RU2851370C1 - Method for protecting grain crop sowings from complex of pests and diseases - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method for protecting grain crops from a complex of pests and diseases involves spraying vegetative plants with a tank mixture, using a tank mixture consisting of the insecticide Sparring,”МД” – active ingredient 150 g/l thiamethoxam and 90 g/l fipronil at an application rate of 0.1 l/ha, fungicide Lancea, “КМЕ” – active ingredient 125 g/l of prothioconazole and 100 g/l of picoxystrobin at an application rate of 0.8 l/ha, and the fertiliser-biostimulant with microelements Biostim Zernovoy, “Ж” – active ingredient 91.0 g/l of free amino acids of plant origin, 71.5 g/l of total nitrogen, 52.0 g/l of phosphorus, 52.0 g/l of potassium, 26.0 g/l of magnesium, 32.5 g/l of sulphur, 3.9 g/l of iron, 9.1 g/l of manganese, 7.8 g/l of zinc, 5.2 g/l copper, 2.6 g/l boron, 0.26 g/l molybdenum, 0.13 g/l cobalt at a normal application rate of 1.2 l/ha, with a working fluid consumption of 300 l/ha, and spraying is carried out once in the heading phase.

EFFECT: highly effective protection of crops against a range of pests and diseases, strengthening of plant immune responses, and increased grain productivity and quality.

1 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The proposed method of protection relates to agriculture and is intended to protect grain crops from a range of pests and diseases, to increase grain yield and quality.

Currently, there is no serious alternative to the chemical method of protecting agricultural crops; it is the most effective.

A key means of increasing the effectiveness of grain crop protection is the use of tank mixes of pesticides. Multi-component tank mixes contain pesticides, water-soluble fertilizers, chelated micronutrients, growth regulators, and surfactants.

A known method of protecting agricultural crops from diseases and insect pests consists of treating the seed material with insectofungicide tank mixtures. In particular, the use of the insectofungicide Prestige (1.5-3.5 l/t), which contains two active ingredients - imidacloprid and pencycuron, reduces the number of cereal fleas and stem damage by cereal fly larvae in spring wheat crops, and limits the development of root rot (Silaev A.I., Grishechkina L.D., Churikova V.G. Efficiency of using the insectofungicide Prestige to protect grain crops from pests and diseases // Agrarian scientific journal. - 2019. No. 7. pp. 34-39). This method can provide protection for grain crops only in the early stages of their development and only from pests and diseases of seedlings, but does not protect crops from pests and diseases in subsequent stages of plant development.

A known method of applying fungicidal (Titul 390, Kolosal Pro, Alto Turbo, Rex Duo, Strike Forte, Falcon, Triada) and insecticidal (Tanrek, Euphoria, Faschans) preparations to wheat during the growing season to protect it from diseases and pests is available (Kekalo A.Yu., Nemchenko V.V., Zargaryan N.Yu., Filippov A.S., Kozlova T.A. A Modern Approach to Protecting Wheat from Diseases and Pests // Agriculture. - 2020. No. 5. pp. 41-45). However, this known method involves separate application of the preparations and does not involve the use of tank insectofungicidal mixtures with microfertilizers.

An analogue for the proposed method is the protection of winter wheat crops, which includes the application of a mixture of an insecticide based on clothianidin in the form of the drug Clotiamet, WDG (water-dispersible granules) (500 g / kg) on the flag leaf at an application rate of 0.04 kg / ha with the fungicide Abacus, SE (suspension emulsion) based on pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole and urea at an application rate of 15 kg / ha (Illarionov A.I., Zhenchuk A.V. "Efficiency of tank mixtures of pesticides and agrochemicals in integrated protection of winter wheat from pests", journal "Bulletin of the Voronezh State Agrarian University", 2019, Vol. 12, No. 1 (60) pp. 13-23).

The disadvantage of this method is that when urea is dissolved in water, due to an exothermic reaction, a decrease occurs Working solution temperature: 15 kg per 100 L lowers it by 7-8°C. This cooling can cause thermal stress in plants. Ideally, the working solution and air temperatures should match to avoid stressing plants during application. Furthermore, an application rate of 15 kg/ha of urea can cause burns to plants.

