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TR201907573T4 - CONJUGATION METHODS - Google Patents

CONJUGATION METHODS Download PDF

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Publication number
TR201907573T4
TR201907573T4 TR2019/07573T TR201907573T TR201907573T4 TR 201907573 T4 TR201907573 T4 TR 201907573T4 TR 2019/07573 T TR2019/07573 T TR 2019/07573T TR 201907573 T TR201907573 T TR 201907573T TR 201907573 T4 TR201907573 T4 TR 201907573T4
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TR
Turkey
Prior art keywords
antibody
conjugate
reaction
dmx
linker
Prior art date
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TR2019/07573T
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Turkish (tr)
Inventor
A Kellogg Brenda
Singh Rajeeva
V J Chari Ravi
Original Assignee
Immunogen Inc
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=43298108&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=TR201907573(T4) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Immunogen Inc filed Critical Immunogen Inc
Publication of TR201907573T4 publication Critical patent/TR201907573T4/en

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    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
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Abstract

Bu buluş, bir efektör grubuna (örn., bir sitotoksik ajan) veya bir raportör gruba (örn., bir radyonüklid) sahip bir antikor gibi bir hücre bağlayıcı ajan konjuge etme yöntemini tarif eder, burada raportör veya efektör grubu önce iki işlevli bir bağlayıcı ile reaksiyona sokulur ve karışım daha sonra hücre bağlama maddesi ile konjugasyon reaksiyonu için saflaştırılmadan kullanılır. Bu buluşta tarif edilen yöntem, efektör veya raportör gruplara sahip antikorlar gibi hücre bağlanma ajanlarının kararlı şekilde bağlanmış konjugatlarının hazırlanması için avantajlıdır. Bu konjugasyon yöntemi, yüksek verimlerde, zincirler arası çapraz bağlama ve inaktive edilmiş bağlayıcı rezidülere sahip olmayan yüksek saflıkta ve homojenlikte konjugatlar sağlar.The present invention describes a method of conjugating a cell binding agent such as an antibody having an effector group (eg a cytotoxic agent) or a reporter group (eg, a radionuclide), wherein the reporter or effector group is first with a bifunctional linker. The mixture is then used without purification for the conjugation reaction with the cell binding agent. The method described in the present invention is advantageous for preparing stably bound conjugates of cell binding agents, such as antibodies with effector or reporter groups. This method of conjugation provides high purity and homogenous conjugates in high yields, without interchain crosslinking and inactivated binding residues.

Description

TARIFNAME KONJUGASYON YÖNTEMLERI tarihinde dosyalanmistir. BULUSUN ALANI Bu bulus, bir efektör grubunun (diger bir deyisle, maytansinoidler) bir hücre baglama ajanina (diger bir deyisle, bir antikor veya bunun bir fragmanina) bir bifonksiyonel baglayici vasitasiyla konjuge edilmesinin yeni bir yöntemiyle ilgilidir; söyle ki proses molekül içi veya moleküller arasi reaksiyonlar nedeniyle olusan arzu edilmeyen hidrolize edilmis türler veya arzu edilmeyen çapraz baglanmis türlerin olusumuna neden olan adimlari ortadan kaldirir. BULUSUN ALT YAPISI Küçük sitotoksik ajanlar veya sitotoksik proteinler gibi efektör gruplarina sahip antikorlar gibi hücre baglama ajanlarinin konjugatlari, anti-kanser terapötiklerinin gelistirilmesi nedeniyle büyük ilgi görmektedir (Richart, AD and Tolcher, AW, 2007, Nature Clinical Practice, 4, 245-25). Bu konjugatlar, seçilen antikorlarin, tümör hücrelerinin hücre yüzeyinde eksprese edilen antijenlere karsi yüksek özgüllügü nedeniyle tümör- spesifiktir. Tümör hücresine spesifik baglanma üzerine, antikor-sitotoksik ajan konjugati hedef kanser hücresinin içine içsellestirilir ve ayristirilir, böylece kanser hücresinin öldürülmesiyle sonuçlanan mikrotübül dinamikleri veya DNA replikasyonu gibi temel hücresel fonksiyonlari engelleyen aktif sitotoksik ajan serbest birakilir. Konjugatin plazma içinde arzu edilen stabilitesini korurken, konjugatin içsellestirilmesi ve islenmesi üzerine hücrenin içine iletilmesini arttirmak amaciyla antikorlari sitotoksik ajanlarla baglamak için çesitli baglayicilar kullanilmistir. Bu baglayicilar, hücre içi tiyol ile indirgeme kinetiklerini etkilemek için farkli derecelerde sterik engel ile tasarlanan disülfit baglayicilari, valin-sitrülin bagi gibi parçalanabilir peptit baglayicilari ve tiyoeter bagi gibi parçalanamayan baglayicilari içerir (Widdison, W., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2006, 49, Etiketli veya haberci gruba sahip antikorlar gibi hücre baglama ajanlarin konjugatlari, kanser hastalarinda tümör görüntüleme uygulamalari, çesitli hastaliklarin teshisi için immünolojik test uygulamalari, radyoaktif nüklid-ligand konjugatlarini kullanarak kanser tedavisi ve saflastirma için afinite kromatografisi uygulamalari için faydalidir. Proteinler, peptidler ve oligonükleidler gibi biyoaktif maddelerin miktari hücre baglama maddeleriyle konjuge edilmis etiketler veya haberci gruplar, floroforlar ve biotin gibi afinite etiketlerini Bir antikor (Ab) gibi hücre baglama ajaninin bir efektör grubuyla (örn., sitotoksik bir ajan) veya indirgenemez bir baglanti (örn., tiyoeter bagi gibi) ile baglanmis bir haberci grupla (örn., bir radyo etiket) konjuge edilmesinin geleneksel yöntemi, antikor ile iki farkli reaksiyon adimi kullanir ve saflastirma adiminin kullanilmasini gerektirir. Birinci reaksiyon adiminda, antikor iki farkli reaktif grup (örnegin, X ve Y) tasiyan heterobifonksiyonel bir baglayici ile reaksiyona sokulur. Örnegin, bir yaklasimda, bir antikorun reaktif rezidülerinin (Iisin amino rezidüleri gibi) heterobifonksiyonel reaktifin X reaktif grubu (N-hidroksisüksinimit ester gibi) ile reaksiyonu, baglayicinin antikordaki bir veya daha fazla reaktif rezidüdeki (Iisin amino rezidüleri gibi) Y reaktif grubu ile birlesmesi ile sonuçlanir. Ilk olarak modifiye edilmis antikor ürünü, bir sonraki adim gerçeklesmeden önce fazlalik baglayicidan veya hidrolize edilmis baglayici reaktifinden saflastirilmalidir. Ikinci reaksiyon adiminda, Y reaktif grubunu (örn., maleimid veya haloasetamid gibi) içeren baglayici modifiye edilmis antikor, ilave bir saflastirma adiminda tekrar saflastirilan antikor-efektör konjugatini üretmek için, tiyol gibi reaktif bir grup içeren bir efektör grubu (C) (örnegin, bir sitotoksik ajan) gibi efektör ile reaksiyona nedenle, yukaridaki proseste en az iki saflastirma adimina ihtiyaç duyulur. Antikoru bir efektör veya haberci grubuyla konjuge etmek için için iki reaksiyon ve saflastirma adimi içeren baska bir yaklasim, antikor içindeki (antikorun 2-iminotiy0l gibi tiyol üreten reaktiflerle modifikasyonu yoluyla veya dogal olmayan sistein rezidülerinin mutajenezi yoluyla veya dogal disülfit baglarinin azaltilmasi yoluyla üretilen) tiyol rezidülerinin Y reaktif gruplar (maleimid veya haloasetamid gibi) içeren bir homobifonksiyonel baglayici Y-L-Y ile reaksiyonunu kullanir. Bir antikor veya peptide, maleimid (veya haloasetamid) gibi bir reaktif grup Y'nin dahil edilmesinin ana dezavantajlari, reaktif maleimid (veya haloasetamid) gruplarinin, dogal histidin, lizin, tirozin veya antikor veya peptiddeki sistein rezidüleri ile molekül içi veya moleküler arasi reaksiyona girme egilimi (Papini, A. et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., grubunun sulu inaktivasyonudur. Antikora dahil edilmis olan maleimid (veya haloasetamid) gruplari Y'nin antikorda dogal histidin, lisin veya sistein rezidüleri ile arzu edilmeyen molekül içi veya moleküller arasi reaksiyonu ve Y maleimid grubunun efektör veya haberci grubu C ile ikinci reaksiyondan önce sulu inaktivasyonu çapraz baglanmis proteinlere veya heterojen konjugatlara yol açar ve ikinci reaksiyonun efektör veya haberci grup C ile verimini düsürür. Baslangiçta dahil edilen grup Y*nin arzu edilmeyen reaksiyonundan üretilen heterojen konjugat ürün çapraz baglanmis protein veya peptit antikorda veya peptidlerde (histidin, lisin, tirosin veya sistein gibi) dogal gruplarla veya sulu inaktivasyon ile üretilen inaktif maleimid rezidüleri ile (örnegin maleimid grubu), arzu edilen homojen konjuge üründen daha düsük aktiviteye ve stabiliteye sahip olabilir. Antikorlarin, tiyol içeren sitotoksik ajanlere disülfit baglari vasitasiyla konjuge edilmesi için prosesler daha önce tarif edilmistir (bakiniz, örn., U.S. Patentleri 5,208,020, antikorun heterobifonksiyonel bir reaktif ile baslangiç reaksiyonunu takiben tiyol içeren bir sitotoksik ajan ile ikinci bir reaksiyonu içerir. Sitotoksik ajanin disülfit-baglanmis reaktif esterinin ilk önce saflastirildigi ve daha sonra antikor ile reaksiyona girdigi, ancak antikor ile reaksiyon adimindan önce ajan sitotoksik tiyol grubundan baslayarak ilave bir reaksiyon ve saflastirma adimi içeren U.S. patenti 6,441,163 B1'de alternatif bir proses tarif edilmistir. Hücre baglama ajanilarin konjugatlarini yapmak için mevcut prosesin bir baska dezavantaji, toplam verimi düsüren ve ayni zamanda prosesi ölçeklendirmek için kullanissiz ve ekonomik olmayan iki saflastirma adimina duyulan ihtiyaçtir. U.S. yönelik yöntemleri açiklar. Yukarida belirtilenler isiginda, teknikte, esas olarak yüksek saflikta olan ve zahmetli adimlardan kaçinarak ve kullanici için zaman ve maliyeti düsürerek hazirlanabilir hücre baglama maddesi-ilaç konjugat bilesimlerinin hazirlanmasi için iyilestirilmis yöntemler gelistirmeye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadir. Bulus böyle bir yöntem saglamaktadir. Bulusun bu ve diger avantajlari ve ayrica ilave bulus özellikleri, burada saglanan bulusun tarifnamesinden anlasilacaktir. BULUSUN KISA AÇIKLAMASI Mevcut bulus, CL-CBA formülünün indirgenemez, tiyoeter-baglanmis konjugatlarinin hazirlanmasina yönelik bir konjugasyon yöntemini tarif etmektedir, burada C, bir sitotoksik ajani temsil eder; L, bir baglayicidir ve CBA, tiyol içeren sitotoksik ajanin (diger bir deyisle, maytansinoidlerin) bir hetero veya bir homo-bifonksiyonel reaktif (örn., parçalanabilir veya parçalanamayan bir baglayici) ile dogrudan reaksiyonu kullanilarak, daha sonra saflastirilmamis reaksiyon karisiminin bir hücre baglama maddesi (diger bir deyisle, bir antikor veya bunun bir fragmani) ile karistirilmasi ile bir hücre baglama ajanidir, böylece indirgenemez, tiyoeter-baglanmis bir konjugatin daha etkin, daha verimli bir prosesle üretilmesini saglar ve ölçeklendirme için uygundur. Bir baska önemli avantaj, bu türlü bir konjugasyon yönteminin, zincirler arasi protein çapraz baglama veya inaktive edilmis rezidüler (örn., maleimid veya haloasetamid rezidüleri) olmaksizin tiyoeter-baglanmis indirgenemez konjugatlar vermesidir. Bu basvuruda açiklanan yeni yöntemler, yukaridaki formül ile temsil edilen herhangi bir konjugatin hazirlanmasinda uygulanabilir. Burada yer alan açiklamaya dayanarak, mevcut bulus bir çözeltide saflastirilmis bir konjugat hazirlamak için bir proses saglar, burada konjugat bir antikora baglanmis bir tiyol grubu içeren bir maytansinoid içerir, bu proses asagidaki adimlari içerir: (a) baglayiciyi maytansinoide kovalent olarak baglamak ve böylece buna baglanmis baglayicilara sahip maytansinoidi içeren saflastirilmamis bir birinci karisim hazirlamak için maytansinoidin bir bifonksiyonel baglayici reaktif ile temas ettirilmesi, (b) bir antikorun, saflastirilmamis birinci karisimin, ikinci bir karisim hazirlamak için antikor ile reaksiyona sokulmasiyla baglanan baglayicilara sahip maytansinoide konjuge edilmesi ve (0) ikinci karisimin tegetsel bir akis filtrasyonu, diyaliz, jel filtrasyonu, adsorptif kromatografi, seçici çökeltme veya bunlarin bir kombinasyonuna tabi tutulmasi, böylece saflastirilmis konjugatin hazirlanmasi. Mevcut bulus ve uygulamalari, ekteki istemlerde açiklanmaktadir. SEKILLERIN KISA AÇIKLAMASI Sekil 1, antikorun maytansinoid DM1 (veya DM4) ve Maleimide-PEGn-NHS baglayicisinin reaksiyon karisimi ile konjugasyonunu göstermektedir Sekil 2, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanarak hazirlanan konjugelere karsi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemi kullanarak hazirlanan Ab- (PEG4-Mal)-DM4 konjugatlarinin SDS-PAGE'sinin indirgenmesini göstermektedir. Her numune seridi, 10 pg protein içermekteydi; Jel Coomassie Blue ile lekelendi. Serit 1 ve 2, moleküler agirlik markörleri içerir. Serit 3, geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle hazirlanan konjugati Ab basina 6,1 DM4 içermistir. Serit 4, bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan konjugati ve Ab basina 6.2 DM4 içermistir. Sekil 3, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugatlara karsi, bu bulusta açiklanan yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan Ab-(PEG4-Mal)-DM4 konjugatlarinin Protein LabChip elektroforezini göstermektedir. A. Ab-(PEG4- MaI)-DM4 konjugatlarinin indirgenme kosulu (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kiti) altinda Protein LabChip elektroforezi. Serit 1: moleküler agirlik markörleri; serit 2: bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak sentezlenen Ab- PEG4-Mal-DM4, 6.2 D/Ab; serit 3: 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi kullanilarak sentezlenen Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4, 6.1 D/Ab; serit 4: konjuge edilmemis Ab (her seritte 0.24 mikrogram toplam protein). Üst markör, sistem tepe noktasi ve alt markör bantlari kitten eklenen harici markörleri temsil eder. B. Protein LabChip elektroforezinden protein bantlarinin nicellestirilmesi. Sekil 4, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanarak hazirlanan konjugatlara karsi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemi kullanarak hazirlanan Ab-(PEG4-MaI)-DM4 konjugatlarinin MS'ini göstermektedir. A. Ab basina 6,1 DM4 olan geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle hazirlanan konjugatin MS'si. Konjugatin belirgin heterojenligi nedeniyle, MS tepe noktalari iyi çözülememistir. B. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan ve Ab basina 6,2 DM4 içeren konjugatin MS'si. Konjugatin homojenligi nedeniyle, MS tepe noktalari iyi çözülmüstür. Sekil 5, bir anti-CanAg antikoru-PEG4-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin antikor basina , modifiye edilmemis antikorun CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COLO205 hücrelerine baglanmasini göstermektedir. Baglanma, floresan birimlerinde ölçülmüstür. Sekil 6, bir anti-CanAg Antikoru-PEG4-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin antikor basina CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COLO205 hücrelerine karsi in vitro sitotoksisitesini göstermektedir. Konjugat, COL0205 hücrelerine eklenmistir ve konjugat ile 5 günlük sürekli inkübasyonun ardindan, hücrelerin canliligi WST-8 tahlili kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Konjugatin özgüllügünü göstermek için, konjugatin hedef kanser hücrelerine dogru baglanmasini ve sitotoksisitesini bloke etmek için bir konjuge olmayan fazlalik anti-CanAg antikor kullanilarak bir kontrol deneyi yapilmistir. Sekil 7, bir DM1 (veya DM4) ve Maleimide-Sulfo-NHS baglayici reaksiyon karisimiyla antikorun konjugasyonunu göstermektedir. Sekil 8, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan kongugatlara karsi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)-DM| konjugatlarinin SDS-PAGE'sinin indirgenmesini göstermektedir. Her numune seridi, 10 pg protein içermekteydi; Jel Coomassie Blue ile lekelendi. Serit 1, moleküler agirlik markörleri içermistir. Serit 3 ve 5, bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan ve Ab basina sirasiyla 3.6 ve 5.6 DM1 ihtiva eden konjugatlar içeriyordu. Serit 2 ve 4, geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle hazirlanan konjugatlari içermekte ve sirasiyla Ab basina 4.0 ve 5.7 DM1 içermektedir. Sekil 9, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugata karsi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan Ab-(Sulfo-MaI)-DM1 konjugatinin Protein LabChip elektroforezini göstermektedir. A. Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)- DM1 konjugatlarinin indirgenme kosulu (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kiti) altinda Protein LabChip elektroforezi. Serit 1: moleküler agirlik markörleri; serit 2: konjuge olmayan Ab; serit 3: 2 adimli konjugat yöntemi kullanilarak sentezlenen Ab-Sülfo-MaI-DM'l, 5.7 D/Ab; serit 4: Ab-Sülfo-MaI-DM1, .6 D/Ab, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak sentezlenmistir; kuyucuk basina 0.22 mikrogram toplam protein yüklenmistir. Üst markör, sistem tepe noktasi ve alt markör bantlari, kitten eklenen harici markörkeri (kuyucuk basina 0.24 mikrogram toplam protein) temsil eder. 8. Protein LabChip elektroforezinden protein bantlarinin nicellestirilmesi. Sekil 10, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile hazirlanan Antikor-(Sülfo-MaI)-DMI konjugatinin LC-MS karsilastirmasini göstermektedir. A. Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan 3.6 DM1/Ab ile konjugatin MS'si, 1-6 DM1 tasiyan ayrik konjugat tepe noktalarina sahip homojen bir konjugati göstermektedir. B. Geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile hazirlanan 4.0 DM1/Ab ile konjugatin MS'si. Geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle hazirlanan konjugat için MS, konjugatlara karsilik gelen tepe noktalari ve bir heterojen ürünü gösteren hidrolize veya çapraz baglanmis baglayicilara (örnegin, 2 DM1 ile konjugat, arti bir L, 2L ve 3 L ile konjugat gibi) sahip konjugatlari göstermektedir. Sekil 11, bir anti-CanAg antikoru-Sulfo-MaI-DMI konjugatinin antikor basina , modifiye edilmemis antikorun CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COL0205 hücrelerine baglanmasini göstermektedir. Baglanma, floresan birimlerinde ölçülmüstür. Sekil 12, bir anti-CanAg Antikoru-Sulfo-MaI-DMI konjugatinin, antikor basina CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COL0205 hücrelerine karsi in vitro sitotoksisitesini göstermektedir. Konjugat, COL0205 hücrelerine eklenmistir ve konjugat ile 5 günlük sürekli inkübasyonun ardindan, hücrelerin canliligi WST-8 tahlili kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Konjugatin özgüllügünü göstermek için, konjugatin hedef kanser hücrelerine dogru baglanmasini ve sitotoksisitesini bloke etmek için bir konjuge olmayan fazlalik anti-CanAg antikoru kullanilarak bir kontrol deneyi yapilmistir. Sekil 13, bir DM1 (veya DM4) ve Sulfo-NHS SMCC baglayici reaksiyon karisimi ile antikorun konjugasyonunu göstermektedir. Sekil 14, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntemi kullanarak hazirlanan konjugata karsi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemi kullanarak hazirlanan Ab-(SMCC)-DM1 konjugatinin SDS-PAGE'sinin azaltilmasini göstermektedir. Her örnek seritte 10 mikrogram toplam protein; Jel Coomassie Blue ile Iekelendi. Serit 1 moleküler agirlik markörleri içerir, Serit 2 konjuge olmayan Ab içerir, Serit 3 geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle Ab basina 3.1 DM1 ile hazirlanan konjugati içerir ve Serit 4 bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan Ab basina 3.1 DM1 ile konjugati içerir. Sekil 15, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugata karsi bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan Ab-(SMCC)-DM1 konjugatinin Protein LabChip elektroforezini göstermektedir. A. Ab-SMCC-DM1 konjugatlarinin indirgenme kosulu (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kit) altinda Protein LabChip elektroforezi. Serit 1: moleküler agirlik markörleri; serit 2: Ab-SMCC-DM1, 3.1 D/Ab, bu patentte tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak sentezlenir; serit 3: konjuge olmayan Ab; serit 4: Ab-SMCC-DM1, 3.1 D/Ab, 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi kullanilarak sentezlenmistir; (her seritte 0.24 mikrogram toplam protein). Üst markör, sistem tepe noktasi ve alt markör bantlari kitten eklenen harici markörleri temsil eder. B. Protein LabChip elektroforezinden protein bantlarinin nicellestirilmesi. Sekil 16, geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile hazirlanan konjugat ile bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan Antikor-(SMCC)-DMI konjugatinin LC-MS karsilastirmasini göstermektedir. A. Ardisik iki adimli yöntemle hazirlanan konjugatin MS'si, Ab basina 3.1 DMl'dir. Her bir ana konjugat tepe noktasi, hidrolize ve çapraz baglanmis baglayici fragmanlarin mevcudiyeti nedeniyle iliskili yan tepe noktalarina sahiptir. B. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan konjugatin MS'si, Ab basina 3.1 DM1'dir. Konjugatin homojenligi nedeniyle, MS zirveleri iyi çözülmüstür. Sekil 17, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntemle konjugasyon sirasinda zincirler arasi çapraz baglama ve maleimid inaktivasyonu için önerilen mekanizmalari göstermektedir. Sekil 18, bu bulusta açiklanan yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)- DM4 konjugatinin indirgeyici olmayan SDS PAGE'sini ve serbest DM4 tiyolünün, (ilk DM4 + NHS-Sulfo-Mal heterobifonksiyonel reaktif birlestirme reaksiyonundan sonra) antikor konjugasyon reaksiyonundan önce 4-maleimidobuytrik asit.kullanilarak söndürülmesini göstermektedir. Her örnek 10 pg protein içeriyordu; Jel Coomassie Blue ile Iekelendi. Serit 1 ve 5, moleküler agirlik markörleri içerir. Serit 2, yalniz Ab içermistir. Serit 3, 4-maleimidobuytrik asit eklenmeden, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan konjugati içeriyordu. Serit 4, ilk DM4 + NHS-Sülfo-Mal heterobifonksiyonel reaktifin (antikor konjugasyon adimindan önce) sonra 4-maleimidobutirik asit ilavesi ile bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan konjugati içeriyordu. Sekil 19, bir DMl (veya DM4) ve SPDB baglayici reaksiyon karisimi kullanarak disülfit-baglanmis antikor konjugatinin hazirlanmasini göstermektedir. Sekil 20, hem disülfit, hem de parçalanamayan PEG4-Mal baglayicilarinin hem disülfit hem de parçalanamayan PEG4-Mal baglayicilariyla, DM1 (veya DM4) ve hem SPDB hem de NHS-PEG4-Mal baglayicilarinin saflastirilmamis bir reaksiyon karisimi ile antikor konjugasyonu yoluyla hazirlanmasini göstermektedir. Sekil 21, hem disülfit hem de parçalanamayan PEG4-Mal baglayicilari ile birlikte antikor-maytansinoid konjugatinin MS'sini gösterir (antikorun DM1 veya DM4'ün saflastirilmamis bir reaksiyon karisimi ile ve hem SPDB hem de NHS-PEG4-Mal baglayicilarinin konjugasyonu ile hazirlanir). Sekil 22, antikorun DM1 (veya DM4) ve SMCC baglayicisinin bir reaksiyon karisimi ile konjugasyonunu göstermektedir. Sekil 23, SMCC kullanilarak hazirlanan ve antikor basina ortalama 3.1 DM1 içeren, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan antikor-SMCC-DMI konjugatinin MS'ini göstermektedir. Sekil 24, DM1 (veya DM4) ve SSNPB baglayicisinin bir reaksiyon karisimi kullanilarak disülfit-baglanmis antikor konjugatinin hazirlanmasini göstermektedir. Sekil 25, bir DM1 (veya DM4) reaksiyon karisimi ile antikorun konjugasyonunu ve alifatik lineer karbon zinciri ile heterobifonksiyonel baglayiciyi göstermektedir. BULUSUN DETAYLI AÇIKLAMASI Simdi, örnekleri ekteki yapilarda ve formüllerde gösterilen, bulusun bazi uygulamalari detayli olarak açiklanacaktir. Bulus, numaralandirilan uygulamalarla baglantili olarak tarif edilmekle birlikte, bulusun bu açiklamalarla sinirlandirma amaci bulunmadigi anlasilmalidir. Aksine, bulus, istemlerde tanimlandigi gibi mevcut bulus kapsaminda yer alabilecek tüm alternatifleri, modifikasyonlari ve esdegerlerini kapsamayi amaçlamaktadir. Teknikte uzman bir kisi, mevcut bulusun uygulamasinda kullanilabilecek, burada tarif edilenlere benzer veya esdeger birçok yöntem ve materyali fark edecektir. Bu açiklama, tiyol içeren bir efektörün (örn., bir sitotoksik ajan) veya bir haberci grubun (örn., bir radyo-etiket) bir hücre baglama maddesi (örn., bir antikor) ile konjuge edilmesinin yeni bir yöntemini tarif eder; efektör veya haberci içeren grup ilk önce organik, sulu veya karisik organik/sulu çözücüde iki fonksiyonlu bir baglayici reaktif madde ile reaksiyona sokulur, ardindan saflastirilmamis reaksiyon karisiminin hücre baglayici madde ile organik, sulu veya karisik organik/sulu çözücüler içindeki reaksiyonu gerçeklestirilir. Açiklama kisaltmalari Semalarin açiklamalarinda kullanilan kisaltmalar ve takip eden örnekler sunlardir: C = Efektör veya bir haberci grubu (örn., bir sitotoksik ajan veya bir radyo-etiket) L = Baglayici (örn., parçalanabilir veya parçalanamayan bir baglayici) X = amin-reaktif grubu (örn., N-hidroksisüksinimid ester (NHS ester), sulfo-NHS ester, p-nitrofenol ester, tetraflorosülfonat fenil ester, 1-hidroksi-2-nitrobenzen-4- sülfonik asit ester) Y = Maleimid veya haloasetamid (iyodoasetamid, bromoasetamid) Yb, reaktif bir karisik disülfit grubudur (örn., 2-piridildiy0, 4-piridildiyo, 2-nitr0- piridildiyo, 5-nitro-piridildiyo, 2-karboksi-5-nitro-piridildiyo) X' = amid baglantisi Y' = tiyoeter (R-S-R') veya selenoeter (R-Se-R ') baglantisi Yb' = disülfit (R-S-S-R') baglantisi Bu bulusun bir uygulamasinda, bir hücre baglama ajaniin tiyoeter-baglanmis bir konjugatinin bir efektör veya bir haberci molekülü ile hazirlanmasina yönelik bir proses tarif edilmektedir, proses asagidaki adimlari içerir: a) X-L-Y formülüne sahip bir heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin sulu çözücü, organik çözücü ya da X-L-Y'-C formülüne sahip bir ara ürün veren karma organik/sulu tepkime karisimlari içindeki bir tiyol içeren efektör ya da haberci molekül C (diger bir deyisle bir maytansinoid) ile temas ettirilmesi; b) Formül Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m'nin bir konjugatinin üretilmesi, burada L, 1-10 karbon atomu, basit veya sübstitüe edilmis bir aril birimi (alkil, alkoksi, halojen, nitro, floro, karboksi arasindan seçilmis sübstitüentler, sülfonat, fosfat, amino, karbonil, piperidino) veya bir polietilen glikol içeren birim (tercihen 1-500 PEG ayirici veya daha