TW200536939A - Method for gene delivery to neuronal cells - Google Patents
Method for gene delivery to neuronal cells Download PDFInfo
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- TW200536939A TW200536939A TW094111818A TW94111818A TW200536939A TW 200536939 A TW200536939 A TW 200536939A TW 094111818 A TW094111818 A TW 094111818A TW 94111818 A TW94111818 A TW 94111818A TW 200536939 A TW200536939 A TW 200536939A
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200536939 w 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明相關於基因傳遞至神經元細胞的方法。 【先前技術】 發明背景 使用桿狀病毒苜蓿銀紋夜蛾多核多角體病毒 (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) 作為哺乳類細胞表現載體近期被視為一新興方法,其作為 Φ 新一代基因治療載具很有潛力(Ghosh等人,2002 ; Kost和
Condreay,2002)。桿狀病毒在增殖性與非增殖性靜默哺乳 類細胞中都表現廣泛的向性,其不在脊椎動物細胞中複 衣而且產生極小甚至沒有微觀可觀測之細胞毒性。桿狀 病毒載體所介導的基因轉染已於神經系統中研究。初步報 告敘述神經元細胞在試管内或在活體内被含CMv啟動子 之桿狀病毒載體有效轉導(Sarkis等人,2〇〇〇)。在人類胚 胎腦原代培養中,神經表皮細胞、神經母細胞、及神經膠 籲細胞可被感染。使用成年裸鼠的活體内研究證實在桿狀病 毒載體注入腦中,主要是星狀細胞(只有一些神經元)被轉 導。在另一研究中,其意欲測驗在腦中桿狀病毒所介導的 基因表現之細胞種類專一性(Lehtolainen等人,2〇〇2),脈 絡叢之立方形上皮細胞被鑑別為大鼠腦中病毒的主要標的 細胞,不多的基因表現在内皮細胞被偵測到,而非常有限 表現或無表現在包含神經元和星狀細胞的其他種類腦細胞 中被發現。 5 200536939 神經系統中主要的功能細胞為神經元,其為進行接收、 傳導以及傳送信號的系統基礎工作的細胞種類。這 的治療性保護是神經病症之分子治療的一個主要目標。實 例匕括方;帕金森氏症中保護多巴胺能黑質紋狀體神姐元 (DuvcHsm,! 992)、於阿兹海默氏症中保護基底前腦膽ς能 神經元(Gornez她#人,1996)、及在肌萎縮性側索硬化 $保護脊髓運動神經元。無人之前已開發一種重組桿狀病 毒載體,其容納一強力神經元專一啟動+,CMV E/PDGF, 2驅動轉基ϋ表現(CMVI E/PDGF敘述於美國共同繫屬申 請案案號10/4()7,()〇9)。在注人腦後,該桿狀病毒載體可轉 導神經元,並介導鄰近注入位置之神經元的轉基因表現。 一相對大量之持久轉基因表現持續了至少四週,遠比只含 CMV啟動子的桿狀病毒載體所提供的三天為久。 在中樞神經病症中受影響神經元的廣泛解剖分布以及 在其他者中相對難接近的神經元位置,造成對有效基因治 療該病症的障礙。許多病毒載體可藉助軸索轉運的天然過 程克服此問^。此過程以胞外物質之内吞作用開始。在軸 犬内吞作用的例子中,軸突末端被用作拿取物質的進入港 口。被併入的物質接著在軸漿中轉運至細胞體。可被以此 方式拿取並轉運的病毒包括腺病毒(BilangBleuel等人, 1 997 ; Hermens 等人,1997 ; Ch〇卜Lundberg 等人,ΐ99δ ;
Soudais 等人,2001 ; Peltekian 等人,2〇〇2)、腺相關病毒 (AAV ’ Kaspar 等人,2002)和疱疹病毒(HSv,Breakefield 和DeLuca,1991 ; Jin等人,1996)。腺病毒和HSV與桿 6 200536939 狀病毒相比,所引起的免疫和發炎反應遠較強。單一的腺 病毒或HSV之大腦内注射造成在腦中根據劑量的發炎反 應’造成脫题鞘作用(McMenamin等人,1998 ; Lawrence 等人,1999)。AAV載體,其可併入標的細胞染色體,其 特徵為無法持續地誘發免疫反應。然而其等作為基因傳遞 載體之應用卻因病毒載體的小插入尺寸和不易生產而受阻 ^l(Joose 和 Chirmule,2003) 〇 【發明内容】 _ 發明摘述 、 & 1促1八 —…人’ 4 Ί哥遴秤狀病毒載 至神、、工7L細胞的方法’其包括在中樞神經系統中定出標 勺神、、工7G細胞、在中框神經系統中定出一遠離標的神經元 置和將載體投樂至該位置,其中載體藉軸索轉運 傳遞至神經元細胞。 在另一方面,本發明提供一於受試者户 的方法,包括定屮心 D。、_、、工兀病症 疋出叉病症影響的標的神經元細胞、在 神經系統中定ψ 一、土% 1 I 在中樞 、W ^離標的神經元細胞之位置、和將勺& -㈣性地連結至啟動子的治療性 :將包括 藥至該位置,苴 知狀病t載體投 々T才干狀病毒載體藉細含絲 經元細胞。 # 4㈣轉運傳遞至標的神 在另—方面,本發明提供一 包括投藥用以偵洌為神|几路徑的方法, 1貝列又忒者中樞神铖糸 和偵測病毒的轉運路徑。 、、二一位置的桿狀病毒 本發明苴仙士 I & 面與特性對-般技藝者而言,在檢閱以 7 .200536939 下本發明特別具體態樣配合其附屬圖式後會顯而易見。 【實施方式】 詳細敘述 本木發明人初次證貫重組桿狀病毒載體可藉軸索轉運 遷移至神經元細胞體,造成在突出神經元的 以立位注射、™定桿狀病毒載體至大鼠::體 $,扣狀病毒載體的逆行軸索轉運在皮質紋狀體路徑和黑 質紋狀體路徑被觀察到。在玻璃體内注射後,病毒顆粒的 順行軸索轉運與跨突觸轉運在視覺系統的界定連結(從視網 膜、視神經、外側膝狀核體、上丘、到主視覺皮質)被觀察 到分析確認從突出區收集的組織樣本中存在經轉運 病毋DNA M吏用包括神經元專一性啟動子的桿狀病毒載 體,轉基因表現可在遠離注射位置的神經元細胞中 到。 、、
使用轴索轉運於神經元基因轉染使病毒载體能達到在 神經迴路末端部分之標的神經元。藉由使用位於較容易到 達的腦部分之注射位置,該方法可瞄準深處於cns構造的 神經7L族群和最小化由注射過程對敏感區域造成的破壞。 紋狀體係用於測試該方法的廣為使用區域之一。有三個主 要腦區突出至紋狀體:大腦皮質、黑f、和視丘的板内核 體。在黑質的多巴胺能神經元具有長軸突伸至紋狀體的廣 =區域,而被用以研究許多病毒載體(包含腺病毒(Ghadge 等人,1 995 ; Peitekian 等人,2〇〇2)、AAV(Kasper 等人, 2〇〇2)和HSV(Jin等人,1996))的逆行轉運。本案發明人已 8 -200536939 發現使用桿狀病毒載體於黑質時,雖然轉基因表現仍高度 顯著’其相對比在大腦皮質為低,似乎導因於此二腦區神 經元質的不同。 視覺系統係一區隔良好的感覺路徑,其具有向心和離 心非交叉連結(Peters,1985)。在嚅齒類,大部分自視網膜 的突出對側地達到視丘、到上丘(sc)、和到在下視丘的許 多構造(Millhouse,1977)。在視丘,許多特殊視丘核體(包 括背側膝狀核體(dLGN))係主要視網膜接收區域。從 dLGN,神經元突出連接到主要和次要視覺皮質(區域^ 7和 18)(HUgheS,1977; Caviness,Jr 和 Fr〇st,1 983)。神經元 進一步自視覺皮質突出至許多其他皮質和皮質下區域,例 如顳、額、腹外側眶皮質和底神經節。這些在視網膜和視 覺皮質間的連接因此對分析跨神經元轉運有用。玻璃體内 注射桿狀病毒載體後,在視網膜於神經元專一性啟動子之 下的轉基因表現係限制在神經節細胞中,雖然在視網膜中 病毒進入神經元和神經膠兩者。進一步,眼内注射桿狀病 毒造成沿和視覺有關構造之神經元的相繼感染,象徵該病 毒可渡過數個突觸。 桿狀病毒載體因此可以傳遞至任何不能容易地局部注 射的神經元細月包,例如,因為其位於中枢神經系統不:易 接近的區域或是分布在中樞神經系統各種區域而需要複數 局部注射。藉由定出於中枢神經系統中遠離此㈣的神經 凡細胞之位置和將載體投藥至該處’該載體可藉由軸 運傳遞至標的神經元細胞。 ’、轉 9 200536939 術語“神經元細胞,,和“神經元,,,於此交互地使用,和 技#中通常涵義一致指任何神經系統傳導細胞,其典型土 包括細胞本體、許多樹突和軸突。該術語除非内文明確护 不’否則包括單一細胞和複數細胞或細胞族群。 如熟習技藝者將了解,許多神經元細胞具有長軸突突 出至注射可及的中樞神經系統區域。因此,術語“標的神= 元細胞,,,如本文所使用,包括此等神經元細胞遠離注射= 及之軸突的細胞本體,和載體可藉跨突觸轉運而傳遞至的 另一神經元細胞。載體注入之位置為“遠離,,標的神經元細 胞若注入該位置的載體進入突出神經元細胞的細胞本體前 或藉跨突觸轉運至另一神經元細胞前經歷軸索轉運。 的,若載體可於局部注射區域或在局部注射區域周圍傳遞 至神經元細胞而無軸索轉運,則局部注射位置不遠離於神 經7L細胞。熟習技藝者可容易地定出所需標的神經元細胞 和庄射可及且运離標的神經元細胞的投藥位置,如此載體 藉軸索轉運傳遞至標的神經元細胞。此種標的神經元細胞 和其遠離的投藥位置之例子包括在視神經的標的神經元細 胞視丘的視網膜接受區域,例如背外側膝狀核體和上丘, 和主要及次要視覺皮質,其藉由視網膜的遠離區域或藉注 射至玻璃體而接近。在皮質紋狀體和黑質紋狀體路徑上的 標的神經元細胞,個別位在大腦皮質和黑質,可藉於遠離 紋狀體之位置注射而接近。進一步標的細胞和藉以接近細 胞的遠離區域之實例可藉參考各種神經解剖學圖解和教科 曰決疋’例如 ’ Atlas of Functional Neuroanatomy,w τ ίο 200536939
Hendleman,CRC 出版社,2000; Neuroanatomy: A Functional
Atlas of Parts and Pathways, R. Poritsky, Hanley & Belfus, 1992 ; Functional Neuroanatomy,A. K. ΑΠΠ 和11.八· Bergman,McGraw-Hill,1998 ; Functional Systems: 3D