Urea contains 46% nitrogen, making it the most concentrated fertilizer. The amount of urea used for foliar application directly depends on the amount of water required. The key requirement is maintaining the correct percentage ratio of the working solution components for each specific site, taking into account the plant's growth stage and weather and climate conditions.

The closest prototype for the proposed method in terms of a combination of essential features is a protection method that is carried out by spraying grain crops in the heading phase with a tank insectofungicide mixture with microfertilizer, which includes: the insecticide Shans Profi, WDG (water-dispersible granules) - active ingredient 800 g / kg fipronil at a consumption rate of 0.03 kg / ha, the fungicide Tilt Turbo, EC (emulsion concentrate) active ingredient - 125 g / l propiconazole and 450 g / l fenpropidin at a consumption rate of 0.8 l / ha and the microfertilizer Shans Universal, Zh (liquid) - active ingredient 200 g / l seaweed extract, 100 g / l zinc and 150 g / l nitrogen at a consumption rate of 0.15 l / ha. Working fluid consumption rate: 300 l/ha (RU Patent No. 2787725 “Method for protecting grain crops from pests and diseases”, Author(s): Lyudmila Mikhailovna Vlasova (RU), Olga Vasilievna Popova (RU), Vyacheslav Anatolyevich Gulevsky (RU), Mikhail Nikolaevich Udovidchenko (RU), Patent Holder(s): Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection” (FGBNU “VNIIZR”), published 12.01.2023).

A disadvantage of this method is that the insecticide Shans Profi, VDG, contains only one active ingredient, fipronil, from the phenylpyrazole class. This may not protect plants from the full range of pests or may be insufficiently effective against certain pest species. Furthermore, resistance—the pest's immunity to the poison—must be taken into account. Resistant species are able to withstand poisoning through special tolerance mechanisms and detoxification of the poison. Continuous treatments with insecticides containing fipronil alone contribute to the development of resistance in pests to Group 2 compounds (GABA-dependent chloride channel blockers) and are therefore unacceptable. To prevent resistance, preference should be given to combination preparations that include compounds with different mechanisms of action (Zinchenko V.A. Chemical plant protection: means, technology and environmental safety. - M.: Kolos S, 2005. - 232 p. and Roslavtseva S.A. Insecticidal activity of phenylpyrazoles // Agrochemistry No. 3, 2000.).

Another disadvantage of this method is the use of the microfertilizer Shans Universal, Zh – the active ingredient is 200 g/l of seaweed extract, 100 g/l of zinc, and 150 g/l of chelated nitrogen. This limited composition of active ingredients does not cover all the nutritional needs of winter wheat plants during this period of development. For example, the microfertilizer used does not contain the following elements: phosphorus, which promotes the development of the root system and reproductive organs; potassium, which is involved in the formation of carbohydrates, chlorophyll, carotene, and other substances; magnesium, which normalizes protein-carbohydrate metabolism and saturates winter wheat cells with oxygen; sulfur, which optimizes protein metabolism and ensures better nitrogen absorption. Grain crops absorb virtually all naturally occurring elements, 25 of which are the most important: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, silicon, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, tin, selenium, fluorine, iodine, and boron. A deficiency in these elements leads to irreversible disruption of biochemical processes, which negatively impacts crop development and formation. Maximum consumption occurs during the tillering-earing period, accounting for 40-50%. Once the grain reaches the milky stage, consumption is 10-30%.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide highly effective protection of crops from a complex of pests and diseases in the subsequent stages of development of grain crops from the flag leaf, to enhance the immune responses of plants and to increase the productivity and quality of grain, to reduce the environmental impact by reducing the frequency of application and consumption rates of active substances.

To achieve this result, grain crops are treated with a tank mixture of insecticide, fungicide and biostimulant fertilizer with microelements.

