RU2829047C1 - High energy efficiency building - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to construction and can be used in erection of multi-storey buildings with improved energy-efficient parameters. Building consists of a pile foundation, a membrane roof, bearing walls, inside which there are columns, beams, trusses, floor slabs, self-supporting enclosing walls consisting of metal bearing elements of the frame, facing front and inner layers, a heat-and-noise insulation layer. Roof is covered with profiled sheet, which is fixed on T-shaped profile. Roof parapet is made in the form of T-shaped profile. Grillage and the base of the foundation are covered with a layer of insulation throughout the area, and the grillage is located with release outside the building. Intermediate floors include rafters and secondary beams, above which reinforcement bars are installed, and concrete tie is laid with a gap relative to reinforcement bars. Between the rafter and under-rafter beams there is a profiled sheet with embedding into the rafter beam body. Columns and trusses are fastened by flange connections. Plate bolted to the T-shaped profile is installed in the gaps between the column and the truss.

EFFECT: reduced energy consumption in climate-neutral buildings.

1 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of construction and can be used in the construction of multi-story buildings with improved energy-efficient parameters.

Both the construction and operation of buildings consume a significant amount of resources and energy. Heat loss from buildings can be very high - this is expensive for owners of premises and harmful to the environment. The main part of the costs of maintaining a building is the payment for energy, and this part of the costs has a constant tendency to increase in price. Payment depends on the amount of energy consumed. To reduce the impact on the environment and the costs of maintaining housing, the concept of an energy-efficient building was developed. Such a building consumes less energy than a standard building. If the building is designed and constructed according to energy-saving rules, then energy consumption can be low. An energy-saving building is one that uses design and technical solutions that allow it to be operated with low energy consumption, while maintaining comfortable sanitary and hygienic conditions.

Solar energy-efficient buildings are widely known as energy-efficient buildings. For example, an energy-efficient building structure (patent application WO 2018081555A1, published 03.05.2018) with a multi-layer roof structure and multi-layer side walls that uses solar energy and temperature changes that occur during the day, in particular by using solar technologies and phase change materials to capture the energy generated by solar energy, as well as temperature changes inside and outside the building structure. However, such buildings are not efficient enough in countries with cold climates and few daylight hours per year.

An energy-efficient building is known (patent application SI 23268A, published on 29.07.2011), including a multilayer heat-insulating shell and a system that ensures efficient energy consumption. The said building consists of an underground part and an above-ground part, wherein the latter includes a heat-insulating shell, inside which, on different floors, there are a number of residential premises that are continuously ventilated through local recuperators according to the principle of exhaust air heat recovery. A fully automatic control system for electrical and machine devices is installed in the residential buildings. The described building as a whole, its systems and implementation represent an invention in terms of compliance with the passive energy standard, quality and healthy living environment, as well as fairly simple control of high-tech equipment. The building according to the invention partially satisfies its needs due to renewable natural resources - rainwater and renewable energy sources.

An energy-efficient building structure is known (patent US 8590262B1, published 26.11.2013) that uses a double-wall building envelope system having exterior walls and corresponding partitions located at a distance from the exterior walls. The building envelope system provides sufficient space for insulation to improve the thermal efficiency of the home or building, while allowing for lower cost construction using prefabrication methods.

An energy-efficient building is known (patent application EP 2317021A1, published 04.05.2011), in which the building structures are surrounded by continuous thermal insulation, and the wall structure consists of two separate structures: an internal wall structure and an external wall structure with thermal insulation between them, wherein the internal wall structure and the external wall structure are load-bearing. The building is provided with forced ventilation.

The main disadvantages of the solutions known from the state of the art are:

- high cost of building construction

- bulky, unaesthetic roof overhang structures for water drainage,

- the presence of heat loss from the floor of the building,

- high thickness of the floors, due to which energy consumption costs for heating and cooling the air are high in the cold season.