Reconstructions with correlated Neuroimaging, H-J Kretschmann 和 W. Weinrich, Thieme, 1998 ;和
Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections and Systems 5 Ed, D. E. Haines,Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins,2002。
桿狀病毒業已為熟知並定出特徵,且用於哺乳類基因 轉染之桿狀病毒載體,包括使用苜蓿銀紋夜蛾(Aut〇grapha caHfor^ca)係已知(例如參見,Sa]ds 等人 pNAs 97(26))。 …、白技☆者可谷易地構築用於本發明的任何適合桿狀病毒 載體。桿狀病毒载體可為重組桿狀病毒,其基因體被修改 .表見紅縱!生地連結至神經元專一性啟動子或如CMV啟 動子的病毒啟動子或任何於以下討論的操縱性連結啟動子/ 增強子的轉基因。桿妝主 栌、隹干狀病毋可猎使用為熟習技藝者所知的 才不+技術’例如PCR和兮 刀< ^殖技術,如此修改。例如, 杯狀病毋可容易地以 例 ^業購仔的選殖和表現系統修改, 例如Bac_T〇_BacTM桿狀病
TeChn〇logles ’ 職)。 * 見系,先(⑽co BRL,Life 術語“基因,,之使用和其一浐 連結的一群核酸序列’又義致,思指操縱性地 例如’關於藉桿狀病毒表 卜末基口,如此’ 因體為外來的基 轉基口扣表現對捍狀病毒基 基因*包括治療性基因。 11 -200536939 或“治療性轉基因,,欲 的基因,例如,神經 如此處所使用術語“治療性基因” 廣泛地描述任何其表現造成所欲結果 元病症的治療、預防、或改善。 基因係一治療基因,包& 性的美闵,〇, 匕括任何具有臨床實用 白質的U ^預防或治療的基因產物或蛋 的基因。美Ξ & & _ & 1 、成療的細胞調節作用 基因產物應取代在受試者中且古从μ t 基因產物、蛋白㈣… 者中具有缺陷的或遺失的
防… 貝、或細胞調節作用,因此使受試者可預 防或>口療疾病或狀態。治療性基因 4.31 ΛΑ. 匕枯生長因子基因(JL句 括義、准組織母細胞生長因 八 家族釦相岵, 土 U豕^、神經生長因子基因 括以〕基因家族的基因卜f的基因),和抗祠亡基因(包 兔氏二經學疾病如中風、癲癇、頭和脊椎神經外傷、帕金 ;::杭争頓氏症、阿兹海默氏症、肌萎縮性側索硬化、 二:!遺傳病症對個體具有毀滅性的結果和造成與長 共通=喪r關的高社會支出。這些疾病的-個 〜付试疋神經兀喪失。許容 一述病症與一或多個基因的 、乏、機能失常或盔效相關 政相關並對常見治療方法反應不佳。 土 ^秦r移至中枢神經李访 、膝名全 糸、4 (CNS),其包含治療性基因的傳 =° '現’因此已被視為治療這些病症的-有潛力方法。 /可介導神經營養因子、抗社蛋白質、抗氧化分子 他治療性因子之表現水平,而回復、停止、或預防神 二::化的。基因治療亦對CNS惡性腫瘤的治療提供 的不望。 12 -200536939 例如,對帕金森氏症有兩種 / 裡王要基因治療朿略。第一 種方法係轉移一編碼營養 、成r斗、尸 養u子或保護性蛋白質的基因,以 減k或停止持續性神經退化 灶、, 矛 例如BDNF(腦衍生神飯 言養因子)、GDNF(神經膠衍生 、,工 的抗洞亡基因。第二種方法^ bcl·2 τ、轉移一編碼合成神經傳導f 的新陳代謝酵素之基因,以加 命京 ^ ^ ^加強部分退化系統的功能,例
如ΤΗ(酪月女酸羥化酶)、GTPCil(G (P-壤水解δ# )、和AADA(关 曰無fe基酸去致基酶)以回復纹 设次狀體DA(多巴胺)的水平和 狀怨。 :杭亭頓氏症,基因治療的方法包括〇反義策略以抑 1大’交m5基因的表現和2)保護性策略以維持在尾、殼 核、和大腦皮質之^ G A R Α的· t欠、· 冑GABA月匕退化。NGF、CNTF(纖毛神經 言養因子)已被顯示在杭亭頓氏症動物模型内提供保護效 果。 s(身to内最複雜的态官)的獨特特徵對内治療 的成功造成許多障礙。這些特徵包括由顱骨和血_腦屏;之 物理屏障所造成的對CNS之有限接近,以及末端分化神經 兀的天性和對其有效轉染治療性基因的困難。此外,於CNs 内發現的細胞種類非常多變,其許多對生理功能為關鍵, 並對任何種類的改變高度敏感。此需要發展一 cns基因户 療,其限制在特殊種類的CNS細胞,因此確保在想要細月二 的治療效果並限制由基因在非標的⑽細胞表現造成 作用。 在不同的具體態樣,包含操縱性地連結至治療基因序 13 200536939 列的啟動子之桿狀病毒載體可傳遞至遠離投藥處的神經元 、、’田胞σ亥啟動子可為強力病毒啟動子例如CMV或神經元 專f生啟動子在所選擇細胞種類之專一性基因表現,可 藉使用神經元細胞專一性啟動子達成。 神經元細胞專一性啟動子可係任何作用而活化操縱性 連結序列的轉錄作用之核酸序歹,】,其作用在神、經元或神經 兀、、、田胞而貝貝上不在其他細胞種類。若在任何該等細胞種 類中,操縱性連結序列之轉錄作用水平係充分低的而不影 響細胞的生理功能,則啟動子不實質上活化轉錄作用。
神經元細胞專一性起動子可包括目標為如突觸蛋白j、 神經兀專一性烯醇化酶、神經絲丄和神經肽γ之啟動子和 專於特殊種類神經元細胞的啟動子。例如,酿胺酸經基 化酶基因啟動子(4_8kb 5,UTR)係專一於兒乙酚胺能和CNS 神經το,多巴胺_b_羥基化酶基因啟動子係專一於腎上腺素 能和非腎上腺素能神經元及L7柏金氏細胞蛋白質啟動子 係專一於視網膜桿狀雙極神經元。對這些和其他神經元細 胞啟動子,包含D1A多巴胺受體基因啟動子、人類次黃嘌 呤磷酸核糖基轉移酶啟動子、SCG1〇啟動子、…微管 蛋白啟動子、醛縮酶C啟動子、心微管蛋白基因啟動子、
GnRH基因增強子和啟動子、麩胺酸去羧酶&基因啟動子、 心半乳糖苷al,2-岩澡糖基轉移酶基因啟動子、神經元煙 鹼乙醯膽鹼受體冷3基因啟動子、GABΑ(Α)受體δ次單元 基因啟動子、神經專一性FE65基因啟動子、Ν型鈣通道&1Β 次單元基因啟動子和微管相關蛋白質1Β基因啟動子,見 14 200536939
Harrington CA,Lewis EJ,Krzemien D,Chikaraishi DM. Identification and cell type specificity of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1987, 1 5:2363-2384; Coker GT 3rd,Vinnedge L,O’Malley KL; Characterization of rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase genes: functional expression of both promoters in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
1 988,157:1341-1347; Banerjee SA,Hoppe P,Brilliant M, Chikaraishi DM. 5f flanking sequences of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene target accurate tissue-specific, developmental, and transsynaptic expression in transgenic mice. J Neurosci 1992? 12:4460-4467; Morita S? Kobayashi K5 Mizuguchi T,Yamada K,Nagatsu I,Titani K,Fujita K, Hi dak a H,Nagatsu T. The 5?-flanking region of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene promotes neuron subtype-specific gene expression in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993; 17:239-244; Ishiguro H,Kim KT,Joh TH,Kim KS. Neuron-specific expression of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene requires both the cAMP-response element and a silencer region. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:17987-17994; Hoyle GW? Mercer EH, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Cell-specific expression from the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter in transgenic mice is controlled via a combination 15 200536939 of positive and negative regulatory elements. J Neurosci 1994,14:2455-2463; Severynse DM,Colapietro AM,Box TL, Caron MG. The human D1A dopamine receptor gene promoter directs expression of a reporter gene to the central nervous system in transgenic mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1995, 30:336-346; Mouradian MM, Minowa MT, Minowa T.
