RU2832173C1 - Adsorption conditioner - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ventilation and air conditioning.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices for air conditioning in cars or railway locomotives, in which diesel or gasoline engines are used. Adsorption air conditioner comprises a refrigerating machine with an adsorber-stripper having a heater, with an evaporator-condenser having a heater, electronic control device with a temperature sensor, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, valves, three pumps connected by means of pipelines so that three independent circuits are formed, conditioned air circuit with connecting channels, fan, gate valve. Valves have two positions—"charging" and "working". In the "charging" valves position, the high-temperature circuit includes a first pump, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, an adsorber-stripper heater, first valve, temperature sensor, and low-temperature circuit of heat carrier includes second pump of pumps, air heat exchanger, heater of evaporator-condenser, second valve. In the valves position, the "working" low-temperature coolant circuit includes an adsorber-stripper heater, a second valve, a second pump, an air heat exchanger, and the refrigerating circuit includes the third of the pumps, the third valve, the heater of the evaporator-condenser. When the valves are in the "working" position, the refrigerating circuit additionally includes a refrigerating channel of the regenerative heat exchanger, located between the third pump and the third valve, and a temperature sensor located between the evaporator-condenser heater and the third pump. When the valves are in the “charging” position, the refrigerating circuit contains a refrigerating channel of a regenerative heat exchanger with a bypass valve located between the third pump and the third valve. High-temperature circuit, when the valves are in the "operating" position, includes the first pump, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, the first valve and a temperature sensor. Conditioned air path additionally contains a channel in the regenerative heat exchanger formed by a heat-release surface from the conditioned air to the regenerative liquid.

EFFECT: simplification of the air conditioner design and its maintenance, increase in reliability.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices for air conditioning in automobiles or in railway locomotives (diesel locomotives) that use diesel or gasoline engines.

To achieve comfortable working conditions, the cabin and interior of the car are equipped with an air conditioner. The main component of the air conditioner is the refrigeration machine.

The most common at present are air conditioners that use compression refrigeration machines (M.F. Bromley. Hydraulic machines and refrigeration units. Stroyizdat. Moscow: 1971. - 260 p., pp. 162-163), their efficiency and reliability cannot be denied.

But it should be noted that the operation of a compression refrigeration machine is carried out either by mechanical energy taken directly from the engine crankshaft, or by the same mechanical energy, but first converted into electrical energy.

However, in vehicles using internal combustion engines, a large amount of thermal energy is irretrievably lost with hot exhaust gases.

Methods of using exhaust gas heat energy to operate air conditioning devices are proposed. This increases the energy efficiency of the vehicle and leads to fuel savings. Air conditioners of this type are devices containing adsorption or absorption heat pumps, which we have chosen as analogs.

A known absorption air conditioner for a car (Patent RU 2743472 C1, IPC F25B 15/04, F25B 41/00, B60N 1/02, Published 02/18/2021 Bulletin 5) contains a closed circuit of elements connected by a pipeline to ensure the circulation of a working fluid flow in the following order: an absorber, a pump, an external cavity of a high-temperature recuperative heat exchanger, a steam generator, a condenser, an internal cavity of a low-temperature recuperative heat exchanger, a regulating valve, an evaporator, an external cavity of a low-temperature recuperative heat exchanger, an absorber. A two-component mixture of an absorbent and an absorbent is selected as the working fluid. The design of the air conditioner includes fans of the absorber, condenser and evaporator, connected through air ducts, respectively, with the absorber, condenser and evaporator.

A known absorption air conditioner for a car (Patent RU 2758018 C1, IPC F25B 15/04, B60N 1/02, Published 10/25/2021 Bulletin No. 30) contains a steam generator, a rectifier, a dephlegmator, a condenser, a low-temperature recuperative heat exchanger, a regulating valve, an evaporator, an absorber, a pump, and a high-temperature recuperative heat exchanger connected in series. The steam generator is connected to the absorber through a high-temperature recuperative heat exchanger and a throttle valve. The air conditioner is equipped with a fan with an air duct. The air duct is connected to the evaporator and the car interior. The internal cavity of the air conditioner is filled with a working fluid, which is a mixture of an absorbent and an absorbent. The air conditioner contains a cold coolant circuit and a hot coolant circuit, which provide cooling of the working fluid in the absorber, condenser and dephlegmator, and, accordingly, the supply of heat from the exhaust gases of the vehicle engine to the working fluid in the steam generator.