- high operating costs due to the fact that more qualified specialists need to be involved in servicing such buildings.

The technical result of the invention consists in reducing energy consumption in climate-neutral buildings and structures while minimizing the costs of their construction.

The technical result is achieved by a building with increased energy efficiency, consisting of a pile foundation, membrane roof, load-bearing walls with columns inside, beams, trusses, interfloor floor slabs, self-supporting enclosing multilayer walls consisting of metal load-bearing frame elements, facing facade and internal layers, heat and sound insulating layer. The roof is covered with a high-wave profiled sheet, the fastening of which to the roof covering is carried out by means of a T-shaped profile installed along the perimeter of the building. The roof parapet is made in the form of a T-shaped profile. The grillage and the foundation base are covered with a layer of insulation over the entire area, and the grillage is located with an outlet outside the building. Each interfloor overlap is covered with a purlin system consisting of a rafter and a purlin beam, where the purlin beams are fixed below the rafters, and reinforcement is installed above the rafter beams, above which a concrete screed is installed with a gap. The purlin system formwork is made of corrugated sheet metal installed between the rafter and purlin beam with a recess in the body of the rafter beam. The columns and trusses are fastened with flange joints, where a plate is installed in each gap between the column and the truss, fixed to a T-shaped profile installed on the other side of the column.

The foundation can be made of a glass type, and the foundation glasses can be covered with a layer of insulation.

The claimed invention is explained by illustrations. Figure 1 shows a general view of the building, Figure 2 shows the roof structure, Figure 3 shows an image of the roof slope extension, Figure 4 shows the parapet structure, Figure 5 shows the parapet angle structure, Figure 6 shows the beam and column attachment unit, Figure 7 shows the column connection unit with the foundation, Figure 8 shows the column connection unit with the truss.

The numbers indicate the following:

1 - column,

2 - beam,

3 - farm,

4 - driven pile,

5 - beam and column connection node,

6 - plate,

7 - column and truss connection node,

8 - mounting plate,

9 - floor insulation,

10 - connection node of the column with the foundation,

11 - grillage,

12 - anchor block,

13 - profiled sheet,

14 - roof insulation,

15 - waterproofing layer,

16 - T-shaped profile,

17 - connection node of the purlin and rafter beam.

A building with increased energy efficiency contains a frame made of metal structures and representing a column-and-beam system of at least two tiers, a pile foundation, a membrane roof, load-bearing walls. It also contains interfloor floor slabs, self-supporting enclosing multilayer walls consisting of metal load-bearing frame elements, facing facade and internal layers, a heat and sound insulating layer.

The metal frame of the building consists of columns 1, beams 2 and trusses 3. Between the columns 1 of the building, load-bearing walls with any known internal filling are installed along its entire perimeter. Any of the known in construction structures, for example, multi-span continuous structures, are used as beams 2. Any metal load-bearing columns (for example, I-beams, profile pipes, etc.) are used as columns 1. Any of the known in construction buildings with a metal frame are used as trusses 3. The first tier of columns 1 is rigidly fixed to the foundation of the building to driven piles 4. Beams 2 are attached to columns 1 by means of joints 5 containing plates 6 welded to the side faces of each column along the entire perimeter of the support, the thickness of which depends on the size of the welded leg, as a rule, 6-10 mm. Such execution of the connection unit 5 of beams 2 and columns 1 allows to space the main and secondary beams from each other, thereby transferring the load to the column and reducing the height of the rafter beam, which will reduce the overall volume of the building, and therefore increase its energy efficiency. The conjugation of columns 1 of the last tier with trusses 3 have connection units 7 in the form of flange connections, ensuring minimum heat loss with maximum strength indicators. A mounting plate 8 is installed in the gap of the flange connection between column 1 and truss 3, secured with bolts to a T-shaped profile installed on the other side of the column at the connection point. The overall height of standard connection units is 250 mm or more. The overall height of the described flange connection is significantly less - 180 mm, due to which it becomes possible to save the height of the column and, accordingly, the energy consumption of the entire building by 2% (using the example of a building with the same dimensions: length 28 m * width 24 m * height 8.7 m.

