RU2812674C1 - Method of increasing soil fertility and productivity of spring rapeseed using sugar production waste in combination with mineral fertilizers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of increasing soil fertility and productivity of spring rape when using sugar production waste using mineral fertilizers is to mix sugar production waste at a dose of 12.6 t/ha together with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N₁₄₀P₇₀K₁₀₀ and apply in two stage: in the fall — for autumn ploughing, and in the spring — for cultivation in the surface layer, evenly embedded in the soil to a depth of 15–20 cm. Pre-sowing preparation of seeds is carried out by treatment with the microbiological preparation BSka-3 or the preparation Extrasol at a rate of 4 l/t. Spring rapeseed is sown at a seeding rate of 2 million units/ha. Winter wheat is used as a forecrop.

EFFECT: recycling of defecate waste from sugar production to produce a fertilizer mixture with mineral fertilizers to increase soil fertility and increase the yield of oilseeds.

1 cl, 1 tbl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in processing waste from the sugar industry and cultivating rapeseed using mineral fertilizers, and to increase soil fertility.

The productivity of agricultural crops, including spring rape, is ensured mainly through agricultural measures aimed, first of all, at changing the agrochemical properties of the soil. Their effectiveness directly depends on the fertilizer application system. Based on this, the regulation of fertility through the use of fertilizers in agrocenoses is relevant for the development of sound recommendations based on changes in indicators of the chemical state of soils (Titova V.I., Dabakhov M.V.. Dabakhova E.V. Justification for the use of waste as a secondary material resource in agricultural production: Textbook // N. Novgorod: Publishing House VVAGS, 2009. 178 pp.).

Recently, there has been a large increase in the production of beet sugar in Russia. In the conditions of 2009-2010. it was produced about 3 million tons, and in 2019-2020. - has already exceeded 7 million tons.

Industrial and consumer waste, which is currently generated in huge quantities, poses a threat to the environment. In this regard, the problems of their disposal are becoming increasingly urgent. Such production waste contains valuable nutrients and can be used as a secondary material resource. These include beet pulp, molasses and defecation lime (beet pulp makes up 70-90% of the mass of beets). The pulp composition includes (% of the total mass): pectin substances - 48-50, cellulose - 22-25, hemicellulose - 21-23, nitrogenous substances - 1.8-2.5, ash - 0.8-1.3 , sugars - 0.15-0.20, as well as vitamins (B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₆ , C, etc.), enzymes, small amounts of fat and microelements. Consequently, beet pulp can be used not only as food additives in the diet of farm animals, but also as organic fertilizers for crops. In addition, adding fertilizers to the soil not only provides the plant with nutrients, but also changes the conditions for the existence of soil microorganisms, which are producers of vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics and other physiological active substances.

In conditions of rapidly rising prices for mineral fertilizers, the use of non-traditional organic materials and their inclusion in modern agricultural technologies is very relevant.

In the proposed invention, the authors specifically consider the use of sugar production waste. The defect is the remains of plants, sediment after washing beets, which, along with beet pulp, also accumulates at sugar industry enterprises.

The defect, given its agrochemical properties, can also be used as a fertilizer. The fertilizer contains organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and numerous other microelements. The sludge after filtration in sugar production is a defect that contains useful nitrogen substances, phosphoric acid and the main component - CaCO ₃ , which helps to increase the yield of agricultural crops, especially on acidic soils, which include leached chernozem, the acids of which are neutralized with lime. In addition, CaCO ₃ , together with humus, contributes to the formation of a favorable fine-lumpy soil structure.

There is a known method for producing agro-mineral mixtures from liquid waste of alcohol production, including coagulation and precipitation of organomineral substances, while coagulation and precipitation of organomineral substances is carried out by introducing defecate into a container with liquid waste of alcohol production in an amount of 10 to 100 kg of dry weight per 1 ton of liquid alcohol waste production, and the precipitated mixture of organomineral substances is pumped out from the bottom of the container (Patent RU No. 2294318, C05F 5/00, C12F 3/10 dated 02/27/2007).