An absorption air conditioner for a car is known (Patent RU 2787633 C1, IPC F25B 15/04, B60N 1/02, Published 11.01.2023 Bulletin No. 2), containing a steam generator, a rectifier, a dephlegmator, a condenser, a low-temperature recuperative heat exchanger, a regulating valve, an evaporator, an absorber, a pump, and a high-temperature recuperative heat exchanger. The rectifier is made in the form of a rectification column manufactured as a separate movable unit. The steam generator includes a compensating barrier made of two identical washers connected by a perforated section of pipe, a transmission mechanism consisting of at least two blocks with cables secured in the upper part of the steam generator housing, and two blocks with cables secured in the lower part of the housing, an elastic element, one end of which is attached to the steam generator housing, and the other to the rectification column. In the second embodiment, the compensating barrier is made of two parallel segments of a circle connected to each other by a plate, and the transmission mechanism consists of at least two gears and two toothed racks.

The main disadvantage of the three analogs mentioned above is the decrease in their performance under high shaking of the vehicle, which is caused by the mixing of the working fluid in the steam generator that occurs during shaking and the difficulty of separating it into the initial components.

The prototype is a known device for air conditioning in a vehicle (Patent RU 2692444 C1, IPC F25B 17/08, F25B 41/04, B60N 1/02, Published 06/24/2019 Bulletin No. 18), containing an adsorption heat pump including a plurality of containers containing an adsorption-desorption device and an evaporation-condensation device, a circulation path of the cooling medium between the internal combustion engine and the adsorption-desorption device of the container. The adsorption-desorption device is configured to adsorb and desorb the refrigerant. The evaporation-condensation device is configured to evaporate and condense the refrigerant. The heat supply device is located in the circulation path for heating the cooling medium. The control device is configured to control the flow rate of the cooling medium in the circulation path in such a way that the flow rate of the cooling medium flowing into the adsorption-desorption device of the container decreases in such a way that it is lower than the specified flow rate, when the temperature of the cooling medium in the circulation path on the outlet side of the heat supply device is lower than the specified value. The flow channel control valve is configured to ensure selective bypass of the cooling medium from the circulation path between the internal combustion engine and the heat supply device into the circulation path after the adsorption-desorption device of the container. The control device controls the flow channel control valve in such a way that the flow rate of the cooling medium flowing into the adsorption-desorption device decreases in such a way as to be lower than the specified flow rate, by regulating the flow rate of the cooling medium forcibly bypassed after the adsorption-desorption device.

The disadvantages of the prototype are a consequence of the fact that the used adsorption heat pump is a periodic device. To implement the process of continuous air conditioning, it is necessary to have at least two adsorption-desorption heat pumps, each of which must alternately perform either the function assigned to it or return to the initial state. Therefore, the device includes a plurality of containers containing adsorption-desorption devices for evaporation and condensation. This leads to a significant structural complication of the device, at least to a double overexpenditure of materials and equipment, complication of device control and an increase in the cost of the product.

In the proposed invention, instead of the second adsorption heat pump, a regenerative heat exchanger with a new set of essential features is used.

It is proposed to use only one periodically operating adsorption-desorption refrigeration machine in the design of the air conditioner and to apply a regenerative heat exchanger.

Technical result: simplification of the air conditioner design, simplification of maintenance, increase in the reliability of equipment operation, reduction in the cost of the product.

To achieve the specified technical result, a new design of an adsorption air conditioner has been developed, which includes only one periodically operating adsorption-desorption refrigeration machine and is supplemented with a regenerative heat exchanger with the additional structural elements necessary for this (valve, radiator valve, temperature sensor).