Promoter structure of the human gene coding for the D1A
dopamine receptor. Adv Neurol 1993,60:343-345; Stout JT, Chen HY? Brennand J5 Caskey CT5 Brinster RL. Expression of human HPRT in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Nature 1985; 3 17:250-252; Rincon-Limas DE? Geske RS,Xue JJ,Hsu CY,Overbeek PA? Patel PL 5f-flanking sequences of the human HPRT gene direct neuronal expression in the brain of transgenic mice. J Neurosci Res 1994; 38:259-267; Schwartz ML,Bruce J,Shneidman PS, Schlaepfer WW. Deletion of 3'-untranslated region alters the level of mRNA expression of a neurofilament light subunit transgene. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:26364-9; Forss-Petter S, Danielson PE, Catsicas S,Battenberg E,Price J,Nerenberg M, Sutcliffe JG. Transgenic mice expressing beta-galactosidase in mature neurons under neuronspecific enolase promoter control. Neuron 1990; 5:187-197; Twyman RM5 Jones EA. Sequences in the proximal 5f flanking region of the rat neuron-specific enolase (NSE) gene are sufficient 16 -200536939
for cell type-specific reporter gene expression. J Mol Neurosci 1997; 8:63-73; Andersen JK,Garber DA,Meaney CA,Breakefield XO. Gene transfer into mammalian central nervous system using herpes virus vectors: extended expression of bacterial lacZ in neurons using the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Hum Gene Ther 1992; 3:487-499; Wuenschell CW? Mori N? Anderson DJ. Analysis of SCG10 gene expression in transgenic mice reveals that neural specificity is achieved through selective derepression. Neuron 1990; 4:595-602; Mori N, Stein R,Sigmund 0,
Anderson DJ. A cell type-preferred silencer element that controls the neural-specific expression of the SCG10 gene. Neuron 1990; 4:583-594; Hoesche C5 Sauerwald A? Veh RW? Krippl B? Kilimann MW. The 5f-flanking region of the rat synapsin I gene directs neuron-specific and developmentally regulated reporter gene expression in transgenic mice. J Biol • Chem 1 993; 268:26494-26502; Kilic E5 Hermann DM? Kugler S5 Kilic U? Holzmuller H5 Schmeer C3 Bahr M. Adenovirus-mediated Bcl-X(L) expression using a neuron-specific synapsin-1 promoter protects against disseminated neuronal injury and brain infarction following focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 1 1:275-284; Gloster A,Wu W, Speelman A,Weiss S, Causing C,Pozniak C,Reynolds B, Chang E? Toma JG5 Miller FD. The T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin 17 200536939
promoter specifies gene expression as a function of neuronal growth and regeneration in transgenic mice. J Neurosci 1994; 14:73 19-7330; Thomas M,Makeh I,Briand P,Kahn A,Skala H. Determinants of the brain-specific expression of the rat aldolase C gene: ex vivo and in vivo analysis. Eur J Biochem 1 993; 218:143-151; Thomas M, Skala H,Kahn A,Tuy FP. Functional dissection of the brain-specific rat aldolase C gene promoter in transgenic mice. Essential role of two GC-rich boxes and an HNF3 binding site. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20316-20321; Dennis K,Uittenbogaard M,Chiaramello A, Moody SA. Cloning and characterization of the 5f-flanking region of the rat neuron-specific Class III beta- tubulin gene. Gene 2002 294:269-277; Waldbieser GC? Minth CD,Chrisman CL5 Dixon JE. Tissue-specific expression of the human neuropeptide Y gene in transgenic mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992; 14:87-93; Lawson MA,Macconell LA, Kim J? Fowl BT? Nelson SB, Mellon PL. Neuron-specific expression in vivo by defined transcription regulatory elements of the GnRH gene. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1404-1412; Wolfe A,Kim HH,Tobet S,Stafford DE,RadovickS·
Identification of a discrete promoter region of the human GnRH gene that is sufficient for directing neuron-specific expression: a role for POU homeodomain transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:435-449; Makinae K? 18 .200536939
