TR2024007092A2 - USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTINE AS A DRUG CANDIDATE FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEPHROLOGICAL DISORDERS - Google Patents
USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTINE AS A DRUG CANDIDATE FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEPHROLOGICAL DISORDERS Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Mevcut buluş, böbreklerde toksik etki yaratarak böbrek yetmezliğine neden olan Colistin antibiyotiğinin yan etkilerini gidermek amacıyla anti inflamatuar ve antioksidan etkinliği bilinen N asetilsistein (NAC)?in kullanılması ile ilgilidir.The present invention is about the use of N acetylcysteine (NAC), which is known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, to eliminate the side effects of the Colistin antibiotic, which causes renal failure by creating a toxic effect on the kidneys.
Description
TARIFNAME NEFROLOJIK RAHATSIZLIKLARIN ÖNLENMESI VEYA TEDAVI EDILMESINE YÖNELIK iLAç ADAYI OLARAK N-ASETILSISTEIN'IN KULLANIMI TEKNIK ALAN Bulus, bilhassa Colistin antibiyotigin yan etkilerini gidermek ve nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin önlenmesi ve tedavisi için ilaç adayi olarak N-asetilsistein kullanimi ile ilgilidir. ÖNCEKI TEKNIK Colistin, pnömoni de dahil olmak üzere çoklu ilaca dirençli Gram-negatif enfeksiyonlar için son çare tedavi olarak kullanilan, etken madde olarak kolistimetat sodyum içeren ve Paenibacillus cinsinin bakterilerinden elde edilen bir antibiyotik ilaçtir. Colistin birçok patojen için, çoklu ilaca dirençli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarin tedavisinde son çare olarak kabul edilmektedir, ancak colistin kaynakli nefrotoksisite, bu ajanin kritik hasta gruplarinda klinik kullanimini sinirlamaktadir. Colistin kaynakli nefrotoksisitenin tam mekanizmasi net degildir; ancak artmis reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) ve serbest radikallerin birikiminin, D-aminoasit ve yag asidi bilesenleri ile iliskilendirildigi düsünülmektedir. Colistin kaynakli Akut böbrek hasari (AKl), özellikle yüksek dozlarda %8-58 oraninda görülme sikligina sahiptir. Ayrica, kronik böbrek hastaligina (KBH) neden olabilmektedir. Ilgili teknik alanda özellikle Colistin gibi antibiyotiklerin hastaliklarda kullanimlari esnasinda karsilasilan nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin yan etkilerinin giderilmesi için kullanilan yöntem yetersiz olmasi ve daha etkin çözümlerin bulunmak istenmesi yeni ilaç adayi veya etken maddelerinin arastirilmasi ve gelistirilmesini gerektirmektedir. BULUSUN KISA AÇIKLAMASI Colistin, siklikla çoklu ilaç dirençli gram negatif patojenlerin antimikrobiyal tedavisinde kullanilan bir antibiyotiktir. Özellikle yasli insanlarin ve antibiyotik dayanim esigi yükselmis olan bakteriyel enfeksiyon giderilmesinde faydalidir. Fakat teknik alanda da bilindigi üzere Colistinin uzun süreli kullanimlari, nefrotoksik etkilere sebebiyet vermekte ve bu da yan etki olarak nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin olusmasina neden olmaktadir. Colistinin neden oldugu nefrolojik rahatsizligi yan etkilerin giderilmesine yönelik teknikte siklikla reaktif oksijen seviyesini düsüren çesitli antioksidanlar uygulanmaktadir. Fakat bunlarin da hedeflenildigi gibi teknik çözüm ve avantaj saglamakta yetersiz oldugu tespit edilmistir. Mevcut bulus sahipleri, bilhassa Colistin ve benzeri antibiyotiklerin neden oldugu nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin önlenmesi veya tedavi edilmesi için bir ilaç adayi ortaya koymaktadir. BU LUSUN DETAYLI AÇIKLAMASI Bu detayli açiklamada bulus konusu, nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin giderilmesi, önlenmesi veya tedavi edilmesinde kullanilmak üzere bir ilaç adayi ile ilgili olup, sadece konunun daha iyi anlasilmasina yönelik hiçbir sinirlayici etki olusturmayacak örneklerle açiklanmaktadir. Colistin, özellikle yasli hastalarda veya yogun bakim hastalarinda agir antibiyotik olarak kullanilmaktadir. Formülü C52H98N16013 seklindedir. Colistin, uzun süreli veya yüksek doz kullanimlarda nefrotoksisite etkisine sebep oldugu tespit edilmistir. Colistin kaynakli nefrotoksisitenin tam mekanizmasi net degildir; ancak artmis reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) ve serbest radikallerin birikiminin, D-aminoasit ve yag asidi bilesenleri ile iliskilendirildigi düsünülmektedir. Mevcut teknikte yogun bakimda yatan hastalarin kan idrar ya da trakeal aspirat numunelerinde üreyen Acinetobacter Baumnaii gibi sadece colistine duyarli bakterilerin tedavisinde Colistin uygulandiginda 3. Ila 5. günlerde hastalarin