The proposed method of protection is carried out by spraying grain crops in the heading phase with a tank mixture of insecticide, fungicide and biostimulant fertilizer with microelements, which includes:

insecticide Sparring, MD (oil dispersion) - active ingredient 150 g / l thiamethoxam and 90 g / l fipronil at an application rate of 0.1 l / ha, fungicide Lancea, KME (microemulsion concentrate) - active ingredient 125 g / l prothioconazole and 100 g / l picoxystrobin at an application rate of 0.8 l / ha and microfertilizer Biostim Grain, Zh (liquid) - active ingredient 91.0 g / l free amino acids of plant origin, 71.5 g / l total nitrogen, 52.0 g / l phosphorus, 52.0 g / l potassium, 26.0 g / l magnesium, 32.5 g / l sulfur, 3.9 g / l iron, 9.1 g / l manganese, 7.8 g / l zinc, 5.2 g/l copper, 2.6 g/l boron, 0.26 g/l molybdenum and 0.13 g/l cobalt at an application rate of 1.2 l/ha. Working fluid consumption is 300 l/ha.

In this mixture, the fungicide Lancea is used at a minimum application rate of 0.8 l/ha, but the toxic effect is compensated by the biostimulant fertilizer with microelements, Biostim Grain, which has immunizing properties.

The tank mix contains four active pesticide ingredients (thiamethoxam, fipronil, prothioconazole, and picoxystrobin) and active ingredients of a biostimulant fertilizer with microelements (free plant-based amino acids, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, and cobalt). The active pesticide ingredients differ in their spectrum of activity.

Thiamethoxam and fipronil (on which the drug Sparring is based) have the following advantages:

According to the IRAC classification, fipronil belongs to the second group of substances with the mechanism of action – GABA-gated chloride channel blockers. Fipronil provides a broad spectrum of destruction of soil and above-ground pests; immediate initial effect on the pest; protective effect from 2 to 4 weeks; controls pests resistant to organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), pyrethroids and carbonate compounds; is compatible in tank mixtures with insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators and microfertilizers; resistant to washout by rain and high temperatures. The active substance fipronil belongs to the class of phenylpyrazoles, characterized by high long-term insecticidal toxicity; can be absorbed by plants from the soil and seeds; due to slow decomposition in sunlight after spraying, a long-lasting effect is ensured. The mechanism of action of phenylpyrazoles is to block GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which regulates the passage of nerve impulses through chloride channels in the membranes of nerve cells.

Thiamethoxam, according to the IRAC classification, belongs to Group 4, Subgroup A. Its mechanism of action against pests is that of a competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NACHR) modulator. Thiamethoxam protects crops from a wide range of sucking and leaf-eating pests, has a beneficial effect on growth and development, promotes leaf preservation, enhances plant immunity to adverse environmental factors, promotes higher yields and improved product quality, and is effective regardless of external conditions (it remains active at high temperatures and low humidity, is resistant to insolation and rain). It has a long-lasting protective effect, rapidly inhibits insect feeding, and is effective against insects that live hidden and feed on the underside of leaves.

Thus, thanks to the combination of the active substances thiamethoxam (group 4, subgroup A, according to the mechanism of action on pests, it is a competitive modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHR)/ Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NACHR) competitive modulators) and fipronil (the second group of substances with the mechanism of action - blockers of GABA-dependent chloride channels/ GABA-gated chloride channel blockers) with different mechanisms of action in the combined insecticide Sparring, prevention and prevention of the emergence of resistance in pests, as well as highly effective protection against the whole range of harmful organisms are ensured.

Lancea is based on prothioconazole and picoxystrobin, which ensure rapid absorption and penetration into leaf tissue due to the systemic action of picoxystrobin, a strobilurin; broad-spectrum activity and a long-lasting protection due to prothioconazole, a triazole; activity in the vapor phase; and a greening effect on plants. Prothioconazole is metabolized in plants to a more stable compound, prothioconazole-desthio. Picoxystrobin is a fungicide with protective, limited systemic action. Picoxystrobin disrupts cellular energy metabolism by blocking the transfer of electrons from cytochrome b to cytochrome c. This leads to a cessation of the development and growth of fungal mycelium, followed by the death of the pathogen. Picoxystrobin-based products are used to combat diseases caused by downy mildew and powdery mildew fungi.

