RU2851306C2 - Ice cover breaking device and method of application thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: blasting operations.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to blasting operations, charges for blasting operations, ammunition, ice treatment, namely to surfacing of submarines. Main and auxiliary cord charges are arranged on submarine. Cord charges are released over the stern by opening the lock with remote control from the control station on the submarine; when the lock is opened, the associated with the cord charges hydraulic brake recoil occurs, its braking in the aquatic environment due to the incoming water flow and cord charges forced unwinding from reel; after the cable with floats surfacing under the ice cover, the main cord charge sagging on the suspensions under it and the submarine removal to a safe distance, using the explosion initiation means, either with a time delay, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via a communication cable, or by a signal of an explosive sound source, the auxiliary cord charge is exploded, and after a time of about 0.025 s – main cord charge; submarine performs manoeuvre with return to cord charge blasting place, specifies dimensions and orientation of extended ice-water hole, performing hull orientation relative to direction of ice-opening, alignment of hull with location of ice-opening and emerges in surface position.

EFFECT: surfacing of submarine.

3 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to blasting operations, charges for blasting operations, ammunition, ice processing, specifically, to ensuring the surfacing of submarines (SSB) operating in the Arctic and other regions in conditions of the presence of ice cover, by destroying it and creating a hole (hole) of the required size in it.

Known technical solutions related to the destruction of the ice cover mainly by the submarine hull without the use of auxiliary means, for example, [7, 8, 10, 24, 25], are not considered due to shortcomings associated with the possibility of damage to the submarine hull by the ice cover [8, p. 230], the small permissible thickness of the ice, as well as the covering of the submarine hull from above after surfacing partially or completely with ice plates and debris [8, pp. 194, 204], formed during the destruction of the ice cover.

1. Devices and methods for destroying ice cover using explosives (EE)

Devices and methods for destroying ice cover on various bodies of water using explosives are known [4, 10, 16].

During an underwater explosion of an explosive charge, due to the presence of a water cushion between the charge and the ice cover, a fountain of water and a column of large ice fragments are formed, ejected along with the gaseous products of the explosion [4].

The explosion of a charge, regardless of its location relative to the ice surface, creates zones of ejection, loosening (cracking) and shaking [16, p. 105; 4, p. 3].

The ejection zone is a polynya from which ice is ejected by an explosion.

The ice breakup zone is an area of ice broken into large chunks that are not lifted by the explosion and split by cracks located in radial and circumferential directions. The greatest ice breakup and crack size are observed at the edges of the polynya. Radial cracks can be up to several tens of meters long. The breakup zone contains the bulk of the ice fragments ejected by the explosion.

The tremor zone encompasses the area where the ice sheet is subject to only vibrations without fracture. The radius of the tremor zone can reach several hundred meters.

For the surfacing of submarines “under the wheelhouse” [8, p. 196; 20], the loosening zone is suitable, and for the positional or surface position, only the ejection zone, that is, the ice hole itself, is suitable.

A method and device for forcing an ice field by a surfacing underwater object using explosives in tanks, with their preemptive ascent above the submarine, are known [22]. The disadvantages of this method and device include the need to install buoyancy tanks on the submarine, equipped with ballast tanks and a combat compartment with explosives, released on flexible connections to the submarine hull and surfacing above the submarine for preemptive impact with the ice. This means detonating the explosives in close proximity to the submarine hull. However, the creation of an ice hole sufficient for the submarine to surface is unacceptable for reasons of submarine safety from the detonation of a large quantity of explosives in close proximity to the submarine hull [3], and with a small quantity of explosives, the detonation of which is safe for the submarine, the creation of an ice hole sufficient for the submarine to surface is not ensured.

A method and device for destroying ice cover using torpedoes are known.

Submarines, when navigating in Arctic regions in icy conditions, use 1-2 torpedoes [8, p. 69, 226, 232; 10, 13] to destroy the ice cover in order to surface, launched by the submarine with the calculation of explosions ahead of the submarine [17, p. 278].

The use of standard submarine torpedoes is associated with the insufficient effectiveness of such a means and method [17]. Thus, the detonation of the USET-80 torpedo's BZO results in the formation of a polynya in an ice cover 2-3 m thick of 120 x 70 m in size or 80 m in diameter [17, p. 278], which is assessed as insufficient. The distance of the submarine from the point of detonation of the torpedo's BZO, requiring the expenditure of time for subsequent approach to the polynya, and the small size of the polynya, gradually covered by broken ice, complicate its search, especially taking into account the current and ice drift [8, p. 234].

Thus, the disadvantages of using such a means as BZO torpedoes, which necessitate the search for other means and methods of destroying the ice cover [18], are:

- small dimensions of the ice hole [8, p. 69, 226, 232; 10, 13], allowing the submarine to surface in an ice position with an ice thickness of less than 1-2 m, in the “under the wheelhouse” position [20] or in a positional position - with an ice thickness of less than 2-3 m;

- the use of combat torpedoes not for their intended purpose.