böbrek fonksiyon belirteci olan Glomerüler filtrasyon hizi (GFR) testlerinde olumsuz sonuçlar alindigi tespit edilmistir. Kritik yogun bakim hastalarinda yeni bir organ yetmezligi mortaliteyi, hastane yatis süresini ve maliyeti arttirmaktadir. Bu bulusta GFR derken böbrek fonksiyon belirteci ifade edilmektedir. GFR testi, böbreklerin ne kadar kan filtreledigini ölçerek böbrek hastaliklarinin kontrolünü saglamaktadir. GFR testi ile böbrek fonksiyon düzeyi ölçülmekte, böbreklerin ne kadar iyi çalistigi kontrol edilmekte ve fonksiyonel bir bozukluk varsa böbrek hastaliginin evresi belirlenmektedir. GFR testinin düsük degerde olmasi nefrolojik rahatsizliklar ortaya çikmaktadir. Bu bulusta nefrolojik rahatsizliklar derken böbreklerin islevini etkileyen çesitli hastaliklar ifade edilmektedir. Nefrolojik rahatsizlik, kronik böbrek hastaligi (kbh), akut böbrek yetersizligi (akut böbrek hasari), glomerülonefrit, polikistik böbrek hastaligi, üriner enfeksiyonlar, böbrek taslari, nefrotik sendrom, böbrek tüberkülozu, diabetik nefropati, hipertansif nefropati hastaliklarindan en az biridir. Mevcut bulus sahipleri, bilhassa Colistin etken maddesini içeren tedavi uygulamalarindan kaynaklanan nefrolojik rahatsizliklarin giderilmesi, önlenmesi veya tedavisi için yeni bir ilaç adayi kullanimini ortaya koymaktadir. Mevcut bulusa konu ilaç adayi N-asetilsistein (NAC olarak kisaltilacaktir) molekülüdür. Formülü C5H9NOsS seklindedir. NAC, parasetamol doz asimi tedavisinde ve kronik obstrüktif akciger hastaligi ya da kistik fibrozis gibi vakalarda balgami inceltmek için kullanilan bir ilaç olup damar içi (infüzyon), agiz veya buhar yoluyla alinabilmektedir. Cildin kizarmasi ve kasinti sik görülen yan etkilerdir. Jenerik ilaç olarak kullanilabilir. NAC, antioksidan özelliklere sahip tiyol fonksiyonel grubunun içeren bir bilesiktir ve serbest radikalleri temizleme islevi görmektedir. NAC antioksidan özelliklerini, reaktif oksijen türleriyle baglanarak göstermektedir. Mevcut bulus sahipleri, NAC'in nefrolojik rahatsizliklarinda tedavi edici olarak kullanilabilecegini test eden çalismalar gerçeklestirmistir. Hastalari iki grubu ayrilarak, birinci grupta sürekli infüzyon NAC ilaç adayi uygulanmakta ikinci gupta ise pulsatif doz NAC ilaç adayi uygulanmaktadir. Bu bulusta sürekli infüzyon NAC derken, infizyon pompasi kullanilarak devamli bir zaman periyodunda ürünün hastaya verilmesi kastedilmektedir. Sözü edilen etkilerin gösterilmesi için NAC molekülünün 3000-4000 mg/gün araliginda kullanilmaktadir. Sözü edilen etkilerin gösterilmesi için NAC molekülünün 100 mg/saat ila 175 mg/saat araliginda bir degerde kullanilmaktadir. Mevcut bulus sahipleri tarafindan Acinetobacter baumannii ile iliskili pnömoni tedavisi için intravenöz colistin uygulanan yogun bakim ünitesinde takip edilen hastalarda çalismalar gerçeklestirilmistir. Çalisma kapsaminda trakeal aspirat kültürlerinde Acinetobacter baumannii'nin izole edilmesi ve es zamanli olarak sürekli infüzyon veya pulsatif doz verilen NAC tedavisi uygulanmistir. Dislama kriterleri: Colistin veya NAC'e bagli bilinen alerji öyküsü, bazal serum kreatinin düzeyi 2 1,2 mg/dl olmasi, anemi (hemoglobin <10 mg/dl), ortalama arteriyel basinç <65 mmHg, nefrotoksik ajanlarin eslik etmesi (örnegin vancomycin, amfoterisin B veya aminoglikozidler), son 7 gün içinde colistin tedavisi sonrasi kontrast madde uygulamasi, malnütrisyon ve gebelik olarak belirlenmistir. Çalisma kapsaminda, colistin ile iki grupta NAC uygulamasi gerçeklestirilmistir; Pulsatif doz NAC grubu (Grup 1, ve sürekli infüzyon grubu (Grup 2, 150 mg/saat). Colistin, her iki grupta da 12 saatte bir 300 mg intravenöz olarak uygulanmistir. Serum kreatinin konsantrasyonlari, kan üre azotu (BUN), glomerüler filtrasyon hizi (GFR) ve idrar çikisi, colistin uygulamasindan önce ve colistin tedavisi sirasinda 2, 4, 6 ve 8. günlerde ölçülmüstür. Tüm istatistiksel analizler SPSS v21 (SPSS lnc., Chicago, lL, ABD) programi kullanilarak gerçeklestirilmistir. Degiskenlerin normal dagilima sahip olup olmadigini belirlemek için Shapiro-Wilk testi kullanilmistir. Sürekli degiskenler için veriler ortalama ± standart sapma olarak ve kategorik degiskenler için frekans (yüzde) olarak sunulmustur. Normal dagilima sahip degiskenler bagimsiz örneklem t testi ile analiz edilmistir. Kategorik degiskenler Pearson ki-kare testi kullanilarak analiz edilmistir. Sürekli degiskenlerin tekrarlayan ölçümleri, tekrarlayan ölçü ANOVA ve Bonferroni düzeltmesi ile analiz edilmistir. Iki yönlü p degerleri 0.05'ten düsükse istatistiksel olarak anlamli kabul edilmistir. Pulsatif doz NAC surek" '"f"2y°" d°z P value n=45 n=55 F