Biostim Grain is a liquid amino acid biostimulant fertilizer with microelements for foliar application to grain crops. This microelement biostimulant fertilizer, developed specifically for grain crops, stimulates plant metabolism, maintains nutrient balance during the growing season, protects against abiotic stress, restores crop productivity after stress factors, increases plant resistance to diseases, and improves the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the yield. Biostim Grain contains free amino acids of plant origin, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, and cobalt. Microelements promote the development of a strong, branched root system, which ensures more complete absorption of nutrients from the soil by plants. Plant resistance to drought, cold, and disease is increased. A balance of macro- and microelements is the key to producing high-quality grain.

Nitrogen is essential for the growth, development, and formation of wheat crops. It is a component of simple and complex proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, phosphatides, alkaloids, some vitamins, enzymes, and other organic compounds found in cells. Nitrogen stimulates growth, allowing for the growth of not only green mass but also reproductive organs. It increases yield and improves grain quality, aids in root development, and facilitates plant interactions with all other macro- and micronutrients. A nitrogen deficiency leads to stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced grain yield.

Phosphorus promotes the development of the root system and reproductive organs, is part of the energy compounds that plants need from the beginning of the growing season until the end of their life cycle, accelerates plant maturation and reduces the amount of moisture in the grain during harvest, improves grain quality and increases the efficiency of the absorption of other micronutrients.

Potassium is involved in the formation of carbohydrates, chlorophyll, carotene, and other substances; it influences water balance and regulates numerous enzymatic processes in plants. Strong stems, lodging resistance, increased drought tolerance, and frost resistance are all largely the result of adequate potassium nutrition.

Sulfur is the fourth most important nutrient in wheat production after nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. As the fourth most important nutrient, sulfur plays a vital role in the formation of amino acids, proteins, and oils, and is crucial for chlorophyll formation. Nitrogen and sulfur are somewhat interrelated because sulfur plays a role in activating the enzyme nitrate reductase, which helps convert nitrates into amino acids. Sulfur optimizes protein metabolism and ensures better nitrogen absorption.

Manganese influences photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate synthesis, and nitrogen metabolism. It is a component of enzymatic systems that regulate redox processes in plants. It regulates the production of growth hormones and iron absorption, which influences chlorophyll formation. It improves the utilization of both nitrate and ammonium nitrogen by plants. It promotes the synthesis and increase of sugar content in winter wheat leaves, ensuring high frost and winter hardiness and increasing yields. Manganese is most readily absorbed from the tillering to earing stage.

Copper is a component of enzymes and activates carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It has a positive effect on photosynthesis and protein synthesis. It plays a major role in the formation of reproductive organs. It influences the development and structure of plant cells, increases resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases, lodging, drought and heat tolerance, and winter hardiness. It promotes better nitrogen absorption. The greatest amount of copper is absorbed by the plant from the tillering stage to heading.

Boron plays a vital role in carbohydrate synthesis, conversion, and transport, as well as in oxidation-reduction processes, protein and nucleic acid metabolism, and the synthesis of growth stimulants. It also influences enzyme activity, osmotic processes, and vitamin accumulation in plants. It promotes chlorophyll synthesis and _CO2 assimilation. It influences flower formation, pollination, growth of the growing point, root growth and development, especially of young roots, and seed formation. It also increases drought and salt tolerance.

Zinc is involved in many physiological processes occurring in plants, including photosynthesis, the synthesis of amino acids, chlorophyll, organic acids, vitamins, etc., oxidation-reduction processes, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, phosphorus, and sulfur. It promotes the accumulation of the phytohormone auxin and is necessary for internodal growth. In its ionic form, it affects cytoplasmic viscosity. By stabilizing respiration under changing temperature conditions, it increases plant heat, drought, and frost resistance, protein content, and disease resistance.

