之EtOH(100 mL)溶液,且將所得深色反應混合物加熱至回流持續1小時。冷卻所得混合物,在真空中濃縮,接著在EtOAc與鹽水之間分配。分離有機相,乾燥(MgSO4),且在真空中濃縮得到粗固體。以乙醚/己烷濕磨粗物質以提供呈淺紅褐色固體狀之中間物CY-200(16.0 g,94%)。LC/MS:270.1[M+H]+。
實例2:製備CY-201。
步驟1:合成2-(4-胺基苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-2):向2-(4-胺基苯基)乙酸(B-1)(10 g,66.16 mmol)之甲醇(50 mL)溶液中逐滴添加SOCl2(5 mL)。在60℃下攪拌混合物6小時。在蒸發溶劑之後,殘餘物用Et2O再結晶,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物(10.9 g,99%)。LC-MS:(M+H)+=166;步驟2:合成2-(4-(雙(2-羥乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-3):在0℃下向2-(4-胺基苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-2)(10.9 g,
65.98 mmol)之水(100 mL)溶液中添加環氧乙烷(25 mL)。接著將混濁混合物在劇烈攪拌下加熱至70℃持續2小時,蒸發溶液且以EtOAc(150 ml*3)萃取,經Na2SO4乾燥有機相。過濾及在真空中濃縮得到粗殘餘物。殘餘物用己烷再結晶,得到呈灰色固體狀之產物(8.5 g,51%)。LC-MS:(M+H)+=254;步驟3:合成2-(4-(雙(2-氯乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-4):在0℃下向2-(4-(雙(2-羥乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-3)(6.0 g,23.69 mmol)之甲苯(30 ml)溶液中添加磷醯氯(6 ml)。在80℃下攪拌混合物1小時,接著使混合物冷卻至室溫且與碳酸氫鈉水溶液一起攪拌,且以CH2Cl2(30 ml*3)萃取。分離有機層,以水及鹽水洗滌,且經Na2SO4乾燥。過濾及在真空中濃縮得到粗殘餘物。藉由以PE至EtOAc=20:1溶離之矽膠層析純化殘餘物,得到呈無色油狀之產物(3.4 g,49.8%)。LC-MS:(M+H)+=291;步驟4:合成2-(4-(雙(2-氯乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸(B-5)。向圓底燒瓶中添加2-(4-(雙(2-氯乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸甲酯(B-4)(3.4 g,11.68 mmol)、LiOH(1.7 g,70.83 mmol)、H2O(100 mL)及THF(50 mL)。在50℃下攪拌反應混合物2小時。在冷卻至室溫之後,用HCl(1 N)將反應混合物調節至pH 7且以EtOAc(100 ml*2)萃取,混合物經Na2SO4乾燥且在減壓下濃縮。粗產物(2.8 g)未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟。LC-MS:(M+H)+=277;步驟5:合成2-(4-(雙(2-氯乙基)胺基)苯基)-N-(5-((5-
第三丁基噁唑-2-基)甲硫基)噻唑-2-基)乙醯胺(CY-201)。向經攪拌之二氯甲烷溶液(20 ml)中添加DMAP(438 mg,3.59 mmol)及2-(4-(雙(2-氯乙基)胺基)苯基)乙酸(B-5)(906 mg,3.27 mmol)。隨後,將DCC(690 mg,3.35 mmol)添加至反應混合物中,接著添加5-((5-第三丁基噁唑-2-基)甲硫基)噻唑-2-胺(中間物CY-200)(800 mg,2.97 mmol)。在室溫下攪拌混合物24小時。在藉由過濾移除二環己脲(DCU)之後,濾液在真空中濃縮且經Na2SO4乾燥。藉由以CH2Cl2:EtOAc=20:1溶離之矽膠層析純化殘餘物,得到呈灰色固體狀之總產物(1.2 g,76%)。LC-MS:(M+H)+=528。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl 3 )δ 10.17(s,1H),7.28-7.30(m,1H),7.17(d,J=8.4 Hz,2H),6.69(d,J=8.7 Hz,2H),6.58(s,1H),3.95(s,2H),363-3.79(m,10H),1.26(s,9H)。
CDK1/週期素B(CDK1之寄存編號;GenBank NM 001786,週期素B之寄存編號;EMBL M25753):C端6His標記人類全長cdk1(MW=35 kDa)及N端GST標記人類全長週期素B(MW=75 kDa)係以桿狀病毒系統(baculovirus system)於Sf21昆蟲細胞中單獨地表現。重組蛋白質分別使用Ni2+/NTA-瓊脂糖及GST-瓊脂糖來純化。Cdk1接著使用CAK活化且藉由Q瓊脂糖及Ni2+/NTA-瓊脂糖再純化。其接著活體外混合以形成蛋白質複合物。此等蛋白質複合物
