RU2851095C1 - System for creating a light environment for plants grown in closed ground - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: plant growing.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of indoor crop production. The system includes multispectral phytolighters, spectrum sensors, first and second wireless data transmission modules, a control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of multispectral phytolighters, based on a computer with a data collection and control platform, the first output of which is connected to the input of the computer, the output of which is connected to the input of the data collection and control platform. Each multispectral phytolight contains groups of LEDs and groups of LED radiation intensity control drivers based on controllable current sources, K = 4 port controllers, a central controller, current meters, and a memory unit. The third output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of the first wireless data transmission module. In each of the multispectral phytolighters, the outputs of the port controllers are connected to the corresponding inputs of the central controller. The outputs of the LED radiation intensity control drivers are connected to the inputs of the corresponding current meters, the first outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the corresponding groups of LEDs. The second outputs of the current meters are connected to the inputs of the central controller. The second output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phytolighters. The output of the second wireless data transmission module is connected to any free input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phytolighters. The remaining inputs of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phytolighters are connected to each other so that for any of the multispectral phytolighters, the input of at least one port controller is connected to the input of one port controller of any other multispectral phytolighter. The inputs and outputs of all port controllers and the first K inputs of the central controllers of all multispectral phytolighters are bidirectional. The system includes the first radio transmitters, temperature sensors, second radio transmitters, third radio transmitters, and activation buttons. Each multispectral phytolighting device has a radio receiver, control modules, additional memory blocks, and additional groups of LEDs, whose inputs are connected to the outputs of the control modules, whose inputs are connected to the outputs of the central controller, whose input is connected to the output of the radio receiver. The first output of the central controller is connected to the input of the memory unit, and the second outputs of the central controller are connected to the inputs of the additional memory units. The output of the memory unit and the outputs of the additional memory units are connected to the inputs of the LED radiation intensity control drivers. The outputs of the spectrum sensors are connected to the inputs of the first radio transmitters, and the outputs of the temperature sensors are connected to the inputs of the second radio transmitters. The outputs of the activation buttons are connected to the inputs of the third radio transmitters, and the second and third outputs of the data collection and control platform are bidirectional.

EFFECT: system has increased reliability and efficiency.

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Description

The invention relates to closed-type plant growing, namely to lighting systems for greenhouses, city farms, phytotrons or growboxes, and can be used for growing plant products, including vegetables and herbs.

A LED phyto-irradiator for growing tomatoes is known [1 - Russian Federation Patent No. 2695812, IPC: F21K 99/00 LED phyto-irradiator for growing tomatoes], comprising a housing with light-emitting elements, the light-emitting elements consist of a combination of LEDs, the emission spectrum and power of which are balanced and matched with the absorption intensity and the role in photosynthesis of key pigments of the plant's photosynthetic apparatus - chlorophylls, carotenoids, cryptochromes, phytochromes, wherein the combination includes five types of LEDs with emission band maxima within the ranges of blue 434-450 nm, red 630-632 nm and 660-670 nm and far red 730-735 nm, wherein some of the blue LEDs are combined with a phosphor with a re-emission maximum in the green region of the spectrum 500-600 nm, and the distribution of the emission power by The spectrum regions are blue 15-20%, green 15-20%, red 50-55%, far red 10-15%).

A disadvantage of the known device is its limited functionality, due to its inability to generate light radiation intended for enhanced synthesis of photopigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, as well as its inability to generate radiation that would create a comfortable lighting environment for greenhouse workers during harvesting. These limited functionality of the known device [1] is due to the fixed, time-invariant spectrum of its light radiation.

Also known is a system for irradiating plants in a greenhouse [2 - Russian Federation Patent No. 2725003, IPC: A01G 9/20, System for irradiating plants in a greenhouse], containing sodium lamps as the main light sources, and LED luminaires with a combination of several types of LEDs as additional ones, the radiation maxima of which lie within the blue 400-500 nm and far-red 700-800 nm spectral ranges, characterized in that the radiation peaks of the blue LEDs fall at wavelengths of 440-460 nm and 480-490 nm, the number of main light sources in the greenhouse is equal to the number of additional ones, the main and additional light sources are placed uniformly over the area of the greenhouse at the same height, structurally the combination of all types of LEDs is mounted on one luminaire, while the share of the radiation flux of the LEDs of each luminaire in the ranges is 13-19% in the blue and 7-12% in the far-red from the flux sodium lamp, and the fluxes emitted by the LEDs are focused by lenses with an angle of 85-95 degrees; intra-cenosis LED sources with the same spectral characteristics as the overhead lighting sources, receiving electrical power from a common group driver located outside the cenosis, are used.

A disadvantage of the known device [2] is its limited functionality, due to its inability to generate light radiation intended for enhanced synthesis of photopigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, as well as its inability to generate radiation that creates a comfortable lighting environment for greenhouse workers during harvesting. These limited functionality of the known device [2] is due to the fixed, time-invariant spectrum of its light radiation.