Kobayashi T5 Kobayashi T,Shinkawa H,Sakagami H,Kondo H,Tashiro F,Miyazaki J,Obata K? Tamura S? Yanagawa Y. Structure of the mouse glutamate decarboxylase 65 gene and its promoter: preferential expression of its promoter in the GABAergic neurons of transgenic mice. J Neurochem 2000; 75:1429-14371; Hitoshi S,Kusunoki S,Kanazawa I,Tsuji S. Dorsal root ganglia neuron-specific promoter activity of the rabbit beta-galactoside alpha 1,2-fucosyltransferase gene. J # Biol Chem 1999; 274:389-396; Roztocil T,Matter-Sadzinski L,Gomez M,Ballivet M,Matter JM. Functional properties of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta3 promoter in the developing central nervous system. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:15131-15137; Luscher B,Hauselmann R, Leitgeb S, Rulicke T, Fritschy JM. Neuronal subtype-specific expression directed by the GABA(A) receptor delta subunit gene promoter/upstream region in transgenic mice and in • cultured cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 51:197-211; Zambrano N,De Renzis S,Minopoli G,Faraonio R,Donini V, Scaloni A,Cimino F5 Russo T. DNA-binding protein Pur alpha and transcription factor YY1 function as transcription activators of the neuron-specific FE65 gene promoter. Biochem J 1997; 328:293-300; Kim DS,Jung HH,Park SH, Chin H. Isolation and characterization of the 5f-upstream region of the human N-type calcium channel alphalB subunit 19 •200536939 gene. Chromosomal localization and promoter analysis J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5 098-5 104 and Liu D? Fischer I. Two alternative promoters direct neuron^specific expression of the rat microtubule-associated protein IB gene. J Neurosci 1996; 16:5026-5036。其他神經元專一性啟動子對熟習該項 技藝者係已知。 啟動子至少包含一核苷酸序列,其能夠活化操縱性連 結序列的神經元細胞專一性表現,且在某些具體態樣中該 • 核苷酸序列會保留轉譯因子的最小結合位置,其係該序列 作用為啟動子所需。在某些具體態樣中,載體包括複數拷 貝的同樣序列或二或多個不同的核苦酸序列,其每一個皆 可活化轉譯活性。對可使用的多種啟動子來說,轉譯因子 結合位置可被一般技藝人士使用如上所述於技藝中已知方 法加以了解或鑑別。合適的啟動子/增強子構型可藉標準 表現分析有效地測定。 血小板衍生生長因子/5鏈(PDGF妁啟動子(Sasahara μ, • Fries JW? Raines EW5 Gown AM, Westriim LE? Frosh MP? Bonthron DT3 R〇SS R?Collins T. PDGF beta-chain in neurons
of the central nervous system,posterior pituitary,and in a transgenic model. Cell 1991; 64:217-227)已被顯示對 CNS 神經元細胞有專一性,該細胞包含多巴胺能神經元,以及 在一具體態樣中,神經元細胞專一性啟動子係PDGF /3啟 動子。在一特殊具體態樣中,神經元專一性啟動子係人類 PDGF 0啟動子。 20 .200536939 神經元專—性啟動子之轉譯活性在某些實例中係弱 的,提供少於治療性基因序列之表現的理想表現水平。在 各種的具體態樣中,神經元專—性啟動子可操縱性 至增強子。“增強子m酸相,其能夠增加操㈣ 連結啟動子之轉譯活性且在神經元細胞專—性啟動子的實 例中,能夠增加啟動子的神經細胞專—性轉譯活性。 當兩序列以功能性關係放置時,第一核酸序列係盘第 二核酸序列操縱性地連結。例如,若—啟動子活化一編巧 序列的轉譯,則該編碼序 " 叮〜你彳木縱性地連結至該啟動子。 類似地’當-異源增強子增加操縱性地連結至一啟動子之 序列的神經細胞專—性轉譯時,該神經細胞專-性啟動子
::增強子係操縱性地連結。增強子當和啟動 作用且因此,增強子可搞w a J 動子但可不在鄰近。紗n連結至神經細胞專一性啟 此鄰近。 -而-般來說,操縱性連結序列係彼 在不同具體態樣中,増強子可係異源増強子,音指一 核苷酸序列其自然係 U曰 啟動子而其,當摔心生= 元細胞專一性 連結時’增加神經細胞專一性啟 動子的神經細胞專一性 操縱性連結序列之轉ir性。增加轉譯活性意指關於 神經元細胞專-性的任何可偵測増加’其和單具 啟動子所硯察到之水平相比,如在標準
寻寻#分析中可佶、、目,丨 ,, T 築。 、r ,匕括使用如實例所述之報導基因構 增強子可為已知的強病毒增強子或啟動子元件1如 21 200536939 勞氏肉瘤病毒(RSV)啟動子(Gorman CM,Merlino GT, Willingham MC, Pastan I, Howard BH. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79:6777-6781),SV40 啟動子(Ghosh PK,Lebowitdz P,
Frisque RJ, Gluzman Y. Identification of a promoter component involved in positioning the 55 termini oof simian virus 40 early mRNAs. Proc Natl Acda Sci USA 1981; 78:100-104),CMV增強子或包括CMV啟動子及時早期(IE) 基因增強子(CMVE enhancer)之啟動子(Boshart Μ,Weber F,
Jahn G? Dorsch-Hasler K, Fleckenstein B? Schaffner W. A very strong enhancer is located upstream of an immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus. Cell 1985; 41:521- 530 ; Niwa H,Yamamura H,Miyazaki J· Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic _ vector· Gene 1991; 108:193-200 ;亦參見美國專利案號 5,849,522 和 5,168,062) 〇 本發明的一具體態樣中,CMVE增強子係操縱性地連 結至PDGF /3啟動子上游。在進一步的具體態樣中,cmve 增強子係操縱性連結至PDGF /3啟動子上游且兩序列為連 續。 神經元專一性啟動子和增強子的進一步具體態樣,該 啟動子和增強子可係操作性地連結至包括等位基因變異體 22 200536939 和已知啟動子和增強子的衍生物,係於美國專利案號 10/407,009中敘述,其整篇以引用方式納入本文。
在各種具體態樣中,此變異體和衍生物可係實質上為 同源,因其在中度或嚴袼條件下和已知增強子和啟動子序 列雜合。在中度條件下和與結合至濾膜的序列之雜合可, 例如,於0.5 M NaHP〇4,7%十二烷基硫酸納(SDS),lmM EDTA 在 65C 下進行,並以 〇·2 χ SSC/0· 1 % SDS 於 42°C 漂 洗(見 Ausubel,等人(eds),1989,Current Pr〇t〇c〇ls in φ Molecular Biology. v〇i.i5 Green Publishing Associates, Inc.5 和 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,New York,於 ρ·2·1〇·3)。或者, 在嚴格條件下和與結合至濾膜的序列之雜合可,例如,於 0·5 M NaHPO 4,7% SDS,1 mM EDTA 在 65°C 下進行,並 以 〇·1 X SSC/0.1% SDS 於 68°C 漂洗(見 Ausubel,等人(eds), 1 9 8 9,如上)。雜合條件可根據所興趣序列按已知方法調整 (見 Tijssen,1993,Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology- hybridization with Nucleic Acid 春 Pr°bes,Pari I,Chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays,,, Elsevier,New York)。通常,嚴格條件在給定離子強度和pH 下,選擇為低於特定序列之熱解鏈溫度5°C。嚴格雜合可 係(例如)於42°C在五倍SSC和5 0%甲醛中然後在65°C以含 0· 1倍SSC之漂洗緩衝液漂洗。嚴格雜合之漂洗可係(例如) 至少15分鐘、30分鐘、45分鐘、60分鐘、75分鐘、90 分鐘、105分鐘或120分鐘。 23 200536939 序列間的同源程度亦可以當序列係最理想排列時的相 同度百分比表現,其意指序列間完全相合的發生率。用以 比較相同性的序列之最理想排列可使用各種演算法,例如