There is also a known method for preparing a fertilizer-reclamation mixture based on carbonate sapropel, which includes composting in piles a mixture of frozen sapropel, organic waste and NPK mineral fertilizers, while the frozen carbonate sapropel is treated with hydrogen peroxide in a ratio of 10:1 in terms of air-dry matter , organic waste is brought to a moisture content of 60-65%, mixed with sapropel in a ratio that provides optimal pH values of 6.5-7.5, mineral fertilizers are added, after which the mixture is placed in a pile and, with stirring, 1 liter of solution per 1 ton of mixture at its humidity is 60-65%, temperature 22-24°C and left to ripen for a week, then after repeated mixing it is left to ripen for another two weeks at a temperature not exceeding 30°C (Patent RU No. 2286321, C05F 7/00, C05F 3/00 from October 27, 2006).

However, at the same time, new methods must be created for the expanded reproduction of soil fertility, taking into account targeted reclamation and agrotechnical actions that promote the accumulation of humus as a source of potential energy, and it is also necessary to take into account the agrochemical properties of the defecate when using it as a fertilizer. This fertilizer contains organic matter, nitrogen. Phosphorus, potassium and numerous trace elements.

There is a known method for obtaining vermicompost when processing waste from the sugar industry, which is carried out by introducing manure worms into the substrate, including beet pulp and defecate in a ratio of 1:3 by volume, which, under the influence of the dung worm, turns into vermicompost, which allows for complete disposal of beet waste from sugar production (RU Patent No. 2339601, C05F 5/00, A01K 67/033 dated November 27, 2008).

The disadvantage of this known method is the low quality of the resulting vermicompost as a fertilizer and ameliorant due to the high alkalinity of the defecate (9-10), the high content of oligo- and monosaccharides in it, which cause the rapid development of putrefactive bacteria, and the low NPK content, which does not allow its direct use as a fertilizer in the mixture.

There is a known method of using beet sugar production waste in grain beet crop rotations (taken as a prototype), including mixing beet pulp and defecate by distributing them over the soil surface in the ratio (1-2):(1-1.5), ensuring the pH of the resulting mixture is 6 ,8-7, in an amount of 12-20 t/ha, then treating the mixture with the Trichoderma viride culture, species 98 or 838, with an application rate of 5 l/ha and uniform incorporation into the soil to a depth of 7-10 cm (RU Patent No. 2453521, C05F 11/08 dated 06/20/2012).

The disadvantage of this method is the need to treat the resulting mixture with the Trichoderma viride culture, a narrow scope of application.

The invention is aimed at greening technologies of agro-industrial production, by creating a technical solution (method), the ability to recycle sugar production waste (defecate, using mineral fertilizers and microbiological fertilizers with the protective functions of drugs: BSka-3 and "Extrasol"), obtaining the greatest effect on biological activity of soil introduced for agricultural crops.

The technical result is an increase in soil fertility and productivity of spring rape, with the combined use of mineral and microbiological fertilizers against the background of the introduction of beet defecate, which have restorative properties of soil fertility and agrocenoses under spring rape crops.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of increasing soil fertility when using sugar production waste when growing spring rapeseed using mineral fertilizers, sugar production waste is used at a dose of 12.6 t/ha together with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ with treatment seeds with the microbiological preparation BSka-3 with an application rate of 4 l/t, or with the drug Extrasol with an application rate of 4 t/ha, applied in the fall - for fall plowing, and in the spring - for cultivation in the surface layer and evenly incorporated into the soil, the resulting mixture mineral fertilizer and sugar production waste are embedded in the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm, the predecessor being winter wheat, with spring rape sowing at a seeding rate of 2 million viable seeds per hectare.

Microbiological fertilizer (preparation) BSka-3 is intended for the protection and improvement of soils, plant nutrition, increasing crop yields, as well as soil fertility. BSka-3 is supplied in a ready-made liquid formulation. Manufacturer: Biotekhagro LLC, Russia.

The mechanism of action of the drug is due to the presence of the entire composition of living cultures. These microorganisms, as well as the substances (metabolites) they secrete, stimulate seed germination and plant growth, improve their phytosanitary condition, strengthen the root system, provide resistance to lodging of crops and, as a result, increase productivity and restore soil fertility. The drug is compatible with herbicides, insecticides and mineral fertilizers in tank mixtures.

Pre-sowing seed treatment is recommended to be carried out by inlaying (semi-dry dressing) in disinfectants, using the dressing units available on the farm or an auger loader. Seed treatment with preparations based on living microorganisms is carried out no later than 1-20 days before sowing. Processed grain should be stored in the shade.