2. Device and method for destroying ice cover using detonating gas

A device and method for destroying ice cover by an explosion of detonating gas are known [1].

The distinctive feature of this device and method of breaking ice is the implementation of a volumetric explosion of detonating gas, which is a detonating gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen or a gas mixture of natural gas (methane, propane, butane) with air.

Before use, the detonating gas is pumped from a cylinder into a biodegradable polymer sleeve, which is positioned in the area where the ice cover needs to be broken. The sleeve must be positioned at a safe distance from the submarine when the explosion is initiated.

The polymer sleeve is made of biodegradable polymer material and is equipped with an explosion trigger and a check valve. The sleeve is sealed at one end and connected to a detonating gas source cylinder via a hose at the other end. Detonating gas is supplied to the sleeve by filling the sleeve under the supplied gas pressure. The sleeve is then disconnected from the detonating gas source, and an explosion of the detonating gas within the sleeve is initiated, resulting in detonation of the ice cover.

The most common cylinders have a capacity of 40 ^dm³ (0.04 m³ ⁾ . These cylinders have an outside diameter of 219 mm, a height of 1390 mm, and a weight of 67 kg without gas. They are designed for an operating pressure of 15 MPa. At a depth of 10 m, with an excess aquatic pressure of 0.1 MPa, the detonating gas will expand to a volume of 40 ^m³ .

When detonating gas from a mixture of 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen by volume burns, the energy released is 13-15 mJ/kg [1]. The mass of gas in one cylinder is 6 kg, meaning the release of free energy for natural gas and a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is 78-90 mJ per cylinder.

It's realistic to place 10-15 cylinders on a submarine. When filled into a 100-meter-long hose at a depth of 15 meters, a volume of 400-600 ^m³ of oxyhydrogen gas will be generated. An explosion in this volume will release 780-1350 mJ.

For trinitrotoluene (TNT), the free energy release is 3.8-4.2 mJ/kg [11, p. 15]. For the USET-80 torpedo with an MS-type explosive weighing 290 kg [23], which is 520 kg of TNT in TNT equivalent, the free energy release is 1976-2184 mJ, which is 2-2.5 times higher than this figure for detonating gas, although it is also assessed as insufficient. It follows that achieving the goal of creating a polynya of the required size in the ice cover using torpedoes or detonating gas is not ensured, that is, the development of a special munition is necessary.

3. Using a cord charge

The aim of the invention is to develop a device and method for breaking up ice cover, ensuring the emergence of submarines of all types and designs to the surface [2, pp. 21-89; 9, pp. 46-95].

To achieve this goal, it is proposed to use cord charges, for example, sections of the known cord charges in service with the Navy [12]: Sh3-1 (5760 kg) and ShZ-2 (6420 kg).

These cord charges consist of three sections of explosive, 200 m each. The sections of the SHZ-1 cord charge are a nylon shell filled with 1,200 A-IX-20 type explosive charges, 12 cm in diameter, 15 cm long and weighing 950 g each [21], which is 7-8 kg per 1 m of charge length. The total weight of each SHZ-1 section is 1,750 (1,920), SHZ-2 - 2,140 kg. The cord charge is wound onto a cable reel of an electromagnetic trawl with a winding diameter of 2.9 m.

Based on the total mass of the SHZ-1 section of 1750 kg and a volume of 1.1 m ³ , the negative buoyancy of the section is 650 kg or 3.25 kg/m . Therefore, when using a cord charge to blast the ice cover, it must be equipped with a means of providing positive buoyancy. Positive buoyancy can be created using solid-state floats, for example, made of polystyrene or PVC, which have high strength, high floating capacity and low hygroscopicity [14]. To create positive buoyancy for a 200 m long cord charge in conjunction with floats having a specific gravity of about 0.1 g/cm ³ [14], a system of floats of the same length with a diameter of 6-8 cm is required.

In the SHZ-1 cord charge, the total mass of the A-IX-20 type explosive is 1140 kg, which is equivalent to about 2000 kg of TNT. The release of free energy during the detonation of one SHZ-1 section with a 2000 kg TNT explosive charge is 3.8-4.2 mJ/kg, i.e. 7600-8400 mJ. This is equivalent to the explosion of four to five USET-80 torpedoes with an explosive mass of 200 kg, or three to four SAET-60M [8, p. 226; 23] or 53-65K torpedoes with an explosive mass of 300 kg [19, 23]. Thus, the explosion of one section of the SHZ-1 cord charge is three to five times greater than the destructive effect of one torpedo over a section of at least 200 m with a maximum submarine length of about 150-170 m [2, pp. 21-89; 9, pp. 46-95], which confirms the validity of the hypothesis about the advisability of using a cord charge to destroy the ice cover.