之純度藉由SDSPAGE及庫馬斯藍色染色(Coomassie blue staining)估計為80.5%。重組酶之比活性量測為1329 U/mg,其中一單位cdk1/週期素B活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入0.1 mg/ml組蛋白H1中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 mM。酶係以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.1 mM EGTA、0.03% Brij-35、270 mM蔗糖、I mM苯甲脒、0.2 mM PMSF、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇中。
CDK2/週期素A(CDK2之寄存編號;EMBL M68520,週期素A之寄存編號;EMBL X51688):C端6His標記人類全長cdk2(MW=35 kDa)及N端GST標記人類全長週期素A(MW=75 kDa)係以桿狀病毒系統在Sf21昆蟲細胞中單獨地表現。重組cdk2蛋白係用M2+/NTA瓊脂糖純化,接著使用CAK活化且藉由Q瓊脂糖及M2+/NTA瓊脂糖再純化。重組週期素A係使用麩胱甘肽-瓊脂糖純化。其接著活體外混合以形成蛋白質複合物。用SDS-PAGE及庫馬斯藍色染色,重組蛋白質複合物係量測為67%純度。經純化之酶的比活性量測為158 U/mg,其中一單位cdk2/週期素A活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入0.1 mg/ml組蛋白H1中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 mM。酶以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.1 mM EGTA、0.03% Brij-35、270 mM蔗糖、I mM苯甲脒、0.2 mM PMSF、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇中。冷凍溶液。
CDK2/週期素E(CDK2之寄存編號;EMBL M68520,
週期素E1之寄存編號;GenBank NM_001238):C端6His標記重組全長CDK2(MW=34 kDa)與N端GST標記重組全長週期素E1(MW=74 kDa)之複合物係以桿狀病毒系統在Sf21細胞中表現。重組蛋白質係使用M2+/NTA瓊脂糖純化且藉由SDS-PAGE及庫馬斯藍色染色,重組蛋白質複合物之純度量測為約76%。重組CDK2/週期素E之比活性為1336 U/mg,其中一單位CDK2/週期素E1活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入0.1 mg/ml組蛋白H1中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 μM。酶以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.03% Brij-35、0.1 mM EGTA、0.2 mM PMSF、I mM苯甲脒、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇、270 mM蔗糖中。
CDK3/週期素E(CDK3之寄存編號;GenBank X66357,週期素E之寄存編號;GenBank NM 001238):C端6His標記重組人類全長cdk3(MW=36 kDa)係與N端GST標記重組人類全長週期素E(MW=74 kDa)係以桿狀病毒系統在Sf21昆蟲細胞中共表現。重組蛋白質複合物係使用Ni2+/NTA瓊脂糖純化且藉由SDS PAGE及庫馬斯藍色染色,純度為66%。重組酶之比活性量測為861 U/mg,其中一單位cdk3/週期素E活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入0.1mg/ml組蛋白H1中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 mM。酶以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.1 mM EGTA、0.03% Brij 35、270 mM蔗糖、I mM苯甲脒、0.2 mM PMSF、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇中。
CDK4/週期素D1(CDK4之寄存編號;NP 000066,週期素D1之寄存編號;NP 444284)重組人類全長GST標記CDK-4(MW=61.8 kDa)及週期素D1(MW=61.2 kDa)係在昆蟲細胞中表現。重組酶量測到具有在30℃下每分鐘每毫克總蛋白質等於190 nmole磷酸鹽轉移至RbING肽受質(INGSPRTPRRGQNR)中之比活性。活性係測定為8.33 μg/mL之最終蛋白質濃度。酶係以0.4 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.5 mM EDTA、0.02% Triton X-100、2 mM DTT、50%甘油中。