The finished drug "Extrasol" is a pure culture of bacteria (Arthrobacter mysore, Flavobacterium sp: L-30, Agrobacteriu radiobacter 204, Agrobacterium radiobacter 10, Azomonas agilis 12, Bacillus subtitis 13, Pseudomobmonas fluorescens 2137, etc.).

The mechanism of action of biological products during treatments is that during inoculation, the surface of the seeds is artificially populated with beneficial microflora. When sowing seeds treated with biological preparations, bacteria applied to their surface begin to actively multiply and actively colonize the rhizosphere of the developing plant. The action and its complete suppression are observed 6-12 days after sowing, while the drug has a prolonged stimulating effect on the development of plants as a whole, which leads to increased productivity and better quality of grown products.

Sugar production defect is characterized by a high content of calcium and valuable organic components. Defecated lime from sugar production contains up to 84% active CaO, and taking into account the introduction of mineral fertilizers, which can be returned to the soil depleted by growing crops.

Scientific and production tests of resource-saving technology for cultivating spring rapeseed for seeds were carried out in the Lipetsk region on experimental plots of the Arinina Peasant Farm Enterprise, in 2018-2021.

In FIG. 1. shows a diagram of spring rapeseed yield depending on the use of fertilizers against the background of introducing doses of defecate.

In FIG. 2. The graphical relationship between fat content and rapeseed yield when introducing a defect in the spring is presented.

The method is carried out as follows.

The soils in the Lipetsk region are leached chernozem, which is represented by the following characteristics of the arable layer: humus content - 5.56-5.75%; N _g - 5.25-5.30 mg/eq per 10 g of soil; P ₂ O ₅ - 121.7-126.8 mg/kg of soil; K ₂ O - 151-156.6 mg/kg of soil; Ca - 15.25-16.01 mmol/100 g of soil; Mg - 2.05-2.39 mmol/100 g of soil.

Sugar production defects have agrochemical indicators: CaCO ₃ - 75.0-77.6%; mass fraction of dry matter 70.3-72.0%; organic matter - 38.5%.

Spring rapeseed variety “Reef” was chosen as the object of research. This variety is characterized by high productivity and quality of oil seeds, and is resistant to major diseases. Since 2013, it has been included in the State Register of protected varieties approved for use in production.

The experiment was based on a two-factor system: factor A - the calculated rate of defecate application was 6.3 t/ha and 12.6 t/ha. Application in autumn and spring in two stages in combination with doses of mineral fertilizers (N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ and N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ ) before and after pre-sowing cultivation.

Factor B - the use of microbiological fertilizers (preparations): BSka-3 and Extrasol, by treating the seeds before sowing.

Activities for growing spring rapeseed were organized in accordance with generally accepted recommendations in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region (CHR). Sowing of spring rapeseed variety Rif was carried out using an SFS-2 seeder at a seeding depth of 2 cm. The seeding rate was 2 million pieces/ha. The predecessor is winter wheat.

The experiment was carried out in accordance with the methodological instructions of B.A. Dospehova (1985). The total area of the plot is 120 ^m2 , the registered area is 80 ^m2 .

Field work at the experimental site was carried out taking into account weather conditions and crop requirements. Weather conditions during the years of research were favorable for the development of spring rape: State Customs Committee 2018-0.77; 2019-1.12; 2020-1.25; 2021-1.78.

Example. We will carry out the disposal of sugar production waste - defects with the application of mineral fertilizers and the use of microbiological fertilizers for seed treatment before sowing: BSka-3 or Extrasol.

According to the known method, beet defecate with a calculated dose of 6.3 t/ha and 12.6 t/ha in the fall for fall plowing, and in the spring for cultivation, is distributed and evenly incorporated into the soil depending on the hydraulic activity of the soil.

It should be noted that changes in the agrochemical properties of the soil occur not only under the influence of the addition of nutrients. The activity of soil microflora is also important. Due to biochemical transformations, with the participation of microorganisms, the destruction of organic matter, as well as the mineral part of the soil, occurs. The degree of provision of plants with necessary nutrients depends on the intensity of these processes. In this regard, we determined the biological activity of the soil depending on the dose of beet defect in combination with mineral fertilizers.

The research used the method of decomposition of linen in experimental leached chernozem soil. These data were taken into account based on the activity of cellulose-decomposing microflora.