Furthermore, the high destructive power of cord charges is known due to the creation of a linear destruction zone [5, 6]. Thus, the width of the linear destruction zone of mines by a single SHZ can reach 250 m, which significantly exceeds the destruction zone of a point charge of a depth charge weighing 100 kg of explosive, which is a circle with a radius of 15-18 m. Therefore, when using a cord charge, an ice hole tens of meters wide will be formed along the entire length of the cord charge.

Before detonation, the cord charge should be located at a depth of 10-15 m, which ensures the greatest destructive effect on the ice cover [5, 6].

4. A device for breaking ice cover, including a cord charge

A cord charge of the specified type or similar is proposed for undermining and destroying the ice cover to ensure the surfacing of a submarine.

An ice breaking device incorporating a cord charge is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1 and 2 show:

1- wheelhouse fencing;

2 - a reel with a wound cord charge;

3 - hawse;

4 - floats;

5 - a cord equipped with floats; when using a device with a main and auxiliary cord charge, it is additionally equipped with an auxiliary cord charge;

6 - main cord charge;

7 - hydraulic, for example, an umbrella brake, which ensures the winding of the cord charge from the reel;

8 - a stream of water running onto a hydraulic brake, for example, an umbrella brake;

9 - hangers connecting the cable equipped with floats with the main cord charge.

When using a cord charge 6 (see Figs. 1, 2), it is equipped with a cable 5 with solid floats 4, for example, made of polystyrene or PVC, which provide positive buoyancy for the cord charge. The cable 5 is connected to the cord charge 6 along their entire length using hangers 9 10-15 m long, corresponding to the optimal depth for the cord charge to be deployed under ice.

In its initial state, the charging cord, cable, and floats are wound loosely in a coil onto a reel 2 located in the enclosure of the submarine's conning tower 1, and their running ends are passed into the marine environment through a hawse hole 3 in the aft edge 1 of the conning tower enclosure. A hydraulic brake 7, such as an umbrella brake, is attached to the hawse hole with a lock capable of being released remotely from the submarine's control station. The associated hydraulic brake release and braking action in the aquatic environment are triggered by the oncoming water flow and the forced unwinding of the charging cord from the reel.

The cable 5 with floats 4 and the cord charge 6 connected to it by suspensions 9, under the action of the positive buoyancy force created by the floats, are positioned under the ice cover 10 (Fig. 3) in such a way that the supporting cable 5 with floats 4 is located under the lower surface of the ice cover 10, and the cord charge 6 on suspensions 9 is at a depth of 10-15 m, the best for breaking the ice cover.

The cord charge is equipped with a means of initiating the explosion, which is triggered after being set either with a time delay, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via the communication cable 11 (Fig. 4), or by a signal from the explosive sound source (ESS) [15]. When the auxiliary cord charge 12 and the main cord charge 13 are detonated, the submarine is at a safe distance D _safe (Fig. 5). When the cord charge explodes, the ice hole has a width of about tens of meters and a length exceeding the length of the cord charge.

Thus, cause-and-effect relationships are presented that confirm the effectiveness of using a cord charge to make a hole in the ice cover in order to ensure the surfacing of a submarine.

5. A device for breaking ice cover, including a main and auxiliary cord charge

The destructive effect of a cord charge can be enhanced by using a known method of increasing the size of the destruction of the ice surface by forming a directed explosion using the main and auxiliary charges [16, pp. 104-106].

According to [16, pp. 104-106], the main and auxiliary cord charges should be located under the ice at a vertical distance of approximately 10 m from each other. The auxiliary cord charge should be attached along its entire length to a cable equipped with floats, i.e., after placement, it should be in the water directly at the lower edge of the ice. In this case, the main cord charge is located on hangers at a depth of 10-15 m, the best depth for breaking the ice cover [16, p. 106]. The cord of the auxiliary charge should have an explosive mass in a ratio of 1:(5-7) in relation to the mass of the explosive of the main cord charge.

Cord charges are equipped with means for initiating an explosion, which is triggered either with a time delay after being placed, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via communication cable 11 (see Fig. 4), or by a signal from an explosive sound source (ESS) [15].

Directed detonation of cord charges produces a zone of continuous destruction of ice of the same thickness that is 50-70% larger than that from the explosion of a single cord charge [16, pp. 104-106].

Thus, cause-and-effect relationships are presented that confirm the effectiveness of using two cord charges - the main and auxiliary - to destroy the ice surface and create a hole in the ice to ensure the submarine's surfacing.

6. Method of destroying ice cover with a cord charge

The method of breaking up the ice cover with a cord charge is illustrated in Fig. 6.