In an adsorption air conditioner comprising one refrigeration machine with an adsorber-desorber having a heater, with an evaporator-condenser having a heater, an electronic control device, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, valves, three pumps connected by means of pipelines in such a way that three independent circuits are formed - a high-temperature circuit with an exhaust gas temperature, a low-temperature circuit with an ambient temperature and a refrigeration circuit with an air-conditioned air temperature, a conditioned air duct with connecting ducts, a fan, a damper valve for the possibility of emitting cooled air into a vehicle, a temperature sensor connected to an electronic control device, wherein the pipelines are filled with a coolant, and the refrigeration machine - with an adsorbent and a refrigerant, the valves have two positions - "charging" and "working", wherein in the "charging" position of the valves, the high-temperature circuit includes the first pump of the three existing pumps, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, a heater adsorber-desorber, the first valve, a temperature sensor, in the "charging" position of the valves the low-temperature coolant circuit includes the second pump of the available pumps, an air heat exchanger, an evaporator-condenser heater, a second valve, in the "working" position of the valves the low-temperature coolant circuit includes an adsorber-desorber heater, a second valve, a second pump, an air heat exchanger, in the "working" position of the valves the refrigeration circuit includes the third of the available three pumps, the third valve, an evaporator-condenser heater, according to the invention, the air conditioner is supplemented with a regenerative heat exchanger and a bypass valve, wherein the refrigeration circuit, when the valves are in the "working" position, additionally includes a refrigeration channel of the regenerative heat exchanger located between the third pump and the third valve, and a temperature sensor located between the evaporator-condenser heater and the third pump, when the valves are in the "charging" position the refrigeration circuit contains a refrigeration channel of the regenerative heat exchanger with bypass valve located between the third pump and the third valve, the high-temperature circuit, when the valves are in the "working" position, includes the first pump, the exhaust gas heat exchanger, the first valve, the temperature sensor, in addition, the conditioned air path additionally contains a channel in the regenerative heat exchanger formed by the heat-transfer surface from the conditioned air to the regenerative fluid.

The essence of the invention is explained by drawings.

Fig. 1 shows the design of the proposed adsorption air conditioner in the "charging" mode; Fig. 2 shows the design of the adsorption air conditioner in the "working" mode. The difference between the presented drawings is in the position of the rotary part of the valves 28, 29 and 32.

In Fig. 1 and 2 the following are designated: 1 - heat exchanger of exhaust gases of a motor vehicle or a railway locomotive; 2 - exhaust gas flow; 3 - exhaust gas heater; 4 - expansion device of high-temperature coolant circuit; 5 - refrigeration machine; 6 - adsorber-desorber; 7 - adsorber-desorber heater; 8 - evaporator-condenser; 9 - evaporator-condenser heater; 10 - bypass valve; 11 - expansion device of coolant refrigeration circuit; 12 - coolant refrigeration circuit pump; 13 - regenerative heat exchanger; 14 - refrigeration duct; 15 - device for intake of ambient air; 16 - air-conditioned air fan; 17 - regulating valve-damper of air-conditioned air; 18 - heat-transfer surface from the conditioned air to the regenerative fluid; 19 - regenerative fluid; 20 - branch pipe for filling heat exchanger 13 with regenerative fluid (water) and/or for connecting the expansion device; 21 - cooled air outlet device; 22 - vehicle interior or locomotive driver's cab; 23 - temperature sensor in the vehicle interior or in the locomotive driver's cab; 24 - air heat exchanger; 25 - heat-transfer surface of the air heat exchanger; 26 - vehicle or locomotive fan; 27 - low-temperature coolant circuit pump; 28, 29 - valves; 30 - coolant expansion device; 31 - electronic control device; 32 - valve; 33 - temperature sensor; 34 - radiator valve; 35 - temperature sensor; 36 - high-temperature coolant circuit pump.