tercihen 1-24 PEG ayirici veya daha da tercihen tasiyan sübstitüe edilmis veya sübstitüe edilmemis lineer, dallanmis veya siklik bir alkil, alkenil veya alkinil grubudur, X ve Y, N- hidroksisüksinimit ester ve maleimid veya haloasetamid gibi amin veya tiyol reaktif gruptur; Ab bir antikordur; m, 1-20 arasinda bir tam sayidir; X', antikorla reaksiyona girdikten sonra modifiye edilmis X bölgesidir (örnegin, bir amid bagi). Y', örnegin, bir sitotoksik ajan veya efektör veya raportör grubun bir radyo etiketi ile reaksiyona girdikten sonraki modifiye edilmis Y bölgesidir (örn., tiyoeter bagi); ve c) konjugatin tegetsel akis filtrasyonu, diyaliz veya kromatografi (örn., jel filtrasyonu, iyon degistirme kromatografisi, hidrofobik etkilesim kromatografisi) veya bunlarin bir kombinasyonu ile saflastirilmasi. Tercihen, Y, maleimid veya haloasetamid arasindan seçilen bir tiyol10 reaktif grubudur. Tercihen L, 1-6 karbonlu veya 2-8 PEG ayirici içeren dogrusal veya dallanmis bir alkil grubudur. O bir maytansinoiddir. Bu reaksiyon dizisi, formül 1 ve 2'de gösterilmistir: Ab + X-L-Y'-C (reaksiyon 1`den saflastirilmamis) e Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m (2) ara ürün X-L-Y"-C'nin saflastirilmasini içermez ve bu nedenle bunu dogrudan antikor ile karistirmanin avantajini saglar (saflastirilmamis ara ürün antikora eklenir veya antikor, saflastirilmamis ara ürüne eklenir), bu böylece yöntemi konjugasyon için avantajli hale getirir, çünkü kullanissiz bir saflastirma adimina olan ihtiyaci ortadan kaldirir. Önemli biçimde, bu yöntem, geleneksel iki adimli reaksiyon ve saflastirma dizisi tarafindan hazirlanan konjugatlarda gözlenen zincirler arasi protein çapraz baglama ve inaktive edilmis maleimid rezidülerinin aksine, zincirler arasi protein çapraz baglama veya inaktive edilmis maleimid rezidüleri olmayan homojen konjugat verir. Reaksiyon 1, yüksek konsantrasyonlarda, heterobifonksiyonel baglayici, X-L-Y ve efektör veya haberci grup C'nin, sulu çözücü, organik çözücü veya organik/sulu reaksiyon karisimlarinda yüksek konsantrasyonlarda gerçeklestirilebilir ve bu, geleneksel iki adimli reaksiyon ve saflastirma dizisi tarafindan hazirlanan konjugatlar için sulu çözeltilerdeki düsük konsantrasyonlarda oldugundan daha hizli reaksiyon oranlarina neden olur. Reaksiyon 1'de üretilen ara ürün X-L-Y'-C, donmus halde, düsük sicakliklarda sulu çözücü içinde uygun düsük pH'da (örn., pH ~ 4-6), organik çözücülerde veya karisik organik/sulu karisimlarda veya liyofilize halde uzun süre saflastirilmamis halde saklanabilir ve daha sonra yaklasik 4-9'Iuk daha yüksek bir pH degerinde nihai konjugasyon reaksiyonu için antikor çözeltisi ile karistirilabilir, dolayisiyla bu reaksiyon dizisinin uygunluguna katkida bulunur. Ara ürün, hücre baglama maddesi ile karistirilmadan önce organik çözücü ile veya sulu tampon ile veya organik çözücü ve sulu tampon karisimi ile gerektigi gibi seyreltilebilir. Burada "sayisal" ile baglantili olarak kullanildigi sekliyle "yaklasik" terimi, tüm sayilar ve bunlarin küçük varyasyonlari dahil olmak üzere tüm bu sayilari ifade etmelidir. Ara ürün X-L-Y*-C'nin antikor ile reaksiyonu, yaklasik pH 4 ila yaklasik pH 9 degerlerinde, tercihen yaklasik pH 5 ila 8,7 araliginda,10 arasinda bir pH araligi veya bunlarin küçük varyasyonlari olarak gerçeklestirilebilir. Antikorun ara ürün X-L-Y'-C ile tercih edilen yaklasik 6.5 ila 8.5 pH araliginda reaksiyona sokulmasi için kullanilan tamponlar, fosfat ve HEPES tamponu gibi bu pH araliginda pKa degerlerine sahip tamponlardir. Bu tercih edilen tamponlar, baglayici X ile (N-hidroksisüksinimit ester gibi) reaksiyona girebilecek primer veya sekonder amino gruplarina veya diger reaktif gruplara sahip olmamalidir. Birinci reaksiyonda, tüm Y grubunun (maleimid gibi), saflastirilmamis karisimin antikora eklenmesinden önce reaksiyona girmesini saglamak için, heterobfonksiyonel baglayici X-L-Y üzerinde bir stokiyometrik veya hafif bir C fazlaligi kullanilir. Söndürme reaktifi ile istege bagli bir ilave proses (4-maleimid0bütirik asit, 3-maleimid0pr0piyonik asit veya N- etilmaleimid veya iyodoasetamid veya iyodoasetamidopropiyonik asit gibi), dogal antikor disülfit gruplari ile arzu edilmeyen herhangi bir tiyoI-disülfit degisim reaksiyonunu en aza indirmek amaciyla, reaksiyona girmemis herhangi bir C'nin antikorla karistirilmasindan önce söndürülmesini saglamak için yapilabilir. Polar, yüklü tiyol söndürme reaktifleri (4- maleimidobütirik asit veya 3-maleimidopropiy0nik asit gibi) ile söndürmeden sonra, fazlalik, reaksiyona girmemis C, kovalent olarak baglanmis konjugattan kolayca ayrilabilen polar, yüklü bir eklenme ürününe dönüstürülür. Istege bagli olarak, nihai reaksiyon karisimi 2'ye, saflastirilmadan önce, reaksiyona girmemis herhangi bir baglayiciyi (X-L-Y'-C) söndürmek için nükleofiller (örn., Iizin, taurin, hidroksilamin) içeren amino grubu gibi nükleofiller ile muamele edilir. Antikorun, maytansinoidlerin (DMx) ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin saflastirilmamis baslangiç reaksiyon karisimi ile reaksiyona sokulmasi için alternatif bir yöntem, DMx ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin baslangiç reaksiyon karisiminin (DMx-baglayici reaksiyonun tamamlanmasinin ardindan) düsük pH (pH ~5) degerine sahip antikorla karistirilmasini, ardindan konjugasyon reaksiyonu için pH degerini yaklasik 6.5-8.5'e yükseltmek için tampon veya baz ilave edilmesini içerir. Bu yeni yöntem, sitotoksik maytansinoid ilaç ile bir konjugatin hazirlanmasina uygulanir. Beklenmedik sekilde reaksiyon dizisi 1-2'de ana hatlariyla belirtilen bu yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan antikor-maytansinoid konjugatlari, SDS-PAGE, protein LabChip elektroforezi ve kütle spektrometresins indirgeyerek konjugatlarin karakterizasyonuna10 dayanan, geleneksel iki adimli reaksiyon ve saflastirma dizisi tarafindan hazirlanan konjugatlara kiyasla homojenlikte çok daha üstün olmustur. Bu bulusta tarif edilen ve reaksiyon dizisi 1-2'yi içeren konjugasyon yöntemi ayrica herhangi bir ara saflastirma adimi gerektirmez ve bu nedenle geleneksel iki adimli yöntemden büyük ölçüde daha uygundut Açiklamanin bir örneginde, bir hücre baglama ajaninin tiyoeter-baglanmis bir konjugatinin bir efektör veya haberci molekülü ile hazirlanmasina yönelik bir proses asagidaki adimlari içeren sekilde tarif edilir: a) Y-L-Y formülünün bir homobifonksiyonel baglayicisinin, Y-L-Y'-C'yi vermek üzere sulu çözücü, organik çözücü veya karisik sulu/organik reaksiyon karisimlarinda bir tiyol- veya amin-içeren efektör veya haberci grup C (sitotoksik bir ajan gibi) ile temas ettirilmesi, b) formül Ab- (Y'-L-Y'-C) m'ye ait bir konjugat üretilmesi için reaksiyon karisiminin saflastirilmadan sulu bir çözeltide veya sulu/organik karisimda bir antikor ile karistirilmasi; burada L, yukarida tanimlandigi gibidir; Y, bir maleimid veya haloasetamid veya N-hidroksisüksinimit veya sulfo N- hidroksisüksinimit gibi bir tiyol veya amin-reaktif grubudur; Ab bir antikordur; m, 1 ila 20 arasinda bir tam sayidir; Y', antikorla reaksiyona sokulmus modifiye edilmis Y bölgesidir (bir tiyoeter veya amid bagi gibi), veya sitotoksik ajan veya efektör veya haberci grubu ile reaksiyona sokuldugunda modifiye edilmis bir Y bölgesidir (tiyoeter veya amid bagi gibi), ve c) konjugatin tegetsel akis filtrasyonu, diyaliz veya kromatografi (jel filtrasyonu, iyon degistirme kromatografisi, hidrofobik etkilesim kromatografisi) veya bunlarin bir kombinasyonu ile saflastirilmasi. Formül 3 ve 4'te gösterilen reaksiyon dizisi: Ab + Y-L-Y'-C (reaksiyon 3'ten saflastirilmamis) -› Ab-(Y'-L-Y'-C)m (4) ara ürün Y-L-Y'-C'nin saflastirilmasini içermez ve bu nedenle konjugasyon için avantajli bir yöntemdir. Baska bir durumda, bir hücre baglama ajaninin bir disülfit-baglanmis konjugatinin bir efektör veya haberci molekülü ile bir konjugatinin hazirlanmasi için bir proses asagidaki adimlari içerecek sekilde tarif edilmektedir: a) X-L-Yb formülüne sahip bir heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin ara ürün X-L-Yb'-C vermek üzere sulu çözücü, organik çözücü ya da karisik organik/sulu reaksiyon karisimlarinda efektör ya da haberci grubu C (sitotoksik bir madde gibi) ile temas ettirilmesi; b) Ab-(X'-L-Yb'-C)m formülünün bir10 konjugatini üretmek üzere sulu bir çözelti veya sulu/organik karisim içerisinde antikorla saflastirilmadan karistirilmasi, burada L yukarida tanimlandigi gibidir; Yb, bir piridil disülfit veya bir nitro-piridil disülfit gibi reaktif bir disülfittir; X, N-hidroksisüksinimit ester veya sülfo N-hidroksisüksinimit ester gibi bir amin-reaktif gruptur; Ab bir antikordur; m, 1 ila 20 arasinda bir tam sayidir; X', antikor ile reaksiyona sokulduktan sonra modifiye edilmis X bölgesidir (amid bagi gibi): Yb', sitotoksik ajan veya efektör veya haberci grubu ile reaksiyona sokulduktan sonra modifiye edilmis Yb bölgesidir (disülfit): ve c) konjugatin tegetsel akis filtrasyonu, diyaliz veya kromatografi (jel filtrasyonu, degisim kromatografisi, hidrofobik etkilesim kromatografisi) veya bunlarin bir kombinasyonu ile saflastirilmasi. Reaksiyon dizisi formüller 5 ve Gida gösterilmektedir: Ab + X-L-Yb'-C (reaksiyon 5'ten saflastirilmamis) -› Ab-(X'-L-Yb'-C)m (6) Bir baska durumda, antikorun konjugatlarinin efektör veya haberci gruplarla hazirlanmasi için, iki ayri tip baglayici - parçalanamayan (tiyoeter baglantisi) ve parçalanabilir (disülfit baglanti) - içeren bir proses tarif edilmistir, asagidaki adimlari içermektedir: a) X-L-Y'-C ve X-L-Yb'-C formüllerine sahip ara bilesiklerin üretilmesi için, X-L-Y ve X-L-Yb baglayicilarinin sitotoksik ajan C ile temas ettirilmesi, b) bir eklenme ürünü Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m(X'-L-Yb'-C)m' saglamak üzere, reaksiyon karisimlarinin bir dizi seklinde veya reaksiyon formülleri 7-9'da belirtildigi gibi ayni anda antikorlarla saflastirilmadan karistirilmasi: Ab + X-L-Y'-C + X-L-Yb'-C (reaksiyonlar 7-8'den saflastirilmamis) burada X, L, Y', C, Yb' ve m yukarida verildigi gibidir ve m', 1 ila 20 arasinda bir tam sayidir; ve c) konjugatin tegetsel akis filtrasyonu, diyaliz veya kromatografi10 (jel filtrasyonu, iyon degistirme kromatografisi, hidrofobik etkilesim kromatografisi) veya bunlarin bir kombinasyonu ile saflastirilmasi. Bu iki baglayici efektör ara maddesi (X-L-Y'-C ve X-L-Yb'-C), antikor ile farkli diziler seklinde (ilk olarak X-L- Y'-C, sonra X-L-Yb'-C veya ilk olarak XL-Yb'-C sonra X-L-Y'-C veya ayni anda) saflastirilmadan çesitli oranlarda karistirilir. Reaksiyonlar 1,3,5 ve 7-8, bifonksiyonel baglayicinin (X-L-Y, veya X-L-Yb, veya Y-L-Y) ve sulu çözücü, organik çözücü veya, organik/sulu reaksiyon karisimlari içindeki efektör veya haberci grubu C'nin yüksek konsantrasyonlarinda gerçeklestirilebilir; geleneksel iki adimli reaksiyon ve reaktiflerin çözünürlügünün sinirlayici oldugu saflastirma dizisi tarafindan hazirlanan konjugatlar için sulu çözeltilerde daha düsük konsantrasyonlardakinden daha hizli reaksiyon oranlari ile sonuçlanir. Reaksiyonlar 1,3,5 ve 7-8'de üretilen ara ürünler X-L-Y'-C, veya Y-L-Y'-C, veya X-L-Yb'- C, donmus halde, düsük sicakliklarda sulu çözücü içinde uygun düsük pH degerinde, organik çözücülerde veya karisik organik/sulu karisimlarda veya Iiyofilize halde uzun süre saflastirilmamis halde saklanabilir ve daha sonra nihai konjugasyon reaksiyonu için antikor çözeltisi ile karistirilabilir, dolayisiyla bu reaksiyon dizisinin uygunluguna katkida bulunur. Birinci reaksiyonda, tüm Y grubunun (maleimid gibi), saflastirilmamis karisim antikora ilave edilmeden önce reaksiyona sokuldugundan emin olmak için, heterobifonksiyonel baglayici X-L-Y veya Y-L-Y veya X-L-Yb'ye göre stokiyometrik veya hafif fazlalik bir C miktarda kullanilir. Dogal antikor disülfit gruplari ile arzu edilmeyen herhangi bir tiyol- disülfür degisim reaksiyonunu minimize etmek için antikora eklenmeden önce C'deki reaksiyona girmemis herhangi bir grubun (tiyol gibi) söndürülmesi içini söndürme reaktifi (4-maleimidobütirik asit veya 3-maleimid0pr0piyonik asit veya N-etilmaleimid veya iyodoasetamid veya iyodoasetik asit gibi) istege bagli bir ilave muamelesi yapilabilir. C'nin bifonksiyonel baglayici ile birinci reaksiyonundan sonra, yüklü bir polar tiyol söndürme reaktifi kullanilarak fazlalik C'nin söndürülmesi, fazlalik C'yi, jel filtrasyonu, diyaliz veya TFF ile kovalent olarak baglanmis konjugattan kolayca ayrilabilen, son derece polar, suda çözünür bir eklenme ürününe dönüstürür. Nihai konjugat ürün kovalent olmayan bir sekilde birlestirilmis herhangi bir C içermez. Istege bagli olarak, nihai reaksiyon karisimlari 2, 4, 6 ve 9'na, saflastirilmadan önce, reaksiyona girmemis baglayicilari (X-L-YîC, Y-L-Y'-C veya X-L-Yb'-C) söndürmek için nükleofiller, örnegin amino grubu içeren nükleofiller (örn., Iisin, taurin, hidroksilamin) ile muamele edilir. Antikorun DMx ve bifonksiyonel baglayicinin saflastirilmamis baslangiç reaksiyon karisimi ile reaksiyona sokulmasi için alternatif bir yöntem, DMx ve bifonksiyonel baglayicinin baslangiç reaksiyon karisiminin (DMx-baglayici reaksiyonun tamamlanmasinin ardindan) düsük pH (pH ~5) degerine sahip antikorla karistirilmasini, ardindan konjugasyon reaksiyonu için pH degerini yaklasik 6.5-8.5'e yükseltmek için tampon veya baz ilave edilmesini içerir. Birden fazla efektör tipinin birden fazla kopyasi, iki veya daha fazla farkli efektörden türetilmis iki veya daha fazla baglayici efektör ara maddesinin, saflastirilmadan, bir dizi seklinde veya es zamanli olarak antikora eklenmesiyle konjuge edilebilir. EFEKTÖR GRUP(LARI) Efektör grubu veya Efektör molekülü terimleri birbirlerinin yerine kullanilir ve burada kullanildigi sekliyle "Efektör grup(lari)" veya "Efektör molekül(leri)" terimi, sitotoksik ajanlari içerdigi anlamina gelir. Bazi açilardan, efektör gruplarinin veya moleküllerinin, potansiyel sterik engeli azaltmak için çesitli uzunluklarda ara kollar ile tutturulmasi istenebilir. Birden fazla efektör tipinin çoklu kopyalari, iki veya daha fazla farkli efektörden türetilmis iki veya daha fazla baglayici-efektör ara ürününün antikora saflastirilmadan, bir dizi seklinde veya es zamanli olarak antikora eklenmesiyle konjuge edilebilir. Bu açiklamada kullanilabilecek sitotoksik ajanlar, kemoterapötik ajanlari veya kemoterapötik ajanlarin yapisal analoglarini içerir. "Kemoterapötik ajan", kanser tedavisinde faydali kimyasal bir bilesiktir. Kemoterapötik ajanlarin örnekleri arasinda, tiotepa ve siklofosfamid (CYTOXANTM); busülfan, improsülfan ve piposülfan gibi alkil sülfonatlar; benzodopa, karbokon, meturedopa ve uredopa gibi aziridinler; altretamin, trietilenmelamin, trietilenfosforamid, trietilentiyofosfosharamid ve trimetilolomelamin dahil etilenimin ve metilamin; asetogeninler (özellikle bültatasin ve bültatasinon); bir kamptotesin (sentetik analog topotekan dahil); briyostatin; kallistatin; CC-1065 (adozelesin, karzelesin ve bizelesin sentetik analoglari dahil); kriptofisinler (özellikle kriptofisin 1 ve kriptofisin 8); dolastatin; duokarmisin (sentetik analoglar, KW-2189 ve10 CBI-TMI dahil); eleuterobin; pankratistatin; bir sarkoditin; spongistatin; klorambucil, klornafazin, klofosfamid, östramustin, ifosfamid, m-klorethamin, m-klorethamin oksit hidroklorür, melfalan, novembichin, fenesterin, prednimustin, trofosfamid, urasil musidin gibi azot hardallari; karmustin, klorozotosin, fotemustin, Iomustin, nimustin, ranimustin gibi nitrosurealar; enediyne antibiyotikler gibi antibiyotikler (örn., calicheamicin, özellikle calicheamicin 1 ve calicheamicin teta l, bakiniz örn., Angew Chem Int. Ed. Engl. 33: kromoprotein enediyne antiobiyotik kromomoforlar), aklasinomisinler, aktinomisin, authramisin, azaserin, bleomisinler, kaktinomisin, carabicin, karminomisin, karsinophilin; kromomisin, daktinomisin, daunorubisin, detorubisin, 6-diazo-5-okso-L-norleusin, doksorubisin (morfolino-doksorubisin, siyanomorfolinc-doksorubisin, 2-pirr0lino- doksorubisin ve deoksdoksorubisin), epirubisin, esorubisin, idarubisin, marselomisin, nitomisin, mikofenolik asit, nogalamisin, olivomisin, peplomisin, potfiromisin, puromisin, quelamisin, rodorubisin, streptonigrin, streptozosin, tubersidin, ubenimeks, zinostatin, zorubisin; metotreksat ve 5-flüoroürasil (5-FU) gibi anti-metabolitler; denopterin, metotreksat, pteropterin, trimeteksat gibi folik asit analoglari; fludarabin, 6- merkaptopurin, tiamiprin, tiyoguanin gibi purin analoglari; ansitabin, azasitidin, 6- azauridin, karmofur, sitarabin, dideoksiüridin, doksifluridin, enositabin, fluxuridin, 5-FU gibi pirimidin analoglari; kalusteron, dromostanolon propiyonat, epitiostanol, mepitiostan, testolakton gibi androjenler; aminoglutetimid, mitotan, trilostan gibi anti- adrenallar; frolinik asit gibi folik asit yenileyici; aseglaton; aldofosfamid glikozit; aminolevulinik asit; amsakrin; bestrabusil; bisantren; edatraksat; defofamin; demekolsin; diazikuon; elfomitin; elliptinyum asetat; bir epotilon; etoglusid; galyum nitrat; hidroksiüre; lentinan; lonidamin; maytansin ve ansamitosinler gibi maytansinoidler; mitoguazon; mitoksantron; mopidamol; nitrakrin; pentostatin; fenamet; pirarubisin; podofilinik acid; 2- etilhidrazid; prokarbazin; PSK@; razoksan; rizoksin; sizofiran; spirogermanyum; tenuazonik asit; triazikuon; 2,2',2"-triklorotrietilamin; trikotesenler (özellikle T-2 toksin, verracurin A, roridin A ve anguidin): üretan; vindesin; dakarbazin; mannomustin; mitobronitol; mitolaktol; pipobroman; gasitosin; arabinozid ("Ara-C"); siklofosfamid; tiyotepa; taksoitler, örn. paklitaksel (TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, NJ) ve doksetaksel (TAXOTERE®, Rhone-Pouleno Rorer, Antony, France); klorambucil; gemsitabin; 6-tioguanin; merkaptopurin; metotreksat; sisplatin ve karboplatin gibi platin analoglari; vinblastin; platin; etoposid (VP-16); ifosfamid; mitomisin C; mitoksantron; vinkristin; vinorelbin; navelbin; novantron; teniposid; daunomisin; aminopterin; kseloda; ibandronat; CPT-11; topoizomeraz inhibitörü RFS10 birinin farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir tuzlari, asitleri veya türevleri bulunur. Ayni zamanda, bu tanimlamaya örnegin tamoksifen, raloksifen, aromataz inhibe edici 4(5)- imidazoller, 4-hidroksitamoksifen, trioksifen, keoksifen, LY117018, onapriston ve toremifen (Fareston), ve flutamid, nilutamid, bikalutamid, Iöprolid ve goserinelin gibi antiandrojenleri; siRNA ve yukaridakilerden herhangi birinin farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir tuzlari, asitleri veya türevleri gibi tümörler üzerimde düzenleyici olarak hareket eden ve horman etkisini inhibe eden anti-hormonal ajanlar dahildir. Bu açiklama ile Tercih edilen bir durumda, kemoterapötik sitotoksik ajanlar, esasen küçük moleküllü sitotoksik ajanlardir. Burada "küçük moleküllü bir ilaç", örnegin 100 ila 1500, daha olarak 1000'in altindaki bir moleküler agirliga sahip olabilen organik, inorganik veya organometalik bir bilesigi belirtmek için yaygin olarak kullanilir. Açiklamanin küçük moleküllü sitotoksik maddeleri, oligopeptidleri ve molekül agirligi yaklasik 1000'den düsük olan diger biyomolekülleri kapsar. Küçük moleküllü sitotoksik maddeler, teknikte No. 4,956,303'te açiklanmaktadir. Tercih edilen küçük moleküllü sitotoksik ajanlar, hücre baglama ajanlari ile baglanmaya izin verenlerdir. Açiklama, bilinen sitotoksik ajanlarin yani sira bilinebilecekleri içerir. Özellikle tercih edilen küçük moleküllü sitotoksik ajanlar, sitotoksik ajanlari içerir. Sitotoksik ajan, bir hücrenin ölümüyle sonuçlanan veya hücre ölümüne neden olan veya bir sekilde hücre canliligini azaltan herhangi bir bilesik olabilir, burada her sitotoksik ajan bir tiyol molekül bölümü içerir. Tercih edilen sitotoksik ajanlar, bazilari asagida tarif edilen maytansinoid bilesikleri, taksan bilesikleri, CC-1065 bilesikleri, daunorubisin bilesikleri ve doksorubisin bilesikleri, pirolobenzodiazepin dimerleri, kalikeamisin, auristatinler ve analoglari ve türevleridir. siRNA gibi zorunlu olarak küçük moleküller olmayan diger sitotoksik ajanlar da bu açiklamanin kapsami dahilindedir. Örnegin, siRNA'lar, oligonükleotitlerin modifikasyonu10 için yaygin olarak kullanilan yöntemler ile mevcut tarifnamenin çapraz baglayicilarina nedenle, 3' veya 5'-fosforomidit formundaki siRNA, siRNA ile çapraz baglayici arasinda bir ester bagi olusturmak için bir hidroksil islevselligi tasiyan çapraz baglayicinin bir ucu ile reaksiyona sokulur. Benzer sekilde, siRNA fosforamiditinin bir terminal amino grubu tasiyan bir çapraz baglayici ile reaksiyonu, çapraz baglayicidan siRNA'ya bir amin vasitasiyla baglanmaya neden olur. siRNA, U.S. Patent Yayini Numaralari: olarak tarif edilmistir. Maytansinoidler Mevcut bulusta kullanilabilecek maytansinoidler, teknikte iyi bilinir ve bilinen yöntemlere göre dogal kaynaklardan izole edilebilir veya bilinen yöntemlere göre sentetik olarak hazirlanabilir. Uygun maytansinoid örnekleri, maytansinol ve maytansinol analoglarini içerir. Uygun maytansinol analoglarinin örnekleri, modifiye bir aromatik halkaya sahip olanlari ve diger pozisyonlarda modifikasyonlara sahip olanlari içerir. Modifiye edilmis bir aromatik halkaya sahip olan uygun maytansinol analoglarinin spesifik örnekleri asagidakileri içerir: hazirlanmistir): ve 4,307,016) (Streptomyces veya Actinomyces kullanilarak demetilasyon veya LAH kullanilarak deklorinasyonla hazirlanmistir); ve (3) C-20-demethoksi, C-20-asiloksi (-OCOR), +/-dikloro (U.S. Patenti No. 4,294,757) (asil kloridler kullanilarak asilasyonla hazirlanmistir). Baska pozisyonlarda modifikasyonlara sahip olan uygun maytansinol analoglarinin spesifik örnekleri asagidakileri içerir: reaksiyonu ile hazirlanmistir); (3) C-14-hidroksimetil veya asiloksimetil (CH20H veya CH20Ac) (U.S. Patent No. 4,450,254) (Nokardiya'dan hazirlanmistir); tarafindan dönüstürülmesiyle hazirlandi); izole edilmistir); Streptomyces ile demetilasyonu ile hazirlanmistir); ve indirgemesi ile hazirlanmistir). Mevcut bulusta faydali tiyol içeren maytansinoidlerin sentezi, U.S. Patent No. C-3 pozisyonunda, C-14 pozisyonunda, (3-15 pozisyonunda veya 0-20 pozisyonunda bir tiyol molekül bölümüne sahip maytansinoidlerin tümünün faydali olmasi beklenir. C-3 pozisyonu tercih edilir ve maytansinolün C-3 pozisyonu özellikle tercih edilir. Ayni zamanda, bir N-metiI-alanin içeren C-3 tiyoI yarim maytansinoid ve bir N-metiI-sistein içeren C-3 tiyol yarim maytansinoid ve her birinin analoglari tercih edilir. Mevcut bulusta faydali N-metiI-alanin içeren C-3 tiyol molekül bölümlerinin maytansinoid türevlerinin spesifik örnekleri M1, M2, M3, M6 ve M7 formülleriyle gösterilmektedir. May maytansinoiddir. R1 ve R2; H, CH3 veya CH20H3'tür ve ayni veya farkli olabilir; m, 0, 1, 2 veya 3'tür; ve May maytansinoiddir. n, 3 ila 8 arasinda bir tam sayidir; ve May maytansinoiddir. I 1,2 veya 3'tür; Yo, CI veya H'dir; ve X3, H veya CHs'tür. CH3 0 R R H ilxi CH-CH-(CR3 R1, R2, R3, R4 ; H, CHs veya CH2CH3'tür ve ayni veya farkli olabilir; m, 0, 1, 2 veya 3'tür; ve May maytansinoiddir. Mevcut bulusta faydali N-metiI-sistein içeren C-3 tiyol molekül bölümü maytansinoid türevlerinin spesifik örnekleri, M4 ve M5 formülleriyle gösterilmektedir. 0 1, 2 veya 3,tür; p, 0 ila 10 arasinda bir tam sayidir; ve May maytansinoiddir. 