The foundation of the building is made of pile type and has any known structure. At the same time, between the base of the foundation and the floor over the entire area, a layer of insulation 9 is laid on a cushion of sand and gravel mixture or sand. For example, extruded polystyrene foam (hereinafter - EPS) can be used as floor insulation 9. Insulation of the floor over the entire area compared to traditional insulation along the perimeter will reduce heat loss of the building, since one of the factors of stability of heat exchange processes is reliable insulation of floors. In addition, the foundation is made using technological metal structures with less weight, which allows to reduce the dimensions of the foundation and, thereby, reduce the area of the external structures. Thus, the metal structures of the foundation include joints 10, fixing driven piles 4 with grillage 11 and columns 1 to each other. An anchor block 12 is installed between column 1 and grillage 11, the joint is fixed with concrete pouring. On top of each joint node 10, insulation is laid, for which a sandwich panel and a layer of, for example, EPSP are used. A layer of EPSP is also laid along the sides of the grillage along the entire perimeter. Each grillage 11 is located with the outlet outside the building.

Example: a building constructed in the Orenburg region, the period of change in conditions is 8 years (due to the need to take into account the dynamics of thermal processes due to the heating of the soil under the building in the first years of operation).

With floor insulation across the entire area, the energy consumption of the building is from 76,000, gradually decreasing to 64,000 kWh/year.

With standard insulation of floors around the perimeter, the energy consumption of the building is from 196,000, gradually decreasing to 92,000 kWh/year.

As a result, when insulating floors over the entire area, we achieve energy savings of up to 50% (340,000 kWh) over 8 years.

The building structure uses a membrane roof on a corrugated sheet, installed over the roof covering and presented in the form of a roofing pie and having a layered structure: load-bearing corrugated sheet 13 with a high wave (for example, corrugated sheet H-153), a vapor barrier layer, roof insulation 14, waterproofing layer 15 (for example, a roofing membrane). The use of load-bearing corrugated sheet 13 in a roofing pie with a high wave allows to reduce the internal volume of the room, while maintaining the useful height, which saves resources for further operation of the building, due to the excellent qualities of thermal insulation. Any known solutions can be used as a vapor barrier layer, roof insulation 14 and waterproofing layer 15.

Example: a building with dimensions - width 28 m, length 24 m, height 8.7 m.

When using standard construction technologies: roofing using a purlin system, the height from the top of the truss to the top of the roofing cake is 465 mm (channel - 240 mm, profiled sheet - 75 mm, insulation - 150 mm).

When using a high-wave profiled sheet: the height from the top of the truss to the top of the roofing pie is 460 mm (150 mm - profiled sheet, 150 mm - insulation, 160 mm - internal volume of the room while maintaining the useful height). When reducing the construction height of the structural elements, the volume of the building decreases by 240 m ³ (with a building volume of 1500 m ³ ).

Thus, when using a load-bearing profiled sheet in a roofing pie with a high wave, the savings will amount to 3% of energy consumption.

Roof overhangs are fixed to the supporting structures of the roof covering without purlins to T-shaped profiles 16, located along the perimeter of the building opposite the edges of the roof slope at a distance from each other determined at the stage of designing the building (usually 6000 mm). T-shaped profiles 16 in turn are fixed to the upper edges of the columns 1 of the last tier or beams 2 of the building in a known manner. According to regulatory documents, water formed by precipitation must be diverted at least 600 mm from the walls of the building. The use of a T-shaped profile will allow you to drain water as far as possible beyond the blind area - by 1 m, without the use of bulky and unaesthetic structures, due to which water practically does not get on the foundation of the building, which leads to an increase in its service life.

A parapet made of T-shaped profile 16 is installed along the perimeter of the roof, which reduces heat loss due to the small area of the outer surface.