The method for breaking ice cover with a cord charge consists of: after conducting preliminary ice reconnaissance and determining the direction and speed of ice drift, the submarine dives to a predetermined depth, sets a course opposite to the ice drift, and releases the cord charge astern by opening a remotely controlled lock from the submarine's control station. When the lock is opened, the hydraulic brake is released, slowed in the water by the oncoming water flow, and the cord charge is forcibly reeled off the reel.

After the cable with the floats has surfaced under the ice cover, the cord charge has sagged underneath it on the suspensions, and the submarine has been removed to a safe distance, the cord charge is detonated using an explosion initiator, either with a time delay, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via a communication cable, or by a signal from an explosive sound source.

The auxiliary cord charge must be detonated first [16, pp. 104-106]. As a result of the shock wave and gas pressure, within 0.025 s the gas cavity formed by the explosion of the auxiliary cord charge reaches its maximum size [16, p. 104]. This causes compression of the water, development and widening of cracks in the ice, and displacement of water and ice, accompanied by swelling of the ice surface at the location of the auxiliary charge. Gases have not yet broken through the ice into the air from the water.

After approximately the same amount of time, 0.025 s, the main cord charge is detonated [16, p. 105]. The main pressure of the gases and water compressed by the explosion spreads in the direction of least resistance toward the gas sphere formed by the explosion of the auxiliary charge, that is, toward the boundary of ice and air and, consequently, the ice cover [4, p. 5]. As a result of the action of the gases of the main cord charge, the crushed ice is ejected by the cone of the explosion along with the water to a considerable distance from the location of the charges.

The submarine performs a maneuver to return to the location of the detonation of the cord charge, determines the size and orientation of the extended polynya, aligns the hull with the location of the polynya, orients the hull relative to the direction of the polynya, and surfaces to the surface.

7. Method of destroying ice cover with main and auxiliary cord charges

The method of breaking the ice cover with the main and auxiliary cord charges is similar to the method of breaking the ice cover with a cord charge, with the difference that the detonation of the main cord charge is carried out approximately 0.025 s after the detonation of the auxiliary cord charge.

8. Summary

In order to ensure the surfacing of submarines operating in the Arctic and other regions in conditions of the presence of ice cover, by breaking it and creating a polynya (hole) of the required size in it, the following is proposed:

- a device for breaking ice cover, including a cord charge of explosives;

- a device for breaking up ice cover, including a main and auxiliary cord charge;

- methods of destroying ice cover with their use.

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Claims (3)

1. A device for breaking ice cover, characterized in that a main cord charge is placed on a submarine, the length of which is made greater than the length of the submarine, and is equipped with a cable with solid-state floats, for example, made of polystyrene or PVC, with the ability to provide their joint positive buoyancy along their entire length with the help of suspensions, where in the initial state the main cord charge with the cable is freely wound on a reel in the form of a coil, located in the enclosure of the submarine's wheelhouse, the running ends of which are made with the ability to pass into the marine environment through a hawse hole in the aft edge of the wheelhouse enclosure, where a hydraulic brake is attached to the running end of the cable, for example, an umbrella brake, which is attached to the hawse hole with a lock, with remote control from the control post on the submarine, wherein the main cord charge, under the action of the positive buoyancy force created by the floats, is made with the ability to float under the ice cover, wherein the main cord charge on the suspensions is made with the ability to be located at the calculated depth and is equipped with a means of initiating an explosion with its activation after setting, either with a time delay, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via a communication cable, or by a signal from an explosive sound source. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it further includes an auxiliary cord charge, which has a length and mass of explosive in a ratio of 1:(5-7) in relation to the mass of the explosive of the main cord charge; the auxiliary cord charge is designed with the possibility of being attached along its entire length to a cable equipped with floats, with the possibility of its placement in the water directly at the lower edge of the ice; where the auxiliary cord charge is designed with the possibility of being detonated first, and after a time of about 0.025 s - the main cord charge. 3. The method for breaking up the ice cover with a cord charge according to paragraph 1, which consists in the submarine occupying a given diving depth and setting a course opposite to the ice drift, and releasing the main and additional cord charges, characterized in that the cord charges are released astern by opening a lock with remote control from the control post on the submarine; when the lock is opened, a hydraulic brake connected to the cord charges is released, it is slowed down in the water environment due to the oncoming flow of water and the cord charges are forcibly unwound from the reel; After the cable with floats has surfaced under the ice cover, the main cord charge has sagged beneath it on its suspensions, and the submarine has been removed to a safe distance, the auxiliary cord charge is detonated using an explosion initiator, either with a time delay, or by a signal transmitted from the submarine via a communication cable, or by a signal from an explosive sound source, and after a time of approximately 0.025 s - the main cord charge; the submarine maneuvers to return to the location of the cord charge detonation, determines the size and orientation of the extended polynya, orients the hull relative to the direction of the polynya, aligns the hull with the location of the polynya, and surfaces to the surface.