The adsorption air conditioner has two modes: “charging” and “working” (Fig. 1, 2), which differ in the position of valves 28, 29 and 32. The valves show: a solid line - the flow path of the coolant, a dotted line - a possible flow path of the coolant.

In the “charging” mode (Fig. 1), the adsorption air conditioner contains one refrigeration machine 5 with three independent heat exchange circuits: with a high-temperature circuit (with the temperature of the exhaust gases), with a low-temperature circuit (with the ambient temperature) and with a refrigeration circuit (with the temperature of the conditioned air), as well as a duct of cooled air and an electronic control device. The high-temperature circuit includes a pump 36, an exhaust gas heat exchanger 1, a heater 7 of the adsorber-desorber 6, a valve 32 and a temperature sensor 35. The low-temperature circuit consists of a pump 27, a valve 29, a heater 9 of the evaporator-condenser 8, an air heat exchanger 24. The refrigeration circuit combines a pump 12, a refrigeration duct 14, a valve 28, a bypass valve 10. The cooled air tract consists of an ambient air intake device 75, an air-conditioned air fan 16, a conditioned air regulating valve-damper 17, a heat-transfer surface 18 from the conditioned air to the regenerative liquid, a cooled air outlet device 27 in the vehicle interior 22 and a temperature sensor 23 installed in the interior. The heat-transfer surface 18 is located in the regenerative heat exchanger 13.

All elements of all the listed circuits are connected by tubes and filled with liquid coolant.

In the "working" mode (Fig. 2), the adsorption air conditioner contains the same single refrigeration machine 5, which includes the same three independent heat exchange circuits, but with the help of the existing valves 28, 29, 32 and the electronic control device 37, the composition of the elements in the circuits changes. The high-temperature circuit in the "working" mode includes a pump 36, an exhaust gas heat exchanger 7, a radiator valve 34, a valve 32 and a temperature sensor 35. The low-temperature circuit in the "working" mode consists of a pump 27, a valve 29, a heater 7 of the adsorber-desorber 6, an air heat exchanger 24. The refrigeration circuit in the "working" mode combines a pump 72, a refrigeration channel 14, a valve 28, a heater 9 of the evaporator-condenser 8.

The cooled air tract still consists of an air intake device 15, a fan 16, a regulating damper valve 17, a heat-dissipating surface 18, a device for discharging cooled air 21 into the vehicle interior 22, and a temperature sensor 23 installed in the interior.

The adsorption air conditioner works as follows.

After the air conditioner has been turned off for a short or long time and needs to be turned on again, there are two options for starting its operation, which correspond to two possible moments of its shutdown:

1) the air conditioner was switched off in the “charging” mode of the refrigeration unit 5 (Fig. 1);

2) the air conditioner was turned off in the “working” mode (Fig. 2).

In both cases, when the air conditioner is turned on, all of its main elements begin to operate - the electronic control device, pumps, temperature sensors, valve drives.

1. Let's consider option 1, turning on the air conditioner after it has stopped in the "charging" mode (Fig. 1).

After the air conditioner is turned on, all elements of the air conditioner operate, in particular, pump 36 begins and continues pumping the coolant through a closed high-temperature circuit, that is, through heat exchanger 1 (in which the coolant is heated by exhaust gases), through heater 7 of adsorber-desorber 6, where the coolant gives up part of its thermal energy for heating and desorption of the refrigerant, valve 32, temperature sensor 35.

The temperature of the coolant T ₃₅ , recorded by the sensor 35, remains approximately constant while the desorption of the coolant in the adsorber-desorber 6 occurs. But when all the coolant is desorbed (evaporates) and the coolant of the circuit under consideration stops wasting its energy on this, the temperature of the coolant will begin to increase due to its heating by the exhaust gases and will reach at some point a certain predetermined value 7 _35max . At this temperature, the control electronic device 31 will switch all valves 28, 29 and 32 to a new position shown in Fig. 2. After switching the valves in the high-temperature circuit, instead of the heater 7 of the adsorber-desorber 6, the radiator valve 34 is activated. The radiator valve 34 is an ordinary valve, but only equipped with long connecting tubes. The diameter of the connecting tubes of the radiator fan 34 is selected based on the calculation of spontaneous cooling of the high-temperature coolant in these tubes to a temperature approximately equal to the temperature of the coolant in the “working” mode.