Smith 和 Waterman,1981,Adv,Appl. Math 2··482 的局部同 源性凟异法、Needleman 和 Wunsch,1970,J Mol· Biol. 4 8:443 的同源性排列演算法、pears〇n *Lipman,1988,Pr〇c·
Natl· Acad· Sci· USA 85:2444的尋找類似之方法、和這些 演算法的電腦使用(如 Wisconsin Genetic Software Package •中的 GAP、BESTFIT、FASTA、和 TFASTA, Genetics Computer Group,Madison,WI,USA)來進行。序列排列亦 可利用BLAST運算實行,其敘述於Ahschul等人,199〇,】 Mol. Β1〇1· 215:403-10(使用出版預設)。進行BLAST分析 的軟體可得自國家生物技術資訊中心(Nati〇nal Center Biotechnology Inf0rmation)(透過網際網路於 〇 在各種具體態樣中,變異 體和衍生物以該運算測定可係大於5〇%、8〇%至1〇〇%,^ _ m至少9〇%或至少95%相同。 桿狀病毒載體可傳遞至任何脊椎動物受試者。在一具 體悲樣中邊受試者係人類。 為士將桿狀病毒傳遞至在中樞神經系統中遠離載體投藥 處的4寸疋區域之標的神經元細胞,其可使用技藝中所熟知 和於貫施例中敘述的標準方法投藥至受試者。例如,載體 可杈藥至可接近處,例如於紋狀體,以藉桿狀病 轉運傳遞載體至位於遠離處或無法接近處的神經元或至皮 24 200536939 夤或脊髓。由於桿狀病毒可以順行或逆行轉運,可接近處 可位於標的細胞相同神經元途徑之上游或下游。 、較佳地桿狀病毒係以注射投藥,包括立體定位注射和 注射至眼玻璃體和用以再生受損脊髓的皮質或脊髓注射。 對人類患者,立體定位架基底會被固定於顧骨而具立體定 位架基底的腦會用高解析度疆成像。利用適當的立體定 位軟體,成像會被轉譯為適合用於注射載體⑽ 定位架的3次元座標。 豆 才干狀病毒係以足夠達到所欲結果(例如, 現治療性基因)的量投藥。 彳4細胞表 “又藥至病患’桿狀病毒係以有效量和於該劑量 夠的時間期間而投藥以達成所欲結果。例如 ::治療性基因傳遞所需的量和劑量投藥,該治療 作用以使神經%疾病或病症減輕、改善、減緩’、' 穩-:預防其散佈、減慢或延遲其進展或治療之。 投藥至病患的有效量可根據許多因子 狀病毒的藥物動力學特徵、投藥模式 ^於例如桿 和體重、病症或疾病狀態的性質和範圍^年、=、健康 和目H療種類、和病毒的毒性和濃度。 °療頻率 熟習該項技術者可依據以上因子決定旦 ::最:…合的量投藥,其可根據病患臨:二::: 6 周整。桿狀病毒的有效量可依經驗和應、依而要 狀病毒最大量而決定。由於桿狀病毒 女全投藥的桿 性極小甚至無,因此可容忍大劑量二:椎動物的細胞毒 里…、而,桿狀病毒投藥 25 •200536939 劑量應該為能產生所欲結果的最小量。 在各種具體態樣中,1 〇9違 ^ , 產生蝕囷斑單位(pfu)的計量 被投樂至人類病串、。太廿α。 6 ^ ,、他具體態樣中,約102到約l〇9pfu、 約10到約l〇9pfu、約1〇2 D 10 pfu、約 1〇3 到約 106 fu、 或約1〇4到約l〇5pfu可於 p 』於早一劑投藥。 有效量的桿狀病毒可會舜 重後6予,其根據初步治療法的 效果。投樂典型地係週期性、 , ,同日寸監測任何反應。熟習 技蚤者了解較低或較高於-
上所“不之劑量可被給予,1 依據投藥時程和途經選擇。 /、 為餐助投藥,病毒可纲两A — 、身 _為w樂組成物的成分。該組 成物可常規地包括醫藥上可接受濃度㈣類、緩衝劑、保 護劑和各種相容的載劑 對所有傳遞形式.,該重組桿狀病 毒可調配成生理鹽溶液。
/一醫藥上可接受稀釋劑的比率和特性係藉所選投藥途 徑、和活病毒的相容性以及標準醫藥常規決定。一^,殺 藥組成物會以不會顯著傷害活病毒生物特性的組:物: 配。適合的載劑和析釋劑敘述於’例如,Rem〜―,S
Pharmaceutical Sdence (Remington^ Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA USA 1985) ’’ 重組桿狀病毒的溶液可於生理適合的緩衝液_製備。 在-般保存和使用狀況下,這些裂備物包含保護劑以防止 微生物之生長,但其不會不活化活病毒。#習該項技藝者 會知道如何裳備適合的調配物。用於選擇和裳備適合調配 26 •200536939 物的習慣程序和成分敘述於,例如,Remingt〇n,s Pharmaceutical Sciences 和 United States pharc〇peia: 丁以
National Formulary(USP 24 NF 19)1999 出版。 適合注射使用的醫藥組成物形式包括無菌水性溶液或 分散液,和用於無菌注射溶液或分散液之臨時製備的無菌 粉末,其中術語“無菌,,不延伸至欲投藥的活桿狀病毒本身。 所有實例中該形式必須係無菌且必須係易於注射的液體。
.傳遞治療性基因至CNS之遠離或無法接近的區域可提 仏神I病症或疾病的治療法。例如,使用本發明的方法, 治療性基因傳遞至黑體的多巴胺能神經元可用於治療帕金 森氏症⑽ang_Bleuel #人,1997)。同樣,使用本發明的 方法,治療性基因的表現可在廣泛分布於大腦皮質各種區 域的神經元中達成’其無法以單次局部注射地達到而實 2且因此提供受杭亭頓氏症影響之神經元的皮質紋狀體 倉白球性神經保護(HD,Mittoux等人,2〇〇2)。 士土本發明的一方面提供一種於受試者治療神經元病症的 月^热其包括於受病症影響❾CNS中定出標的神經元細 二性、查eAN定出遠離標的神經元細胞的位置’並將包含 木、、、 連結至神經元專一性啟重力子白勺、、厶& i pi 毒載體投筚至…… 療性基因之桿狀病 遞 〃置’ ”中邊桿狀病毒載體藉軸索轉運傳 神ϋ田胞。本發明也提供一種供此使用的桿狀病毒 -以治療神經元病症和製造供此種治療之藥劑。 床結病症指得到有益的或所欲的結 方法。有盈的或所欲的臨床結果包括,但不限於, 27 200536939 減輕或改善一或多個症狀或狀 定疾病的狀態,預防疾病的發展,預疾病的廣泛度’穩 或延緩疾病的進展,延遲或 防疾病的擴散,延遲 疾病的狀態,和減_广妝;;夫'丙的開始’改善或減輕 不哉輕症狀(不論部分 ㈣或不可偵測。“治療”也可音味延二),$論其為可 治療所預測者更久。^ 長心者生存至比缺乏 日”…h 療也可意味抑制疾病的進展,暫
日守性地減緩疾病的進展,雖然更佳地, 1 T 疾病的進展。如熟悉技藝者所孰:二水久地停止 病狀況的同時,對受治療_成比二療=特殊疾 用,則—結果可不為有益或所欲有^響更大的副作 神經元性病症可為’但不限於,中風、局部缺血、瘤 ::頭和脊髓創傷或傷害、帕金森氏症、杭亭頓氏症、阿 餘母默氏症、肌萎縮性側索硬化或神經源性病症。 “受病症影響的神經元細胞,,指任何具有缺陷或功能異 常的神經元細胞’該缺陷或功能異常相關於、促成或導因 方、神、工元/·生病症並且可藉於神經元細胞内表現治療性基因 而治療。 某些病毒,例如Hsv和假狂犬病病毒,可跨突觸轉送 亚已成功用作跨神元追縱子。(Babie等人,1994; Blessing 專人’ 1994,Norgren,Jr 和 Lehman,1998)。由於最近發現 才干狀病毒有效地跨突觸轉送,該病毒具有作為追蹤感覺和 運動途徑的追蹤子的潛力。與其他跨神經元追蹤子病毒(其 川頁打轴突轉運和逆行轉訊相比傾向相對較慢且效率較差 (Mclean 等人,1989; Card 等人,1990;Card 等人,1991; Vann 28 •200536939 和 Atherton,1991; N0rgren Tr 莖人 ι g ,J 寺人,1992; Blessing 笙人 1994; Sim等人,1996))相比,尸你广主 g寺人, 才干狀病母·於轴質内順 行皆頗迅速地散佈。例如,在大 、、 狀病毒可被從紋狀體轉運到 ^ 、^ 穴細皮貝和攸視網膜轉運至Φ 視覺皮質。然而由於桿狀病主4去 件狀病f軸索轉運的雙向性,桿狀病 毋可能不適合追蹤對等路徑。 届 因此,在一具體實例中裎征一 、 〒挺i、種追蹤神經元路徑的方 法’其包括將用以備測的捍狀竑表^
一 U干狀病毋投樂至受試者之中樞神 經系統之某處,並偵測桿狀病毒的轉送路徑。 桿狀病毒可藉任何於技蓺中已知 文农T匕知的方法而用以偵測, 使其當注射入受試者C N S時可姑彳自、、目丨ι $丨 吋了破偵/則到。例如,桿狀病毒 可在病毋顆粒表面以可伯測印缺彡φ々 貝j。己唬杌疋,其例如藉由黏貼或 結合-標記至(例如)外套蛋白質。或者,桿狀病毒可藉(例 ^病毒裝配中)於病毒顆粒中併入標記分子而標定。黏貼 的標記可為螢光染料分子、放射性標記、不透射線物質、 光奈日日里子點或有助核磁共振映像者。 放射性標記於技藝中係已知,並包括廣為人知的醫療 放射性核苷酸如 Tc-99m、1-123、1-125、ln-1U、In_113m、
