SU946418A1 - Method of preparing rocky sharp slopes for planting trees - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of afforestation of rocky steep slopes, and can be used mainly ς in mountain afforestation.

A known method of growing plants on stony soils, including slitting, microsterrasing, planting and deepening the wedge-shaped jq gap to the level of its bottom. The latter is carried out in the process of caring for plants using a tooth-like working body, articulated with the paws of the cultivator G1].

However, according to safety conditions, the arrangement of micro-terraces and cracks, and especially the care of plants using conventional mechanisms across the slope with a steepness of more than __ 12 °, are practically excluded. The medium is ^υ but the small volume of loose soil mass in the places of planting over time (due to its small water compatibility) will not be able to satisfy the need of trees for soil moisture. 25

There is also known a method of combating soil erosion on the slopes, including the crafts of trenches and filling them with water-absorbing material of inorganic origin, for example, empty 30 rock dumps or slag waste from industrial enterprises. Water-absorbing trenches are placed on the slopes horizontally at calculated distances. The depth of the trench is set taking into account the average depth of freezing of the soil. Porous aggregates protect the bottom of the trench from freezing and thereby maintain a high duty cycle of the soil. An inorganic aggregate of trenches provides water absorption of surface runoff for 10 years and prevents the appearance of pests and diseases of agricultural plants in trenches (2).

The known method is ineffective on steep rocky slopes with shallow, coprofile soil for the following reasons.

Firstly, the construction of trenches on slopes steeper than 12 ° horizontally by conventional machines is practically excluded under safety conditions. When using a steeply inclined tractor in these works, the range of application can be somewhat expanded, but only up to 18 °. Secondly, the proposed method involves intensive infiltration of water collected on the slope with trenches, followed by its movement deep into the soil. But such a process is entirely possible only if there are loose quaternary and tertiary rocks with high duty cycle or other geological rocks with high fracture in the places of construction of trenches. The probability of transferring surface runoff water through trenches inland on slopes with shallow (10-15 cm) 10 soils formed on rocky deluvium, underlain by dense rocky rocks (shale, chalk, marl, etc.) is very small. Thirdly, the significant corrugation of the slopes, including the stony ones, leads to a strong redistribution of surface runoff within their area and a different load on individual segments of trenches. go

The essence of the method is illustrated in FIG.

and 2 . _

Figure 1 presents: I layout of microdepressions 1 on a rocky steep slope, a water-collecting trench 2 with inorganic aggregate 3 in the direction ^;>> close to horizontals 4, and a direction on the slope of concentrated 5 and diffuse 6 surface runoff; And - the transverse profile of the bottom 7 of the trench within the microtown, i.e. on the working section 8 of the trench, where it captures a concentrated surface runoff and directs it to the lowest elevation of its bottom. 35

With a large slope in the slope of the slopes (scours, stretches), it is not possible to place trenches strictly horizontally. In places of such microdepressions 40, they will pass at a certain angle to the horizontal. Therefore, subject to the specified depth of the trenches, their bottom will have different elevations, the smallest at the intersection 45 of these microdepressions. The difference in elevations of the bottom of the trench and the very weak permeability of rocky soil along their bottom and sides contributes to the intensive movement of water intercepted by trenches on the slope in the intervals between the inorganic aggregate towards lower elevations, i.e. to micro-drops. With a significant concentration of water in such places, its overflow and formation of concentrated water flows on the slope are possible. When overflowing a large volume of water from the trenches located in the upper part of the slope, an ever-increasing water volume of 60 and strength can lead to the destruction of the trenches located down the slope (avalanche effect).

Thus, the use on rocky steep slopes with a strongly pronounced 65 /.

by the microrelief and small-profile soils of catchment trenches with their horizontal placement to organize surface runoff for additional moistening of the soil in the a number of reasons will be ineffective.

The purpose of the invention is improving the moisture supply of plants in their places of planting.

The goal is achieved by the fact that the trenches are placed diagonally relative to the main slope in opposite directions, water-guiding rollers are made along their lower side, and at the intersections of the indicated earthworks forest-forming areas with a longitudinal terrace-like profile are formed.

In FIG. 2-1 - transverse profile of trenches 1 with aggregate 2 and water guide roller 3; II ’·· transverse section of forest-cultivated area 4 with a longitudinal terrace-like profile) III - diagram of the diagonal (to the slope of slope 5) placement of trenches 1 with water-guiding rollers 3, forest-cultivated sites 4 and the direction of surface runoff b within the area of artificially allocated micro-catchments 7.