value; df Koroner arter , Yogun bakima gelis (mean); SD Tablo 1. Gruplar arasinda yas, cinsiyet, baslangiçtaki Apache skorlari, önceden var olan diyabet, hipertansiyon ve koroner arter hastaligi açisindan anlamli fark olmadigi gözlemlenmistir. Sürekli infüzyon doz Pulsatif doz NAC NAC P value; n=45 n=55 F value; df (within groups) (mean), SD P value, F value, df . . P value, F value, df _ . P value, F value, df . . mI/hour P value, F value, df (between groups) Kümülatif NAC doz, mg(mean), SD Tablo 2. Colistin tedavisi sirasinda 2, 4, 6 ve 8. günde yapilan klinik sonuçlar ve laboratuvar ölçümleri sunulmustur. Toplam NAC dozu, sürekli infüzyon grubunda, pulsatif doz NAC grubuna kiyasla anlamli derecede yüksek olarak gözlemlenmistir. günlerde BUN düzeyi açisindan anlamli bir degisiklik meydana gelmedigi gözlemlenmistir. Ancak, pulsatif dozda NAC alan deneklerde GFR (p=0,020) ve idrar çikisinda (p<0,001) anlamli bir düsüs meydana geldigi gözlemlenmistir. Ayrica, pulsatif doz NAC uygulanan grupta kan kreatinin düzeylerinin anlamli düzeyde arttigi gözlemlenmistir. (p=0,032). Sürekli NAC infüzyonu alan olgularda BUN (p= degerlerinde anlamli degisiklik görülmedigi gözlemlenmistir..Yogun bakim mortalitesi ve yogun bakimda kalis süresi iki grupta benzer olarak gözlemlenmistir.. Ancak, pulsatif dozda NAC alan kisilere, sürekli NAC infüzyonu alanlara kiyasla daha sik hemodiyaliz uygulanmistir. (%25,0'a karsi %5,5, p=0,008). Daha önce yapilan deneysel çalismalarda NAC'in colistin kaynakli nefrotoksisite üzerindeki rolünü arastirmak için günde bir kez 2-3X300 mg intravenöz NAC içeren darbe dozlu bir rejim kullanilarak yapilan tedavinin koruyucu bir etki göstermedigi bildirilmistir. Mevcut bulus sahiplerinin yaptigi çalismada, sürekli NAC rejimi alan katilimcilarin, colistin tedavisi sirasinda darbe dozlu NAC alanlara göre daha istikrarli bir kreatinin seviyesi ve GFR'ye sahip oldugu gösterilmektedir. Ayrica, sürekli NAC rejimi alan katilimcilarda hemodiyalize ihtiyaç daha az siklikta görülmüstür. Acinetobacter baumannii ile iliskili pnömoni tedavisi gören yasli hastalarda, sürekli infüzyon yöntemiyle daha yüksek dozda NAC uygulamasinin, darbe dozlu rejime kiyasla colistin tarafindan indüklenen böbrek hasarina karsi daha iyi koruma sagladigi tespit edilmistir. Deneysel çalismalar, NAC'nin ayni zamanda colistin kaynakli böbrek hastaligina karsi koruyucu olabilecegini göstermistir. Ancak, NAC'nin colistin kaynakli nefropatisini önlemedeki rolüne dair insan verileri sinirlidir. Ayrica NAC'in colistin kaynakli nefropatisini önlemede hangi dozlarda uygulanmasina yönelik yeterli çalisma bulunmamaktadir. Mevcut bulusta tercih edilen bir yapilanmada NAC ile vitaminler, flavonoidler, lignanlar grubundan seçilen en az bir antioksidan bilesik yer almaktadir. TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TRDESCRIPTION USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS A DRUG CANDIDATE FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEPHROLOGICAL DISEASES TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to the use of N-acetylcysteine as a drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of nephrological disorders, in particular to alleviate the side effects of the antibiotic Colistin. BACKGROUND ART Colistin is an antibiotic drug obtained from bacteria of the genus Paenibacillus and containing colistimethate sodium as the active ingredient, used as a last resort treatment for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections including pneumonia. Colistin is considered a last resort treatment for many pathogens in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, however colistin-induced nephrotoxicity limits the clinical use of this agent in critically ill patient groups. The exact mechanism of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is not clear; However, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical accumulation are thought to be associated with D-amino acids and fatty acid components. Colistin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), especially at high doses, has an incidence of 8-58%. It can also lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The inadequacy of the methods currently used to alleviate the side effects of nephrological disorders encountered during the use of antibiotics such as Colistin in related technical fields and the desire to find more effective solutions necessitate the research and development of new drug candidates or active ingredients. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Colistin is an antibiotic frequently used in the antimicrobial treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. It is particularly useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in the elderly and those with an elevated antibiotic resistance threshold. However, as is known in the field, long-term use of Colistin causes nephrotoxic effects, which can lead to nephrological disorders as a side effect. Various antioxidants that reduce reactive oxygen species are frequently used in the technique to alleviate the nephrological disorders caused by Colistin. However, these have been found to be insufficient to provide the desired technical solution and advantage. The present inventors propose a drug candidate specifically for the prevention or treatment of nephrological disorders caused by Colistin and similar antibiotics. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION In this detailed description, the subject of the invention relates to a drug candidate for use in the treatment, prevention, or treatment of nephrological disorders. It is explained solely with examples that do not constitute a limiting effect for a better understanding of the subject. Colistin is used as a heavy-duty antibiotic, particularly in elderly patients and those in intensive care. Its formula is C52H98N16013. Long-term or high-dose colistin has been found to cause nephrotoxicity. The exact mechanism of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is unclear; however, it is thought to be associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical accumulation, along with D-amino acid and fatty acid components. Current technology has shown that when colistin is administered to treat only colistin-susceptible bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumnaii, grown in blood, urine, or tracheal aspirate samples of intensive care patients, negative results are observed in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a marker of kidney function, on days 3 to 5. New organ failure in critically ill intensive care patients increases mortality, length of hospital stay, and costs. In this case, GFR refers to a marker of kidney function. The GFR test helps monitor kidney disease by measuring how much blood the kidneys filter. The GFR test measures kidney function, assesses how well the kidneys are functioning, and determines the stage of kidney disease if there is a functional impairment. A low GFR test indicates nephrological disorders. In this case, nephrological disorders refer to various diseases that affect kidney function. Nephrological disorders include at least one of the following: chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney failure (acute kidney injury), glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, urinary infections, kidney stones, nephrotic syndrome, renal tuberculosis, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertensive nephropathy. The present inventors demonstrate the use of a novel drug candidate for the elimination, prevention, or treatment of nephrological disorders, particularly those resulting from treatments containing the active ingredient Colistin. The drug candidate in the present invention is the molecule N-acetylcysteine (abbreviated as NAC). Its formula is C5H9NOsS. NAC is a medication used in the treatment of paracetamol overdose and to thin sputum in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. It can be administered intravenously (infusion), orally, or by vapor. Skin flushing and itching are common side effects. It is available as a generic drug. NAC is a compound containing the thiol functional group, which has antioxidant properties, and it functions as a free radical scavenger. NAC exhibits its antioxidant properties by binding with reactive oxygen species. The present inventors have conducted studies testing the therapeutic use of NAC in nephrological disorders. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group received continuous infusion NAC and the second group received pulsating dose NAC. By continuous infusion NAC in this invention, we mean the administration of the product to the patient over a continuous period using an infusion pump. To demonstrate these effects, NAC is used at doses ranging from 3000 to 4000 mg/day. To demonstrate these effects, NAC is used at doses ranging from 100 mg/hour to 175 mg/hour. Studies were conducted by the present inventors on patients in intensive care units receiving intravenous colistin for the treatment of pneumonia associated with Acinetobacter baumannii. Within the scope of the study, Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated from tracheal aspirate cultures and concurrently treated