After turning on the air conditioner and before the above-mentioned moment of switching the valves to the “working” position, the coolant refrigeration circuit pump 12 and the coolant low-temperature circuit pump 27 were turned on.

A low-temperature coolant circuit is organized using pump 27. The flow of this coolant, having a temperature close to the ambient air temperature, is directed to the evaporator-condenser 8 using valve 29, passes through the evaporator-condenser heater 9, as a result the coolant circulating in the refrigeration machine 5 is cooled and condensed. Then the low-temperature coolant enters the air heat exchanger 24, where it is cooled to a temperature close to the ambient temperature on the heat-transfer surface 25 using fan 26.

In the considered "charging" mode, as a result of heat exchange with high-temperature and low-temperature heat carriers, a temperature difference arises between the adsorber-desorber 6 and the evaporator-condenser 8, and, consequently, a pressure difference between them, which leads to the occurrence of a refrigerant flow. In the "charging" mode, almost all the refrigerant will be concentrated in the evaporator-condenser 8.

During the "charging" cycle (Fig. 1), the coolant flow of the coolant flows through the refrigeration channel 14, valve 28 and bypass valve 10. Moreover, the air conditioner will operate satisfactorily in the "charging" mode even with the coolant refrigeration circuit pump 12 turned off and the bypass valve 10 removed from the circuit. However, the operation of pump 72 during the "charging" mode and the presence of bypass valve 10 makes the transition between the "charging" and "working" modes smoother.

The flow of conditioned air is blown by the conditioned air fan 16 through the regenerative heat exchanger 13 and enters the passenger compartment (cabin) of the car or railway locomotive 22. The air volume is regulated by the electronic control device 31 using the valve-gate 17 depending on the readings of the temperature sensor 23. If the air conditioner was turned on in the considered "charging" mode, then during the first "charging" cycle the air, passing the regenerative heat exchanger, is not cooled, since the coolant of the refrigeration circuit is either motionless (the pump of the refrigeration circuit of the coolant 12 is turned off), or the flow of this coolant flows idly through the bypass valve 10. In all other cases, the air will be cooled from the heat-emitting surface 18 due to the cooled regenerative liquid during the "working" mode.

It was noted that when the temperature T _35max is reached, the control device 31 switches the valves from their initial position (Fig. 1) to their second possible position, shown in Fig. 2. At this moment, the “charging” period of the refrigeration machine 5 ends and the main “working” cooling mode begins.

2. After switching the air conditioner to the "operating" mode (Fig. 2), the high-temperature coolant circuit passes through pump 36, exhaust gas heat exchanger 1, radiator valve 34, valve 32 and temperature sensor 35. In this case, the high-temperature circuit operates idle. In the operating mode, the pump of the high-temperature coolant circuit 36 can be switched off, and the radiator valve 34 can be dismantled, but the energy savings due to switching off pump 36 and dismantling radiator valve 34 can be lower than the positive effect associated with the elimination of uncontrolled temperature fluctuations, smoothed out by installing radiator valve 34 and bypass valve 10.

In the "working" mode (Fig. 2), the low-temperature coolant cools the adsorbent contained in the refrigeration machine 5, as a result of which the partial pressure of the refrigerant vapor in the adsorber-desorber 6 decreases, a flow of vapor from the evaporator-condenser 8 to the adsorber-desorber 6 occurs, the refrigerant in the evaporator-condenser 8 evaporates intensively and cools the surface of the heater 9. At the same time, the pump of the refrigeration circuit of the coolant 12 pumps the coolant through the refrigeration channel 14, valve 28 and heater 9, thereby creating a refrigeration circuit of the coolant. With the help of the refrigeration circuit, heat is transferred from the regenerative liquid 19, located in the regenerative heat exchanger 13, to the evaporator-condenser 8.