Ga-67、或其他適合的τ放射子。不透輻射線物質亦係已 知並包括碘化合物、鋇化合物、鎵化合物、鉈化合物、及 其類似物。不透射線物質之特殊實例包括鋇、泛影酸鹽、 乙碘油、檸檬酸鎵、典卡酸、碘醋胺酸、碘達醯胺、雙碘 苯曱丁二醯胺膽影酸、碘氧亞胺酸、i〇gulamide、碘海醇、 碘帕、碘番酸、碘普西酸、碘西法酸、碘絲酸、碘砜葡胺、 29 200536939 石〃琥fee、峨酞硫、埃替酸、峨酞酸、蛾出酸、埃克沙酸、 ^泛〜S欠、碘泊酸、葡曱胺、甲泛影醯胺;甲泛影酸鹽、 丙碘酮、和氯化亞鉈。可被核磁共振偵測或增強核磁共振 效果的物質包括釓、銅、鐵、和鉻和可以常見有機金屬螯 合物製備,其可接著結合至桿狀病毒。 仟狀病毐亦可藉
(士實光蛋白質)之基因以用於偵測,該基因於神經元專 性啟動子控制下。例如,桿狀病毒可如實施例所述修改 在CMV E/PDGF啟動子控制下表現綠色螢光蛋白。 a桿狀病毒可藉任何常見偵測方法搞測,#包括用於 見化*斷影像並會根據所使用的特殊可㈣系統。例如 修改以表現螢光蛋白質的桿狀病毒可使用螢光」 二“微貞測。其他方法包括電腦斷層攝影(ct)… 立=例如位置放射攝影(PET)、核磁振影像(隨)、和^ 記的方法。 π者了决疋適合用則貞測特殊谓測幸 ,於適合的時間間 被沿神經元路徑轉 例如,視覺化可於 病毒投藥至受試者 払狀病毒可在投藥病毒至受試者後 隔中偵測或視覺化,以便允許桿狀病^ ^及,若有需要,表現可偵測產物。 將經基因修改以表現螢光蛋白質的桿狀 後2至20曰間任何時候發生。 實施例 30 200536939 者於皮質紋狀體路徑和黑質紋狀體路徑檢查)和於視覺路徑 之玻璃體内注射各自被用以研究逆行和順行軸索轉運。含 神經元專-性CMV E/PDGF啟動子的重組桿狀病毒载體被 用以加速於神經元細胞體之基因表現。 材料與方法 重組病毒載體之製造:重組桿狀病毒係按照Bac_T〇_ BacTM 桿狀病毒表現系統(Glbc〇 BRL,Ufe Techn〇i〇gies,
USA)手冊製備。於CMV E/pDGF、cMv、或pDGF啟動子 控制下的螢光素酶cDNA被插入至轉送質體pFastBaciTM。 每個啟動子係插入於Notl和Xbal之間,且螢光素酶cDNA 係插入PFaStBacl的XhoI和Hindm間。重組桿狀病毒載 體按照標準方法於Sf9昆蟲細胞增殖(〇,ReiUy等人, 1 992)。昆蟲細胞培養基中的出芽病毒透過孔徑的過 濾器過濾,並以25,000g高速離心6〇分鐘濃縮。病毒沉澱 物以磷酸緩衝食鹽溶液(PBS)再懸浮,而感染效價藉於sf9 細胞之蝕菌班測定而定。 桿狀病毒的Cy3標定:經純化桿狀病毒以羰花青染料 Cy3 (Amersham)標定。欲標定的桿狀病毒儲存被調整成濃 度為2 X 1 〇1G顆粒/mi於碳酸鈉碳酸氫鈉緩衝溶液中,pH 9·3。Cy3試劑預先再構成於㈤〇1M碳酸鈉,ρΗ 9·3 (設 计成將1 mg蛋白質標定至最終分子染料/蛋白質比例為4 至12之間)。使用1〇〇病毒製備物與2〇〇Cy3再構成 物混合。於室溫30分鐘後,以28,〇〇〇g離心30分鐘純化 經標定病毒。病毒沉澱物以!χ PBS清洗兩次以去除未反 31 •200536939 應Cy3,然後再懸浮於丨χ pBS中。經純化病毒被分裝至單 -人使用瓶並在使用前儲存於4。 動物·成年雄性Wistar大鼠(重量250-320 g)使用於本 研究。所有動物的操作與照料,乃依據世界衛生組織規定 、力物研九國際指導原則(1 9 $ 5)並如由實驗室動物中心, 新加坡國立大學所採用者。 活體内注射法:對於紋狀體内注射,大鼠藉腹膜内注 射戍巴比妥納(60 mg/kg體重)麻醉並置放於立體定位裝 置,且將鼻棒設定為0(為紋狀體注射)。病毒顆粒分開地 並又邊地於3注射點[座標(自前囪和硬膜):前(A),+1 ·5 mm, 側(L),+2.0 腹(v),-5 〇 mm; A,+〇 5 nim,L,+3 mm,v, -5.0 mm 和 A,-〇 3 麵,L,+3 麵,v,_5 〇 ㈤叫或 i 點[A,+〇」 mm,L,+3 nim,V,-5.0 mm]注射至紋狀體。對每一次注射, 注射量為5μ1或ΐ〇μι含有5 χ 1〇6或! χ 1〇7 pfu病毒顆粒。 /主射速率為〇·5 μι/分鐘且於每次注射結束時在緩緩抽出前 針被停留在原位五分鐘。對玻璃體内注射,動物如前述麻 酉|具有3 0號孔徑針的注射器穿透鞏膜進入視網膜矩齒 緣後的玻璃體’然後1 〇μ1玻璃體被緩緩抽出。之後,1 0^ 病毒顆粒(l〇7pfu)被緩緩注回背室。
受光素酶分析··對螢光素酶活性分析,受病毒感染的 大鼠在注射後2天於深度麻醉後以心臟内灌注丨M pBS (pH 7.4)犧牲。收集組織樣本並儲存於^^艺直到處理。加 入PBS緩衝溶液(ι〇〇μΐ pbs每50mg組織)後,每個樣本在 冰上藉聲裂1 〇分鐘以均質化,然後於離心機以4°C 1 3 000 32 •200536939 rpm離心。室溫下 Μ上π液用於螢光酶活性分析,其使 用得自Pr〇mega的分折秦 斤奮件方;早井冷光儀(Berthold Lumat L B 9 5 0 1 ) 1 〇秒鐘以測量。 ^自組織樣本的病毒基因體之⑽偵測:受病毒感染 的大乳在注射後2壬於v、、in?由—>
天於冰度麻醉後以心臟内灌注〇·丨M PBS (pH 7·4)犧牲。收隼έ純 叹本、、且織樣本並以杵搗碎均質化而病毒基 因體按照Dneasy-組織套件(Qiagen)標準程序抽取。引子
標的—約400鹽基對的序列,其和部分的原生病毒基因體 以及所插入報導子基因重疊。PCR引子列示如下:
引子.5 -AT TGC TCA ACA GTA TGG GCA-3’(SEQ ID NO.:1) • 5 _CGA AGA AGG AGA ΑΤΑ GGG TTG-3, (SEQ ID NO.:2) 放大循環由94t: 7分鐘,i循環;94t:,45秒,52t: 3〇 秒,72 C,30秒,36循環和一於72它7分鐘的最終延伸循環 組成。為於整個程序排除污染,同時平行操作一無病毒感 _染之正常大鼠腦。 免疫組織化學分析:以Cy3標定或未標定的桿狀病毒 作紋狀體内或玻璃體内注射的兩日後,犧牲大鼠(n=2)。深 度麻醉後’所有大鼠首先灌注〇·1 M PBS (pH 7.4)溶液接 著灌注於0·1 M pBS (pH 7.4)之4%多聚甲醛。灌注後,將 腦或眼球移出,並在移至含有20%蔗糖的〇.1 M PBS及於4°C 過夜前,固定於相同的固定劑2-4小時。每個腦的冰凍冠 狀部分以厚度3〇μηι切割,並儲存於o.im PBS中。自由漂 33 •200536939 浮切塊以pH 7.4含0·2% Triton X-100之ο」M PBS清洗20 分鐘,接著以於PBS中之5%正常山羊血清封閉1小時。 母個眼球之冷凍簇形切片以厚度3Ομιη切割並固定在塗覆 明膠的载玻片上。 切片接著以多株抗螢光酶(Promega; 1 ·· 1 50稀釋)和單株 抗神經元專一性核蛋白(NeuN)(Chemicon International, USA,1:5〇〇稀釋)之初級抗體培養過夜。切片以〇·ιμ pbs 清洗並進一步以結合Tritc之抗兔IgG(Sigma_Aldrich,INC., 籲 USA; 1:1〇〇 稀釋}和結合 Fite 之抗小鼠 IgG(Sigma_Aldrich, INC’’ USA; 1:1 〇〇稀釋)培養1小時。培養後,切片於pBs 清洗3次。其皆著收集於塗覆明膠的載玻片上,以daK0 蛍光固&基固定並蓋以蓋玻片。控制組切片以不含初級抗 體培養。 以Cy3標定之病毒被用以顯示活體内之病毒内化。於 此群組’切片僅以單株抗神經元專一性核蛋白(ΝαΝ)抗體 (Chemicon lnternati〇nal,USA; 1:5〇〇 稀釋)或單株抗膠質原 籲纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)抗體(Chemicon)培養過夜。切片以 0.1M PBS清洗並進一步以結合Fltc之抗小鼠。^^。^^
Alddch’ INC·,USA; 1:1〇〇稀釋)培養1小時。接著切片以 如上述處理。 以共輛焦掃描式顯微鏡視覺化雙重標定:切片以Carl Zeiss LSM410共軛焦雷射掃描式顯微鏡測驗。每個切片初 步以488 nm雷射線以及發射濾鏡BP 5 10-525掃描,以偵 測Fite k光素;並以543 nm雷射線以及發射濾鏡[ρ 570 34 .200536939 掃描’以偵測T r i t c螢光素。 結果 紋狀體内注射:吾人首先使用Cy3標定桿狀病毒載體 以測驗載體之可能的逆行轴索轉運。Cy3標定載體首先以 立體定位設備將1 X 1〇9產生蝕菌斑單位(pfu)之濃縮病毒 顆粒注射入Wista大鼠紋狀體。收集沿著皮質紋狀體和黑 質紋狀體路控的組織切片並以抗神經元核蛋白(NeuN,一 神經元專一性標記)抗體免疫染色以顯示紋狀體和大腦皮質 中的神經元,或以抗酪胺酸羥化酶,一多巴胺能神經 元專一性標記)抗體免疫染色以顯示黑質中的多巴胺能神經 元。由於Cy3結合至病毒的外套蛋白質,於組織中展示的 氫化金光素會呈現與病毒衣殼一起轉運的病毒顆粒。 圖1顯示紋狀體、大腦皮質和黑質的共軛焦影像。在 紋狀體中Cy3訊號於NeuN-正或負性細胞中偵測到,表示 ::顆粒進入神經元和非神經元細胞兩者。在大腦皮質和 黑貝,Cy3訊號精確地與NeuN或TH訊號位置一致,暗示 在病毒顆粒注射入紋狀體後,進入軸突末端並在軸質中移 動至位於大腦皮質和黑質的突出神經元之胞體。此為 分析所支持,其在遠離受注射紋狀體的大腦皮質和黑質中 偵測出桿狀病毒基因體(圖2)。 、 1試在突出神經元中基因轉運的可能性,故測試受 的:^-性CMV E/PDGF啟動子病毒CMV啟動子驅動 二素轉報導基因之表現。於注射5χ1〇6响重組病毒 兩天後測量螢光素酶活性。t光素酶活性不僅在所注射紋 35 •200536939 狀體中债測到而且在遠離的黑質和大腦皮質區域積測到(圖 3)。來自二部分的總螢光酶活性大於9〇%在大腦皮質,而 約1 %在黑質。 ' 使用免疫組織染色法進行進一步實驗以測定具有螢光