CDK6/週期素D3(CDK6之寄存編號;GenBank X66365,週期素D3之寄存編號;EMBL M90814):N端6His標記全長人類cdk6(MW=38 kDa)與N端GST標記全長人類週期素D3(MW=59 kDa)之複合物係在Sf21細胞中表現。重組蛋白質複合物係使用麩胱甘肽-瓊脂糖純化且用CAK活化,且用M2+/NTA-瓊脂糖管柱再純化。純度量測為至少68%。比活性量測為39 U/mg,其中一單位cdk6/週期素D3活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入0.1 mg/ml組蛋白H1中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 μM。酶以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、270 mM蔗糖、150 mM NaCl、I mM苯甲脒、0.2 mM PMSF、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇、0.I mM EGTA、0.03% Brij 35中。
CDK7/週期素H1/MNAT1(CDK7之寄存編號;NP 001790,週期素H1之寄存編號;NP 001230,MNAT1之寄存編號;NP 002422.1)重組人類全長蛋白質,組胺酸標記
CDK7(MW=43.2 kDa)、組胺酸標記週期素H1(MW=42.6 kDa)、組胺酸標記MNAT1(MW=40.5 kDa)係在昆蟲細胞中表現。重組酶複合物之比活性量測為等於在30℃下每分鐘每毫克總蛋白質94 nmole磷酸鹽轉移至CDK7/9tide受質(YSPTSPSYSPTSPSYSPTSPSKKKK)中。活性係測定為3.33 μg/mL之最終蛋白質濃度。酶以0.42 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 rnM Tris(pH 7.5)、150 mM NaCl、0.5 mM EDTA、0.02% Triton X-100、2 mM DTT、50%甘油中。
CDK9/週期素T1(CDK9之寄存編號;GenBank AF517840,週期素T1之寄存編號;GenBank NM 001240)C端6His標記全長重組人類cdk9(MW=44 kDa)係與未標記之全長人類週期素T1(MW=80.79 kDa)以桿狀病毒系統在Sf21昆蟲細胞中共表現。重組蛋白質複合物係用Ni2+/NTA瓊脂糖純化。藉由SDS-PAGE及庫馬斯藍色染色,重組蛋白質之純度量測為50%。純化酶之比活性量測為186 U/mg,其中一單位cdk9/週期素T1活性係定義為在30℃下每分鐘併入100 μM PDKtide(KTFCGTPEYLAPEVRREPRILSEEEQEMFRDFDYIADWC)中之1nmol磷酸鹽,最終ATP濃度為100 μM。酶以0.1 mg/ml之濃度儲存於50 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、300 mM NaCl、0.I mM EGTA、0.03% Brij-35、270 mM蔗糖、I mM苯甲脒、0.1% 2-巰基乙醇、0.2 mM PMSF中。組蛋白H1(CDK1、2、3、6及7之受質):組蛋白H1(Sigma目錄號H4524)係自小牛胸腺以93%純度純化為富含離胺酸之部分(MW=21.5
kDa)。純化之蛋白質以20 mg/ml=930 μM之濃度儲存於蒸餾水中。RBC-CTF(CDK4之受質):純化N端GST標記之人類RB蛋白(S773-K928,MW=44.46 kDa),接著在4 mM濃度之麩胱甘肽中進行因子Xa裂解,經純化之蛋白質以0.67 mg/ml之濃度儲備。PDKtide(CDK9之受質):具有序列[KTFCGTPEYLAPEVRREPRILSEEEQEMFRDFDYIADWC],MW=4771.4之合成肽受質
對於CDK活性分析,與經純化CDK激酶、週期素及受質之經純化重組特定組合一起培育p33 ATP示蹤劑以監測酶活性。在此等分析中,以下述特定條件用反應緩衝液進行單獨地反應:20 mM HEPES(pH 7.5)、10 mM MgCl2、1 mM EGTA、0.02% Brij 35、0.02 mg/ml BSA、0.1 mM Na3VO4、2 mM DTT。添加等體積之25% TCA以停止反應且使經標記肽沈澱。沈澱之蛋白質捕集於玻璃纖維B濾板上且洗掉過量未標記之p33 ATP。使板風乾,隨後添加30微升/孔Packard Microscint 20。使用Perkin Elmer TopCount板讀取器量測所併入同位素之量。將不同濃度之化合物添加至反應中以評估化合物抑制PDGF-β激酶之活性。使用Prism軟體用S形劑量-反應曲線擬合來計算IC50。
CDK1/週期素B:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合1 nM CDK1/週期素B與20 μM組蛋白H1。在室溫下進行反應2小時且ATP轉化率等於7.5%。
CDK2/週期素E:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合0.5 nM CDK2/週期素E與5 μM組蛋白H1。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率為約4.5%。
CDK3/週期素E:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合0.5 nM CDK3/週期素E與20 μM組蛋白H1。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率量測為7.0%。
CDK4/週期素D1:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合2 nM CDK4/週期素D1與1 μM RB-CTF。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率量測為8.5%。