0 1, 2 veya 3,tür; q, 0 ila 10 arasinda bir tam sayidir; Yo, CI veya H'dir; ve X3, H veya CH3'tür. Taksanlar Mevcut bulusa göre sitotoksik ajan ayrica bir taksan da olabilir. Bu açiklamada kullanilabilecek taksanlar, bir tiyol molekül bölümü içerecek sekilde modifiye edilmistir. Bu açiklamada yararli bazi taksanlar asagida gösterilen T1 formülüne sahiptir: CC-1065 analoglari Mevcut bulusa göre sitotoksik ajan ayrica bir CC-1065 analogu olabilir. Mevcut bulusa göre, CC-1065 analoglari bir A alt birimi ve bir B veya B-C alt birimi Daunorubisin/Doksurubisin Analoglari Mevcut bulusa göre sitotoksik ajan ayrica bir daunorubisin analogu veya bir Mevcut tarifnamenin daunorubisin ve doksorubisin analoglari, bir tiyol molekül bölümü içerecek sekilde modifiye edilebilir. Mevcut tarifnamenin, bir tiyol parçasina sahip olan modifiye edilmis doksorubisin/daunorubisin analoglari, WO 01/38318'de tarif edilmistir. Modifiye edilmis doksorubisin/daunorubisin analoglari, bilinen yöntemlere göre sentezlenebilir (bakiniz örn., U.S. Patent No. 5,146,064). Auristatin, auristatin E, auristatin EB (AEB), auristatin EFP (AEFP), monometil auristatin edilmektedir. Mevcut bulusa göre sitotoksik ajanlar, teknikte bilinen pirolobenzodiazepin dimerlerini 6,660,856). Analog/ar ve türev/er Sitotoksik ajanlar alaninda uzman bir kisi, burada tarif edilen sitotoksik ajanlarin her birinin, ortaya çikan bilesigin, baslangiç bilesiginin spesifikligini ve/veya aktivitesini koruyacak sekilde modifiye edilebilecegini kolayca anlayacaktir. Teknikte uzman kisi, bu bilesiklerin çogunun, burada tarif edilen sitotoksik ajanlarin yerine kullanilabilecegini de anlayacaktir. Dolayisiyla, mevcut tarifnamenin sitotoksik ajanlari, burada tarif edilen bilesiklerin analoglarini ve türevlerini içerir. HABERCI GRUP(LAR) Haberci grubu veya Haberci molekülü terimleri birbirinin yerine kullanilir ve burada kullanildigi sekliyle "Haberci grup(lar)" veya "Haberci molekül(ler)" terimi, tanisal veya terapötik bir amaç için spesifik maddeye veya hücrelere reaktifin spesifik afinite bölümü tarafindan verilen bir maddeye karsilik gelir; örnekleri radyoizotoplar, paramanyetik kontrast ajanlari ve anti-kanser ajanlaridir. Çesitli etiketler veya haberci gruplar, kanser hastalarinda tümör görüntüleme uygulamalari, çesitli hastaliklarin tanisi için immüno- tahlil uygulamalari, radyoaktif nüklid ligand konjugatlarini kullanarak kanser tedavisi ve proteinler, peptidler ve oligonükleidler gibi biyoaktif maddelerin saflastirilmasi için afinite kromatografi uygulamalari için faydalidir. Hücre baglama maddeleiyle konjuge edilmis etiketler veya haberci gruplar, floroforlari ve biotin gibi afinite etiketlerini içerir. Bu veya flüoreserin içeren haberci gruplar ayrica bir PEG konjugat molekül bölümüne de eklenebilir. Teknikte bir dizi uygun haberci grup bilinmektedir, örn., U.S. Patent No. BAG LAYICILAR Konjugatlar, in vitro yöntemlerle hazirlanabilir. Bir ilaci hücre baglama maddesine baglamak için bir baglama grubu kullanilir. Uygun baglama gruplari, teknikte iyi bilinir ve parçalanamayan veya parçalanabilir baglayicilari içerir. Parçalanamayan bir baglayici, sitotoksik bir maddeyi bir hücre baglama maddesine stabil, kovalent bir sekilde baglayabilen herhangi bir kimyasal molekül bölümüdür. Parçalanamayan baglayicilar, asit kaynakli parçalanmaya, isik kaynakli parçalanmaya, peptidaz kaynakli parçalanmaya, esteraz kaynakli parçalanmaya ve disülfit bag parçalanmasina karsi büyük ölçüde dirençlidir. Parçalanamayan baglayicilarin örnekleri arasinda, ilaçla, haberci grubuyla veya hücre baglama ajaniyla reaksiyon için bir N-süksinimidil ester, N- sülfosüksinimil ester molekül bölümü, maleimido veya haloasetil bazli molekül bölümü içeren baglayicilar bulunur. Maleimido bazli bir molekül bölümü içeren çapraz baglama reaktifler arasinda N-süksinimidil 4-(maleimidometil)sikl0heksankarboksilat (SMCC), SMCC'nin "uzun Zincirli" bir analogu (LC-SMCC) olan ,N-süksinimidiI-4-(N- maleimidometil)-sikloheksan-1-karboksi-(ö-amidokaproat), K-maleimidoundekanoik asit N-süksinimidil ester (KMUA). y-maleimidobütirik asit N-süksinimidil ester (GMBS), &- maleimidokaproik asit N-hidroksisüksinimid ester (EMCS), m-maleimidobenzoiI-N- hidroksisüksinimid ester (MBS), N-(oi-maleimidoasetoksi)-süksinimid ester (AMAS), süksinimidiI-ö-(ß-maleimidopropionamid0)heksan0at (SMPH), N-süksinidil 4-(p- maleimidofenil)-butirat (SMPB) ve N-(p-maleimidofenil) izosiyanat (PMPl) bulunur. Bir haloasetil-bazli molekül bölümü içeren çapraz baglama reaktifleri arasinda N- süksinimidiI-4-(iyodoasetil)-aminobenzoat (SIAB), N-süksinimidil iyodoasetat (SlA), N- süksinimil bromoasetat (SBA) ve N-süksinimidil 3-(bromoasetamido)propiyonat (SBAP) Bulusa uygun yöntemde, parçalanamayan baglayicilari olusturan bir sülfür atomu içermeyen diger çapraz baglama reaktifleri de kullanilabilir. Bu tür baglayicilar dikarboksilik asit bazli molekül bölümlerinden türetilebilir. Uygun dikarboksilik asit bazli molekül bölümleri, bunlarla sinirli olmamak üzere, asagida gösterilen genel formülün ci, (Jo-dikarboksilik asitlerini içerir: HOOC-Xi- Yn-Zm-COOH burada X, 2 ila 20 karbon atomuna sahip olan bir dogrusal veya dallanmis alkil, alkenil veya alkinil grubudur, Y, 3 ila 10 karbon atomu içeren bir sikloalkil veya sikloalkenil grubudur, Z, 6 ila 10 karbon atomu içeren sübstite edilmis veya sübstite edilmemis bir10 aromatik gruptur, veya sübstite edilmis veya sübstite edilmemis bir heterosiklik gruptur, burada hetero atom, N, 0 veya S arasindan seçilir ve burada 1, m ve n'nin her biri 0 veya 1'dir, ancak 1, m ve n'nin tümü ayni anda sifir degildir. yayininda ayrintili olarak tarif edilmistir. Parçalanabilir baglayicilar, hafif kosullar altinda, diger bir deyisle sitotoksik ajanin aktivitesinin etkilenmedigi kosullar altinda parçalanabilir baglayicilardir. Bilinen birçok baglayici bu kategoriye girer ve asagida açiklanmistir. Asit-kararsiz baglayicilar, asit pH'da parçalanabilir baglayicilardir. Örnegin, endozomlar ve Iizozomlar gibi bazi hücre içi bölmeler, asidik bir pH'a (pH 4-5) sahiptir ve asit- kararsiz baglayicilari parçalamak için uygun kosullar saglar. Foto-kararsiz baglayicilar, vücut yüzeyinde ve isiga erisilebilen birçok vücut boslugunda yararlidir. Ayrica, kizilötesi isik dokuya nüfuz edebilir. Bazi baglayicilar peptidazlar ile parçalanabilir. Sadece bazi peptitler kolayca hücrelerin içinde veya disinda kolayca ayrilir, bakiniz örn. Trouet et al., 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. hidrolaz parçalanabilir valin-sitrülin bagi (U.S. Patent 6,214,345 B1). Ayrica, peptitler, bir amino asidin karboksilati ve bir ikinci amino asidin .alfa-amino grubu arasindaki kimyasal olarak amid baglari olan .alfa-amino asitleri ve peptidik baglardan olusur. Bir lisinin karboksilat ve .epsil0n.-amino grubu arasindaki bag gibi diger amid baglarinin, peptidik baglar olmadigi anlasilir ve parçalanamaz oldugu kabul edilir. Bazi baglayicilar esterazlar tarafindan bölünebilir. Yine, sadece bazi esterler, hücrelerin içinde veya disinda bulunan esterazlarla parçalanabilir. Esterler, bir karboksilik asit ve bir alkolün yogunlasmasi ile olusur. Basit esterler, alifatik alkoller gibi basit alkollerle ve küçük sikIik ve küçük aromatik alkollerle üretilen esterlerdir. Örnegin, mevcut bulus sahipleri, esteri maytansinin C-3'ünde parçalayan bir esteraz bulamamislardir, çünkü esterin alkol bileseni maytansinol, çok büyük ve komplekstir. Tercih edilen parçalanabilir baglayici moleküller, örnegin, N-süksinimidil 3-(2- piridildiyo)propiyonat (SPDP) (bakiniz örn., Carlsson et al., Biochem. J., 173: 723-737 ( (bakiniz, örn. U.S. Patent (bakiniz, örn., CAS Tescil çapraz baglayicilari içerir. Mevcut bulusta kullanilabilecek diger baglayicilar, yüklü baglayicilari veya hidrofilik tarif edilir. HÜCRE BAGLAMA AJANLARI Bu açiklamada kullanilan hücre baglama maddeleri, özellikle kanser hücreleri üzerindeki antijenleri hedef almak için baglanan proteinlerdir (öm., immünoglobulin ve immünoglobulin olmayan proteinler). Bu hücre baglama ajanlari sunlari içerir: . antikorlar asagidakileri içerir: 0 yeniden kaplanan antikorlar (5,639,641 sayili U.S. Patent); o insanlastirilmis veya tamamen insan antikorlari (Insanlastirilmis veya tamamen insan antikorlari, bunlarla sinirli olmamak üzere, huMy9-6, huB4, bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab ve rituksimab arasindan seçilir (bakiniz örn., U.S. o st, Fab, Fab' ve F(ab')2 gibi tercihli olarak bir hedef hücreye baglanan Ek hücre baglama ajanlari arasinda, bunlarla sinirli olmamak üzere, diger hücre baglayici proteinler ve polipeptitler bulunur: o interferonlar (örn., oi, [3, v); 0 IL-2, lL-3, IL-4, IL-6 gibi Ienfokinler; o insülin, TRH (tirotropin salgilayan hormonlar), MSH (melanosit uyarici hormon), androjenler ve östrojenler gibi steroid hormonlari gibi hormonlar; ve o büyüme faktörleri ve EGF, TGF-d, IGF-1, G-CSF, M-CSF ve GM-CSF gibi koloni Hücre baglama ajaninin bir antikor oldugu durumlarda, bir polipeptid olan bir antijene baglanir ve bir transmembran molekülü (örn., reseptör) veya bir büyüme faktörü gibi bir ligand olabilir. Örnek antijenler, renin; insan büyüme hormonu ve bovin büyüme hormonu dahil bir büyüme hormonu; büyüme hormonu salma faktörü; paratiroid hormonu; tiroid uyarici hormon; lipoproteinler; alfa-1-antitripsin; insülin A-zinciri; insülin B zinciri; proinsülin; folikül uyarici hormon; kalsitonin; lüteinlestirici hormon; glukagon; faktör vmc, faktör IX, doku faktörü (TF) ve von Willebrands faktörü gibi pihtilasma faktörleri; Protein C gibi pihtilasma önleyici faktörler; atriyal natriüretik faktör; akciger surfaktani; ürokinaz veya insan idrari gibi bir plazminojen aktivatörü veya doku tipi plazminojen aktivatörü (t-PA); bombesin; trombin; hemopoietik büyüme faktörü; tümör nekroz faktörü-0( ve -B; enkefalinaz; RANTES (aktivasyon üzerinde regüle edilir, normal olarak T hücresi eksprese edilir ve salgilanir); insan makrofaj enflamatuar proteini (MIP- 1-alfa); insan serum albümini gibi bir serum albümini; Muellerian inhibe edici madde; relaksin A-zinciri; relaksin B-zinciri; prorelaksin; fare gonadotropin ile iliskili peptid; beta- laktamaz gibi bir mikrobiyal protein; DNaz; IgE; CTLA-4 gibi bir sitotoksik T-Ienfosit ile iliskili antijen (CTLA); inhibin; aktivin; vasküler endotel büyüme faktörü (VEGF); hormonlar veya büyüme faktörleri için reseptörler; protein A veya D; romatoid faktörler; kemikten türetilmis nörotrofik faktör (BDN F), nörotrofin-3, -4, -5 veya -6 (NT-3, NT4, NT- veya NT-6) gibi bir nörotrofik faktör veya NGF-ß gibi bir sinir büyüme faktörü; trombosit kaynakli büyüme faktörü (PDGF); aFGF ve bFGF gibi fibroblast büyüme faktörü; epidermal büyüme faktörü (EGF); TGF-alfa ve TGF-beta gibi dönüstürücü10 büyüme faktörü (TGF), TGF-betal, TGF-ß2, TGF-ßs, TGF- ([34 veya TGF-ß5 dahil; insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-l ve -Il (IGF-l ve IGF-II), des(, insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü baglayici proteinler, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD20 ve CD4O gibi CD proteinleri; eritropoietin, osteoindüktif faktörler, immünotoksinler, bir kemik morfogenetik proteini (BMP), interferon-alfa, -beta ve -gama gibi bir interferon, koloni uyarici faktörler (CSF'ler), örnegin M-CSF, GM-CSF ve G- CSF; interlökinler (IL'Ier), örn., IL-1 ila IL-10; süperoksit dismutaz, T-hücre reseptörleri, yüzey membran proteinleri, bozunma hizlandirici faktör, örnegin HIV zarfinin bir kismi gibi viral antijen; transport proteinleri homing reseptörler, adresinler, düzenleyici proteinler, CDlla, CD11b, CDllc, CD18, bir ICAM, VLA-4 ve VCAM gibi integrinler, bir heterodimerik insan integrin reseptörünün bir heterodimerik insan integrin reseptörünün alfa-V alt birimi; HER2, HER3, HER4 reseptörü gibi tümör iliskili bir antijen; ve yukarida listelenen polipeptitlerin herhangi birinin fragmanlarini içerir. Bu bulus tarafindan kapsanan antikorlar için tercih edilen antijenler, CD3, CD4, CD8, HER4 reseptörü gibi ErbB reseptörü familyasi üyeleri; LFA-1, Macl, p150.95, VLA-4, integrin gibi hücre adezyon molekülleri (örn., anti-CD 1 1a , anti-CD 18 veya anti-CDl 1b antikorlari); VEGF gibi büyüme faktörleri; doku faktörü (TF); TGF-ß.; alfa interferon (alfa-IFN); IL-8 gibi bir interlökin; IgE; kan grubu antijenleri Ap02, ölüm reseptörü; fIk2/flt3 reseptörü; obezite (OB) reseptörü; mpI reseptörü; CTLA-4; protein C vb. içerir. Burada en çok tercih edilen hedefler arasinda, IGF-IR, CanAg, EGF-R, EphA2, MUCl, CD138, CA6, Her2/neu, CRlPTO (insan meme kanseri hücrelerinin çogunda yüksek seviyelerde üretilen bir protein), alfa v/beta3 integrin, alfa v/beta5 integrin, TGF-ß, CDl la, CD18, Ap02 ve 024 bulunur. Monoklonal antikor teknikleri, monoklonal antikorlar seklinde spesifik hücre baglama ajanilarin üretimine olanak saglar. Teknikte özellikle iyi bilinen, fareleri, siçanlari, hamsterleri veya herhangi bir diger memeliyi, intakt hedef hücre, hedef hücreden izole edilmis antijenler, tam virüs, atenüe tam virüs, ve viral kaplama proteinleri gibi gibi, ilgili antijen ile immünize etmek suretiyle üretilen monoklonal antikorlari olusturma teknikleridir. Hassaslastirilmis insan hücreleri de kullanilabilir. Monoklonal antikorlar olusturmanin bir baska yöntemi, st'nin faj kütüphanelerinin (tek Zincirli degisken10 bölge), özellikle insan st'lerinin kullanilmasidir (bakiniz örn., Griffiths et.al, U.S. Patent Uygun hücre baglama ajaninin seçilmesi, hedeflenecek belirli hücre popülasyonuna bagli olan bir seçim konusudur, ancak genel olarak, eger uygun olan mevcutsa, tercihli olarak bir hedef hücreye baglanan monoklonal antikorlar ve bunlarin fragmanlari tercih Örnegin, monoklonal antikor My9, Akut Miyeloid Lösemi (AML) hücrelerinde bulunan (1991)) ve AML hastalarini tedavi etmek için kullanilabilir. Benzer sekilde, monoklonal antikor anti-B4, B hücreleri üzerindeki CD 19 antijenine baglanan bir murin IgGi'dir lenfoma veya kronik Ienfoblastik lösemi gibi bu antijeni eksprese eden B hücreleri veya hastalikli hücreler ise, kullanilabilir. Benzer sekilde, N901 antikoru, küçük hücreli akciger kanseri hücrelerinde ve diger nöroendokrin kökenli tümörlerin hücrelerinde bulunan CD56'ya baglanan bir murin monoklonal lgGi antikorudur (Roy et al., J. Nat. Cancer HER2/neu'ya baglanir ve anti-EGF reseptörü antikoru EGF reseptörüne baglanir. SAFLASTIRMA YÖNTEMLERI Mevcut bulusun konjugati, diger bir deyisle nihai ürün, reaksiyona girmemis veya konjuge olmamis herhangi bir efektör veya haberci molekül veya reaksiyona girmemis baglayici veya konjuge olmayan, hidrolize edilmis baglayiciyi çikarmak için saflastirilir. Saflastirma yöntemi tegetsel bir akis filtrasyonu (çapraz akis filtrasyonu, ultrafiltrasyon veya diafiltrasyon olarak da bilinen TFF), jel filtrasyonu, adsorptif kromatografi, seçici çökeltme veya bunlarin kombinasyonlari olabilir. Adsorptif kromatografi yöntemleri arasinda iyon degisimi kromatografisi, hidroksiapatit kromatografisi, hidrofobik etkilesim kromatografisi (HlC), hidrofobik yük indüksiyon kromatografisi (HCIC), karisik mod iyon degisim kromatografisi, immobilize metal afinite kromatografisi (IMAC), boya ligand kromatografisi, afinite kromatografisi ve afinite kromatografisi; ters faz kromatografisi bulunur. Örnegin, formül 2'de açiklanan konjugat Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m, reaksiyona girmemis C veya reaksiyona girmemis/hidrolize edilmis baglayici X-L-Y veya X-L-Y'-C'den saflastirilir. Benzer sekilde, formül 4, 6 ve 9'da açiklanan konjugatlar saflastirilir. Bu tür10 saflastirma yöntemleri, teknikte uzman kisilerce bilinmektedir ve örnegin U.S. Yayini No. KONJUGATLARDA ARZU EDILMEYEN HIDROLIZE EDILMIS BAGLAYIZI VEYA PROTEIN ÇAPRAZ BAGLANMA Bir proteinin, reaktif maleimid veya haloasetamid rezidüsüne sahip bir heterobomidal baglayici ile baslangiç reaksiyonunu kullanan geleneksel konjugasyon yöntemleri, iki ana dezavantaja sahiptir: (i) konjugat ürünü, efektör veya haberci molekülle reaksiyondan önce antikor içerisindeki baglayicinin sulu aktiflestirilmesinden dolayi hidrolize baglayicidan olusabilir; ve (ii) maleimid (veya haloasetamid) grubunun, protein veya peptiddeki dogal histidin, lisin, tirosin veya sistein rezidüleri ile reaksiyonuna bagli olarak konjugatin zincir içi veya zincirler arasi çapraz baglanmasi (A. Papini et al., Int. J. 6322). Antikor içindeki bu zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma, agir ve hafif zincirler arasinda veya iki agir zincir arasinda indirgenemez kovalent baglantilara yol açacaktir; bu beklenen agir ve hafif zincir bantlarindan daha yüksek molekül agirlikli bantlar olarak SDS-PAGE analizinin indirgenmesinde açikça görülecektir. Antikor içindeki bu zincir içi veya zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma, ayrica, beklenen antikor kitlelerinin arti baglantili haberci veya efektör gruplarininkinden farkli, anormal kütlelerin tepe noktalari olarak da görünecektir. Geleneksel konjugasyon yöntemlerinden farkli olarak, bu basvuruda tarif edilen yöntem, önemli bir zincirler arasi çapraz baglama veya hidrolize baglayici içermeyen yüksek homojenlige sahip konjugatlar ile sonuçlanir. ÖRNEKLER Sadece açiklama amaçli olan asagidaki örneklerin mevcut bulusu sinirlamasi amaçlanmamistir. Örnek 1. Antikorun, geleneksel iki adimli yönteme karsi bu yöntemle (Sekil 1) heterobifonksiyonel baglayici Maleimide-PEGn-NHS kullanilarak sitotoksik ajan DM1/DM4 ile konjugasyonu. DM1 [AP-deasetil- N2'-(3-merkapto-1-oksopropiI)-maytansin] veya DM4 [AF'-deasetil- AF'-(4-merkapto-4-metiI-1-oksopentil)maytansin] (DMx) tiyol in stok çözeltileri ve10 Maleimide-PEGn-NHS bifonksiyonel baglayicisii 30-60 mM'Iik konsantrasyonlarda N,N- dimetilasetamid (DMA) içerisinde hazirlandi. Baglayici ve DMX tiyol, %50 v/v 200 mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5.0 ihtiva eden DMA'da birlikte karistirildi ve DMx'in baglayiciya molar oranini 1.6:1 olarak verdi ve nihai DMX konsantrasyonu 15 mM olarak saglandi. Karistirdiktan sonra, reaksiyon karisimi 1-4 saat boyunca birakildi ve daha sonra reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu 10 kez seyreltildi ve maleimidin 302 nm = 620 girmemis kalan herhangi bir maleimidin varligini belirlemek için 302-320 nm'de emilimi ölçüldü. (Reaksiyon karisiminin donmus bir alikuotunun ilave ters faz HPLC analizi, baglayici maleimidin tamamen kayboldugunu ve arzu edilen baglayici-DMX reaktifinin, antikora reaksiyon karisimi eklendigi sirada olusumunu dogrulamak için daha sonra 302 nm ve 252 nm'de absorbans izlemesi ile yapildi). UV ile baska bir maleimid bulunmadiginda, 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 fosfat tamponu/%10 DMA, pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat tamponu (pH 7.5) içindeki bir antikor çözeltisine saflastirilmadan reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu ilave edildi. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DMX konjugati, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak veya tegetsel akis filtrasyonu (TFF) kullanilarak fazlalik küçük moleküllü DMX ve baglayici reaktantlardan saflastirildi. Konjugasyon karisimi ayrica kovalent olmayan veya degisken baglanma yoluyla antikora baglanmis herhangi bir DMX türünün ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tampon içinde 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH .5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldür. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina DMX molekülü sayisi (ortalama) konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DMX ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. DMX tiyolün heterobifonksiyonel maleimid-PEG4-NHS reaktifi ile baslangiç reaksiyonu için birkaç farkli reaksiyon kosulu kullanildi: %50 DMA/%50 sulu 200 mM süksinat tamponu pH ; veya %60 DMA/%40 200 mM süksinat tamponu pH (örnegin N N'-diizopr0pil etilamin, DIPEA veya 4-metilm0rfolin) ile %100 DMA. Bir dizi deneyde, DMx'in maleimid-PEG4-NHS baglayiciya (Pierce Endogen'den satin alinan) molar esdegeri, 1.2 - 2.4 arasinda degismistir ve reaksiyon süresi, 30 dakika olmustur. Saflastirilmis konjugatlarda ölçülen DMX/Ab sayisi, baglayici basina ilave10 DMX esdegerlerinin bir fonksiyonu olarak ölçüldü. 1.2 - 2.0 esdeger DM1/Baglayici kosullari, benzer DMx/Ab yüklerine sahip konjugatlar verdi, bu, baglayicinin NHS ester tarafinda DMx tiyolünün arzu edilmeyen reaksiyonunun önemli bir sorun olmadigini göstermektedir. Nihai konjugatlarda bulunan çapraz baglama miktari ayrica, çapraz baglanmis kontaminant maddelerin varliginin artan DM1/baglayici orani ile birlikte önemli ölçüde azaldigini gösteren SDS PAGE indirgemesi yoluyla analiz edildi. Maleimid veya haloasetamid reaktifleri (maleimidobütirik asit veya maleimidopropiyonik asit veya N-etilmaleimid veya iyodoasetamid veya iyodoasetik asit gibi) kullanilarak istege bagli bir söndürme adimi, DMX tiyolün antikor ile arzu edilmeyen reaksiyonlarini önlemek için fazlalik DMX tiyol grubunu söndürmek amaciyla, baslangiç DMX ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayici reaksiyonun tamamlanmasindan sonra (antikora reaksiyon karisiminin ilave edilmesinden önce) dahil edildi. Antikorun DMx ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin saflastirilmamis baslangiç reaksiyon karisimi ile reaksiyonunun alternatif bir yöntemi, konjugasyon reaksiyonu için pH degerini 6.5-8.5'e yükseltmek için tampon veya baz ilavesini takiben, DMX ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin baslangiç reaksiyon karisiminin (DMX-baglayici reaksiyonun tamamlanmasinin ardindan) düsük pH'da (pH~5) antikor ile karistirilmasini içermektedir. Bir antikor-PEG4-MaI-DM1 veya DM4 konjugati, bu bulusta tarif edilen konjugasyon yöntemi ile karsilastirmak üzere geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile yapilmistir. pH 7.5 fosfat tamponu (50 mM potasyum fosfat, 50 mM sodyum klorid, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) ve %5 DMA içinde 8 mg/ml konsantrasyonda insanlastirilmis antikor, fazlalik heterobifonksiyonel maleimid-PEG4-NHS baglayici reaktif maddesi ile degistirildi (Pierce Endogen'den satin alinmistir). 25 °C'de 2 saat sonrasinda, modifiye edilmis antikor, reaksiyona girmemis, dahil edilmemis fazlalik baglayiciyi çikarmak için G25 kromatografisi ile jel ile saflastirildi. Saflastirilmis Ab'nin geri kazanimi 280 nm'de UV emilimi ile belirlenmistir. Modifiye edilmis Ab'deki baglanmis maleimid gruplarinin sayisi, modifiye edilmis antikordaki maleimid rezidüleri ile reaksiyona girmesi için maleimid üzerinde fazladan bilinen bir miktarda tiyol (2-merkaptoetanol gibi) ilavesi ile modifiye edilmis bir küçük alikuot kullanimi ile belirlendi, ve daha sonra kalan tiolün DM1 veya DM4 tiyolü ile konjugasyonu, %95 fosfat tamponu pH 7.5 (50 mM potasyum fosfat, 50 mM sodyum klorid, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) ve %5 DMA içeren bir reaksiyon karisiminda 2.5 mg/ml'lik bir Ab konsantrasyonunda gerçeklestirildi. Ab'deki baglanmis maleimid mol degeri basina 1.7 molar esdegerde fazlalik DM1 veya DM4 tiyol ilave edildi. 25 °C'de gece boyunca reaksiyona sokulduktan sonra, konjugat, 0.22 um'lik bir filtre kullanilarak steril olarak süzüldü ve jel, reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik DM1 veya DM4'ten fosfat tamponu pH 7.5'de (50 mM potasyum fosfat, 50 mM sodyum klorid, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) dengelenmis bir 625 kolonu ile saflastirildi. Saflastirilmis konjugat, kovalent olmayan bir antikora veya degisken bir bag ile baglanmis herhangi bir DM1 veya DM4 türünün ayrismasina izin vermek üzere 4 °C'de 2 gün süreyle fosfat tamponu pH tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra 2 gün boyunca histidin/glisin tamponu pH 5.5'te (130 mM glisin/10 mM histidin, pH 5.5) diyaliz edildi ve 0.22 pm'lik bir filtre kullanilarak steril olarak süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina DM1 veya DM4 molekülleri sayisi, bu iki dalga boyunda DM1/DM4 ve Ab için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorpsiyonunu belirleyerek ölçülmüstür. SDS PAGE indirgemesi, %4-12 Bis Tris Gel (lnvitrogen) içeren NuPage elektroforez sistemi kullanilarak konjugat ve antikor numuneleri üzerinde gerçeklestirildi. Isi denatüre edildi ve indirgenmis numuneler 10 ug/seritte yüklendi. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugatlarin indirgeme SDS-PAGE'si, ana bantlar olarak sadece beklenen agir ve hafif zincir bantlarini (sirasiyla 50 kDa ve 25 kDa) göstermistir (Sekil 2). Buna karsilik, geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemiyle hazirlanan konjugatlar, sirasiyla muhtemelen zincirler arasi çapraz baglanmis türler HL, H2, H2L ve çapraz baglanmis bantlar göstermistir. (Sekil 2). Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan antikor-PEG4-Mal-DM4 konjugatinin Protein LabChip elektroforez analizi (indirgeme kosulu altinda), sirasiyla benzer %65 ve %30 konjuge olmayan antikora benzer sekilde, (toplam proteinin) %58 ve %30 yüzdeleri ile beklenen agir ve hafif zincir bantlarini gösterdi (Sekil 3). Buna karsilik, geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugat, sirasiyla sadece %16 ve 169 kDa arasinda degisen yüksek molekül agirlikli ana bantlar gösterdi. Kantitatif10 Protein LabChip analizine dayanarak, bu basvuruda tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan konjugat, geleneksel iki adimli proses kullanilarak hazirlananlardan çok daha üstündür Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan konjugatlarin MS analizi, antikor molekülü basina artan sayida maytansinoid molekülü tasiyan antikor için ayrik DMx-antikor konjugat tepe noktalarini göstermistir (Sekil 4). Buna karsilik, geleneksel 2 adimli yöntem kullanilarak elde edilen konjugatin MS'si neredeyse çözülmemistir, ve çapraz- baglanma veya inaktive edilmis maleimid baglayicilardan dolayi konjugat preparasyonunun homojensizligini ortaya koymaktadir. Bu nedenle, MS'e dayanarak, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugat, geleneksel iki adimli yöntem ile sentezlenenden daha üstündür. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan bir anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin baglanmasi, antijen eksprese eden COL0205 hücrelerini kullanarak akis sitometrisi ile ölçüldü ve konjuge edilmemis antikorunkine benzer oldugu bulundu ve konjugasyonun antikorun baglanmasi üzerinde zararli bir etkisi olmadigini göstermistir (Sekil 5). Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin sitotoksik etkinligi, CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COL0205 kolon kanseri hücreleri kullanilarak in vitro olarak ölçüldü (Sekil 6). Antijen eksprese eden kanser hücreleri, fetal bovin serumu içeren hücre kültürü ortamindaki 96 kuyucuklu bir plaka içerisinde yaklasik 1000 hücre/kuyucukta kaplandi ve degisik konsantrasyonlarda Ab-DMX konjugatina maruz birakildi. Konjugata 5 gün maruz kaldiktan sonra, her kuyucukta kalan canli hücreler WST-8 tahlili (Dojindo Molecular Technologies) kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Sekil 6'da gösterildigi gibi, bu yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 konjugati, CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COL0205 kolon kanseri hücrelerine karsi düsük konsantrasyonlarda oldukça etkiliydi. Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1 konjugatinin sitotoksisitesi, konjuge olmayan fazlalik antikor ilavesiyle bloke edilebilecegi için COL0205 hücrelerine özgüdür. Örnek 2. Antikorun sirali iki adimli yönteme karsi, bu yöntemle maleimid-Sulfo- NHS baglayici kullanilarak DM1IDM4 ile konjugasyonu (Sekil 7) DMx tiyol ve maleimid-Sulfo-NHS heterobifonksiyonel baglayicilarinin stok çözeltileri, içerisinde hazirlandi. Baglayici ve DMx tiyol, %40 v/v 200 mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5.0 ihtiva eden DMA'da karistirildi, DMx baglayici oranini 1.6 olarak verdi ve 15 mM'ye esit bir nihai DMx konsantrasyonu elde edildi. Karistirildiktan sonra reaksiyon, 1-4 saat boyunca birakildi ve daha sonra reaksiyonun tamamlanmasini ve maleimid yoklugunu degerlendirmek üzere 302-320 nm'de absorbansi ölçmek için reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu 10 kez seyreltildi. (Reaksiyon karisiminin donmus bir alikuotunun ilave ters faz HPLC analizi, baglayici maleimidin tamamen kayboldugunu ve antikora reaksiyon karisimi eklendigi sirada arzu edilen baglayici-DMx reaktifinin olusumunu dogrulamak için daha sonra 302 nm ve 252 nm'de absorbans izlemesi ile yapildi). UV ile baska bir maleimid bulunmadiginda, 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 fosfat tampon/%10 DMA, pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat tamponu (pH 7.5) içindeki bir antikor karisimina reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu eklenmistir. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DMx konjugati, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda veya tegetsel akis filtrasyonunda dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik DMx ve konjuge olmayan baglayici ürünlerden saflastirildi. Konjugat, kovalent olmayan veya degisken bir bag ile antikora baglanan herhangi bir DMx türünün ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tamponunda 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab antikor molekülü basina DMx moleküllerinin sayisi (ortalama) konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DMx ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Karsilastirma amaciyla, Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DMX konjugatlari, geleneksel 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi kullanilarak hazirlandi. 8 mg/ml konsantrasyonunda pH 7.5 fosfat tamponu/%5 DMA tamponu içindeki antikor (Ab), fazlalik bifonksiyonel maleimid-Sulfo- NHS baglayici ile modifiye edildi. Reaksiyonun 20 °C'de 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi ve daha sonra modifiye edilmis Ab, G25 kromatografisi kullanilarak reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik baglayicidan saflastirildi. Saflastirilmis Ab'nin geri kazanimi 280 nm'de UV emilimi ile belirlenmistir. Modifiye edilmis Ab'deki baglanmis maleimid gruplarinin sayisi, modifiye edilmis antikordaki maleimid rezidüleri ile reaksiyona girmesi için maleimid üzerinde fazladan bilinen bir miktarda tiyol (2-merkaptoetanol gibi) ilavesi edilmesi ile modifiye edilmis küçük bir alikuot kullanilarak belirlendi, ve daha sonra kalan10 tiyolün DTNB reaktifi kullanilarak Ellman testi ile tahlil edilmesi (412 nm = 14150 M'1 cm' 1'de TNB tiyolatinin söndürme katsayisi; Riddles, PW vd., Methods Enzymol; 1983, 91, ile konjugasyonu %95 pH içinde 2.5 mg/ml'lik bir antikor konsantrasyonunda gerçeklestirildi, Ab içindeki baglanmis maleimidin mol degeri basina 1.7 molar esdegerinde DMX tiyol eklendi. Reaksiyon, 8-24 saat 18 ° C'de birakildi ve konjugat, G25 boyut dislama kromatografisi yoluyla reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik DMx'den ayrildi. Saflastirma prosesinden sonra konjugat, kovalent olmayan veya degisken baglanma yoluyla antikora baglanan herhangi bir DMX türünün ayrismasini saglamak Için pH 7.5 tampon içinde 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 pm'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina DMX molekülü sayisi, konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DMX ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. SDS PAGE indirgemesi, bir NuPage %4-12 Bis Tris Mini Jeli ve NuPAGE MOPS SDS çalisan tamponu ile NuPage elektroforez sistemi (Invitrogen) kullanilarak konjugat ve moleküler agirliga sahip olan jel üzerindeki bantlar, zincirler arasi çapraz baglanmis türlerin (sirasiyla HL, H2L ve H2L2) göstergesidir. Ab-Sulfo-Mal-DM1 ~4 DM1/Ab (sirasiyla bu yöntemle serit 3 ve geleneksel 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile serit 2) ve ~ 6 DM1/Ab (sirasiyla bu yöntemle serit 5, ve geleneksel 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi serit 4) konjugatlarinin bir karsilastirmasi, açikça bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan konjugatlarin (seritler 3 ve 5) geleneksel 2 adimli yöntemle yapilan konjugatlardan (serit 2 ve 4) daha az oranda yüksek molekül agirlikli çapraz baglanmis tür oranina sahip oldugunu gösterir. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan antikor-Sulfo-Mal-DM1 konjugatinin Protein LabChip elektroforez analizi (Indirgeme kosulu altinda) analizi, antikorun sirasiyla %70 ve %30 konjuge olmayan durumuna benzser, %70 ila 28'lik (toplam proteinin yüzdeleri) agir ve hafif zincir ana bantlarini göstermistir (Sekil 9). Buna karsilik, geleneksel iki adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugat, sirasiyla sadece %53 ve 23 agir ve hafif bantlar ve muhtemelen zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma nedeniyle 99-152 kDa arasinda degisen yüksek molekül agirlikli ana bantlar gösterdi. Kantitatif Protein LabChip10 analizine dayanarak, bu basvuruda tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan konjugat, geleneksel iki adimli prosesi kullanilarak hazirlanana kiyasla zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma eksikligi açisindan daha üstündür (Sekil 9). Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle benzer ilaç yükleri ile ve geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle yapilan Ab-Sulfo-mal-DM1 konjugatlari , boyut dislama LC/MS analizi ile karsilastirildi (Sekil 10). Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan konjugatlar, yalnizca Ab-(baglayici- DMxn`ye esit kütle ile tepe noktalarinin beklenen dagilimini içeren arzu edilen MS spektrumunu göstermektedir. Geleneksel iki adimli yöntem kullanilarak yapilan konjugatlarda, spektrumdaki majör tepe noktalarinin tümü, arzu edilen Ab-(baglayici- DMx)n molekül bölümlerine ek olarak bir veya daha fazla hidrolize veya çapraz baglanmis baglayici fragmani içerir. Geleneksel 2 adimli reaksiyon dizisindeki zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma veya maleimidin sulu inaktivasyonunun varsayilan mekanizmasi, Sekil 17'de gösterilmis olup, burada antikorun heterobifonksiyonel baglayici ile baslangiç reaksiyonundan elde edilen dahil edilmis maleimid (veya haloasetamid) rezidüsü, zincirler arasi (veya moleküller arasi) çapraz baglanma ile sonuçlanan intramoleküler histidin, lisin, tirozin veya sistein rezidüleri ile reaksiyona girebilir, veya baslangiçta dahil edilmis maleimid (veya haloasetamid) rezidüsü (örnegin hidrolitik maleimid halka parçalanmasi veya maleimide su ilave edilerek) inaktive edilebilir ve bu nedenle, tiyol içeren efektör veya haberci grubu ile hizli reaksiyon için kullanilamaz hale gelir. Bu nedenle, LC-MS analizi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemin, antikora baglanan az hidrolize edilmis veya hiç hidrolize edilmemis veya çapraz baglanmis baglayici fragmanlarla homojen konjugat üretme avantajina sahip oldugunu açikça göstermektedir. Bir anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan antikor molekülü basina (ortalama) 5.6 maytansinoid yüke baglanmasi, antijen eksprese eden COL0205 hücreleri kullanilarak akis sitometrisi ile ölçüldü ve konjugasyonun antikorun hedef antijene baglanmasini etkilemedigini ortaya koyan konjuge olmayan antikorunkine benzer oldugu bulundu (Sekil 11). Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 konjugatinin sitotoksik etkinligi, CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COL0205 kolon kanseri hücreleri kullanilarak in vitro olarak ölçüldü (Sekil 12). Antijeni eksprese eden kanser hücreleri, fetal bovin serumu içeren hücre kültürü ortamindaki 96 kuyucuklu bir plaka içerisinde yaklasik 1000 hücre/kuyucukta kaplandi ve degisik konsantrasyonlarda Ab-DMx konjugatina maruz10 birakildi. Konjugata 5 gün maruz kaldiktan sonra, kalan canli hücreler WST-8 testi (Dojindo Molecular Technologies) kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Sekil 12'de gösterildigi gibi, bu yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 konjugati, CanAg antijenini eksprese eden COLO205 kolon kanseri hücrelerine karsi düsük konsantrasyonlarda oldukça etkiliydi. Bu konjugatin sitotoksisitesi, konjuge olmayan fazlalik antikor ile rekabeti tarafindan bloke edilebilecegi için spesifikti. Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemi kullanan alternatif bir konjugasyon yöntemi, DMX tiyolün antikor ile arzu edilmeyen reaksiyonlarini önlemek için fazlalik DMX tiyol grubunu söndürmek amaciyla baslangiç DMX ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayici reaksiyonunun tamamlanmasindan sonra (reaksiyon karisiminin antikora eklenmesinden önce), maleimid veya haloasetamid reaktifleri (4-maleimid obütirik asit veya 3-maleimid opropiyonik asit veya N-etilmaleimid veya iyodoasetamid veya iyodoasetik asit gibi) kullanarak bir söndürme adimini içermektedir. Spesifik bir örnekte, baslangiçtaki DMX ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayici reaksiyonunun tamamlanmasindan sonra (reaksiyon karisiminin antikora eklenmesinden önce), konjugasyon reaksiyonu sirasinda antikor DMX tiyol ile antikorun arzu edilmeyen herhangi bir reaksiyonunu önlemek için fazlalik DMX tiyol grubunu söndürmek için 4-maleimidobütirik asit ilave edildi. Fazlalik DM4 (3 mM) içeren bir DM4 ve Sulfo-MaI-NHS heterobfonksiyonel reaktif Içeren reaksiyon karisimina, arzu edilen DM4 tiyolün heterobfonksiyonel reaktifin maleimid grubuna baglanmasi üzerine, geri kalan DM4'ü baslangiç birlestirme reaksiyonundan söndürmek için, reaksiyon karisimina 20 dakika boyunca ortam sicakliginda iki kat molar fazlalik 4- maleimidobütirik asit (6 mM) ilave edildi. Reaksiyon karisiminin saflastirilmasi olmaksizin, 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 sulu fosfat tampon/%10 DMA, pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat tamponunda (pH 7.5) bir antikor çözeltisiyle bir alikuot karistirildi. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Antikor-DM4 konjugati, küçük moleküllü fazlalik DM4 ve baglayici reaktantlardan, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak saflastirildi. Konjugasyon karisimi ayrica kovalent olmayan veya degisken baglanma yoluyla antikora baglanmis herhangi bir DMX türünün ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tampon içinde 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina ortalama DM4 molekülü sayisi, konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DM4 ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür.10 Konjugat örnekleri, %4-12'Iik bir Bis Tris Jel (lnvitrogen) içeren NuPage elektroforez sistemi kullanilarak indirgeyici olmayan SDS PAGE ile analiz edildi. Isiyla denatüre edilmis numuneler 10 ug/seritte yüklendi. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugatin indirgeyici olmayan SDS-PAGE'si (su verme olmadan) bir hafif zincir bandinin (~25 kDa) ve yari antikor bandinin (agir-hafif zincir; ~75 kDa) bir kanitini olusturmustir (Sekil 18). Öte yandan, 4-maleimidobutirik asit (fazlalik DMX tiyolü kaplamak için) ile muamele edilen bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugat bu arzu edilmeyen bantlardan (degistirilmemis antikor numunesi ile ayni seviyelerde) önemli ölçüde daha düsük miktarlara sahipti. 4-maleimid obütirik asit gibi tiyol söndürme reaktifleri ile baslangiç DMX ve heterobifonksiyonel reaksiyon karisiminin (antikor ile konjugasyondan önce) söndürülmesinin bir baska avantaji, antikor konjugasyon reaksiyonu sirasinda "serbest" DMX (DM1 veya DM4) veya konjuge olmamis Dmx türlerinin olmamasidir ve bu nedenle saflastirmadan sonraki nihai konjugat "serbest" veya konjuge olmayan DMX türlerini içermez. 4-maleimid obütirik asit (veya diger polar tiyoI-söndürücü reaktifler) içeren DMX-eklenme ürünü, DMX'den daha fazla suda çözünürdür ve bu nedenle kovalent olarak baglanmis antikor- DMX konjugatindan daha kolay ayrilabilir. Örnek 3. Antikorun, sulfo-NHS-SMCC baglayici kullanilarak maytansinoid (DM1/DM4) ile konjugasyonu (Sekil 13). DM1 veya DM4 tiyol (DMX) ve sulfo-SMCC heterobifonksiyonel baglayicisinin sulfo- NHS grubuyla (Pierce Endogen'den satin alindi; Sekil 13) stok çözeltileri DMA'da 30-60 mM konsantrasyonlarinda hazirlandi. Baglayici ve DM1 veya DM4 tiyol, DMA'da %40 v/V'ye kadar sulu 200 mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5.0 içeren bir DMA içinde karistirildi ve DM1 veya DM4 (DMX) baglayici oranini 1.6:1 olarak ve 6 mM'Iik bir nihai DMX konsantrasyonunu verdi. Karistirdiktan sonra reaksiyon, ortam sicakliginda 1-4 saat bekletildi ve daha sonra, bütün maleimidin reaksiyona girip girmedigini degerlendirmek için 302-320 nm'de absorbansi ölçmek amaciyla reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu 10 kez seyreltildi. (Reaksiyon karisiminin donmus bir alikuotunun ilave ters faz HPLC analizi, daha sonra baglayici maleimidin tamamen kayboldugunu ve reaksiyon karisiminin antikora eklenmesi sirasinda arzu edilen sülfo-NHS-baglayici- Mal-DMX reaktifinin olusturuldugunu dogrulamak için 302 nm ve 252 nm'de izleyerek gerçeklestirildi). UV ile baska bir maleimid bulunmadiginda, 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 fosfat tampon (sulu)/%1O DMA (v/v), pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat10 tamponu (pH 7.5) içindeki bir antikorun sulu bir çözeltisine reaksiyonun bir alikuotu eklenmistir. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DMx konjugati, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda (sulu) dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik reaktif ve fazlalik DMx'den saflastirildi. Konjugat, Ab'ye kovalent olmayan bir sekilde veya kararsiz baglanti yoluyla ayrilan herhangi bir DMX türünün ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tamponunda 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina DMX molekülü sayisi, konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DMx ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Karsilastirma amaciyla, Ab-SMCC-DMX konjugatlari, geleneksel 2 adimli konjugasyon yöntemi kullanilarak hazirlandi. %95 pH 6.5 fosfat tamponu/%5 DMA tamponu içinde 8 mg/ml konsantrasyonundaki antikor (Ab), sulfo-NHS grubuyla (Pierce Endogen'den satin alindi) fazla bifonksiyonel sulfo-SMCC baglayici ile modifiye edildi. Reaksiyonun °C'de 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi ve sonra modifiye edilmis Ab, G25 kromatografisi kullanilarak reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik baglayicidan saflastirildi. Saflastirilmis Ab'nin geri kazanimi 280 nm'de UV emilimi ile belirlenmistir. Modifiye edilmis Ab'deki baglanmis maleimid gruplarinin sayisi, modifiye edilmis antikordaki maleimid rezidüleri ile reaksiyona girmesi için maleimid üzerinde fazladan ilave edilen bilinen bir miktarda tiyol (2-merkaptoetanol gibi) ilavesi ile modifiye edilmis antikorun küçük bir alikuotu kullanilarak belirlendi, ve daha sonra kalan tiyolün DTNB reaktifi konjugasyonu %95 pH içinde 2.5 mg/ml'lik bir antikor konsantrasyonunda gerçeklestirildi, Ab içindeki baglanmis maleimidin mol degeri basina 1.7 molar esdegerinde DMX tiyol eklendi. Reaksiyon, 8-24 saat 18 ° C'de birakildi ve konjugat, G25 kromatografisi ile fazla, reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik DM1"den (veya DM4) ayrildi. Saflastirmadan sonra konjugat, zayif bir sekilde baglanmis herhangi bir DM1/DM4 türünün hidrolizine izin vermek için pH 6.5 tamponunda 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 pm'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DM1/DM4 ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. SDS PAGE indirgemesi, bir NuPage %4-12 Bis Tris Mini Gel ve NuPAGE MOPS SDS çalisan tamponu (Sekil 14) ile NuPage elektroforez sistemi (lnvitrogen) kullanilarak kDa moleküler agirliga sahip olan jel üzerindeki bantlar, zincirler arasi çapraz baglanmis türlerin (sirasiyla HL, H2L ve H2L2) göstergesidir. Ab-SMCC-DM1 ile konjugatlarin 3.1 D/Ab (sirasiyla bu yöntemle serit 4, ve geleneksel 2 adimli yöntemle serit 3) ile karsilastirilmasi, açikça bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan konjugatlarin (serit 4) geleneksel 2 adimli yöntemle yapilan konjugatlardan (serit 3) daha az oranda yüksek molekül agirlikli çapraz baglanmis tür oranina sahip oldugunu gösterir. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan antikor-SMCC-DMI konjugatinin Protein LabChip elektroforez analizi (indirgeme kosulu altinda), sirasiyla %68 ve %30 konjuge olmayan antikoruna benzer (Sekil 15) %67 ve 30'Iuk (toplam proteinin) yüzdeleri olan agir ve hafif zincir ana bantlarini gösterdi. Buna karsilik, geleneksel iki adimli yöntem kullanilarak hazirlanan konjugat, sirasiyla sadece %54 ve 24 agir ve hafif bantlar ve muhtemelen zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma nedeniyle 96-148 kDa arasinda degisen yüksek molekül agirlikli ana bantlar gösterdi. Kantitatif Protein LabChip analizine dayanarak, bu basvuruda tarif edilen yöntemle hazirlanan konjugat, geleneksel iki adimli proses kullanilarak hazirlanana kiyasla zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma eksikligi açisindan daha üstündür (Sekil 15). Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntem ile yapilan benzer ilaç yüklerine sahip ve ve geleneksel iki adimli yöntemle yapilan Ab-SMCC-DM1 konjugatlar, boyut dislama LC/MS analizi ile karsilastirildi (Sekil 16). Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan konjugat, yalnizca Ab- (baglayici-DMx)n`ye esit kütle ile tepe noktalarinin beklenen dagilimini içeren arzu edilen MS spektrumunu göstermektedir. Geleneksel iki adimli yöntemi kullanarak yapilan konjugat durumunda, spektrum arzu edilen Ab-(baglayiCi-DMX)n türlerini ve inaktive edilmis maleimid ve çapraz baglanmis baglayici fragmanlarini içeren ilave türleri içeren türlerin heterojen bir karisimini göstermektedir. Geleneksel 2 adimli reaksiyon dizisindeki zincirler arasi çapraz baglanma ve maleimid inaktivasyonunun varsayilan mekanizmalari, Sekil 17'de gösterilmis olup, burada antikorun heterobfonksiyonel baglayici ile ilk reaksiyonundan dahil edilen maleimid (veya10 haloasetamid rezidüsü) zincir içi çapraz baglanma ile sonuçlanan molekül içi (veya moleküller arasi) histidin, Iisin, tirozin veya sistein rezidüleriyle reaksiyona girebilir veya baslangiçta dahil edilmis maleimid (veya haloasetamid) rezidüsü, tiyol içeren DM1 veya DM4 (DMX) ajani ile reaksiyon adimindan önce maleimid rezidüsünün hidrolizi veya hidrasyonu ile inaktive edilebilir. Bu nedenle, LC-MS analizi, bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemin, antikora baglanmis az miktarda etkisizlestirilmis maleimid veya çapraz baglanmis baglayici fragmanlarla homojen konjugat üretme avantajina sahip oldugunu açikça göstermektedir. Örnek 4. Antikorun bu yöntemle parçalanabilir disülfit baglayicilara sahip DM1/DM4 (DMX) ile konjugasyonu (Sekil 19). DM1 veya DM4 tiyol (DMX) ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayici 4-(2-piridildiy0) bütanoik asit-N-hidroksisüksinimid ester (SPDB) içeren stok çözeltiler, DMA'da 30-60 mM konsantrasyonlarinda hazirlandi. Baglayici ve DMX tiyol, % 40 DM/hac sulu 200 mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH baglayici orani 1.6:1 olacak sekilde ve bir 8 mM'lik DMX nihai konsantrasyon orani vermek üzere karistirildi. Karistirdiktan sonra reaksiyon, ortam sicakliginda 1 saat bekletildi ve daha sonra 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 fosfat tamponunun (sulu)/%10 DMA (v/v), pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat tamponu (pH 7.5) içindeki bir sulu antikor çözeltisine reaksiyondan bir alikuot ilave edildi. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DMx konjugati, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda (sulu) dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik reaktif ve fazlalik DMx'den saflastirildi. Konjugat, Ab'ye kovalent olmayan bir sekilde veya degisken baglanma yoluyla bagli herhangi bir DMX türünün ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tamponunda 2 gün boyunca 4 °C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjuge üzerindeki Ab molekülü basina DMX moleküllerinin sayisi, bu iki dalga boyunda DMX ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorpsiyonunu belirleyerek ölçülmüstür. Örnek 5. Antikor-DM1/DM4 (Ab-DMX) konjugatinin bu yöntem kullanarak hem disülfit hem de parçalanamayan baglayicilarla preparasyonu (Sekil 20). DM1 veya DM4 tiyol (DMX) ve NHS-PEGn-Maleimid heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin stok çözeltileri, içerisinde hazirlandi. NHS-PEG4-Maleimid baglayici ve DMx tiyol, %40 v/v 200 mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5.0 ihtiva eden DMA içerisinde bir arada karistirildi ve DMx baglayici molar oranini 1.6:1 olarak verdi ve nihai DMx konsantrasyonunu 8.0 mM'ye esit olarak verdi. Reaksiyon karisimi, ortam sicakliginda 2 saat reaksiyona girmeye birakildi. Ayri bir paralel reaksiyonda, SPDB baglayici ve DMx tiol birlikte karistirilmis ve 1 saatlik bir reaksiyon süresi haricinde NHS-PEG4-maleimid reaksiyonu için kullanilan sartlara benzer bir sekilde reaksiyona sokulmustur. Her iki reaksiyonun tamamlanmasindan sonra ve saflastirilmadan sonra, esit hacimlerde PEG4-MaI-DM4 karisimi ve SPDB-DM4 karisimi birlestirildi. Birlestirilen reaksiyon karisimlarinin bir alikuotu, 4 mg/ml Ab, %90 fosfat tamponu (sulu)/%10 DMA (v/v), pH 7.5 nihai konjugasyon kosullari altinda fosfat tamponu (pH 7.5) içindeki bir antikor çözeltisine saflastirilmadan ilave edildi. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 2 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DMx konjugati, reaksiyona girmemis fazlalik reaktiflerden ve fazlalik DMx'den, pH 7.5 fosfat tamponunda (sulu) dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak saflastirildi. Konjugat, Ab'ye kovalent olmayan bir sekilde veya degisken baglanma yoluyla baglanmis DMx türlerinin ayrismasini saglamak için pH 7.5 tamponunda 2 gün boyunca 4 c'C'de tutuldu. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 5.5 histidin/glisin tamponu içine diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugat üzerindeki Ab molekülü basina DMx moleküllerinin sayisi, bu iki dalga boyunda DMx ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorpsiyonunu belirleyerek ölçülmüstür. Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle yapilan Ab-(karisik SPDB ve PEG4-Mal baglayici)-DMX konjugati, antikor basina DMx karsilastirilarak konjugatin DTT (dithiothreitol) prosesinden önce ve sonra disülfit bagini indirgemek için Ab üzerinde parçalanamayan karsi baglayicinin dahil edilme (D/A) oranini belirlemek üzere test edildi. DTT indirgeme sirasinda reaksiyon pH degerinin 7.5'te tutulmasi için konjugat ilk önce 250 mM HEPES tamponu pH 7.5'e diyaliz edildi. Konjugat daha sonra 37 °C'de 20 dakika boyunca 25 mM DTT ile reaksiyona sokularak indirgendi. DTT reaksiyonundan sonra, salinan DMx ve DTT, 250 mM HEPES tamponu pH 7.5'te dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak reaksiyon karisimindan ayrildi. Saflastirilmis üründeki Ab molekülü basina ortalama DMx molekülü sayisi, konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorpsiyonunu10 belirleyerek ve bu iki dalga boyunda DMX ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçüldü. DTT ile muamele edilmis konjugatin D/A orani ve DTT ile muamele edilmemis konjugatin D/A orani, parçalanamayan bag yoluyla Ab'ye baglanmis DMX yüzdesini hesaplamak için kullanilmistir. Iki ek örnek, Ab-SPDB-DM4 ve Ab-PEG4-Mal- DM4 konjugatlarina, sirasiyla pozitif ve negatif kontroller olarak DTT ile muamele edildi. DTT prosesinden önce ve sonra D/A oranini karsilastirarak, kontrol edilemeyen parçalanamaz Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4 konjugati, yaklasik olarak baglanan bütün baglayicilarin beklendigi gibi parçalanamaz ( %93) oldugu gösterildi. Bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle yapilan hem parçalanamaz hem de disülfit baglayicilari içeren Ab- (karisik SPDB ve PEG4MaI baglayici)-DMX konjugati, tamamen parçalanabilir baglayicidan olusan Ab-SPDB-DMx'den DMX kaybi miktarina göre DTT prosesiyle parçalandiginda %41 daha az DMx'e sahiptir. Tamamen parçalanabilir baglayicidan olusan Ab-DMX konjugati bu bulusta tarif edilen yöntemle yapilan Ab-(karisik SPDB ve PEG4-Mal)-DMX konjugatinin yaklasik %40'inin parçalanamaz ve %60'inin parçalanabilir baglayicilardan olustugunu göstermistir. Parçalanamayan ve parçalanabilir baglayici reaktiflerin baslangiç oraninin degistirilmesiyle, antikorun maytansinoid veya baska bir efektör ile konjugatlari. farkli parçalanamayan ve parçalanabilir baglayici orani ile hazirlanabilir. Sekil 21, yukarida tarif edilen, hem disülfit baglayicilar (SPDB) hem de parçalanamayan baglayicilar (PEG) ile baglanan antikor molekülü basina ortalama 3.5 maytansinoid molekülüne sahip antikor içeren, yukarida açiklanan deglikosile edilmis konjugatin kütle spektrumunu göstermektedir. MS, hem parçalanamayan hem de prçalanabilir baglayicilari içeren ayri birlesik türler gösterir (Sekil 21). Örnegin, D2-PEG-SPDB olarak gösterilen konjugat tepe noktasi, bir disülfit-baglanmis ve bir parçalanamayan, tiyoeter-baglanmis maytansinoid molekülüne sahiptir; D3-PEG-2SPDB olarak gösterilen konjugat tepe noktasi, iki disülfit-baglanmis ve bir parçalanamayan, tiyoeter-baglanmis maytansinoid molekülü tasimaktadir; ve D3- 2PEG-SPDB olarak gösterilen konjugat tepe noktasi, bir disülfit-baglanmis ve iki parçalanamayan tiyoeter-baglanmis maytansinoid molekülü tasimaktadir. Örnek 6. Antikorun SMCC baglayici kullanarak maytansinoid ile konjugasyonu DM1 tiyol ve SMCC heterobifonksiyonel baglayicinin (Pierce) stok çözeltileri DMA'da mM süksinat tamponu, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5.0 ihtiva eden DMA içinde karistirildi; DM1'in10 baglayiciya orani 1.4:1 mol esdegerini verdi ve nihai DM1 konsantrasyonu 1 ila 6 mM arasinda bulundu. Karistirdiktan sonra reaksiyon, ortam sicakliginda 4 saate kadar birakildi ve daha sonra, tüm maleimidin tiyol ile reaksiyona girip girmedigini degerlendirmek için 302-320 nm'de absorbansi ölçmek için reaksiyon karisiminin bir alikuotu ile 10 kez seyreltildi. UV ile baska bir maleimid bulunmadiginda, 2.5 mg/ml Ab, fosfat tamponu içindeki bir antikorun sulu bir çözeltisine (pH 7.5-8.5) reaksiyonun bir alikuotu ilave edildi. Konjugasyon reaksiyonunun ortam sicakliginda 3 saat devam etmesine izin verildi. Ab-DM1 konjugati, reaksiyona girmemis veya hidrolize edilmis reaktif fazlaligindan ve DM1 fazlaligindan, pH 7.4 fosfat tamponu (sulu) içerisinde dengelenmis bir G25 jel filtrasyon kolonu kullanilarak saflastirildi. Konjugat daha sonra gece boyunca pH 7.4 fosfat tamponuna (sulu) diyaliz edildi ve daha sonra nihai depolama için 0.22 um'lik bir filtreden süzüldü. Nihai konjugattaki Ab molekülü basina DM1 molekülü sayisi, konjugatin 252 ve 280 nm'de absorbansinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ve bu iki dalga boyunda DM1 ve antikor için bilinen sönme katsayilari kullanilarak ölçülmüstür. Benzer sekilde, antikorun DM4 tiyol ve SMCC ile konjugatlari hazirlanabilir. SMCC baglayici kullanarak DM1 veya DM4 ile antikorun bu konjugatlari, tiyoeter parçalanamayan baglayici içerir. Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan Ab-SMCC-DM1 konjugati, glikosile edilmis konjugatin MS analizi ile karakterize edildi (Sekil 23). Bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle yapilan konjugat, Ab-(baglayici-DM1)n'ye esit kütle ile tepe noktalarinin beklenen dagilimini içeren arzu edilen MS spektrumunu göstermektedir. Örnek 7. Antikorun, heterobifonksiyonel disülfit içeren baglayicilar (SSNPB, SPP) kullanilarak maytansinoid ile konjugasyonu. Disülfit içeren heterobifonksiyonel baglayicilar SSNPB (N-sülfosüksinimidiI-4-(5-nitro-2- piridildiyo)bütirat) ve SPP (N-süksinimidil-3-(2-piridildiyo)propiyonat) hazirlamak için kullanilabilir antikor-maytansinoid konjugatlari, Örnek 4'te SPDB baglayici hazirlamak için tarif edilene benzer bir yöntemle kullanilabilir. SPDB (Sekil 19) kullanilarak hazirlanan disülfit-baglanmis konjugatin yapisi, SSNPB ile hazirlanan konjugat ile aynidir (Sekil 24). SPDB kullanilarak hazirlanan bir disülfit-baglanmis konjugatin MS'si, antikora-baglanmis farkli sayida maytansinoid molekülüne karsilik gelen kütle degerlerine sahip ayri tepe noktalari göstermistir.10 Örnek 8. Antikorun, parçalanamayan baglayicilari içeren maytansinoid ile lineer alkil karbon zinciri ile konjugasyonu. Dogrusal alkil karbon zincirine sahip parçalanamayan baglayici içeren konjugatlar, örnegin 6'de SMCC baglayici için tarif edilen yönteme benzer sekilde lineer alkil karbon zinciri ile maytansinoid ve heterobifonksiyonel baglayicilarin reaksiyon karisimi kullanilarak hazirlandi. Örnegin, insanlastirilmis bir antikorun konjugatlari DM1 ile Sekil 26'da gösterildigi gibi BMPS (N-[ß-maleimid 0pr0pil0ksi]süksinimit ester) veya GMBS ((N-[v-maleimid obütiriloksi]süksinimit ester) baglayici kullanilarak Sekil 26'da gösterilmistir. % 60 DMA /% 40 (h / h) 200 mM süksinat tamponu, pH 5 içindeki BMPS veya GMBS (8 mM) ve DM1 tiyol ( içeren baslangiç reaksiyon karisimi, 15 °C'de kontrol edildiginde, maleimid molekül bölümünün (maleimid absorbansinin 302- 320 nm'de bozunmasina dayanarak) tam reaksiyonunu gösterdi. Bu reaksiyon karisimi, dakika arayla iki bölüm halinde, %20 DMA (v/v) içeren %80 sulu EPPS tamponu, pH 8.1, içinde 2.5 mg/ml'de insanlastirilmis bir antikor çözeltisine eklendi, toplam baglayici ise antikorun 8 molar esdegeri olarak eklendi. Konjugat karisimi 4 saat jel olarak saflastirildir ve sonrasinda 2 tur diyalize maruz birakildi. DM1/antikor orani 3.8 ve 5.1 GMBS veya BMPS ile hazirlanan bu konjugatlar, HISEP HPLC analizi sonucunda konjuge edilmemis hiç bir serbest ilaç göstermedi. Dogrusal alkil zincirleriyle parçalanamayan baglayici içeren benzer konjugatlar, AMAS (N-[ß-maleimid oasetoksi] süksinimid ester) veya EMCS (N-[ß-maleimid okaproiloksi] süksinimit ester) veya sülfo- N-hidroksisüksinimit esterleri (sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-EMCS) kullanarak Sekil 25'te gösterildigi gibi hazirlanabilir. Tablo 1, bu bulusta açiklanan yöntemle hazirlanan seçme konjugatlar için monomer %'sini göstermektedir, bunlarin tümü boyut dislama kromatografisi analizi ile yüksek monomer %'si göstermistir. Karsilastirma amaciyla, monomer %'si ayrica geleneksel iki adimli konjugasyon yöntemi ile (antikorun heterobifonksiyonel baglayici ile baslangiç reaksiyonu, ardindan mayansinoid tiyol ile reaksiyonu) hazirlanan konjugatlar için de gösterilmistir. TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TRDESCRIPTION CONJUGATION METHODS filed on. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a novel method of conjugating an effector group (i.e., maytansinoids) to a cell binding agent (i.e., an antibody or a fragment thereof) via a bifunctional linker, wherein the process eliminates steps that result in the formation of undesirable hydrolyzed species or undesirable cross-linked species due to intra- or intermolecular reactions. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conjugates of cell binding agents such as antibodies with effector groups such as small cytotoxic agents or cytotoxic proteins are of great interest for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics (Richart, AD and Tolcher, AW, 2007, Nature Clinical Practice, 4, 245-25). These conjugates are tumor-specific due to the high specificity of the selected antibodies against antigens expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells. Upon specific binding to the tumor cell, the antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugate is internalized and dissociated into the target cancer cell, thereby releasing the active cytotoxic agent that inhibits essential cellular functions such as microtubule dynamics or DNA replication, resulting in cancer cell killing. Various linkers have been used to link antibodies with cytotoxic agents to enhance the delivery of the conjugate into the cell upon internalization and processing while maintaining the desired stability of the conjugate in plasma. These linkers include disulfide linkers, cleavable peptide linkers such as the valine-citrulline bond, and non-cleavable linkers such as the thioether linkage, all designed with varying degrees of steric hindrance to influence intracellular thiol reduction kinetics (Widdison, W. , et al. , J. Med. Chem. , 2006, 49, Conjugates of cell binding agents such as antibodies with labels or reporter groups are useful for tumor imaging applications in cancer patients, immunoassay applications for the diagnosis of various diseases, affinity chromatography applications for cancer treatment and purification using radioactive nuclide-ligand conjugates. The amount of bioactive substances such as proteins, peptides and oligonucleotides is measured by conjugating labels or reporter groups, fluorophores and affinity labels such as biotin with cell binding agents. The cell binding agent such as an antibody (Ab) is combined with an effector group (e.g., , a cytotoxic agent) or an irreducible linkage (e.g. , a reporter group (e.g., linked by a thioether bond) The traditional method of conjugating an antibody (e.g., a radiolabel) uses two different reaction steps with the antibody and requires the use of a purification step. In the first reaction step, the antibody is reacted with a heterobifunctional linker bearing two different reactive groups (e.g., X and Y). For example, in one approach, reaction of reactive residues of an antibody (such as amino residues of Iisin) with reactive group X of a heterobifunctional reagent (such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) results in coupling of the linker with reactive group Y of one or more reactive residues (such as amino residues of Iisin) in the antibody. First, the modified antibody product must be purified from excess linker or hydrolyzed linker reagent before the next step can occur. In the second reaction step, reactive group Y (e.g. Therefore, at least two purification steps are needed in the above process as the linker-modified antibody containing a reactive group (e.g., maleimide or haloacetamide) reacts with the effector, such as an effector group (C) containing a reactive group such as thiol (e.g., a cytotoxic agent), to produce the antibody-effector conjugate, which is further purified in an additional purification step. Another approach, involving two reactions and purification steps, to conjugate the antibody with an effector or reporter group uses the reaction of thiol residues in the antibody (generated by modification of the antibody with thiol-generating reagents such as 2-iminothiol, or by mutagenesis of unnatural cysteine residues, or by reduction of natural disulfide bonds) with a homobifunctional linker Y-L-Y containing Y-reactive groups (such as maleimide or haloacetamide). The main disadvantages of incorporating a reactive group Y, such as maleimide (or haloacetamide), into an antibody or peptide are the tendency of reactive maleimide (or haloacetamide) groups to react intramolecularly or intermolecularly with native histidine, lysine, tyrosine or cysteine residues in the antibody or peptide (Papini, A. et al. , Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. , is the aqueous inactivation of the group. Undesirable intra- or intermolecular reaction of maleimide (or haloacetamide) groups Y incorporated into the antibody with native histidine, lysine, or cysteine residues in the antibody and aqueous inactivation of maleimide group Y before the second reaction with effector or reporter group C leads to cross-linked proteins or heterogeneous conjugates and reduces the efficiency of the second reaction with effector or reporter group C. The heterogeneous conjugate product produced from undesirable reaction of initially introduced group Y* with natural groups in the cross-linked protein or peptide antibody or peptides (such as histidine, lysine, tyrosine or cysteine) or with inactive maleimide residues generated by aqueous inactivation (e.g., maleimide group) may have lower activity and stability than the desired homogeneous conjugate product. Processes for conjugating antibodies to thiol-containing cytotoxic agents via disulfide bonds have been described previously (see, e.g., , U. Q. Their patent, 5,208,020, involves an initial reaction of the antibody with a heterobifunctional reagent followed by a second reaction with a thiol-containing cytotoxic agent. U, in which the disulfide-linked reactive ester of the cytotoxic agent is first purified and then reacted with the antibody, but which involves an additional reaction and purification step starting from the agent cytotoxic thiol group before the reaction step with the antibody. Q. An alternative process is described in patent 6,441,163 B1. Another disadvantage of the current process for making conjugates of cell binding agents is the need for two purification steps, which reduces the overall yield and also makes the process impractical and uneconomical to scale up. U. Q. explains the methods for. In light of the above, there is a need in the art to develop improved methods for the preparation of cell binding agent-drug conjugate compositions that are essentially of high purity and can be prepared by avoiding laborious steps and reducing time and cost for the user. The invention provides such a method. These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will become apparent from the description of the invention provided herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes a conjugation method for preparing irreducible, thioether-linked conjugates of the formula CL-CBA, wherein C represents a cytotoxic agent, L is a linker, and CBA is a hetero- or a homo-bifunctional reagent (e.g., methyl group) of the thiol-containing cytotoxic agent (i.e., maytansinoids). It is a cell binding agent that is produced by using the direct reaction of a non-degradable linker (e.g., a cleavable or non-cleavable linker) with a cell binding agent (i.e., an antibody or a fragment thereof) by subsequently mixing the unpurified reaction mixture with a cell binding agent (i.e., an antibody or a fragment thereof), thus enabling the production of a non-degradable, thioether-linked conjugate in a more effective, efficient process and suitable for scale-up. Another important advantage is that such a conjugation method does not involve interchain protein cross-linking or inactivated residues (e.g. , maleimide or haloacetamide residues) to give thioether-linked irreducible conjugates. The new methods described in this application can be applied to prepare any conjugate represented by the above formula. Based on the disclosure herein, the present invention provides a process for preparing a purified conjugate in a solution, wherein the conjugate comprises a maytansinoid containing a thiol group coupled to an antibody, the process comprising the following steps: (a) contacting the maytansinoid with a bifunctional linker reagent to covalently link the linker to the maytansinoid, thereby preparing an unpurified first mixture comprising the maytansinoid having linkers coupled thereto, (b) conjugating an antibody to the maytansinoid having the linked linkers by reacting the unpurified first mixture with the antibody to prepare a second mixture, and (c) subjecting the second mixture to a tangential flow filtration, dialysis, gel filtration, adsorptive chromatography, selective precipitation, or a combination thereof, thereby preparing a first mixture containing the maytansinoid having linkers coupled thereto. Preparation of purified conjugate. The present invention and its embodiments are set forth in the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 shows the conjugation of the antibody with the reaction mixture of maytansinoid DM1 (or DM4) and Maleimide-PEGn-NHS linker. Figure 2 shows reducing SDS-PAGE of Ab-(PEG4-Mal)-DM4 conjugates prepared using the method described in this invention versus conjugates prepared using the conventional 2-step method. Each sample strip contained 10 pg of protein; the gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. Lanes 1 and 2 contain molecular weight markers. Lane 3 contained 6.1 DM4 per Ab of the conjugate prepared by the conventional two-step method. Lane 4, conjugate prepared by the method disclosed in this invention and 6 per Ab. Contains 2 DM4. Figure 3 shows Protein LabChip electrophoresis of Ab-(PEG4-Mal)-DM4 conjugates prepared using the method described in this invention versus conjugates prepared using the traditional 2-step method. A. Protein LabChip electrophoresis of Ab-(PEG4-MaI)-DM4 conjugates under reducing condition (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kit). Lane 1: molecular weight markers; lane 2: Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4, 6 synthesized using the method described in this invention. 2 D/Ab; lane 3: Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4 synthesized using the 2-step conjugation method, 6. 1 D/Ab; lane 4: unconjugated Ab (0 in each lane. 24 micrograms total protein). The upper marker, system peak, and lower marker bands represent external markers added from the kit. B. Quantification of protein bands from Protein LabChip electrophoresis. Figure 4 shows the MS of Ab-(PEG4-MaI)-DM4 conjugates prepared using the method described in this invention versus conjugates prepared using the conventional 2-step method. A. MS of the conjugate prepared by the conventional two-step method with 6.1 DM4 per Ab. Due to the significant heterogeneity of the conjugate, MS peaks are not well resolved. B. MS of the conjugate prepared by the method disclosed in this invention and containing 6.2 DM4 per Ab. Due to the homogeneity of the conjugate, MS peaks are well resolved. Figure 5 shows the binding of an anti-CanAg antibody-PEG4-MaI-DM1 conjugate per antibody to COLO205 cells expressing the CanAg antigen. Binding was measured in fluorescence units. Figure 6 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of an anti-CanAg Antibody-PEG4-MaI-DM1 conjugate against COLO205 cells expressing CanAg antigen per antibody. The conjugate was added to COL0205 cells and after 5 days of continuous incubation with the conjugate, the viability of the cells was measured using the WST-8 assay. To demonstrate the specificity of the conjugate, a control experiment was performed using an excess of unconjugated anti-CanAg antibody to block the proper binding and cytotoxicity of the conjugate to target cancer cells. Figure 7 shows the conjugation of the antibody with a mixture of DM1 (or DM4) and the Maleimide-Sulfo-NHS coupling reaction. Figure 8 shows reducing SDS-PAGE of Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)-DM| conjugates prepared using the method described in this invention versus conjugates prepared using the conventional 2-step method. Each sample strip contained 10 pg of protein; the gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. Lane 1 contained molecular weight markers. Lanes 3 and 5 are prepared by the method described in this invention and are 3 per Ab, respectively. 6 and 5. 6 contained DM1-containing conjugates. Lanes 2 and 4 contain conjugates prepared by the traditional two-step method, 4 per Ab, respectively. 0 and 5. Contains 7 DM1. Figure 9 shows the Protein LabChip electrophoresis of the Ab-(Sulfo-MaI)-DM1 conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention versus the conjugate prepared using the conventional 2-step method. A. Protein LabChip electrophoresis of Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)-DM1 conjugates under reducing condition (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kit). Lane 1: molecular weight markers; lane 2: unconjugated Ab; lane 3: Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM'1 synthesized using the 2-step conjugate method, 5. 7 D/Ab; lane 4: Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1, . 6 D/Ab was synthesized using the method described in this invention; 0 per well. Loaded with 22 micrograms of total protein. Upper marker, system peak and lower marker bands, external markers added from the kit (0. 24 micrograms of total protein). 8. Quantification of protein bands from Protein LabChip electrophoresis. Figure 10 shows the LC-MS comparison of Antibody-(Sulfo-MaI)-DMI conjugate prepared by the conventional two-step conjugation method with the method described in this invention. A. Prepared using the method described in this invention 3. MS of the conjugate with 6 DM1/Ab shows a homogeneous conjugate with distinct conjugate peaks carrying 1-6 DM1. B. Prepared by the traditional two-step conjugation method 4. MS of conjugate with 0 DM1/Ab. For the conjugate prepared by the conventional two-step method, MS shows peaks corresponding to the conjugates and conjugates with hydrolyzed or cross-linked linkers (e.g., 2 conjugates with DM1, plus a conjugate with L, 2L, and 3L), indicating a heterogeneous product. Figure 11 shows the binding of an anti-CanAg antibody-Sulfo-MaI-DMI conjugate per antibody to COL0205 cells expressing the CanAg antigen. Binding was measured in fluorescence units. Figure 12 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of an anti-CanAg Antibody-Sulfo-MaI-DMI conjugate against COL0205 cells expressing the CanAg antigen per antibody. The conjugate was added to COL0205 cells and after 5 days of continuous incubation with the conjugate, the viability of the cells was measured using the WST-8 assay. To demonstrate the specificity of the conjugate, a control experiment was performed using an excess of unconjugated anti-CanAg antibody to block the proper binding and cytotoxicity of the conjugate to target cancer cells. Figure 13 shows the conjugation of the antibody with a mixture of DM1 (or DM4) and Sulfo-NHS SMCC linker reaction. Figure 14 shows reducing SDS-PAGE of the Ab-(SMCC)-DM1 conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention versus the conjugate prepared using the conventional 2-step method. 10 micrograms of total protein per sample strip; gel stained with Coomassie Blue. Lane 1 contains molecular weight markers, Lane 2 contains unconjugated Ab, Lane 3 contains 3 per Ab in the traditional two-step method. Lane 1 contains the conjugate prepared with DM1 and Lane 4 contains 3 per Ab prepared by the method described in this invention. Contains conjugate with DM1. Figure 15 shows the Protein LabChip electrophoresis of the Ab-(SMCC)-DM1 conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention versus the conjugate prepared using the conventional 2-step method. A. Protein LabChip electrophoresis of Ab-SMCC-DM1 conjugates under reducing condition (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer/Agilent Protein 230 kit). Lane 1: molecular weight markers; lane 2: Ab-SMCC-DM1, 3. 1 D/Ab synthesized using the method described in this patent; lane 3: unconjugated Ab; lane 4: Ab-SMCC-DM1, 3. 1 D/Ab was synthesized using the 2-step conjugation method; (0 in each lane. 24 micrograms total protein). The upper marker, system peak, and lower marker bands represent external markers added from the kit. B. Quantification of protein bands from Protein LabChip electrophoresis. Figure 16 shows the LC-MS comparison of the conjugate prepared by the conventional two-step conjugation method and the Antibody-(SMCC)-DMI conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention. A. MS of the conjugate prepared by the sequential two-step method, 3 per Ab. 1 is DMl. Each main conjugate peak has associated side peaks due to the presence of hydrolyzed and cross-linked linker fragments. B. The MS of the conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention is 3 per Ab. 1 is DM1. Due to the homogeneity of the conjugate, MS peaks are well resolved. Figure 17 shows the proposed mechanisms for interchain cross-linking and maleimide inactivation during conjugation by the conventional 2-step method. Figure 18 shows the non-reducing SDS PAGE of the Ab-(Sulfo-Mal)-DM4 conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention and the free DM4 thiol (after the initial DM4 + NHS-Sulfo-Mal heterobifunctional reagent coupling reaction) with 4-maleimidobuytric acid prior to the antibody conjugation reaction. indicates that it is extinguished by using . Each sample contained 10 pg of protein; the gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. Lanes 1 and 5 contain molecular weight markers. Lane 2 contained only Ab. Lane 3 contained the conjugate prepared by the method described herein without the addition of 4-maleimidobuytric acid. Lane 4 contained the conjugate prepared by the method described herein with the addition of 4-maleimidobutyric acid after the initial DM4 + NHS-Sulfo-Mal heterobifunctional reagent (prior to the antibody conjugation step). Figure 19 shows the preparation of disulfide-linked antibody conjugate using a DM1 (or DM4) and SPDB linker reaction mix. Figure 20 shows the preparation of both disulfide and non-cleavable PEG4-Mal linkers via antibody conjugation with DM1 (or DM4) and an unpurified reaction mixture of both SPDB and NHS-PEG4-Mal linkers. Figure 21 shows MS of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugate with both disulfide and non-cleavable PEG4-Mal linkers (prepared by conjugation of the antibody with an unpurified reaction mixture of DM1 or DM4 and both SPDB and NHS-PEG4-Mal linkers). Figure 22 shows the conjugation of antibody with a reaction mixture of DM1 (or DM4) and SMCC linker. Figure 23 shows an average of 3 per antibody prepared using SMCC. Fig. 1 shows the MS of the antibody-SMCC-DMI conjugate containing DM1, prepared by the method described in this invention. Figure 24 shows the preparation of disulfide-linked antibody conjugate using a reaction mixture of DM1 (or DM4) and SSNPB linker. Figure 25 shows the conjugation of the antibody with a reaction mixture of DM1 (or DM4) and the heterobifunctional linker with an aliphatic linear carbon chain. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, examples of which are shown in the accompanying structures and formulas. Although the invention is described in connection with the enumerated embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to be limited to these descriptions. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents that may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein that can be used in the practice of the present invention. This explanation suggests that a thiol-containing effector (e.g. , a cytotoxic agent) or a reporter group (e.g. , a radiolabel) a cell binding agent (e.g. describes a novel method of conjugating a cell-containing antibody (e.g., an antibody) by first reacting the effector or reporter group with a bifunctional coupling reagent in an organic, aqueous, or mixed organic/aqueous solvent, followed by reaction of the unpurified reaction mixture with the cell-binding reagent in organic, aqueous, or mixed organic/aqueous solvents. Explanatory abbreviations The abbreviations used in the explanations of the diagrams and the following examples are: C = Effector or a precursor group (e.g. , a cytotoxic agent or a radiolabel) L = Linker (e.g. , a cleavable or non-cleavable linker) X = amine-reactive group (e.g. , N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS ester), sulfo-NHS ester, p-nitrophenol ester, tetrafluorosulfonate phenyl ester, 1-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzene-4-sulfonic acid ester) Y = Maleimide or haloacetamide (iodoacetamide, bromoacetamide) Yb is a reactive mixed disulfide group (e.g. , 2-pyridyldiol, 4-pyridyldiol, 2-nitro-pyridyldiol, 5-nitro-pyridyldiol, 2-carboxy-5-nitro-pyridyldiol) X' = amide linkage Y' = thioether (R-S-R') or selenoether (R-Se-R') linkage Yb' = disulfide (R-S-S-R') linkage In one embodiment of the present invention, a process is described for preparing a thioether-linked conjugate of a cell binding agent with an effector or a reporter molecule, the process comprising the following steps: a) reacting a heterobifunctional linker of the formula X-L-Y with a thiol-containing compound in an aqueous solvent, an organic solvent, or mixed organic/aqueous reaction mixtures yielding an intermediate of the formula X-L-Y'-C contacting the effector or reporter molecule C (i.e., a maytansinoid); b) producing a conjugate of the formula Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m wherein L is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group carrying 1-10 carbon atoms, a simple or substituted aryl unit (substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, fluoro, carboxy, sulfonate, phosphate, amino, carbonyl, piperidino) or a polyethylene glycol containing unit (preferably carrying 1-500 PEG spacers or more preferably carrying 1-24 PEG spacers or even more preferably carrying amine or thiol reactive group such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and maleimide or haloacetamide); Ab is an antibody; m is a full complement of 1-20 is the number; X' is the region of X that is modified after reaction with the antibody (e.g., an amide bond). Y' is the modified Y region (e.g., after reaction with a cytotoxic agent or effector or reporter group with a radiolabel). , thioether bond); and c) separation of the conjugate by tangential flow filtration, dialysis or chromatography (e.g. , gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography) or a combination of these. Preferably, Y is a thiol10 reactive group selected from maleimide or haloacetamide. Preferably, L is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1-6 carbons or 2-8 PEG spacers. It is a maytansinoid. This reaction sequence is shown in formulas 1 and 2: Ab + X-L-Y'-C (not purified from reaction 1) e Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m (2) does not involve purification of the intermediate X-L-Y"-C and therefore provides the advantage of mixing it directly with the antibody (either the unpurified intermediate is added to the antibody or the antibody is added to the unpurified intermediate), thus making the method advantageous for conjugation because it eliminates the need for an cumbersome purification step. Importantly, this method yields a homogeneous conjugate without interchain protein cross-linking or inactivated maleimide residues, in contrast to the interchain protein cross-linking and inactivated maleimide residues observed in conjugates prepared by the conventional two-step reaction and purification sequence. Reaction 1 can be performed at high concentrations of the heterobifunctional linker, X-L-Y, and effector or reporter group C in aqueous solvent, organic solvent, or organic/aqueous reaction mixtures, resulting in faster reaction rates than at low concentrations in aqueous solutions for conjugates prepared by the conventional two-step reaction and purification sequence. The intermediate X-L-Y'-C produced in reaction 1 is stored frozen in an aqueous solvent at low temperatures at a suitable low pH (e.g., , pH ~ 4-6), can be stored unpurified for long periods in organic solvents or mixed organic/aqueous mixtures or lyophilized and then mixed with the antibody solution for the final conjugation reaction at a higher pH of approximately 4-9, thus contributing to the convenience of this reaction sequence. The intermediate may be diluted as required with organic solvent or aqueous buffer or a mixture of organic solvent and aqueous buffer before mixing with the cell binding agent. The term "approximate" as used here in conjunction with "numerical" shall refer to all such numbers, including all numbers and their minor variations. The reaction of the intermediate X-L-Y*-C with the antibody can be carried out at values from about pH 4 to about pH 9, preferably in a pH range from about pH 5 to 8.7, 10 or minor variations thereof. The antibody has approximately 6 preferred intermediates with X-L-Y'-C. 5 to 8. Buffers used for reactions in the pH range of 5 are buffers with pKa values in this pH range, such as phosphate and HEPES buffers. These preferred buffers should not have primary or secondary amino groups or other reactive groups that could react with linker X (such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester). In the first reaction, a stoichiometric or slight excess of C on the heterofunctional linker X-L-Y is used to ensure that the entire Y group (such as maleimide) reacts before the unpurified mixture is added to the antibody. An optional additional process with a quenching reagent (such as 4-maleimid0butyric acid, 3-maleimid0propionic acid, or N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide or iodoacetamidopropionic acid) may be performed to ensure that any unreacted C is quenched prior to mixing with the antibody to minimize any undesirable thiol-disulfide exchange reaction with the native antibody disulfide groups. After quenching with polar, charged thiol quenching reagents (such as 4-maleimidobutyric acid or 3-maleimidopropy0nic acid), excess, unreacted C is converted to a polar, charged adduct that can be readily separated from the covalently linked conjugate. Optionally, the final reaction mixture 2 can be supplemented with nucleophiles (e.g., methylpropional) to quench any unreacted linkers (X-L-Y'-C) before purification. , Iosine, taurine, hydroxylamine) containing amino groups are treated with nucleophiles such as An alternative method for reacting the antibody, maytansinoids (DMx) and heterobifunctional linker with the unpurified starting reaction mixture involves mixing the starting reaction mixture of DMx and heterobifunctional linker (after completion of the DMx-linker reaction) with the antibody at low pH (pH ~5), then raising the pH to approximately 6 for the conjugation reaction. 5-8. It involves adding buffer or base to raise it to 5. This new method is applied to the preparation of a conjugate with a cytotoxic maytansinoid drug. Unexpectedly, antibody-maytansinoid conjugates prepared using this method outlined in reaction sequences 1-2 were far superior in homogeneity compared to conjugates prepared by the traditional two-step reaction and purification sequence, based on characterization of the conjugates by reducing SDS-PAGE, protein LabChip electrophoresis and mass spectrometry10. The conjugation method described in this invention, comprising reaction sequences 1-2, also does not require any intermediate purification steps and is therefore substantially more convenient than the conventional two-step method. In one example of the disclosure, a process for preparing a thioether-linked conjugate of a cell binding agent with an effector or reporter molecule is described comprising the following steps: a) contacting a homobifunctional linker of the formula Y-L-Y with a thiol- or amine-containing effector or reporter group C (such as a cytotoxic agent) in aqueous solvent, organic solvent, or mixed aqueous/organic reaction mixtures to yield Y-L-Y'-C, b) reacting the reaction mixture in an aqueous solution or aqueous/organic solution without purification to produce a conjugate of the formula Ab-(Y'-L-Y'-C)m. mixing with an antibody in the mixture, where L is as defined above; Y is a thiol or amine-reactive group such as a maleimide or haloacetamide or N-hydroxysuccinimide or sulfo N-hydroxysuccinimide; Ab is an antibody; m is an integer from 1 to 20; Y' is the modified Y region (such as a thioether or amide linkage) that has reacted with the antibody, or a Y region (such as a thioether or amide linkage) that has been modified when reacted with the cytotoxic agent or effector or reporter group, and c) purifying the conjugate by tangential flow filtration, dialysis or chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography), or a combination thereof. The reaction sequence shown in formulas 3 and 4: Ab + Y-L-Y'-C (not purified from reaction 3) -› Ab-(Y'-L-Y'-C)m (4) does not involve purification of the intermediate Y-L-Y'-C and is therefore an advantageous method for conjugation. In another aspect, a process for preparing a conjugate of a disulfide-linked conjugate of a cell binding agent with an effector or reporter molecule is described comprising the following steps: a) contacting a heterobifunctional linker of the formula X-L-Yb with effector or reporter group C (such as a cytotoxic substance) in aqueous solvent, organic solvent, or mixed organic/aqueous reaction mixtures to yield the intermediate X-L-Yb'-C; b) mixing without purification with the antibody in an aqueous solution or aqueous/organic mixture to produce a conjugate of the formula Ab-(X'-L-Yb'-C)m, wherein L is as defined above; Yb is a reactive disulfide such as a pyridyl disulfide or a nitro-pyridyl disulfide; X is an amine-reactive group such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester or sulfo N-hydroxysuccinimide ester; Ab is an antibody; m is an integer from 1 to 20; X' is the region of X that has been modified after reaction with the antibody (such as an amide bond); Yb' is the region of Yb that has been modified after reaction with the cytotoxic agent or effector or reporter group (disulfide); and c) purification of the conjugate by tangential flow filtration, dialysis, or chromatography (gel filtration, exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography), or a combination thereof. The reaction sequence is shown in formulas 5 and 6: Ab + X-L-Yb'-C (not purified from reaction 5) -› Ab-(X'-L-Yb'-C)m (6) In another case, a process for the preparation of conjugates of antibody with effector or reporter groups, involving two different types of linkers - non-cleavable (thioether linkage) and cleavable (disulfide linkage) - has been described, comprising the following steps: a) contacting the linkers X-L-Y and X-L-Yb with cytotoxic agent C to produce intermediates with formulas X-L-Y'-C and X-L-Yb'-C, b) precipitation of the reaction mixtures in a series to provide an adduct Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m(X'-L-Yb'-C)m' or mixing simultaneously with antibodies without purification as specified in reaction formulas 7-9: Ab + X-L-Y'-C + X-L-Yb'-C (not purified from reactions 7-8) where X, L, Y', C, Yb' and m are as given above and m' is an integer from 1 to 20; and c) purifying the conjugate by tangential flow filtration, dialysis or chromatography10 (gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography) or a combination thereof. These two binding effector intermediates (X-L-Y'-C and X-L-Yb'-C) are mixed with the antibody in various ratios in different sequences (first X-L-Y'-C, then X-L-Yb'-C, or first X-L-Yb'-C, then X-L-Y'-C, or simultaneously) without purification. Reactions 1, 3, 5, and 7-8 can be performed at high concentrations of the bifunctional linker (X-L-Y, or X-L-Yb, or Y-L-Y) and the effector or reporter group C in aqueous solvent, organic solvent, or organic/aqueous reaction mixtures, resulting in faster reaction rates in aqueous solutions than at lower concentrations for conjugates prepared by the conventional two-step reaction and purification sequence where the solubility of the reactants is limiting. The intermediates X-L-Y'-C, or Y-L-Y'-C, or X-L-Yb'-C produced in reactions 1, 3, 5, and 7-8 can be stored frozen, in aqueous solvent at low temperatures at appropriate low pH, in organic solvents or mixed organic/aqueous mixtures, or lyophilized for long periods of time in an unpurified state and then mixed with the antibody solution for the final conjugation reaction, thus contributing to the convenience of this reaction sequence. In the first reaction, a stoichiometric or slight excess of C is used with respect to the heterobifunctional linker X-L-Y or Y-L-Y or X-L-Yb to ensure that the entire Y group (such as maleimide) is reacted before the unpurified mixture is added to the antibody. To minimize any undesirable thiol-disulfide exchange reactions with the native antibody disulfide groups, an optional addition of a quenching reagent (such as 4-maleimidobutyric acid or 3-maleimid0propionic acid or N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide or iodoacetic acid) can be made to quench any unreacted groups (such as thiols) at C before addition to the antibody. After the initial reaction of C with the bifunctional linker, quenching of the excess C using a charged polar thiol quenching reagent converts the excess C to a highly polar, water-soluble adduct that can be readily separated from the covalently linked conjugate by gel filtration, dialysis, or TFF. The final conjugate product does not contain any non-covalently attached C. Optionally, the final reaction mixtures 2, 4, 6 and 9 may be supplemented with nucleophiles, e.g. amino group containing nucleophiles (e.g., pyruvate) to quench unreacted linkers (X-L-Y1C, Y-L-Y'-C or X-L-Yb'-C) before purification. , icin, taurine, hydroxylamine). An alternative method for reacting the antibody with the unpurified starting reaction mixture of DMx and bifunctional linker involves mixing the starting reaction mixture of DMx and bifunctional linker (after the DMx-linker reaction is complete) with the antibody at low pH (pH ~5), then raising the pH to approximately 6 for the conjugation reaction. 5-8. It involves adding buffer or base to raise it to 5. Multiple copies of more than one effector type can be conjugated to the antibody by adding two or more binding effector intermediates derived from two or more different effectors to the antibody serially or simultaneously without purification. EFFECTOR GROUP(S) The terms Effector group or Effector molecule are used interchangeably and as used herein the term "Effector group(s)" or "Effector molecule(s)" is meant to include cytotoxic agents. In some respects, it may be desirable to attach effector groups or molecules with spacer arms of varying lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance. Multiple copies of more than one effector type can be conjugated to the antibody by adding two or more linker-effector intermediates derived from two or more different effectors to the antibody, either serially or simultaneously, without purification. Cytotoxic agents that may be used in this disclosure include chemotherapeutic agents or structural analogs of chemotherapeutic agents. A "chemotherapeutic agent" is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include thiotepa and cyclophosphamide (CYTOXANT); alkyl sulfonates, such as busulfan, improsulfan, and piposulfan; aziridines, such as benzodopa, carbocon, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethyleneimine and methylamine, including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoscharamide, and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); camptothecin (including the synthetic analog topotecan); bryostatin; kallistatin; CC-1065 (including synthetic analogs of adozelesin, carzelesin, and bizelesin); cryptophycins (especially cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including synthetic analogs KW-2189 and 10 CBI-TMI); eleuterobin; pancratastin; a sarcoidin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, clofosfamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, m-chlorethamine, m-chlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, fenesterin, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mucidin; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, iomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as enediyne antibiotics (e.g., quinidine). , calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin 1 and calicheamicin theta l, see e.g. , Angew Chem Int. Ed. Engl. 33: chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromomophores), clacinomycins, actinomycin, authramicin, azaserin, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carsinophilin; chromomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin (morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholinc-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxdoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marselomycin, nitomycin, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycin, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rhodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimethexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, fluxuridine, 5-FU; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostanol, testolactone; anti-adrenal drugs such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replacers such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabusil; bisanthrene; edatraksate; defofamin; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfomitin; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; ethogluside; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; fenamet; pirarubicin; podophylinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK@; razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2',2"-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A, and anguidine): urethane; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gasitocin; arabinoside ("Ara-C"); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g. paclitaxel (TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, NJ) and doxetaxel (TAXOTERE®, Rhone-Pouleno Rorer, Antony, France); chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; the topoisomerase inhibitor RFS10 and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids, or derivatives thereof. Also included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act as regulators on tumors and inhibit hormone action, such as siRNA and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids, or derivatives of any of the above; and antiandrogens such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase-inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, queoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston), and flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin. In a preferred case with this description, chemotherapeutic cytotoxic agents are essentially small molecule cytotoxic agents. A "small molecule drug" is commonly used herein to refer to an organic, inorganic, or organometallic compound that may have a molecular weight of, for example, 100 to 1500, more commonly below 1000. Small molecule cytotoxic agents of the description include oligopeptides and other biomolecules with a molecular weight of less than about 1000. Small molecule cytotoxic agents, art. No. It is described in 4,956,303. Preferred small molecule cytotoxic agents are those that allow binding with cell binding agents. The description includes known cytotoxic agents as well as those that can be known. Particularly preferred small molecule cytotoxic agents include cytotoxic agents. A cytotoxic agent can be any compound that results in the death of a cell or causes cell death or reduces cell viability in some way, wherein every cytotoxic agent contains a thiol molecule segment. Preferred cytotoxic agents are maytansinoid compounds, taxane compounds, CC-1065 compounds, daunorubicin compounds and doxorubicin compounds, pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers, calicheamicin, auristatins and their analogs and derivatives, some of which are described below. Other cytotoxic agents that are not necessarily small molecules, such as siRNA, are also within the scope of this description. For example, siRNAs can be coupled to the crosslinkers of the present disclosure by methods commonly used for the modification of oligonucleotides10. Therefore, siRNA in the 3' or 5'-phosphoromidide form is reacted with one end of the crosslinker bearing a hydroxyl functionality to form an ester bond between the siRNA and the crosslinker. Similarly, reaction of the siRNA phosphoramidite with a crosslinker bearing a terminal amino group results in an amine-mediated coupling from the crosslinker to the siRNA. siRNA, U. Q. Patent Publication Numbers: are described as: Maytansinoids Maytansinoids that can be used in the present invention are well known in the art and can be isolated from natural sources by known methods or prepared synthetically by known methods. Examples of suitable maytansinoids include maytansinol and maytansinol analogs. Examples of suitable maytansinol analogs include those having a modified aromatic ring and those having modifications at other positions. Specific examples of suitable maytansinol analogs having a modified aromatic ring include (prepared): and (4,307,016) (prepared by demethylation using Streptomyces or Actinomyces or by dechlorination using LAH); and (3) C-20-demethoxy, C-20-acyloxy (-OCOR), +/-dichloro (U. Q. Patent No. 4,294,757) (prepared by acylation using acyl chlorides). Specific examples of suitable maytansinol analogs having modifications at other positions include: (3) C-14-hydroxymethyl or acyloxymethyl (CH2OH or CH2OAc) (prepared by the reaction U. Q. Patent No. 4,450,254) (prepared from Nocardia); prepared by transformation by); isolated); prepared by demethylation by Streptomyces); and prepared by reduction). The synthesis of thiol-containing maytansinoids useful in the present invention was reported by U. Q. Patent No. Maytansinoids having a thiol moiety at the C-3 position, C-14 position, β-15 position, or β-20 position are all expected to be beneficial. The C-3 position is preferred, and the C-3 position of maytansinol is particularly preferred. Also preferred are the C-3 thiol moiety maytansinoid containing an N-methyl-alanine and the C-3 thiol moiety maytansinoid containing an N-methyl-cysteine and analogs of each. Specific examples of maytansinoid derivatives of N-methyl-alanine-containing C-3 thiol molecular moieties useful in the present invention are shown by the formulas M1, M2, M3, M6, and M7. May is a maytansinoid. R1 and R2 are H, CH3, or CH2OH3 and may be the same or different; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and May is a maytansinoid. n is an integer from 3 to 8; and May is maytansinoid. I is 1, 2, or 3; Yo is Cl or H; and X3 is H or CHs. CH3 0 R R H ilxi CH-CH-(CR3 R1, R2, R3, R4 are H, CHs, or CH2CH3 and may be the same or different; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and May is a maytansinoid. Specific examples of N-methyl-cysteine-containing C-3 thiol moiety maytansinoid derivatives useful in the present invention are shown by the formulas M4 and M5. 0 is 1, 2, or 3; p is an integer from 0 to 10; and May is maytansinoid. 0 is 1, 2, or 3; q is an integer from 0 to 10; Yo is Cl or H; and X3 is H or CH3. Taxanes According to the present invention, the cytotoxic agent may also be a taxane. Taxanes that may be used in this description have been modified to include a thiol molecule segment. Some taxanes useful in this disclosure have the formula T1 shown below: CC-1065 analogs The cytotoxic agent according to the present invention may also be a CC-1065 analog. According to the present invention, CC-1065 analogs may be modified to include an A subunit and a B or B-C subunit. Daunorubicin/Doxorubicin Analogs The cytotoxic agent according to the present invention may also be modified to include a daunorubicin analog or a daunorubicin and doxorubicin analogs of the present disclosure, a thiol molecule moiety. Modified doxorubicin/daunorubicin analogs of the present specification having a thiol moiety are described in WO 01/38318. Modified doxorubicin/daunorubicin analogs can be synthesized according to known methods (see e.g. , U. Q. Patent No. 5,146,064). Auristatin is also known as auristatin E, auristatin EB (AEB), auristatin EFP (AEFP), and monomethyl auristatin. The cytotoxic agents according to the present invention include pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers known in the art (6,660,856). Analogs and derivatives A skilled person in the field of cytotoxic agents will readily understand that each of the cytotoxic agents described herein can be modified such that the resulting compound retains the specificity and/or activity of the starting compound. The skilled artisan will also understand that many of these compounds can be used in place of the cytotoxic agents described herein. Therefore, the cytotoxic agents of the present disclosure include analogs and derivatives of the compounds described herein. REPORTER GROUP(S) The terms Reporter group or Reporter molecule are used interchangeably and as used herein the term "Reporter group(s)" or "Reporter molecule(s)" refers to a substance that is conferred by the specific affinity portion of the reagent to a specific substance or cells for a diagnostic or therapeutic purpose; examples are radioisotopes, paramagnetic contrast agents and anti-cancer agents. Various labels or reporter groups are useful for tumor imaging applications in cancer patients, immunoassay applications for the diagnosis of various diseases, cancer treatment using radioactive nuclide-ligand conjugates, and affinity chromatography applications for the purification of bioactive substances such as proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides. Labels or reporter groups conjugated with cell binding agents include fluorophores and affinity labels such as biotin. These or fluorescein-containing reporter groups can also be added to a PEG conjugate molecule portion. A number of suitable reporter groups are known in the art, e.g. , U. Q. Patent No. LINKING AGENTS Conjugates can be prepared by in vitro methods. A linking group is used to attach a drug to a cell binding agent. Suitable linking groups are well known in the art and include non-cleavable and cleavable linkers. A non-cleavable linker is any chemical molecule moiety that can stably, covalently link a cytotoxic substance to a cell-binding agent. Non-cleavable linkers are largely resistant to acid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage. Examples of non-cleavable linkers include linkers that contain an N-succinimidyl ester, N-sulfosuccinimyl ester, maleimido, or haloacetyl-based molecule portion for reaction with the drug, reporter group, or cell binding agent. Crosslinking reagents containing a maleimido-based moiety include N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC), a "long chain" analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(δ-amidocaproate), and K-maleimidoundecanoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA). y-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidyl ester (GMBS), &- maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), N-(oi-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS), succinimidiyl-o-(ß-maleimidopropionamid0)hexane0ate (SMPH), N-succinidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB) and N-(p-maleimidophenyl) isocyanate (PMPl). Crosslinking reagents containing a haloacetyl-based molecular moiety include