素酶表現的細胞種類。在黑質+,螢光素酶訊號於NeuN 正和負性細胞兩者中被偵測到。(圖句如圖5顯示,螢光 素酶報導基因精確地在大腦皮質中和NeuN正性神經元位 置相同或在黑質中與TH正性細胞位置相同。在大腦皮質 中,螢光素酶訊號主要於位在深層的大型錐狀神經元(一群 已知將其長軸突伸至紋狀體殼核的細胞)偵測到(圖5)。在 大腦皮質表面層,具有顆粒中間神經元形態的轉導細胞非 常少(圖5)。 螢光素酶在黑質之表現與在大腦皮質之表現相比相對 較低,雖然其絕對值仍然高度有意義。考慮此二腦區的神 經元數量之差異,轉基因表現水準之差異並非未預期的。 _ 玻璃體内注射:為研究桿狀病毒可能的順行軸索轉運,
Cy3標定載體被注射入大鼠玻璃體中以轉導視網膜神經節 細胞(RGC)。這些神經元具有伸至側膝狀核體(LGB)和上丘 (SC)的長軸突,並和位於該處之中間神經元形成突觸。 自LGB,中間神經元的軸突在整個腦的深白質中扇狀散開 而形成視覺放射,其最終止於腦後部的視覺皮質。 在玻璃體内注射109 pfu經標定桿狀病毒載體後,病 毒顆粒在共軛焦顯微鏡下於視覺系統的不同部分(從視網 膜、視神經、LGB、SC至主視覺皮質)觀察到。在視網膜, 36 •200536939 病毒顆粒在NeuN正性和負性細胞中皆被摘測到(圖6和圖 經標定顆粒輕易地於視神經中偵測到,並沿著神經弧 分布’表示病毒沿著GRC軸突順行行進。Cy3訊號精確地 位於LGB和SC的NeuN正性神經元,表示可能的病毒顆 粒之跨突觸轉運至突觸後神經元。病毒載體跨過突觸裂轉 運的假設’為Cy3訊號於主視覺皮質之三級神經元中㈣ :所強烈支持。收集自視覺系統不同部分的樣本病毒基因
體之PCR分析,提供桿狀病毒載體順行轉運和跨突觸轉運 的另一片證據(圖8)。 使用桿狀病毒以在突出、突觸後神經元作基因轉移的可 月匕性,接著藉由在神經元專一性CMV E/pDGF啟動子控制下 的螢光素酶報導基因載體而研究。在玻璃體内注射丨 重組病毒後,螢光素酶活性在整個視覺迴路中偵測到,其最 向轉基因表現在視網膜,接著在LGN和主視覺皮質(圖巧。sc
的螢光素酶表現最低,與只有小量來自RGC的軸突突出到大 畎的此區域之事貫一致(]mP://tha]a]Tms Wlist]
★免疫組織染色法所顯露,螢光素酶的表現只限制於神經 凡’不管測試之神經系統部份為何(圖1〇)。LGB絕大部分 的轉導神經元係大神經元細胞,其似乎為LGB接收來自大 神經節細胞輸入之大Μ細胞。 在齒目動物中,大部分來自視網膜的突出反平行地 伸至視丘,至上丘(SC)和至許多下視丘的構造。在視丘中, 。午多特殊視丘核體,包括背外側膝狀核體(dJLGN),為主要 37 200536939 的視網膜接收區域。自dLGN,神經元突出接續至主要和 次要視覺皮質(1 7區和18區)。神經元進一步自視覺皮質 突出至許多其他皮質和次皮質區域,例如顳、額和腹側眼 窩皮質和基底神經節。此視網膜和視覺皮質間之連結因此 在分析跨神經元轉運上有用。於此,吾人發現,藉由神經 元專一性啟動子的幫助,在玻璃體内注射重組桿狀病毒載 體後於視網膜之轉基因表現限制於神經節細胞中,雖然如 Cy3標定所示病毒進入神經元和神經膠兩者。此研究進一 步顯示,桿狀病毒的眼内注射造成沿與視覺相關構造之神 經元的接續感染,提供病毒可跨越許多突觸的能力之證 據。 如熟習該項技藝者所了解,對此處所述示範性具體實 例的各種修改係可能的。更確切地,本發明於其範圍(如申 請專利範圍所定義)中欲涵蓋所有此種修改。 此處所有引用之文件係以引用方式完整納入。 參考文獻
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48 .200536939 序列表 <110> Wang, Shu Li, Ymg <120〉 <130〉 <160〉 基因傳遞至神經元細胞的方法 2 <170〉 Patentln version 3.2 • <210> 1 <211〉 20 <212> <213〉 DNA 人工 <220〉 <223> 合成引子 <400〉 1 attgctcaac agtatgggca 20 <210> ⑩ <211〉 2 21 <212> <213〉 DNA 人工 <220> <223> 合成引子 <400> 2 cgaagaagga gaatagggtt g l 21
Claims (1)
- 200536939 十、申味專利範圍: 、 ·種於文試者傳遞桿狀病毒載體至神經元細胞的方 法土 /、包括疋出標的神經元細胞、於中樞神經系統中定出 一遠離標的神經开‘ rA ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 7、、工兀細胞之位置和將載體投粲至该位置,其 中該載體藉軸帝鏟^ 平家轉運傳遞至標的神經元細胞。 口 2•根據申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中該載體包括 才木、纟仗性地連纟士 5 硬、、、°至一啟動子的編碼序列。 3 ·根據申睛專利範圍第2項的方法,其中該啟動子係 病毒啟動子。 4 ·根據申睛專利範圍第3項的方法,其中該啟動子係 CMV啟動子。 、 5 ·根據申請專利範圍第2項的方法,其中該啟動子係 神經元細胞專一性啟動子。 6. 根據申請專利範圍第5項的方法,其中該神經元細 月已專性啟動子係操縱性地連結至一增強子。 7. 根據申請專利範圍第6項的方法,其中該增強子係 ,、^強子’其增加該啟動子的神經元細胞專一性轉錄 活性。 巧8.根據申請專利範圍第7項的方法,其中該神經元細 胞專一性啟動子係PDGF 0啟動子而增強子係cMV E增強 9·根據申請專利範圍第8項的方法,其中該載體係藉 注射而投藥。 49 200536939 Π•根據申請專利範圍第10項的方法,其中該軸索轉 運係順行轉運:逆行轉運或跨突觸轉運。 / 12.一種於受試者治療神經元病症的方法,其包括定出 、=病症影響的標的神經元細胞、於中樞神經系統中定出一 uM'的神n細胞之位置和將包括操縱性地連結至一啟 曰々°療基因之桿狀病毒裁體投藥至該位置,其中該 桿狀病毒载體藉轴索轉運傳遞至該神經元細胞。 1 3 ·根據申請專利蘇 圍弟12項的方法,其中該啟動子 係病毒啟動子。 1 4 ·根據申請專利範衝筮 係CMV啟動子。 3 J頁的方法’其中該啟動子 根據申請專利範圍第12 係神經元細胞專一性啟動子。、& ’其中該啟動子 〗6·根據巾請專利範㈣15 細胞專—性啟動子係操縱性地連結至—辦強子其中該神經元 專一 申料利範圍第16項的方1,其中該神經元 …^係PDGF尽啟動子而增強子係CMv E增強 子0 曰μ 一 18·根據申請專利範圍第 藉〉主射而投藥。 19·根據申請專利範圍第 毒係藉立體定位注射而投藥 2〇·根據申請專利範圍第 灼10 Pfu的桿狀病毒被投藥 17項的方法,其中該载體係 18項的方法,其中該桿狀病 19項的方法,其中約1〇2到 50 200536939 21·根據申請專利範圍第2Q項 毒係以順行轉運、逆行轉運或跨運,其中該桿狀病 22·根據中請專利制第21項的;^轉運° f症係中㉟、局部缺血、癲癇1和脊^其中該神經元 森氏症、杭亭頓氏症、阿兹海默氏症、麵外傷、帕金 或神經源性病症。 虮%縮性側索硬化 23·根據申請專利範圍第22項的方 病症係帕金森氏症。 、 凌’其中該神經元項的方法,I 其中該神經元 〇 項的方法,農中一 /、T该神經凡 24·根據申請專利範圍第23 細胞係於里髀夕夕m ^ …、版之多巴胺能神經元 25.根據申請專利範圍第22 病症係杭亭頓氏症。26.根據申請專利範圍第乃項的方 胞係皮質紋狀體蒼白球性神經元。 法 其中該神經元 27·—種追蹤神經 在受式者中插神經系 毒的轉送路徑。 元路徑的方法,其包括投藥— 統谓測一位置的桿狀病毒與伯 種用於 測該病 28.根據申請專利範圍第 表面以可偵測記號標記。 29·根據申請專利範圍第 記號係Cy3。 27項的方法,其中該病毒的 28項的方法,其中該可偵測 其中該桿狀病 其中該基因編 30.根據申請專利範圍第29項的方法 毒包括-操縱性地連結至一啟動子的基因 碼一可被偵測的蛋白質。 51 -200536939 3 1 ·根據申請專利範圍第3〇項的方法,其中該啟動子 係病毒啟動子。 32.根據申請專利範圍第31項的方法,其中該病毒啟 動子係CMV啟動子。 33·根據巾請專利範圍第30㉟的方法,其中該啟動子 係神經元細胞專一性啟動子。 34·根據巾請專利範圍第33㈣方法,其中該神經元 細胞專_性啟動子係操縱性地連結至—增強子。 _ 據申明專利範圍第34項的方法,其中該神經元 冑子係PDGF 啟動子而該增強子係CMV E增強 36·根據申請專利範圍第 係螢光蛋白質。 35項的方法 其中該蛋白質 項的方法,其中該桿狀病 項的方法,其中該桿狀病 或破璃體内注射而投藥。 項的方法,其中約1〇6到 工員的方法,其中該桿狀病 犬觸轉運而轉運。 主/37.根據申請專利範圍第29 毋係藉 >主射而.投藥。主^38·根據申請專利範圍第37 毋係糟直接注射、立體定位注射 么、39·根據申請專利範圍第% 約1〇9 Pfii的桿狀病毒 主价根據申請專利範圍第40 毋❹順行轉運、逆行轉運或跨 十一、圖式: 如次頁。 52 200536939 ‘ 七、指定代表圖: (一) 本案指定代表圖為:第(1 )圖。 (二) 本代表圖之元件符號簡單說明: 無 八、本案若有化學式時,請揭示最能顯示發明特徵的化學式: •200536939發明專利說明書^ 本說明書格式、順序及粗體字,請勿任意更.動,※記號部分請勿‘:※申請案號:(叫 ※申請曰期: 糸1卩<:分類: 一、發明名稱:(中文/英文) 基因傳遞至神經元細胞的方法 method for gene delivery to neuronal cells 二、申請人:(共1人) 姓名或名稱:(中文/英文) 科學科技學術專業機構 AGENCY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH 代表人:(中文/英文) 秀珊薩曲 / SACHI,SURESAN 住居所或營業所地址:(中文/英文) 新加坡138668席卓斯#07-01拜爾波里斯路20號 20 Biopolis Way, #07-01 Centros, Singapore 138668 國籍:(中文/英文) 新力口坡 / Singapore 三、發明人:(共2人) 姓名:(中文/英文) 1·王朔 / WANG,SHU 2·李穎 / LI,YING 國籍··(中文/英文) 1·瑞 典 / SWEDEN 2·中國大陸/ CHINA