The method of preparing rocky steep slopes for planting woody plantations consists of the following operations:

- preparatory, which provide for a partial layout of the surface of the slope with its cleaning from stones and the remains of wood and shrubbery, as well as protection of the mastered part of the slope with the structures created on it from damage by storm and melt water coming from the upper (not mastered) part by the device of water-retaining or drainage earthen hydraulic structures, tracing of the mastered part of the slope;

'- the main ones, including the crafts of trenches and water-guiding rollers along their lower side, filling the created containers with inorganic material that Freely Filters water, forming' forest areas with a longitudinal terrace-shaped profile at the intersections of the trenches. Trenches and water guide rollers are constructed in two stages. On the first, they are arranged diagonally to the main slope of the slope over its entire area and in one direction, and on the second - also diagonally, but already. in another, opposite direction. With this arrangement, the entire slope is artificially divided into micro-catchments, the surface runoff from which falls into the catchment trenches and is led through them to forest-cultivation sites.

Dividing the drainage surface of the mastered slope into micro-catchments makes it possible to almost completely regulate the local surface runoff and to use it more fully to replenish the reserve of 5 moisture available to plants in the root layer of the soil of forestry areas. Placing water-collecting trenches with water-guiding rollers at an acute angle to the main direction of the channel of temporary streams passing on the slope through razmin and potjin eliminates the danger of their destruction during periods of extreme surface runoff.

The area of micro-catchments recorded on the slope by the drainage and drainage network is calculated on the basis of the total need of plants for soil moisture during the growing season. In this case, the water constants of the root habitat layer of the soil of forest cultivation sites, the actual reserves and deficit of moisture available to plants in the same soil in the summer months, the amount and nature of summer (especially storm) precipitation, the surface runoff coefficient, soil moisture loss by the root habitat layer of the soil and the evaporation of the filter by evaporation . thirty

Taking into account the aforesaid, the initial construction parameters of trenches and water guide rollers are also established.

The method was tested in the lower mountain 35 belt of the south-east coast of Crimea, i.e. in those hydroclimatic conditions for which it is intended.

For testing, we selected a section of the effluent and erodible slope | () at a steepness of 10 to 23 ° southeast exposure 1.5 ha in size. In the geological structure of the slope, clay shales with. interlayers of sandstones. Thin (10-15 cm), highly stony brown mountainous soil formed on the deluvium of the mentioned geological rocks. The thickness of the deluvium does not exceed 35 cm. The vegetation of the slope is very sparse, typical for shiblyakov. The slope surface is crossed by a network of ravines of different depths.

In the process of preparing the site for testing, a partial surface layout was made on it “with backfilling of deep holes and clearing of large stones; marking of the routes of the drainage network from trenches and vyudonayushchie rollers and forestry areas. 60

Trenches (depth 40 cm and width 30 cm) and rollers (height 30 cm, width 40 cm) are placed diagonally to the main slope of the slope in opposite directions. At the same time, their longitudinal slope does not exceed 12 °, which ensured the stability of mechanisms to lateral tipping during construction. Distances between adjacent parallel trenches on the main ramp slope not greater than 4 cm, and the trench intersection point with an opposite direction are located diagonals tfa through 4.2 m. The area calculated mikrovodosbora, contoured rollers and trenches, is 16 ^g m. At the construction of trenches and rollers, the RN-80B cultivator and the PP-50 semi-half-plow plow were used. The trenches are 80% filled with gravel.

In this work, a PTN-2-25 telescopic cultivator was used, in the hopper of which crushed stone was poured. After the construction of trenches and rollers at the places of their intersection, the D-51 ZA eradicator forms forest cultivation sites with a longitudinal terrace-like profile. For better moisture accumulation and less heat in the summer, the surfaces of forestry areas give a reverse slope of up to 10 °. After the arrangement of forestry areas do. mandrel of trenches and rollers.

At the experimental site created 6,600 linear meters. m. of water-collecting trenches and water-guiding rollers and 825 forest cultivation sites with 5 thousand seats (6 pieces per site).

As a result of the implementation of the above-mentioned stock-organizing measures, the surface runoff is completely regulated and the risk of aerosol presses is eliminated.

Due to the additional surface runoff from artificial micro-catchments, the total reserves of moisture available to plants in the root-inhabited soil layer of the soil in the summer months increased in

3.5 times. In this regard, the preservation of Crimean pine seedlings by the end of the third year of growth, compared with the control, is 25% higher, and the current growth in height increased by 100%.

Placing trenches and rollers diagonally to the main slope of the slope made it possible to reduce the longitudinal slope of the path of moving the units to a safe value (up to 12 °) and thereby increase their productivity in earthworks by 15-20%.

Claims (1)

1. Authors' certificate USSR 627774, cl. A 01 C 5/04, 1978. 2, USSR Author's Certificate 4297.61, cl. A 01 13/16, 1972 (prototype). fu, 2