Molybdenum is involved in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, regulates nitrogen transformation in plants, activates oxidation-reduction processes in plants, participates in carbohydrate and phosphorus metabolism, and synthesizes vitamins and chlorophyll. It promotes nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, improves calcium supply to plants, and enhances iron absorption. It also increases the protein content of produce.

Iron plays an important role in oxidation-reduction reactions as a component of enzymes, ensures the synthesis of chlorophyll (without iron, chlorophyll is not synthesized), is of great importance for the respiratory processes, and has fungicidal properties.

Cobalt activates many enzymes, promotes normal plant metabolism, increases chlorophyll and protein content, and enhances respiration. It actively participates in oxidation-reduction reactions and stimulates nucleic acid biosynthesis.

Magnesium is important for normalizing protein-carbohydrate metabolism, developing the root system, and increasing stress resistance.

Free amino acids of plant origin are important for grain crops because they play a significant role in plant metabolism: they stimulate growth; boost immunity, allow plants to withstand high and low temperatures, and enhance their resistance to pests and diseases; participate in the biosynthesis of proteins and enzymes, which helps maintain cellular water balance and stimulate photosynthesis; and facilitate better absorption of nutrients by plants, including essential soil nutrients.

The compatibility of the tank mixture components was assessed under laboratory conditions.

Spraying was carried out once during the heading phase.

The following pests were counted in the crops: red-breasted leafhopper, harmful turtle bug, cereal aphids, wheat thrips, grain beetles, etc.

The census of the larvae and adults of the harmful turtle bug was carried out on 10 sites measuring 0.1 ^m2 (32 cm × 32 cm) in each replicate of the experiment.

The count of leafhopper larvae was determined by counting larvae of all ages on the upper leaves of 10 adjacent stems at 10 points in each replicate.

The counting of cereal aphids was carried out by counting the larvae and adults of aphids on 25 stems or ears (5 samples of 5 stems or ears) in each replication.

Pest counts were carried out immediately before treatment, on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after treatment.

The calculation of the biological effectiveness of fungicides and insecticides will be carried out according to the Abbott formula (formula 1):

E = 100 × (K – O) / K (1)

where E is biological efficiency, %;

K is the number of living individuals in the control at a given registration period for insecticides or the development of the disease in the control for fungicides;

O is the number of living individuals in the experimental variant at the given registration period for insecticides or the development of the disease in the tested variant after treatment for fungicides.

Disease incidence was measured before treatment and 10 and 20 days afterward on 25 plants (5 samples of 5 plants) from each plot. All leaves on the main stem were analyzed.

Phytotoxicity of fungicides and their mixtures with biostimulant fertilizer is determined using the following scale (in points): 0 – no damage; 0.1 – damage is barely noticeable; minor damage, covering up to 10% of leaves; 11 to 25% of leaves, stems and other plant parts affected; 26 to 50% of leaves, stems and other plant parts affected; over 50% of leaves, stems and other plant parts affected.

The analysis of the crop structure was carried out on test sheaves (25 plants) from each plot.

The quality of the grain was assessed using a system of indicators in accordance with the requirements of Russian State Standards.

It has been established that the proposed method for protecting grain crops The actual effectiveness of using a tank mixture of pesticides and biostimulant fertilizer with microelements exceeds the effectiveness of the expected combined effect of individual active ingredients (Table 1).

Table 1 – Efficiency of the method of protecting grain crops from a complex of pests and diseases

Option Application rate, l/ha Biological efficiency, % Yield, c/ha Wet gluten content, % cereal aphids wheat thrips red-breasted leafhopper larvae bug, harmful turtle leaf septoria brown leaf rust powdery mildew Control
(without processing)* - 13.0 8.0 0.6 1.3 29.3 25.7 9.8 69.7 26.0 Sparring, MD 0.1 100 100 100 100 - - - 73.8 27.0 Lancea, KME 1.0 - - - - 87 98.4 91.8 73.7 27.0 Sparring, MD + Lancea, KME + 0.1+
1.0 99.2 100 100 100 87 98.4 90.8 78.9 28.5 Sparring, MD + Lancea, KME +
Biostim Grain, Zh 0.1+
0.8+
1.2 100 100 100 100 93.2 98.4 91.8 83.7 30.7

Note: control* – absolute indicators of development of leaf septoria, brown leaf rust, powdery mildew – in %; cereal aphids – specimens/ear; wheat thrips – specimens/ear; red-breasted leafhopper larvae – specimens/stem; harmful turtle bug – specimens/m².

