RU2832628C9 - Device for implementing multi-stage thermal destruction - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: waste recycling.

SUBSTANCE: multi-stage thermal destruction device containing a furnace unit, a spiral reactor, burners, a furnace chamber, temperature sensors, a smoke pump, a chimney, a heat collector, a thermolysis unit, a flow hopper, sluice feeders, a gate valve, exhaust pipes, bag filters, pressure sensors, a solid residue outlet mechanism, a condensation unit, a cooling water pump, heat exchangers, a gas compensator, a vacuum compressor, a liquid hydrocarbon tank, liquid pipelines, a desiccant, a gas tank, a distributor, a control unit, a removable and replaceable gas tank, a generator, characterized in that it additionally contains a device designed to automate the process of multi-stage thermal in this case, the gas tank is made with the possibility of producing gas, the distributor is made with the possibility of supplying gas from the gas tank to the burners, the spiral reactor is made with the possibility of heating the burners and the possibility of moving raw materials under its own weight, the generator and the feeding control unit with sensors are made with the possibility of receiving part of the gas, the gas tank is made with the possibility of receiving residual gas at the same time, temperature and pressure sensors are installed in the device in sections of the structure, designed to track the required temperature and pressure and exceed The control unit is designed with the ability to process data from temperature and pressure sensors and automate the thermal degradation process.

EFFECT: technical result is a stable waste recycling process.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to waste processing. The device for implementing multi-stage thermal destruction relates to waste processing for the purpose of obtaining hydrocarbon fuel, to energy and waste disposal [B01D53/06, B09B3/00, F23G5/027].

The prior art discloses a CONTINUOUS ZERO-EMISSION ORGANIC WASTE PROCESSING SYSTEM [CN103203169 (A), 2013-07-17], which is a continuous zero-emissivity organic waste processing system. The system can use electrical energy or fire to supply thermal energy, recover and convert thermal energy into electrical energy. The system includes: a loading device, a continuous screw for thermal cracking, an oil collecting and filtering device, a tubular cooling device, a filtering and re-distilling device, a plurality of sectional cooling devices with different temperatures, and an oil storage jug, which are connected in turn. Organic waste is subjected to high-temperature decomposition, the resulting gases are cooled and then liquefied according to different boiling points of the gases, and the generated thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy is fed back into the mechanical equipment, the residual gas of possible combustion is converted into environmentally friendly CO2 gas, which is absorbed by algae, converted into common air and released outside, and in addition, the solid materials generated by organic waste can be directly converted into carbon products for reuse to achieve the effect of zero emissions. The disadvantage of this analogue is that as a result of high-temperature decomposition in this technical solution, gases are formed that require additional equipment for their cooling and liquefaction.

Also known from the prior art is a DEVICE IN THE FORM OF A THERMOLYSIS REACTOR AND A METHOD FOR ITS USE IN A SYSTEM FOR THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE [WO2010088878 (A2), 2010-08-12], which relates to the field of waste and energy management, as well as to mechanical engineering and the production of industrial installations, to a thermolysis reactor and to a method for thermal processing of waste and waste materials in accordance with the type described in the claims. The objective of the invention is to create a thermolysis reactor and a method for its operation in a waste thermal decomposition system that organize the movement of fuel in such a way as to ensure a stable temperature regime, ensure continuous and stable temperature control of the flow of the method, and ensure constant gas quality over a long residence time, which is solved in that the thermolysis reactor contains an outer jacket and an inner jacket that form a double shell, wherein the inner shell is surrounded by an outer shell, so that there is a gap between the inner shell and the outer shell, wherein the double shell has an input and an output, as well as an inner jacket surrounding the internal space limited at the ends by covers, characterized in that the gap is closed with respect to the environment at the ends of the double shell formed by the inner shell and the outer shell and the covers support the shaft, wherein the coolant is in the gap and the shaft, wherein the shaft rests in the center in the cover and carries the delivery means.