N-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB), N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SlA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA) and N-succinimidyl 3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP). Other crosslinking reagents that do not contain a sulfur atom forming non-cleavable linkers can also be used in the method according to the invention. Such linkers can be derived from dicarboxylic acid-based molecule segments. Suitable dicarboxylic acid-based molecule segments include, but are not limited to, ci, (Jo-dicarboxylic acids of the general formula shown below: HOOC-Xi-Yn-Zm-COOH wherein X is a linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, Y is a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, Z is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group wherein the hetero atom is selected from N, 0 or S and where 1, m and n are each 0 or 1, except that 1, m and n are not all zero simultaneously. is described in detail in the publication. Cleavable linkers are linkers that can be cleaved under mild conditions, in other words, under conditions where the activity of the cytotoxic agent is not affected. Many known connectors fall into this category and are described below. Acid-labile binders are binders that can be degraded at acid pH. For example, some intracellular compartments, such as endosomes and isosomes, have an acidic pH (pH 4–5), providing suitable conditions for degrading acid-labile linkers. Photolabile binders are useful on the body surface and in many light-accessible body cavities. Additionally, infrared light can penetrate tissue. Some linkers can be cleaved by peptidases. Only some peptides are easily cleaved into or out of cells, see e.g. Trouet et al. , 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. hydrolase cleavable valine-citrulline bond (U. Q. Patent 6,214,345 B1). Also, peptides are the carboxylate of one amino acid and the carboxylate of a second amino acid. chemically amide bonds between the alpha-amino group. It consists of alpha-amino acids and peptidic bonds. A carboxylate of lysine and . epsil0n. Other amide bonds, such as the bond between the -amino group, are understood to be non-peptidic bonds and are considered to be unbreakable. Some linkers can be cleaved by esterases. Again, only some esters can be cleaved by esterases located inside or outside the cells. Esters are formed by the condensation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Simple esters are esters produced with simple alcohols such as aliphatic alcohols and small cyclic and small aromatic alcohols. For example, the present inventors have not been able to find an esterase that cleaves the ester at C-3 of maytansine because the alcohol component of the ester, maytansinol, is too large and complex. Preferred cleavable linker molecules are, for example, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldio)propionate (SPDP) (see e.g. , Carlsson et al. , Biochem. J. , 173: 723-737 ( (see, e.g. U. Q. Patent (see, e.g. Contains CAS Registered cross-linkers. Other linkers that can be used in the present invention are described as charged linkers or hydrophilic. CELL BINDING AGENTS Cell binding agents, as used in this description, are proteins that bind to target antigens specifically on cancer cells (e.g., , immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin proteins). These cell binding agents include: . antibodies include: 0 recoated antibodies (U.S. number 5,639,641). Q. Patent); o humanized or fully human antibodies (The humanized or fully human antibodies are selected from, but not limited to, huMy9-6, huB4, bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab and rituximab (see e.g. , U. Q. o Additional cell binding agents that preferentially bind to a target cell, such as st, Fab, Fab', and F(ab')2, include, but are not limited to, other cell binding proteins and polypeptides: o interferons (e.g., , oi, [3, v); o lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6; o hormones such as insulin, TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormones), MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones such as androgens and estrogens; and o growth factors and colony-like factors such as EGF, TGF-d, IGF-1, G-CSF, M-CSF and GM-CSF. In cases where the cell-binding agent is an antibody, it binds to an antigen that is a polypeptide and forms a transmembrane molecule (e.g., , receptor) or a ligand such as a growth factor. Exemplary antigens include renin; a growth hormone including human growth hormone and bovine growth hormone; growth hormone-releasing factor; parathyroid hormone; thyroid-stimulating hormone; lipoproteins; alpha-1-antitrypsin; insulin A-chain; insulin B-chain; proinsulin; follicle-stimulating hormone; calcitonin; luteinizing hormone; glucagon; clotting factors such as factor VMC, factor IX, tissue factor (TF), and von Willebrands factor; anticoagulant factors such as protein C; atrial natriuretic factor; lung surfactant; a plasminogen activator such as urokinase or human urine or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); bombesin; thrombin; hemopoietic growth factor; Tumor necrosis factor-0( and -B; enkephalinase; RANTES (regulated upon activation, normally expressed and secreted by T cells); human macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1-alpha); a serum albumin such as human serum albumin; Muellerian inhibitory substance; relaxin A-chain; relaxin B-chain; prorelaxin; mouse gonadotropin-related peptide; a microbial protein such as beta-lactamase; DNase; IgE; a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA) such as CTLA-4; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); receptors for hormones or growth factors; protein A or D; rheumatoid factors; bone-derived neurotrophic factor (BDN F), neurotrophin-3, -4, -5, or -6 (NT-3, NT4, NT- or NT-6) or a neurotrophic factor such as NGF-ß; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); fibroblast growth factor such as aFGF and bFGF; epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor (TGF) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta, TGF-beta1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ßs, TGF-([34 or TGF-ß5); insulin-like growth factor-1 and -II (IGF-1 and IGF-II), des(, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD20 and CD4O; erythropoietin, osteoinductive factors, immunotoxins, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), an interferon such as interferon-alpha, -beta and -gamma, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), e.g., M-CSF, GM-CSF and G-CSF; interleukins (ILs), e.g. IL-1β to IL-10; viral antigen such as superoxide dismutase, T-cell receptors, surface membrane proteins, decay-accelerating factor, and a portion of the HIV envelope; transport proteins, homing receptors, addressins, regulatory proteins, integrins such as CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, ICAM, VLA-4, and VCAM, the alpha-V subunit of a heterodimeric human integrin receptor; a tumor-associated antigen such as the HER2, HER3, or HER4 receptor; and fragments of any of the polypeptides listed above. Preferred antigens for antibodies encompassed by this invention are members of the ErbB receptor family such as CD3, CD4, CD8, HER4 receptor; LFA-1, Mac1, p150. Cell adhesion molecules such as 95, VLA-4, integrin (e.g. , anti-CD11a , anti-CD18 or anti-CD11b antibodies); growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF); TGF-ß. ; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin such as IL-8; IgE; blood group antigens Aβ02, death receptor; fIk2/flt3 receptor; obesity (OB) receptor; mpI receptor; CTLA-4; protein C, etc. contains. The most preferred targets here include IGF-IR, CanAg, EGF-R, EphA2, MUCl, CD138, CA6, Her2/neu, CRlPTO (a protein produced at high levels in most human breast cancer cells), alpha v/beta3 integrin, alpha v/beta5 integrin, TGF-ß, CD11a, CD18, Ap02, and O24. Monoclonal antibody techniques allow the production of specific cell-binding agents in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Particularly well known in the art are techniques for generating monoclonal antibodies produced by immunizing mice, rats, hamsters, or any other mammal with the antigen of interest, such as intact target cells, antigens isolated from target cells, whole virus, attenuated whole virus, and viral envelope proteins. Sensitized human cells can also be used. Another method of generating monoclonal antibodies is the use of phage libraries of st (single-stranded variable10 region), particularly human sts (see e.g. , Griffiths et. al, U. Q. The selection of the appropriate cell binding agent is a matter of choice that depends on the particular cell population to be targeted, but in general, if suitable ones are available, monoclonal antibodies and fragments thereof that bind preferentially to a target cell are preferred. For example, the monoclonal antibody My9 was found on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells (1991)) and can be used to treat AML patients. Similarly, the monoclonal antibody anti-B4, a murine IgGi that binds to the CD19 antigen on B cells, can be used if B cells or diseased cells express this antigen, such as lymphoma or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. Similarly, the N901 antibody is a murine monoclonal IgGi antibody that binds to CD56 found on cells of small cell lung cancer and other tumors of neuroendocrine origin (Roy et al. , J. Nat. Cancer binds to HER2/neu and the anti-EGF receptor antibody binds to the EGF receptor. PURIFICATION METHODS The conjugate of the present invention, i.e., the final product, is purified to remove any unreacted or unconjugated effector or reporter molecules or unreacted linker or unconjugated, hydrolyzed linker. The purification method can be a tangential flow filtration (TFF, also known as cross-flow filtration, ultrafiltration, or diafiltration), gel filtration, adsorptive chromatography, selective precipitation, or combinations of these. Adsorptive chromatography methods include ion exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HlC), hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC), mixed mode ion exchange chromatography, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), dye ligand chromatography, affinity chromatography, and reversed phase chromatography. For example, the conjugate Ab-(X'-L-Y'-C)m described in formula 2 is purified from unreacted C or unreacted/hydrolyzed linker X-L-Y or X-L-Y'-C. Similarly, the conjugates described in formulas 4, 6 and 9 are purified. Such10 purification methods are known to those skilled in the art and are, for example, described by U. Q. Publication No. UNDESIRABLE HYDROLYZED LINKAGE OR PROTEIN CROSSLINKAGE IN CONJUGATES Conventional conjugation methods, which employ the initial reaction of a protein with a heterobonded linker having a reactive maleimide or haloacetamide residue, suffer from two major disadvantages: (i) the conjugate product may consist of hydrolyzed linker due to aqueous activation of the linker in the antibody prior to reaction with the effector or reporter molecule; and (ii) intra- or interchain crosslinking of the conjugate due to the reaction of the maleimide (or haloacetamide) group with native histidine, lysine, tyrosine, or cysteine residues in the protein or peptide (A. Papini et al. , Int. J. 6322). This interchain cross-linking within the antibody will result in irreducible covalent linkages between the heavy and light chains or between two heavy chains; this will be evident in reducing SDS-PAGE analysis as bands of higher molecular weight than the expected heavy and light chain bands. This intra- or inter-chain cross-linking within the antibody will also appear as peaks of abnormal masses, different from the expected antibody masses of plus-linked reporter or effector groups. Unlike traditional conjugation methods, the method described in this application results in conjugates with high homogeneity, containing no significant interchain crosslinking or hydrolyzable linkers. EXAMPLES The following examples, which are for illustrative purposes only, are not intended to limit the present invention. Example 1. Conjugation of the antibody with the cytotoxic agent DM1/DM4 using the heterobifunctional linker Maleimide-PEGn-NHS with this method (Figure 1) versus the traditional two-step method. Stock solutions of DM1 [AP-deacetyl-N2'-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine] or DM4 [AF'-deacetyl-AF'-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine] (DMx) thiol and 10 Maleimide-PEGn-NHS bifunctional binder at concentrations of 30-60 mM It was prepared in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA). Linker and DMX thiol, 50% v/v 200 mM succinate buffer, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5. DMA containing 0 and DMx were mixed together at a molar ratio of 1 to the linker. 6:1 and the final DMX concentration was 15 mM. After mixing, the reaction mixture was left for 1-4 hours and then an aliquot of the reaction mixture was diluted 10 times and the absorbance of maleimide at 302-320 nm was measured to determine the presence of any remaining maleimide that had not entered 302 nm = 620. (Additional reverse phase HPLC analysis of a frozen aliquot of the reaction mixture was performed subsequently by absorbance monitoring at 302 nm and 252 nm to confirm the complete disappearance of the linker maleimide and the formation of the desired linker-DMX reagent as the antibody was added to the reaction mixture). UV-cured in the absence of another maleimide, 4 mg/ml Ab, 90% phosphate buffer/10% DMA, pH 7. 5 under final conjugation conditions in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 5) An aliquot of the reaction mixture was added without purification to an antibody solution in HO. The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DMX conjugate, pH 7. The product was purified from excess small molecule DMX and binding reactants using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer or by tangential flow filtration (TFF). The conjugation mixture is also pH 7 to ensure dissociation of any DMX species bound to the antibody via non-covalent or labile binding. 5 was kept at 4 °C for 2 days in buffer. The conjugate was then stirred overnight at pH . 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. Filter through a 22 µm filter. The number of DMX molecules per Ab molecule in the resulting conjugate (average) was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm using known extinction coefficients for DMX and antibody at these two wavelengths. For the initial reaction of DMX thiol with the heterobifunctional maleimide-PEG4-NHS reagent, several different reaction conditions were used: 50% DMA/50% aqueous 200 mM succinate buffer pH; or 100% DMA with 60% DMA/40% 200 mM succinate buffer pH (e.g., N N′-diisopropyl ethylamine, DIPEA, or 4-methylmorpholinoline). In a series of experiments, the molar equivalent of DMx to the maleimide-PEG4-NHS linker (purchased from Pierce Endogen) was 1. 2 - 2. It varied between 4 and the reaction time was 30 minutes. The number of DMX/Ab measured in purified conjugates was measured as a function of additional 10 DMX equivalents per linker. 1. 2 - 2. The 0 equivalent DM1/Linker conditions yielded conjugates with similar DMx/Ab charges, indicating that undesirable reaction of the DMx thiol at the NHS ester side of the linker is not a significant concern. The amount of crosslinking present in the resulting conjugates was further analyzed by reducing SDS PAGE, which showed that the presence of crosslinked contaminants decreased significantly with increasing DM1/linker ratio. An optional quenching step using maleimide or haloacetamide reagents (such as maleimidobutyric acid or maleimidopropionic acid or N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide or iodoacetic acid) was included after completion of the initial DMX and heterobifunctional linker reaction (before addition of the reaction mixture to the antibody) to quench excess DMX thiol group to prevent undesirable reactions of DMX thiol with the antibody. An alternative method of reacting the antibody with the unpurified starting reaction mixture of DMx and heterobifunctional linker is to set the pH for the conjugation reaction to 6. 5-8. It involves mixing the initial reaction mixture of DMX and heterobifunctional linker (after completion of the DMX-linker reaction) with antibody at low pH (pH ~5), followed by addition of buffer or base to raise the pH to 5. An antibody-PEG4-MaI-DM1 or DM4 conjugate was made by the conventional two-step conjugation method to compare with the conjugation method described in this invention. pH 7. 5 phosphate buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7. 5) and humanized antibody at a concentration of 8 mg/ml in 5% DMA was replaced with excess heterobifunctional maleimide-PEG4-NHS linker reagent (purchased from Pierce Endogen). After 2 h at 25 °C, the modified antibody was gel purified by G25 chromatography to remove excess unreacted, unincorporated linker. The recovery of purified Ab was determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm. The number of bound maleimide groups in the modified Ab was determined by using a small aliquot of the modified Ab by adding an excess of a known amount of thiol (such as 2-mercaptoethanol) on the maleimide to react with the maleimide residues in the modified antibody, and then conjugating the remaining thiol with the thiol of DM1 or DM4 in 95% phosphate buffer pH 7. 5 (50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7. 5) and 2 in a reaction mixture containing 5% DMA. It was performed at an Ab concentration of 5 mg/ml. 1 per mole value of bonded maleimide in Ab. An excess of DM1 or DM4 thiol was added at 7 molar equivalents. After reacting at 25 °C overnight, the conjugate was 0. The gel was sterile filtered using a 22 µm filter and the excess unreacted DM1 or DM4 was removed from the phosphate buffer pH 7. at 5 (50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7. 5) was purified with an equilibrated 625 column. The purified conjugate was held in phosphate buffer pH at 4°C for 2 days to allow dissociation of any DM1 or DM4 species bound to a non-covalent antibody or a labile linkage. The conjugate was then incubated in histidine/glycine buffer pH 5 for 2 days. at 5 (130 mM glycine/10 mM histidine, pH 5. 5) dialyzed and 0. It was sterile filtered using a 22 pm filter. The number of DM1 or DM4 molecules per Ab molecule in the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorption of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm using known extinction coefficients for DM1/DM4 and Ab at these two wavelengths. SDS PAGE reduction was performed on conjugate and antibody samples using the NuPage electrophoresis system with 4-12% Bis Tris Gel (Invitrogen). Heat denatured and reduced samples were loaded at 10 µg/lane. Reducing SDS-PAGE of conjugates prepared using the method described in this invention showed only the expected heavy and light chain bands (50 kDa and 25 kDa, respectively) as major bands (Figure 2). In contrast, conjugates prepared by the traditional two-step conjugation method showed the likely interchain cross-linked species HL, H2, H2L and cross-linked bands, respectively. (Figure 2). Protein LabChip electrophoresis analysis (under reducing condition) of the antibody-PEG4-Mal-DM4 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention showed the expected heavy and light chain bands with percentages of 58% and 30% (of total protein), similar to the similar 65% and 30% of the unconjugated antibody, respectively (Figure 3). In contrast, the conjugate prepared using the conventional two-step conjugation method showed only high molecular weight major bands ranging between 16% and 169 kDa, respectively. Based on quantitative10 Protein LabChip analysis, the conjugate prepared by the method described in this application is far superior to those prepared using the traditional two-step process. MS analysis of the conjugates prepared by the method described in this invention showed distinct DMx-antibody conjugate peaks for the antibody carrying increased numbers of maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule (Figure 4). In contrast, MS of the conjugate obtained using the conventional 2-step method was nearly unresolved, revealing inhomogeneity of the conjugate preparation due to cross-linking or inactivated maleimide linkers. Therefore, based on MS, the conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention is superior to that synthesized by the conventional two-step method. The binding of an anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention was measured by flow cytometry using antigen-expressing COL0205 cells and was found to be similar to that of the unconjugated antibody, demonstrating that the conjugation had no detrimental effect on the binding of the antibody (Figure 5). The cytotoxic activity of the anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention was measured in vitro using COL0205 colon cancer cells expressing CanAg antigen (Figure 6). Antigen-expressing cancer cells were plated at approximately 1000 cells/well in a 96-well plate in cell culture medium containing fetal bovine serum and exposed to varying concentrations of Ab-DMX conjugate. After 5 days of exposure to the conjugate, the remaining viable cells in each well were measured using the WST-8 assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies). As shown in Figure 6, the anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-MaI-DM1 conjugate prepared using this method was highly effective at low concentrations against COL0205 colon cancer cells expressing CanAg antigen. The cytotoxicity of the anti-CanAg Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention is specific to COL0205 cells as it can be blocked by the addition of excess unconjugated antibody. Example 2. Conjugation of the antibody with DM1IDM4 using the maleimide-Sulfo-NHS linker against the sequential two-step method (Figure 7) Stock solutions of DMx thiol and maleimide-Sulfo-NHS heterobifunctional linkers were prepared in. Linker and DMx thiol, 40% v/v 200 mM succinate buffer, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5. Mixed in DMA containing 0, DMx binder ratio 1. 6, resulting in a final DMx concentration equal to 15 mM. After mixing, the reaction was left for 1–4 h and then an aliquot of the reaction mixture was diluted 10 times to measure the absorbance at 302–320 nm to assess the completion of the reaction and the absence of maleimide. (Additional reverse phase HPLC analysis of a frozen aliquot of the reaction mixture was performed subsequently with absorbance monitoring at 302 nm and 252 nm to confirm complete disappearance of the linker maleimide and formation of the desired linker-DMx reagent as the antibody was added to the reaction mixture). UV-cured in the absence of another maleimide, 4 mg/ml Ab, 90% phosphate buffer/10% DMA, pH 7. 5 under final conjugation conditions in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 5) An aliquot of the reaction mixture was added to an antibody mixture in The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DMx conjugate, pH 7. Excess unreacted DMx and unconjugated linker products were purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer or tangential flow filtration. The conjugate is pH 7 to ensure dissociation of any DMx species bound to the antibody by a non-covalent or labile bond. It was kept in buffer 5 at 4 °C for 2 days. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The number of DMx molecules per Ab antibody molecule in the final conjugate (average) was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm using known extinction coefficients for DMx and antibody at these two wavelengths. For comparison purposes, Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DMX conjugates were prepared using the conventional 2-step conjugation method. pH 7 at a concentration of 8 mg/ml. The antibody (Ab) in 5% phosphate buffer/5% DMA buffer was modified with excess bifunctional maleimide-Sulfo-NHS linker. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 h at 20 °C and then the modified Ab was purified from excess unreacted linker using G25 chromatography. The recovery of purified Ab was determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm. The number of bound maleimide groups in the modified Ab was determined using a small aliquot of the modified Ab by adding an excess of a known amount of thiol (such as 2-mercaptoethanol) to the maleimide to react with the maleimide residues in the modified antibody, and then assaying the remaining 10 thiols by Ellman's assay using DTNB reagent (extinction coefficient of TNB thiolate at 412 nm = 14150 M -1 cm -1; Riddles, P.W. et al. , Methods Enzymol; 1983, 91, conjugation with 2 at 95% pH. It was performed at an antibody concentration of 5 mg/ml, 1 per mole value of bound maleimide in the Ab. 7 molar equivalents of DMX thiol were added. The reaction was left at 18 °C for 8–24 h and the conjugate was separated from excess unreacted DMx via G25 size exclusion chromatography. After the purification process, the conjugate is pH 7 to ensure the dissociation of any DMX species bound to the antibody via non-covalent or labile binding. 5 was kept at 4 °C for 2 days in buffer. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. Filtered through a 22 pm filter. The number of DMX molecules per Ab molecule in the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and using known extinction coefficients for DMX and antibody at these two wavelengths. SDS PAGE reduction was performed using a NuPage electrophoresis system (Invitrogen) with a NuPage 4-12% Bis Tris Mini Gel and NuPAGE MOPS SDS running buffer. The bands on the gel with conjugate and molecular weight are indicative of interchain cross-linked species (HL, H2L, and H2L2, respectively). A comparison of the conjugates of Ab-Sulfo-Mal-DM1 of ~4 DM1/Ab (lane 3 with this method and lane 2 with the conventional 2-step conjugation method, respectively) and ~6 DM1/Ab (lane 5 with this method and lane 4 with the conventional 2-step conjugation method, respectively) clearly shows that the conjugates made by the method disclosed in this invention (lanes 3 and 5) have a lower proportion of high molecular weight cross-linked species than the conjugates made by the conventional 2-step method (lanes 2 and 4). Protein LabChip electrophoresis analysis (under reducing condition) of the antibody-Sulfo-Mal-DM1 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention showed heavy and light chain major bands of 70 and 28% (percentages of total protein), similar to the 70% and 30% unconjugated state of the antibody, respectively (Figure 9). In contrast, the conjugate prepared using the conventional two-step method showed only 53 and 23% heavy and light bands, respectively, and high molecular weight major bands ranging from 99 to 152 kDa, probably due to interchain cross-linking. Based on quantitative Protein LabChip10 analysis, the conjugate prepared by the method described in this application is superior in terms of lack of interchain cross-linking compared to that prepared using the traditional two-step process (Figure 9). Ab-Sulfo-mal-DM1 conjugates made with similar drug loadings as described in this invention and by the conventional two-step method were compared by size exclusion LC/MS analysis (Figure 10). Conjugates made by the method described in this invention show the desired MS spectrum containing the expected distribution of peaks with mass equal to only Ab-(linker-DMxn). In conjugates made using the conventional two-step method, all of the major peaks in the spectrum contain one or more hydrolyzed or cross-linked linker fragments in addition to portions of the desired Ab-(linker-DMx)n molecule. The putative mechanism of interchain crosslinking or aqueous inactivation of maleimide in the traditional 2-step reaction sequence is shown in Figure 17, where the incorporated maleimide (or haloacetamide) residue from the initial reaction of the antibody with the heterobifunctional linker may react with intramolecular histidine, lysine, tyrosine, or cysteine residues resulting in interchain (or intermolecular) crosslinking, or the initially incorporated maleimide (or haloacetamide) residue may be inactivated (e.g., by hydrolytic maleimide ring cleavage or addition of water to the maleimide) and thus become unavailable for rapid reaction with the thiol-containing effector or reporter group. Therefore, LC-MS analysis clearly demonstrates that the method described in this invention has the advantage of producing homogeneous conjugate with little or no hydrolyzed or cross-linked linker fragments that bind to the antibody. An anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 conjugate has an average of 5.5 per antibody molecule prepared by the method described in the present invention. Binding of 6 maytansinoid payloads was measured by flow cytometry using antigen-expressing COL0205 cells and was found to be similar to that of the unconjugated antibody, demonstrating that conjugation does not affect antibody binding to the target antigen (Figure 11). The cytotoxic activity of the anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention was measured in vitro using COL0205 colon cancer cells expressing CanAg antigen (Figure 12). Cancer cells expressing the antigen were plated at approximately 1000 cells/well in a 96-well plate in cell culture medium containing fetal bovine serum and exposed to varying concentrations of Ab-DMx conjugate10. After 5 days of exposure to the conjugate, remaining viable cells were measured using the WST-8 assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies). As shown in Figure 12, the anti-CanAg Ab-Sulfo-MaI-DM1 conjugate prepared using this method was highly effective at low concentrations against COLO205 colon cancer cells expressing CanAg antigen. The cytotoxicity of this conjugate was specific as it could be blocked by competition with excess unconjugated antibody. An alternative conjugation method using the method described in this invention includes a quenching step using maleimide or haloacetamide reagents (such as 4-maleimide obutyric acid or 3-maleimide opropionic acid or N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide or iodoacetic acid) after completion of the initial DMX and heterobifunctional linker reaction (prior to addition of the reaction mixture to the antibody) to quench excess DMX thiol groups to prevent undesirable reactions of the DMX thiol with the antibody. In one specific example, after the initial DMX and heterobifunctional linker reaction was completed (prior to adding the reaction mixture to the antibody), 4-maleimidobutyric acid was added to quench the excess DMX thiol group to prevent any undesirable reaction of the antibody with the DMX thiol during the conjugation reaction. To a reaction mixture containing DM4 and Sulfo-MaI-NHS heterofunctional reagent containing excess DM4 (3 mM), a two-fold molar excess of 4-maleimidobutyric acid (6 mM) was added to the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 20 min to quench the remaining DM4 from the initial coupling reaction upon binding of the desired DM4 thiol to the maleimide group of the heterofunctional reagent. 4 mg/ml Ab, 90% aqueous phosphate buffer/10% DMA, pH 7, without purification of the reaction mixture. 5 in phosphate buffer (pH 7) under final conjugation conditions. 5) an aliquot was mixed with an antibody solution. The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Antibody-DM4 conjugate, small molecule excess DM4 and binding reactants, pH 7. Purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer. The conjugation mixture is also pH 7 to ensure dissociation of any DMX species bound to the antibody via non-covalent or labile binding. 5 was kept at 4 °C for 2 days in buffer. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The average number of DM4 molecules per Ab molecule in the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and using known extinction coefficients for DM4 and antibody at these two wavelengths. 10 Conjugate samples were analyzed by non-reducing SDS PAGE using the NuPage electrophoresis system with a 4-12% Bis Tris Gel (Invitrogen). Heat-denatured samples were loaded at 10 µg/lane. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE (without quenching) of the conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention produced evidence of a light chain band (~25 kDa) and a half antibody band (heavy-light chain; ~75 kDa) (Figure 18). On the other hand, the conjugate prepared using the method described in this invention treated with 4-maleimidobutyric acid (to cover the excess DMX thiol) had significantly lower amounts of these undesirable bands (same levels as the unmodified antibody sample). Another advantage of quenching the initial DMX and heterobifunctional reaction mixture (prior to conjugation with the antibody) with thiol quenching reagents such as 4-maleimide-obutyric acid is that there is no “free” DMX (DM1 or DM4) or unconjugated Dmx species during the antibody conjugation reaction, and therefore the final conjugate after purification does not contain “free” or unconjugated DMX species. The DMX-adduct containing 4-maleimide-obutyric acid (or other polar thiol-quenching reagents) is more water-soluble than DMX and therefore can be more easily separated from the covalently linked antibody-DMX conjugate. Example 3. Conjugation of the antibody with maytansinoid (DM1/DM4) using the sulfo-NHS-SMCC linker (Figure 13). Stock solutions of the DM1 or DM4 thiol (DMX) and the sulfo-SMCC heterobifunctional linker with the sulfo-NHS group (purchased from Pierce Endogen; Figure 13) were prepared in DMA at concentrations of 30–60 mM. Linker and DM1 or DM4 thiol, aqueous 200 mM succinate buffer to 40% v/V in DMA, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5. Mixed in a DMA containing 0 and DM1 or DM4 (DMX) coupler ratio 1. 6:1, giving a final DMX concentration of 6 mM. After mixing, the reaction was allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 1–4 h and then an aliquot of the reaction mixture was diluted 10 times to measure the absorbance at 302–320 nm to assess whether all the maleimide had reacted. (Additional reverse phase HPLC analysis of a frozen aliquot of the reaction mixture was then performed monitoring at 302 nm and 252 nm to confirm that the linker maleimide had completely disappeared and that the desired sulfo-NHS-linker-Mal-DMX reagent had been formed during addition of the reaction mixture to the antibody). UV-cured in the absence of another maleimide, 4 mg/ml Ab, 90% phosphate buffer (aqueous)/10% DMA (v/v), pH 7. 5 under final conjugation conditions in phosphate10 buffer (pH 7. 5) An aliquot of the reaction was added to an aqueous solution of the antibody in The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DMx conjugate, pH 7. Excess unreacted reagent and excess DMx were purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer (aqueous). The conjugate is pH 7 to ensure the dissociation of any DMX species that may have detached from the Ab non-covalently or through labile binding. It was kept in buffer 5 at 4 °C for 2 days. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The number of DMX molecules per Ab molecule in the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and using known extinction coefficients for DMx and antibody at these two wavelengths. For comparison purposes, Ab-SMCC-DMX conjugates were prepared using the conventional 2-step conjugation method. 95% pH 6. The antibody (Ab) at a concentration of 8 mg/ml in 5% phosphate buffer/5% DMA buffer was modified with excess bifunctional sulfo-SMCC linker with sulfo-NHS group (purchased from Pierce Endogen). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 h at °C and then the modified Ab was purified from excess unreacted linker using G25 chromatography. The recovery of purified Ab was determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm. The number of bound maleimide groups in the modified Ab was determined using a small aliquot of the modified antibody with a known amount of thiol (such as 2-mercaptoethanol) added in excess on the maleimide to react with the maleimide residues in the modified antibody, and then conjugating the remaining thiol with DTNB reagent at 95% pH 2. It was performed at an antibody concentration of 5 mg/ml, 1 per mole value of bound maleimide in the Ab. 7 molar equivalents of DMX thiol were added. The reaction was left at 18°C for 8–24 hours and the conjugate was separated from the excess unreacted DM1 (or DM4) by G25 chromatography. After purification, the conjugate was pH 6 to allow hydrolysis of any weakly bound DM1/DM4 species. It was kept in buffer 5 at 4 °C for 2 days. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. Filtered through a 22 pm filter. The final value was measured by determining the absorbance at 100 nm and using the known extinction coefficients for DM1/DM4 and the antibody at these two wavelengths. SDS PAGE reduction was performed using the NuPage electrophoresis system (Invitrogen) with a NuPage 4-12% Bis Tris Mini Gel and NuPAGE MOPS SDS running buffer (Figure 14). Bands on the gel with a molecular weight of kDa are indicative of interchain cross-linked species (HL, H2L and H2L2, respectively). Step 3 of conjugates with Ab-SMCC-DM1. Comparison with 1 D/Ab (lane 4 with this method and lane 3 with the conventional 2-step method, respectively) clearly shows that the conjugates made by the method disclosed in this invention (lane 4) have a lower proportion of high molecular weight cross-linked species than the conjugates made by the conventional 2-step method (lane 3). Protein LabChip electrophoresis analysis (under reducing condition) of the antibody-SMCC-DMI conjugate prepared by the method described in this invention showed heavy and light chain major bands with percentages of 67% and 30% (of total protein), similar to the unconjugated antibody of 68% and 30%, respectively (Figure 15). In contrast, the conjugate prepared using the conventional two-step method showed only 54 and 24% heavy and light bands, respectively, and high molecular weight major bands ranging from 96 to 148 kDa, probably due to interchain cross-linking. Based on quantitative Protein LabChip analysis, the conjugate prepared by the method described in this application is superior in terms of lack of interchain cross-linking compared to that prepared using the conventional two-step process (Figure 15). Ab-SMCC-DM1 conjugates with similar drug loadings made by the method described in this invention and by the conventional two-step method were compared by size exclusion LC/MS analysis (Figure 16). The conjugate made by the method described in this invention shows the desired MS spectrum containing the expected distribution of peaks with mass equal to only Ab-(linker-DMx)n. In the case of the conjugate made using the traditional two-step method, the spectrum shows a heterogeneous mixture of species including the desired Ab-(linkerCi-DMX)n species and additional species including inactivated maleimide and cross-linked linker fragments. The putative mechanisms of interchain crosslinking and maleimide inactivation in the traditional 2-step reaction sequence are shown in Figure 17, where the maleimide (or haloacetamide residue) incorporated from the initial reaction of the antibody with the heterofunctional linker may react with intramolecular (or intermolecular) histidine, isin, tyrosine, or cysteine residues resulting in intrachain crosslinking, or the initially incorporated maleimide (or haloacetamide) residue may be inactivated by hydrolysis or hydration of the maleimide residue prior to the reaction step with the thiol-containing agent DM1 or DM4 (DMX). Therefore, LC-MS analysis clearly demonstrates that the method described in this invention has the advantage of producing homogeneous conjugates with small amounts of inactivated maleimide or cross-linked linker fragments attached to the antibody. Example 4. Conjugation of the antibody with DM1/DM4 (DMX) having cleavable disulfide linkers by this method (Figure 19). Stock solutions containing DM1 or DM4 thiol (DMX) and the heterobifunctional linker 4-(2-pyridyldioxy)butanoic acid-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (SPDB) were prepared at concentrations of 30-60 mM in DMA. Linker and DMX thiol, 40% DM/vol aqueous 200 mM succinate buffer, 2 mM EDTA, pH 1 to binder ratio. Mixed to give a 6:1 DMX final concentration ratio of 8 mM. After mixing, the reaction was allowed to stand for 1 h at ambient temperature and then 4 mg/ml Ab was added to 90% phosphate buffer (aqueous)/10% DMA (v/v), pH 7. 5 under final conjugation conditions in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 5) An aliquot of the reaction was added to an aqueous antibody solution in The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DMx conjugate, pH 7. Excess unreacted reagent and excess DMx were purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer (aqueous). The conjugate is pH 7 to ensure dissociation of any DMX species bound to the Ab non-covalently or via labile binding. It was kept in buffer 5 at 4 °C for 2 days. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The number of DMX molecules per Ab molecule on the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorption of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm using known extinction coefficients for DMX and antibody at these two wavelengths. Example 5. Preparation of antibody-DM1/DM4 (Ab-DMX) conjugate with both disulfide and non-cleavable linkers using this method (Figure 20). Stock solutions of DM1 or DM4 thiol (DMX) and NHS-PEGn-Maleimide heterobifunctional linker were prepared in. NHS-PEG4-Maleimide linker and DMx thiol, 40% v/v 200 mM succinate buffer, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5. They were mixed together in DMA containing 0 and DMx binder molar ratio of 1. 6:1 and gave a final DMx concentration of 8. gave equal to 0 mM. The reaction mixture was allowed to react at ambient temperature for 2 hours. In a separate parallel reaction, the SPDB linker and the DMx thiol were mixed together and reacted under conditions similar to those used for the NHS-PEG4-maleimide reaction except for a 1 h reaction time. After completion of both reactions and after purification, equal volumes of PEG4-MaI-DM4 mixture and SPDB-DM4 mixture were combined. An aliquot of the combined reaction mixtures contained 4 mg/ml Ab, 90% phosphate buffer (aqueous)/10% DMA (v/v), pH 7. 5 under final conjugation conditions in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 5) was added to an antibody solution without purification. The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DMx conjugate, pH 7, from excess unreacted reagents and excess DMx. Purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 5 phosphate buffer (aqueous). The conjugate was pH 7 to ensure dissociation of DMx species bound to the Ab non-covalently or via labile binding. It was kept in buffer 5 at 4°C for 2 days. The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 5. 5 was dialyzed into histidine/glycine buffer and then 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The number of DMx molecules per Ab molecule on the resulting conjugate was measured by determining the absorption of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm using known extinction coefficients for DMx and antibody at these two wavelengths. The Ab-(mixed SPDB and PEG4-Mal linker)-DMX conjugate made by the method described in this invention was tested to determine the incorporation (D/A) ratio of the non-cleavable counter-linker on the Ab before and after DTT (dithiothreitol) treatment of the conjugate to reduce the disulfide bond by comparing DMx per antibody. During DTT reduction the reaction pH is 7. To keep the conjugate at 5, first add 250 mM HEPES buffer pH 7. Dialyzed to 5. The conjugate was then reduced by reaction with 25 mM DTT for 20 min at 37 °C. After the DTT reaction, the released DMx and DTT were added to 250 mM HEPES buffer pH 7. It was separated from the reaction mixture using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated at 5. The average number of DMx molecules per Ab molecule in the purified product was measured by determining the absorption10 of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and using known extinction coefficients for DMX and antibody at these two wavelengths. The D/A ratio of the DTT-treated conjugate and the D/A ratio of the non-DTT-treated conjugate were used to calculate the percentage of DMX bound to the Ab via the non-cleavable bond. Two additional samples, Ab-SPDB-DM4 and Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4 conjugates, were treated with DTT as positive and negative controls, respectively. By comparing the D/A ratio before and after DTT treatment, the non-cleavable Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM4 conjugate was shown to be non-cleavable (93%), as expected, with nearly all ligated linkers. The Ab-(mixed SPDB and PEG4MaI linker)-DMX conjugate containing both non-cleavable and disulfide linkers made by the method described in this invention has 41% less DMx when cleaved by the DTT process relative to the amount of DMX lost than Ab-SPDB-DMx consisting entirely of the cleavable linker. The Ab-DMX conjugate, which consisted entirely of the cleavable linker, showed that the Ab-(mixed SPDB and PEG4-Mal)-DMX conjugate made by the method described in this invention consisted of approximately 40% non-cleavable and 60% cleavable linkers. Conjugates of antibody with maytansinoid or other effector by varying the initial ratio of non-cleavable to cleavable linker reagents. can be prepared with different ratios of non-degradable and degradable binders. Figure 21 shows an average of 3 per antibody molecule linked with both the disulfide linkers (SPDB) and non-cleavable linkers (PEG) described above. Shows the mass spectrum of the deglycosylated conjugate described above containing the antibody with 5 maytansinoid molecules. MS shows distinct conjugated species containing both non-cleavable and cleavable linkers (Figure 21). For example, the conjugate peak designated D2-PEG-SPDB has one disulfide-linked and one non-cleavable, thioether-linked maytansinoid molecule; the conjugate peak designated D3-PEG-2SPDB carries two disulfide-linked and one non-cleavable, thioether-linked maytansinoid molecule; and the conjugate peak designated D3-2PEG-SPDB carries one disulfide-linked and two non-cleavable, thioether-linked maytansinoid molecules. Example 6. Conjugation of antibody with maytansinoid using SMCC linker Stock solutions of DM1 thiol and SMCC heterobifunctional linker (Pierce) were prepared in mM succinate buffer in DMA, 2 mM EDTA, pH 5. Mixed in DMA containing 0; DM1 to 10 connector ratio is 1. It gave a 4:1 molar equivalent and the final DM1 concentration was found to be between 1 and 6 mM. After mixing, the reaction was left at ambient temperature for up to 4 h and then diluted 10 times with an aliquot of the reaction mixture to measure the absorbance at 302–320 nm to assess whether all the maleimide had reacted with the thiol. When no other maleimide is present by UV, 2. 5 mg/ml Ab is an aqueous solution of an antibody in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 5-8. 5) an aliquot of the reaction was added. The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for 3 hours at ambient temperature. Ab-DM1 conjugate contains excess unreacted or hydrolyzed reagent and excess DM1, pH 7. Purified using a G25 gel filtration column equilibrated in 4 phosphate buffer (aqueous). The conjugate is then incubated overnight at pH 7. 4 dialyzed to phosphate buffer (aqueous) and then 0 for final storage. It was filtered through a 22 µm filter. The number of DM1 molecules per Ab molecule in the final conjugate was measured by determining the absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and using known extinction coefficients for DM1 and antibody at these two wavelengths. Similarly, conjugates of the antibody with DM4 thiol and SMCC can be prepared. These conjugates of antibody with DM1 or DM4 using the SMCC linker contain a non-thioether cleavable linker. The Ab-SMCC-DM1 conjugate made by the method described in this invention was characterized by MS analysis of the glycosylated conjugate (Figure 23). The conjugate made by the method described in this invention shows the desired MS spectrum containing the expected distribution of peaks with mass equal to Ab-(linker-DM1)n. Example 7. Conjugation of the antibody with maytansinoid using heterobifunctional disulfide-containing linkers (SSNPB, SPP). The disulfide-containing heterobifunctional linkers SSNPB (N-sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(5-nitro-2-pyridyldio)butyrate) and SPP (N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldio)propionate) can be used to prepare antibody-maytansinoid conjugates by a method similar to that described in Example 4 to prepare the SPDB linker. The structure of the disulfide-linked conjugate prepared using SPDB (Figure 19) is the same as the conjugate prepared with SSNPB (Figure 24). MS of a disulfide-linked conjugate prepared using SPDB showed distinct peaks with mass values corresponding to different numbers of antibody-bound maytansinoid molecules. 10 Example 8. Conjugation of the antibody with a linear alkyl carbon chain containing non-cleavable linkers and maytansinoids. Conjugates containing non-cleavable linkers with linear alkyl carbon chains were prepared using the reaction mixture of maytansinoid and heterobifunctional linkers with linear alkyl carbon chains, similar to the method described for the SMCC linker in e.g. 6. For example, conjugates of a humanized antibody with DM1 using the BMPS (N-[ß-maleimide 0propyloxy]succinimide ester) or GMBS ((N-[v-maleimide 0butyryloxy]succinimide ester) linker are shown in Figure 26. The initial reaction mixture containing BMPS or GMBS (8 mM) and DM1 thiol (1) in 60% DMA/40% (v/v) 200 mM succinate buffer, pH 5, showed complete reaction of the maleimide molecule moiety (based on the decay of maleimide absorbance at 302–320 nm) when controlled at 15 °C. This reaction mixture was diluted in two portions, 10 minutes apart, with 80% aqueous EPPS buffer containing 20% DMA (v/v), pH 8. 1, in 2. A humanized antibody solution was added at 5 mg/ml, with total binding being added as 8 molar equivalents of the antibody. The conjugate mixture was purified as a gel for 4 hours and then subjected to 2 rounds of dialysis. DM1/antibody ratio 3. 8 and 5. These conjugates prepared with 1 GMBS or BMPS did not show any unconjugated free drug as a result of HISEP HPLC analysis. Similar conjugates containing non-cleavable linkers with linear alkyl chains can be prepared using AMAS (N-[ß-maleimide oacetoxy] succinimide ester) or EMCS (N-[ß-maleimide ocaproyloxy] succinimide ester) or sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-EMCS) as shown in Figure 25. Table 1 shows the % monomer for select conjugates prepared by the method disclosed in this invention, all of which showed high % monomer by size exclusion chromatography analysis. For comparison purposes, monomer % is also shown for conjugates prepared by the conventional two-step conjugation method (initial reaction of the antibody with the heterobifunctional linker, followed by reaction with the mayanylcynoid thiol). TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR

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