Addition of the biostimulant fertilizer with microelements Biostim Grain (active ingredient - 91.0 g / l free amino acids of plant origin; 71.5 g / l total nitrogen; 52.0 g / l phosphorus; 52.0 g / l potassium; 26.0 g / l magnesium; 32.5 g / l sulfur; 3.9 g / l iron; 9.1 g / l manganese; 7.8 g / l zinc; 5.2 g / l copper; 2.6 g / l boron; 0.26 g / l molybdenum; 0.13 g / l cobalt) to the tank insectofungicide mixture made it possible to reduce the consumption rates of fungicides for active ingredients (without reducing their biological effectiveness against a range of harmful organisms, and in relation to leaf septoria even increased the effectiveness of the fungicide Lanceya by 6.2%) and, as a result, reduced burden on the environment.

Field studies confirm the proposed method's high efficacy against a range of pests and diseases. The proposed method ensured the complete destruction (100%) of wheat thrips, red-breasted leafhopper, common tortoiseshell bug, and cereal aphids. It also demonstrated high efficacy against septoria leaf spot (93.2%), brown leaf rust (98.4%), and powdery mildew (91.8%). It also increased winter wheat yield by 14.0 c/ha and gluten content by 4.7%.

The proposed method of protection can be used to combat the following harmful organisms: cereal aphids, wheat thrips, the harmful turtle bug, the grain beetle, the leafhopper, the grain ground beetle and others; septoria, powdery mildew, brown leaf rust, stem rust, pyrenophorosis, dark-brown spot, rhynchosporiosis, net spot, dwarf rust and others.

The proposed method for protecting grain crops will expand the spectrum of action of pesticide formulations; combine crop protection and care measures, thereby increasing labor productivity, saving fuel and time, and reducing the cost of work; slow down the adaptation of pests to the products used; reduce the pesticide load on the treated area (the use of combinations of the minimum recommended doses of two or more pesticides can provide the same biological effectiveness and duration of action as treatment with a higher dose of a more toxic product); reduce the cost of expensive pesticides by reducing the rate of application of the product, thanks to the synergistic effect; reduce the frequency of treatments, reducing mechanical damage to the crop, preserving the structure and humus of the soil, reducing the number of equipment trips to the field, and reducing the overall water consumption for treatments. The use of a tank mixture of insecticide, fungicide, and biostimulant fertilizer with microelements will reduce production costs and increase the efficiency of grain crop cultivation technologies.

Claims (1)

A method for protecting grain crops from a complex of pests and diseases, including spraying vegetative plants with a tank mixture, characterized in that they use a tank mixture consisting of the insecticide Sparring, MD - active ingredient 150 g / l thiamethoxam and 90 g / l fipronil at an application rate of 0.1 l / ha, the fungicide Lancea, KME - active ingredient 125 g / l prothioconazole and 100 g / l picoxystrobin at an application rate of 0.8 l / ha and the biostimulant fertilizer with microelements Biostim Grain, Zh - active ingredient 91.0 g / l free amino acids of plant origin, 71.5 g / l total nitrogen, 52.0 g / l phosphorus, 52.0 g / l potassium, 26.0 g / l magnesium, 32.5 g / l sulfur, 3.9 g/l iron, 9.1 g/l manganese, 7.8 g/l zinc, 5.2 g/l copper, 2.6 g/l boron, 0.26 g/l molybdenum, 0.13 g/l cobalt at an application rate of 1.2 l/ha, while the consumption of the working fluid is 300 l/ha, and spraying is carried out once in the heading phase.