The closest in technical essence is the METHOD OF MULTI-STAGE THERMAL DESTRUCTION [RU 2804427 C1, 09/28/2022], which relates to the field of waste processing for the purpose of obtaining hydrocarbon fuel, energy and waste disposal. The method consists of the following: initially, using conveyors, the raw material is loaded into a feed bin, then the raw material is fed through airlock feeders and a slide gate valve into the reactors for thermolysis, then the raw material is introduced sequentially into the first reactor, then through the sinkholes into the second and third reactors, as the raw material moves in the cavities of the reactors, thermolysis occurs, during which oxygen, water and light hydrocarbon gases are separated, the steam-gas mixture obtained during thermolysis is discharged to the first heat exchanger through a gas outlet pipe and a bag filter, then the steam-gas mixture is discharged through a gas outlet pipe and a gas compensator to the second heat exchanger, while water is pumped into the heat exchangers through a water cooling pump, in the heat exchangers the steam is condensed by the resulting water, and the gases are washed, the resulting light hydrocarbon gases are sent through a dehydrator to a gas holder, in the second heat exchanger a vacuum compressor provides the necessary pressure for the synthesis of fuel, which enters the tank liquid hydrocarbons, which are then removed through pipelines, the solid residue in the form of carbon materials is removed from the third reactor through the discharge nozzle into the refining reactor and then into the cooling chamber.

The main disadvantage of this method is the design of the thermolysis unit, which consists of three tubular horizontally located reactors connected by sinkhole windows. As a result of such a design, it is necessary to introduce a mechanism into the system for moving raw materials into the reactor cavity, which requires additional energy and complicates the design. Temperature sensors are fixed at the ends of the horizontal parts of the composite reactor, which is why a clogged space is created between them and the sinkhole windows, in which waste accumulates, thereby violating the reliability of readings and leading to accidents and man-made emergencies. This reactor design does not provide for pressure sensors, which is also a serious drawback leading to accidents and creating man-made threats.

The technical result is the efficient and safe processing of waste into liquid hydrocarbon fuel and secondary carbon-carbon materials, operating on the energy obtained from the gas obtained during the processing.

The technical result is achieved as a result of the operation of a device for implementing multi-stage thermal destruction, which includes a feed bin, rotary feeders, a slide gate valve, a spiral reactor, a combustion chamber, burners, a smoke exhauster, a smoke stack, a heat outlet, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, gas exhaust pipes, bag filters, a solid residue outlet mechanism, a condensation unit, a water cooling pump, heat exchangers, a gas compensator, a vacuum compressor, a liquid hydrocarbon tank, liquid pipelines, a dryer, a gas holder (compressed gas receiver).

The claimed device is illustrated by the diagram, Fig. 1, which shows the main components of the device.

Fig. 1 shows a general view of the installation.

The following is shown in Figure 1: 1 – combustion unit, 2 – spiral reactor, 3 – burner, 4 – combustion chamber, 5 – temperature sensors, 6 – smoke exhauster, 7 – smoke stack, 8 – heat removal (heat collector), 9 – thermolysis unit, 10 – feed bin, 11 – airlock feeders, 12 – slide gate valve, 13 – gas outlet pipes, 14 – bag filters, 15 – pressure sensors, 16 – solid residue outlet mechanism, 17 – condensation unit, 18 – cooling water pump, 19 – heat exchangers, 20 – gas compensator, 21 – vacuum compressor, 22 – liquid hydrocarbon tank, 23 – liquid pipelines, 24 – dehydrator, 25 – gas holder (compressed gas receiver).