Example: parapet height is 1 m.

When using standard profile pipes as a parapet: contact area - 0.36 ^m2 .

When using a T-shaped profile: contact area - 0.1 ^m2 .

Thus, the area of the outer surface of the parapet in the form of a T-shaped profile is less than 3 times, and accordingly, heat loss is also reduced by 3 times. At the same time, the cost of a T-shaped profile is on average 15% lower than the cost of a profile pipe.

Inside the building, interfloor ceilings known in the field of construction are erected, the supporting structures of which are preferably monolithic (but can be any other known ones) and each of them contains a purlin system of the ceiling, which allows to reduce the thickness of the interfloor ceilings without loss of strength. The purlin system of the ceiling consists of rafter and purlin beams, profiled sheet, reinforcement and concrete. The connection unit 17 of the rafter and purlin beam is designed so that the purlin beam is installed below the rafter beam by means of bolted connections, reinforcement is placed above the rafter beam in order to ensure the strength of the ceiling, above which a gap of 4 cm is left, above which a concrete screed is installed, which allows to reduce the construction height of the purlin system by 150 mm, and therefore to reduce the internal volume of the space. In addition, the corrugated sheet installed between the rafter and purlin beams, with a recess in the body of the rafter beam, is used as formwork for the purlin system. Such solutions allow to reduce the amount of heated and cooled air, which significantly saves energy costs in the cold season.

Example: a two-storey building with dimensions length 28m * width 24m * height 8.7m, building volume 5846 m3.

When using standard interfloor slabs, the beam height is 350 mm, the hollow-core slab height is 220 mm, and the screed thickness is 80 mm. The total thickness of the interfloor slab is 650 mm.

When using a purlin system for interfloor overlapping, a monolithic slab is built into the body of a beam 350 mm high, therefore, the monolithic slab protrudes beyond the beam by 40 mm. The total thickness of the interfloor overlapping is 390 mm.

Thus, the use of a purlin system in the interfloor overlap eliminates the need for heating and cooling 175 ^m3 (about 8 kW), which will save 3% of energy consumption. In addition, the building columns will be 260 mm smaller, which will allow for savings on metal structures and, accordingly, on energy consumption of 4%.

The use of the entire set of described technological solutions in construction will allow to erect energy-passive buildings from metal structures with a total energy consumption of less than 15 kW*h/sq.m per year. The passive building technology provides for effective thermal insulation of all enclosing surfaces - not only walls, but also the floor, ceiling, attic, basement and foundation. Passive buildings form highly effective external thermal insulation of enclosing surfaces. The developed technological methods allow to reduce energy consumption during the entire life cycle of the building, starting with design, production, transportation of structures to the construction site and their installation, and ending with the operation of the building, its subsequent dismantling and disposal.

Claims (1)

A building with increased energy efficiency, consisting of a pile foundation, a membrane roof, load-bearing walls, inside which there are columns, beams, trusses, interfloor floor slabs, self-supporting enclosing multilayer walls, consisting of metal load-bearing frame elements, cladding facade and internal layers, a heat and sound insulating layer, characterized in that the roof is covered with a high-wave corrugated sheet, the fastening of which to the roof covering is carried out by means of a T-shaped profile installed along the perimeter of the building, the roof parapet is made in the form of a T-shaped profile, the grillage and the base of the foundation are covered with a layer of insulation over the entire area, and the grillage is located with an outlet beyond the building, each interfloor overlap is covered with a purlin system, consisting of rafter and purlin beams, and the purlin beams are fixed below the rafters, and reinforcement is installed above the rafter beams, above which a gap is installed concrete screed, corrugated sheeting is used as formwork for the purlin system, installed between the rafter and purlin beams with a recess in the body of the rafter beams, and the columns and trusses are fastened with flange connections, with a plate installed in each gap between the column and the truss, secured to a T-shaped profile installed on the other side of the column.