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2431348B (en) * | 2004-06-23 | 2009-12-30 | Ian A Ferguson | Agents and methods for early diagnosis and monitoring of alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders |
| WO2008105088A1 (ja) | 2007-02-28 | 2008-09-04 | Keio University | 脊髄損傷治療薬剤 |
| CA2880653C (en) * | 2012-08-01 | 2022-05-17 | Nationwide Children's Hospital | Intrathecal delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 |
| CN106544326B (zh) * | 2016-11-07 | 2020-06-26 | 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 | 顺行跨多级突触、跨神经元的示踪系统 |
| CN117821509A (zh) | 2017-04-03 | 2024-04-05 | 编码治疗公司 | 组织选择性转基因表达 |
| MX2020005561A (es) | 2017-12-01 | 2020-10-12 | Encoded Therapeutics Inc | Proteinas modificadas de union a adn. |
| CN114045308B (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2024-11-05 | 四川横竖生物科技股份有限公司 | 基于hNPY与hAgRP的基因过表达嵌合动物模型、工程猴模型及应用 |
| GB202005732D0 (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2020-06-03 | Synpromics Ltd | Regulatory nucleic acid sequences |
| WO2025090442A1 (en) * | 2023-10-23 | 2025-05-01 | Research Development Foundation | Compositions and methods for neuroprotection |
Family Cites Families (11)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3587968A (en) * | 1969-07-07 | 1971-06-28 | Ciba Geigy Corp | Apparatus for the diffusion of volatile products |
| DE3431140A1 (de) * | 1984-08-24 | 1986-03-06 | Behringwerke Ag, 3550 Marburg | Enhancer fuer eukaryotische expressionssysteme |
| US5168062A (en) * | 1985-01-30 | 1992-12-01 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Transfer vectors and microorganisms containing human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter-regulatory DNA sequence |
| IL114716A0 (en) * | 1995-07-24 | 1995-11-27 | Ohayon Nissim | Device for the controlled dispensation and evaporation of volatile liquids |
| US6923383B1 (en) * | 2000-08-24 | 2005-08-02 | Microlin, L.C. | Controlled release of substances |
| GB2355200B (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2003-07-02 | Reckitt & Colmann Prod Ltd | Improvements in or relating to devices |
| US20020193335A1 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2002-12-19 | Hesson David P. | Gene therapy for neurological tissues |
| US6722577B2 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2004-04-20 | Dobyns, Iii Simon L. | Container for dispensing aromatic liquid |
| AU2002350225A1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2003-06-10 | Microlin, L.C. | Foldable, refillable, sustained-release fluid delivery system |
| AU2002364221B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2008-07-10 | The Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Targeted retrograde gene delivery to motor neurons |
| US7341847B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2008-03-11 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Promoter construct for gene expression in neuronal cells |
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- 2004-04-14 CN CNA2004800427374A patent/CN101137755A/zh active Pending
- 2004-04-14 EP EP04727472A patent/EP1747277B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-04-14 WO PCT/SG2004/000089 patent/WO2005100577A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-04-14 US US11/578,647 patent/US20090041665A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2005
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007532639A (ja) | 2007-11-15 |
| EP1747277A1 (en) | 2007-01-31 |
| WO2005100577A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
| CN101137755A (zh) | 2008-03-05 |
| US20090041665A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
| EP1747277B1 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
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