with continuous infusion or pulsative dose NAC. Exclusion criteria were as follows: known history of allergy to colistin or NAC, baseline serum creatinine level 2≥1.2 mg/dl, anemia (hemoglobin <10 mg/dl), mean arterial pressure <65 mmHg, concomitant nephrotoxic agents (e.g., vancomycin, amphotericin B or aminoglycosides), contrast medium administration after colistin treatment within the last 7 days, malnutrition, and pregnancy. Within the scope of the study, NAC administration with colistin was performed in two groups; Pulsative dose NAC group (Group 1, and continuous infusion group (Group 2, 150 mg/h). Colistin was administered intravenously at 300 mg every 12 hours in both groups. Serum creatinine concentrations, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine output were measured before colistin administration and on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 during colistin treatment. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v21 (SPSS lnc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine whether the variables had a normal distribution. Data for continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and for categorical variables as frequency (percentage). Variables with normal distribution were analyzed with the independent samples t test. Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. Repeated measures of continuous variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Two-way p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Pulsative dose NAC continuous" '"f"2y°" d°z P value n=45 n=55 F value; df Coronary artery, Admission to intensive care unit (mean); SD Table 1. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of age, gender, baseline Apache scores, pre-existing diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Continuous infusion dose Pulsative dose NAC NAC P value; n=45 n=55 F value; df (within groups) (mean), SD P value, F value, df . . P value, F value, df _ . P value, F value, df . . mI/hour P value, F value, df (between groups) Cumulative NAC dose, mg (mean), SD Table 2. Clinical outcomes and laboratory measurements performed on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 during colistin treatment are presented. Total NAC dose was observed to be significantly higher in the continuous infusion group compared to the pulsative dose NAC group. No significant change was observed in BUN levels on days 1-2. However, a significant decrease in GFR (p=0.020) and urine output (p<0.001) was observed in subjects receiving pulsative dose NAC. In addition, blood creatinine levels were observed to be significantly increased in the pulsative dose NAC group (p=0.032). In subjects receiving continuous NAC infusion, BUN (p=0.032) was not significantly increased in the values No change was observed in the ICU. Mortality and length of stay in the ICU were observed to be similar in the two groups. However, individuals receiving pulsative-dose NAC underwent hemodialysis more frequently compared to those receiving continuous NAC infusion (25.0% vs. 5.5%, p=0.008). Previous experimental studies to investigate the role of NAC on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity have reported that treatment using a pulse-dose regimen containing 2-3x300 mg intravenous NAC once daily did not show a protective effect. The study conducted by the present inventors showed that participants receiving continuous NAC regimen had more stable creatinine levels and GFR during colistin treatment than those receiving pulse-dose NAC. In addition, participants receiving continuous NAC regimen were hemodialyzed more frequently than those receiving continuous NAC regimen. The need for NAC was less frequent. In elderly patients treated for Acinetobacter baumannii-associated pneumonia, it was found that administering a higher dose of NAC via continuous infusion provided better protection against colistin-induced kidney damage compared to a pulse-dose regimen. Experimental studies have shown that NAC may also protect against colistin-induced kidney disease. However, human data on the role of NAC in preventing colistin-induced nephropathy are limited. Furthermore, there are no adequate studies on the doses at which NAC should be administered in preventing colistin-induced nephropathy. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, NAC and at least one antioxidant compound selected from the group of vitamins, flavonoids, and lignans are included.
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| TR2024007092A2 true TR2024007092A2 (en) | 2024-06-21 |
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