The device for implementing multi-stage thermal destruction contains three main blocks. In the furnace block 1, a spiral reactor is mounted, providing for the movement of waste under the action of gravity 2 for thermal decomposition of waste, heated by means of burners 3. In turn, the reactor 2 and burners 3 are mounted inside the furnace chamber 4. Temperature and pressure control inside all blocks is provided by means of temperature sensors 5 and pressure sensors 15, installed in such a way as not to interfere with the thermolysis process, but to fully control the temperature and pressure inside the reactor. The combustion products are removed from the combustion chamber 4 by means of a smoke exhauster 6 and a smoke stack 7. Heat is removed from the reactor 2 by means of heat sinks 8. The thermolysis unit 9 contains a feed bin 10 for loading the waste to be processed, which is fed to the reactor 2 for thermolysis through airlock feeders 11 and a slide gate valve 12. After thermolysis, the gaseous products of thermolysis are removed through gas outlet pipes 13 and bag filters 14, which are a continuation of the design of the reactor 2. At the final stage, the processed waste is provided with the removal of solid residue 16 through an outlet mechanism. The condensation unit 17 contains a water cooling pump 18 for pumping water into heat exchangers 19 and activating the fuel formation processes. In this case, the gas compensator 20 creates the necessary excess pressure, and the vacuum compressor 21 provides the necessary pressure for the synthesis of fuel, which enters the liquid hydrocarbon tank 22, which is then removed through the liquid pipelines 23. In this case, through the dryer 24, the gaseous fraction of the fuel is removed to the gas holder 25 (compressed gas receiver).

The device is used as follows

Initially, the raw material (waste) is fed into the feed bin 10 using conveyors (spiral, belt, screw, gerotor pump, etc., depending on the feedstock), after which it is fed into the spiral reactor for thermolysis through sluice feeders and a slide gate valve. As the raw material moves, oxygen, water, and light gases are separated from the raw material under the action of gravity in the reactor cavity. The temperature and pressure are maintained automatically within the range of the set parameters. A gas outlet pipe 13 is provided to remove the steam-gas mixture to the heat exchanger 19. Light hydrocarbon gases, together with steam, are fed into the next heat exchanger 19, where the steam is condensed by the resulting water and the gases are washed. The gas is not condensed and in a gaseous state is sent through a dehydrator 24 to a gas holder 25.

The solid residue is discharged from the reactor 2 into the solid residue outlet mechanism, then into the solid residue cooling tank 16, in the form of a solid residue we obtain carbon materials, from which it is subsequently possible to obtain technical carbon, sorbents and active carbons. The water obtained from the steam-gas mixture is purified by sorbents formed during the waste processing process, and is discharged into open water bodies.

The technical result - efficient and safe processing of waste into liquid hydrocarbon fuel and secondary carbon materials - is achieved due to the fact that in the reactor 2, located in the combustion chamber 4 and heated by burners 3, thermolysis of waste occurs, with the release of combustible gases and carbon-carbon materials, carbon materials are removed from the installation through the discharge mechanism of the solid residue into a container for cooling the solid residue 16, combustible gases through the condensation unit 17 with water from the water cooling pump 18 enter the heat exchangers 19, while the gas compensator 20 and the vacuum compressor 21 provide fuel synthesis.

Claims (1)

A device for multi-stage thermal destruction, comprising a furnace unit, a spiral reactor, burners, a furnace chamber, temperature sensors, a smoke exhauster, a smoke stack, a heat extractor, a thermolysis unit, a feed bin, airlock feeders, a slide gate valve, gas outlet pipes, bag filters, pressure sensors, a solid residue outlet mechanism, a condensation unit, a water cooling pump, heat exchangers, a gas compensator, a vacuum compressor, a liquid hydrocarbon tank, liquid pipelines, a dryer, a gas holder, a distributor, a control unit, a removable and replaceable gas tank, a generator, characterized in that it additionally comprises a device configured to automate the multi-stage thermal destruction process, wherein the gas holder is configured to produce gas, the distributor is configured to supply gas from the gas holder to the burners, the spiral reactor is configured to be heated by burners and to be able to move raw materials under its own weight, the generator and the feed unit the controls with sensors are designed with the ability to receive a portion of the gas, the gas tank is designed with the ability to receive residual gas, while temperature and pressure sensors are installed in the device on sections of the structure, designed with the ability to track the required temperature and pressure and exceed critical limits of the multi-stage thermal destruction process, the control unit is designed with the ability to process data from the temperature and pressure sensors and automate the thermal destruction process.