CDK6/週期素D3:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合50 nM CDK6/週期素D3與5 μM組蛋白H1。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率量測為13%。
CDK7/週期素H1/MNAT1:在含1 μM ATP及1% DMSO的反應緩衝液中混合100 nM CDK7/週期素H1/MNAT1與20 μM組蛋白H1。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率量測為5.5%。
CDK9/週期素T1:在具有1 μM ATP及1% DMSO之最終濃度的反應緩衝液中混合2 nM CDK9/週期素T1與20 μM pdkTIDE。在室溫下培育反應液2小時且ATP轉化率量測為12%。
將星孢菌素(Staurosporine)用作參考化合物。用一系列劑量之測試化合物進行的此等分析允許測定近似IC50值。儘管本發明化合物之抑制性質如所預期隨結構變化而變化,但一般由此等藥劑顯示之活性係在IC50=0.1-1000 nM之範圍內。
以下為氮芥藥物氯芥苯丁酸及其相應CDK抑制衍生物CY-201之結構。氯芥苯丁酸與CY-201均具有能夠烷基化DNA之氮芥藥效團。下表列出CY-201之CDK IC50值,其清楚顯示CY-201為極強力CDK抑制劑。因此,據吾人所知,CY-201代表第一類雙功能性氮芥/CDK抑制劑。
使人類腫瘤細胞株在含有5%胎牛血清及2 mM L-麩醯胺酸之RPMI 1640培養基中生長。對於一個典型實驗,視個別細胞株之倍增時間而定將細胞以介於5,000至40,000個細胞/孔之範圍內的塗鋪密度以100 μL接種於96孔微量
滴定盤中。在細胞接種之後,在37℃、5% CO2、95%空氣及100%相對濕度下培育微量滴定盤24小時,隨後添加實驗藥物。在24小時之後,用TCA原位固定各細胞株之兩個培養盤以在藥物添加(Tz)之時呈現各細胞株之細胞群體的量測。將實驗藥物以400倍所需最終最大測試濃度溶解於二甲亞碸中且在使用前冷凍儲存。在添加藥物時,解凍冷凍濃縮物之等分試樣且稀釋至兩倍所需最終最大測試濃度,其中完全培養基含有50 μg/ml建它黴素(gentamicin)。進行另外四個10倍或½ log連續稀釋以提供總共五種藥物濃度加上對照組。將100 μl此等不同藥物稀釋度之等分試樣添加至已含有100 μl培養基之適當微量滴定孔中,得到所需最終藥物濃度。
在添加藥物之後,在37℃、5% CO2、95%空氣及100%相對濕度下再培育培養盤48小時。對於黏著細胞,藉由添加冷TCA來終止分析。藉由溫和添加50 μl冷50%(w/v)TCA(最終濃度,10% TCA)來原位固定細胞且在4℃下培育60分鐘。棄置上清液,且用自來水洗滌培養盤五次且風乾。將0.4%(w/v)磺醯若丹明B(Sulforhodamine B;SRB)於1%乙酸中之溶液(100 μl)添加至各孔中且在室溫下培育培養盤10分鐘。在染色之後,藉由用1%乙酸洗滌五次來移除未結合之染料且風乾培養盤。隨後用10 mM胺基丁三醇(trizma)基劑溶解結合染料,且在515 nm波長下在自動培養盤讀取器上讀取吸光率。對於懸浮液細胞,方法相同,但藉由溫和添加50 μl 80% TCA(最終濃度,16% TCA)將沈降之細胞
固定在孔底來終止分析。使用七種吸光率量測[零時、(Tz)、對照生長、(C)及測試生長,在五種濃度程度之藥物存在下(Ti)],在各藥物濃度程度下計算生長百分比。如下計算生長抑制百分比:對於Ti>/=Tz之濃度,[(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)]×100
對於Ti<Tz之濃度,[(Ti-Tz)/Tz]×100。
計算各實驗藥劑之三個劑量反應參數。自[(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)]×100=50計算50%之生長抑制(GI50),其為在藥物培育期間在對照細胞中使得淨蛋白質增量(如藉由SRB染色量測)減小50%之藥物濃度。用一系列劑量之測試化合物進行的此等分析允許測定癌細胞株之活體外細胞抗增殖分析之近似IC50值。儘管本發明化合物之抑制性質如所預期隨結構變化而變化,但一般由此等藥劑顯示之活性係在IC50=0.001-100 μM之範圍內。
下表列出氮芥氯芥苯丁酸及其CDK抑制衍生物CY-201在細胞抗增殖分析中之IC50值。本發明之發明者已驚人地發現CDK抑制衍生物CY-201之抗腫瘤活性與親本藥物氯芥苯丁酸相比得到顯著改良。舉例而言,在黑色素瘤細胞株MDA-MS-435中,CY-201比親本藥物氯芥苯丁酸強力1,500倍以上。
如吾人所知,CDK2為以下DNA損傷信號傳導路徑之最後守門者:(DNA損傷=>ATM/ATR=>Chk=>p53=>p21=>CDK2/週期素E=>G1/S停滯)。CDK2抑制將強烈停滯G1/S過渡且停止癌細胞不受控制之增殖;另外,最新證據表明CDK2涉及細胞週期獨立性功能,諸如DNA損傷修復。顯現出來CDK2為適當DNA修復所必需。因此,抑制CDK2將抑制DNA損傷修復。此外,逃避細胞凋亡(例如DNA損傷誘導性細胞凋亡)為癌症特點。因為DNA修復路徑由CDK抑制損傷,所以CDK抑制最終在細胞週期停滯之後引起強烈細胞凋亡。總而言之,具有四倍的損傷DNA之能力,停止細胞週期進程、抑制DNA損傷修復及誘導強烈細胞凋亡,雙靶向CY-201與單功能性親本DNA烷基化氮芥藥物氯芥苯丁酸相比具有顯著增強之抗癌活性。
Claims (14)
- 一種式(1)化合物,