The conditioned air is blown through the ambient air intake device 15 by means of the conditioned air fan 16 through the regulating valve-gate 17 and, in contact with the heat-emitting surface 18, is cooled and enters the passenger compartment (cabin) of the automobile or railway locomotive 22.

Since the refrigeration machine is in the "working" state only part of its time, the cooling of the regenerative liquid 19 in the regenerative heat exchanger 13 occurs intermittently, its temperature changes over time. Therefore, in order to prevent temperature fluctuations of the conditioned air, the electronic control device 31 makes corresponding changes in the flow section of the regulating valve-gate 17, thereby achieving a constant set temperature in the passenger compartment of the car (locomotive).

The “working” mode of the refrigeration machine continues until all the freon in the evaporator-condenser 8 has evaporated.

After all the freon has evaporated in the evaporator-condenser 8, the temperature T ₃₃ , registered by the temperature sensor 33, begins to increase; upon reaching the preset value ΔT = T ₃₃ - T _{0 ,} the electronic control device switches the valves 28, 29 and 32 to the position shown in Fig. 1, after which the “working” mode of the air conditioner ends and the “charging” mode of the refrigeration machine begins again. Here T ₀ is the ambient temperature.

The option of starting the air conditioner was considered in the case when it was stopped in the “charging” mode.

If the air conditioner was stopped in the “working” mode, then after turning on the air conditioner, just as in the previous case, all air conditioner devices are turned on, valves 28, 29 and 32 remain in the position shown in Fig. 2. The subsequent operation of the air conditioner will correspond to the present description, starting from point 2.

The refrigeration machine 5 cools the conditioned air not directly, but through an intermediate "regenerative" substance (liquid) 19, which may be, in particular, water. This is done to smooth out temperature fluctuations in the conditioned air, which would inevitably be observed with direct air cooling by the refrigeration machine.

Claims (1)

An adsorption air conditioner comprising one refrigeration machine with an adsorber-desorber having a heater, with an evaporator-condenser having a heater, an electronic control device, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, valves, three pumps connected by means of pipelines in such a way that three independent circuits are formed - a high-temperature circuit with an exhaust gas temperature, a low-temperature circuit with an ambient temperature and a refrigeration circuit with an air-conditioned air temperature, a conditioned air duct with connecting ducts, a fan, a damper valve for the possibility of emitting cooled air into a vehicle, a temperature sensor connected to an electronic control device, wherein the pipelines are filled with a coolant, and the refrigeration machine - with an adsorbent and a refrigerant, the valves have two positions - "charging" and "working", wherein in the "charging" position of the valves the high-temperature circuit includes the first pump of the three existing pumps, an exhaust gas heat exchanger, a heater adsorber-desorber, the first valve, a temperature sensor, in the "charging" position of the valves the low-temperature coolant circuit includes the second pump of the available pumps, an air heat exchanger, an evaporator-condenser heater, the second valve, in the "working" position of the valves the low-temperature coolant circuit includes an adsorber-desorber heater, a second valve, a second pump, an air heat exchanger, in the "working" position of the valves the refrigeration circuit includes the third of the available three pumps, the third valve, an evaporator-condenser heater, characterized in that the air conditioner is supplemented with a regenerative heat exchanger and a bypass valve, wherein the refrigeration circuit, when the valves are in the "working" position, additionally includes a refrigeration channel of the regenerative heat exchanger located between the third pump and the third valve, and a temperature sensor located between the evaporator-condenser heater and the third pump, when the valves are in the "charging" position the refrigeration circuit contains a refrigeration channel of the regenerative heat exchanger with bypass valve located between the third pump and the third valve, the high-temperature circuit, when the valves are in the "working" position, includes the first pump, the exhaust gas heat exchanger, the first valve, the temperature sensor, in addition, the conditioned air path additionally contains a channel in the regenerative heat exchanger formed by the heat-transfer surface from the conditioned air to the regenerative fluid.