Thus, studies have shown that the greatest effect on the biological activity of the soil was exerted by mixtures of incorporation of defecate into the soil and mineral fertilizers.

In the options for determining the decomposition of flax fabric, the following was revealed: its low decomposition in the option with the introduction of 6.3 t/ha of defecate in combination with the action of N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ into the soil to an application depth of up to 10 cm (28%). On average, the maximum degree of decomposition of flax fabric was detected with high doses of defecate 12.6 t/ha and a dose of mineral fertilizers N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ when embedded in the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm (more than 48%).

Studies of the biological activity of the soil have shown that the biological fertilizers for spring rape crops of the two studied preparations: BSka-3 and Extrasol also have a high effect on it.

On average, the decomposition of linen fabric in the variant with the action of BSka-3 (42.4%) increased by + 10% compared to the control (without treatment); and by + 6% for the option using the drug Extrasol (38.1%).

It was established, on average, that the growing season for the options was within 111-118 days. It was also found that the growing season was longer in the variant with a dose of 12.6 t/ha of defecate and mineral fertilizers N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ against the background of seed treatment before sowing with Extrasol (118 days).

The introduction of higher doses of defecate stimulated an increase (t/ha) in the yield of spring rapeseed (Fig. 1).

It has been established that the maximum yield on average was found in the variants with the joint application of mineral fertilizers and with the treatment of seeds with microbiological fertilizers (preparations), i.e. N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ + Extrasol (3.21 t/ha).

The introduction of mineral fertilizers and defecate waste from sugar production with the use of microbiological fertilizers contributed to the high nutritional value of obtaining rapeseed oil, and as a consequence, high demand and price of products produced by factories, which means the fat content in rapeseeds (Table 1).

Table 1. - Oil content of spring rapeseed in an experiment with the complex use of defecate and fertilizers, % Fertilizer level Treatment with microbiological fertilizers No processing BSka-3 Extrasol 6.3 t/ha defective, N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 41.0 41.5 41.9 12.6 t/ha defective, N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 42.2 41.5 42.5 6.3 t/ha defective, N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ 40.2 41.0 41.5 12.6 t/ha defective, N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ 40.1 40.4 40.2 NSR ₀₅ , %, average, interaction of factors AB - 2.05.

The regression coefficient is 1.2%. Consequently, with an increase in yield per 1 ton of seeds, the fat content increased by 1.2% (Fig. 2).

The correlation coefficient was r = 0.50, and the coefficient of determination _dух = r ² = 0.26. Consequently, the relationship between yield and fat content in rapeseed is weak.

In the field experiment, on average, the oil content of the Rif rapeseed variety varied in the range of 38.4-42.7%, depending on the research option, while in some years it reached 44.85.

It was found that higher doses of mineral nitrogen reduced oil content by an average of 0.5-1.55. The maximum oil content was noted in the variants with the introduction of a higher dose of sugar production defect 12.6 t/ha, when applying less mineral fertilizers (N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ ) against the background of treating spring rapeseed seeds with microbiological fertilizers. The maximum fat indicator was noted in the variant of introducing defecate 12.6 t/ha at N ₉₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ and the drug Extrasol (42.% -42.7%).

Thus, the use of sugar production waste - defects - depends on the timing of application at a dose of 12.6 t/ha, together with mineral fertilizers N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ with seed treatment with BSka-3 at a dose of 4 l/t. The biological activity of the soil largely depends on the influence of biological fertilizers, which makes it possible to obtain high, stable, environmentally friendly yields of oilseeds. The resulting fertilizer mixture has soil fertility restorative properties.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing soil fertility and the productivity of spring rapeseed using sugar production waste in combination with mineral fertilizers, characterized by the use of sugar production waste at a dose of 12.6 t/ha together with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N ₁₄₀ P ₇₀ K ₁₀₀ , processing seeds with the microbiological preparation BSka-3 with an application rate of 4 l/t or the Extrasol preparation with an application rate of 4 l/t, while the resulting mixture of mineral fertilizers and sugar production waste is applied in the fall - for fall plowing, and in the spring - for cultivation in the surface layer and They are evenly embedded in the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm, the predecessor is winter wheat, sowing of spring rape is carried out at a sowing rate of 2 million viable seeds per hectare.