其中X1及X2各自獨立地為鹵基或OSO2Ra,其中Ra為烷基、烯基或炔基;Q為環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基或雜芳基,其各自獨立視情況經以下取代:烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、硝基、側氧基、-CH=NH、氰基、烷基-Rb、CH=NORb、ORb、OC(O)Rb、OC(O)ORb、OC(O)SRb、SRb、C(O)Rb、C(O)ORb、C(O)SRb、C(O)NRcRd、SORb、SO2Rb、NRcRd、烷基-NRcRd或N(Rc)C(O)Rd,其中Rb、Rc及Rd各自獨立地為H、烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、氰基、硝基、胺基、羥基、烷基胺基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;Z缺失或為(CH2)m,其中m為1至10之整數;且R1及R2各自獨立地為H、烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烯基、雜環烯基、芳基、雜芳基、鹵基、硝基、側氧基、-CH=NH、氰基、烷基-Rb、CH=NORb、ORb、OC(O)Rb、OC(O)ORb、OC(O)SRb、SRb、C(O)Rb、C(O)ORb、C(O)SRb、C(O)NRcRd、SORb、SO2Rb、NRcRd、烷基-NRcRd或N(Rc)C(O)Rd。 - 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中R1為H、烷基、烯基或炔基且R2為H。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之化合物,其由式(2)表示
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之化合物,其中Q為芳基或雜芳基。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之化合物,其中Q為5-6員芳基或雜芳基。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項之化合物,其由式(3)表示,其中R3為H或硝基;n為0、1、2或3。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之化合物,其中Q為9-10員芳基或雜芳基。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之化合物,其由式(4)表示
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中該化合物為
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中該化合物為
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中該化合物為
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物及醫藥學上可接受之載劑。
- 一種治療贅生性疾病或免疫性疾病之方法,其包括向有需要之受試者投與有效量之如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物。
- 一種雙功能性小分子,其具有能夠抑制週期素依賴性激酶(CDK)之藥效團及氮芥藥效團。
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| EP2937345B1 (en) | 2009-12-29 | 2018-03-21 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Type ii raf kinase inhibitors |
| AR092790A1 (es) | 2012-02-01 | 2015-05-06 | Euro Celtique Sa | Derivados bencimidazolicos del acido hidroxamico |
| CN104693256B (zh) * | 2013-12-04 | 2018-07-10 | 杭州源昶医药科技有限公司 | 吉西他滨衍生物、含该衍生物的组合物及所述衍生物的制药用途 |
| AU2015240465B2 (en) | 2014-04-04 | 2020-02-27 | Del Mar Pharmaceuticals | Use of dianhydrogalactitol and analogs or derivatives thereof to treat non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung and ovarian cancer |
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| US10870651B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2020-12-22 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) |
| AU2016243529B2 (en) | 2015-03-27 | 2021-03-25 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases |
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| WO2020005807A1 (en) | 2018-06-25 | 2020-01-02 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Taire family kinase inhibitors and uses thereof |
| JP2022522928A (ja) | 2018-12-18 | 2022-04-21 | ムンディファーマ・インターナショナル・コーポレーション・リミテッド | 多発性骨髄腫を治療するための化合物 |
| JP7660063B2 (ja) | 2018-12-28 | 2025-04-10 | ダナ-ファーバー キャンサー インスティテュート, インコーポレイテッド | サイクリン依存性キナーゼ7のインヒビターおよびそれらの使用 |
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| US6392053B2 (en) * | 1999-12-15 | 2002-05-21 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Process for preparing arylacetylaminothiazoles |
| KR20090077914A (ko) * | 2006-09-11 | 2009-07-16 | 쿠리스 인코퍼레이션 | 항증식제로서의 다작용성 소분자 |
| TW200922564A (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2009-06-01 | Curis Inc | CDK inhibitors containing a zinc binding moiety |
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| WO2010075542A1 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2010-07-01 | Curis, Inc. | Cdk inhibitors |
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| US20140303218A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
| SMT201700108B (it) | 2017-03-08 |
| US8962855B2 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
| EP2760860B8 (en) | 2017-03-08 |
| JP2014528003A (ja) | 2014-10-23 |
| IL231170A (en) | 2015-07-30 |
| CA2850541A1 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
| CA2850541C (en) | 2019-11-05 |
| EP2760860B1 (en) | 2016-11-16 |
| SMT201700108T1 (it) | 2017-03-08 |
| MX342746B (es) | 2016-10-11 |
| CY1118626T1 (el) | 2017-07-12 |
| PT2760860T (pt) | 2017-02-21 |
| HUE031445T2 (en) | 2017-07-28 |
| JP6008972B2 (ja) | 2016-10-19 |
| EP2760860A4 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
| AR088075A1 (es) | 2014-05-07 |
| ES2616242T3 (es) | 2017-06-12 |
| SI2760860T1 (sl) | 2017-04-26 |
| IL231170A0 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
| MX2014003839A (es) | 2015-01-16 |
| AU2012316084B2 (en) | 2016-10-27 |
| RS55680B1 (sr) | 2017-07-31 |
| WO2013049279A3 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
| EP2760860A2 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
| AU2012316084A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
| HRP20170196T1 (hr) | 2017-04-07 |
| WO2013049279A2 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
| DK2760860T3 (en) | 2017-02-27 |
| LT2760860T (lt) | 2017-03-10 |
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