Of the known technical solutions, the closest in technical essence to the claimed system, adopted as a prototype, is a system for forming a light environment for plants grown in closed ground [3 - Russian Federation Patent No. 2804620, IPC: A01G 9/26 System for forming a light environment for plants grown in closed ground], including multispectral phyto-irradiators, spectrum sensors, first and second wireless data transmission modules, a control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, made on the basis of a computer with a data collection and control platform, the first output of which is connected to the input of the computer, the output of which is connected to the input of the data collection and control platform, each multispectral phyto-irradiator contains groups of light-emitting diodes and groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of the radiation of the light-emitting diodes, K = 4 port controllers, a central controller, current meters and a memory unit, wherein the third output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of the first wireless data transmission module, in each of the multispectral The outputs of the K port controllers of the phyto-irradiators are connected to the corresponding inputs of the central controller, the outputs of the LED radiation intensity control drivers are connected to the inputs of the corresponding current meters, the first outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the corresponding LED groups, the second outputs of the current meters are connected to the inputs of the central controller, the second output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the output of the second wireless data transmission module is connected to any free input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the remaining inputs of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators are connected to each other so that for any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators the input of at least one of the port controllers is connected to the input of any one port controller of any other multispectral phyto-irradiator, the inputs and outputs of all port controllers and the first K inputs of the central controllers of all multispectral phyto-irradiators are performed bidirectional.

Unlike its analogs [1] and [2], the known system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors [3] allows for the generation of radiation with a variable spectral composition. However, the known system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors [3] has inherent disadvantages, which include low reliability and limited functionality.

The low reliability of the known system [3] is due to the following. To ensure autonomous operation, each multispectral phyto-irradiator includes a memory unit containing information about the driver operating modes and the LED groups they control. However, if the memory unit fails, all driver groups and the corresponding LED groups become inoperable. This necessitates distributed storage (in separate memory units) of information about the driver operating modes and the LED groups they control, which is not implemented in the known system [3].

The limited functionality of the known system [3] is due to three factors, which will be discussed in detail below. The first factor limiting the functionality of the known system [3] is the excessive complexity of placing a large number of wired spectrum sensors throughout the greenhouse. The second factor limiting the functionality of the known system [3] is its inability to organize localized illumination of individual zones with a spectrum that does not strain the eyes and makes the work of greenhouse workers comfortable during harvesting or other work. The third factor limiting the functionality of the system [3] is its inability to organize a lighting regime that causes in plants an enhanced and targeted biosynthesis of those biological compounds that determine both the organoleptic (taste, smell) and the beneficial therapeutic and prophylactic properties of fruits, primarily carotenoids and anthocyanins.

Let us consider each of the indicated factors limiting the functional capabilities of the known system [3] separately.

1) The first factor of limited functionality: the inability to organize effective measurement of the current spectrum of the light environment in the greenhouse in arbitrary representative areas. This is due to the fact that the known system [3] uses wired spectrum sensors to measure the current spectrum, which transmit the obtained information via wired channels to the control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of multispectral phyto-irradiators. Naturally, with large greenhouses, a large number of wired spectrum sensors greatly complicates the practical implementation of their placement. The problem with the complexity of placing wired spectrum sensors is further aggravated by the fact that the most informative measurements of the current spectrum of the light environment in the greenhouse can be obtained not in arbitrary free areas of the greenhouse, but in the immediate vicinity of the grown plants (and at the bottom of the phytocenosis canopy), where the placement of wired spectrum sensors is impossible (or extremely difficult).

2) The second factor of limited functionality: the inability to effectively organize localized illumination of individual zones of the greenhouse, where harvesting or other work is carried out, with a spectrum that makes the work of greenhouse workers comfortable by creating a comfortable environment for their vision. In principle, by controlling the spectrum of each multispectral phyto-irradiator from a single computer, in a known system [3] it is theoretically possible to organize the switching of individual multispectral phyto-irradiators from emitting phytolight to producing light with a spectrum close to comfortable sunlight. However, such centralized control of the lighting environment in the greenhouse is ineffective, since, for large greenhouses, it requires significant efforts to communicate information about the planned start and end times of work in a designated area (e.g., harvesting) to a single control center. Moreover, the actual start and end times of work, as a rule, do not coincide with the pre-planned ones, which will lead either to excessive illumination of the harvesting zones with an inappropriate spectrum, or to an excessively early end of the period comfortable for the vision of greenhouse workers. The solution to this problem may consist in organizing fast and effective decentralized control of the radiation spectrum of multispectral phyto-irradiators, which is not feasible in the known method [3].

3) The third factor of limited functional capabilities: the inability to induce (stimulate) targeted enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants.

According to the accepted classification, three types of photopigments are currently distinguished in plants: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins [4 - Prikupets L.B., Boos G.V. Irradiation installations in agriculture. Chapter 4 // Greenhouses of Russia, 2024, No. 1, pp. 12-24]. In connection with the special role of carotenoids and anthocyanins both in the human diet and in the life of plants, we will consider these issues in more detail.

It is known that the flavor of tomatoes, for example, is determined by the concentration of substances such as carotenoids, carbohydrates, fatty and organic acids, polyphenols, and amino acids in their juice and pulp. Moreover, it is known that a rich, bright, and distinct flavor is observed in fruits with a significant concentration of carotenoids [5 - What determines the taste of tomatoes // https://news.myseldon.com/ru/news/index/232142354]. Carotenoids are precursors of volatiles associated with the sensory qualities of tomatoes and flavor-forming compounds such as apocarotenoids-VOCs (apocarotenoid-volatile organic compounds).

Carotenoids are natural organic pigments colored red, orange, or yellow. Based on their chemical composition, carotenoids can be divided into two large groups: carotenes (including beta-carotene and lycopene) and xanthophylls (including lutein and zeaxanthin). Carotenoids function as antioxidants in the human body. Carotenoids are provitamins A, the metabolic precursors of vitamin A; beta-carotene is the most important. Both vitamin A and beta-carotene, being powerful antioxidants, are used in the prevention and treatment of cancer, particularly by preventing tumor recurrence after surgery. Both vitamin A and beta-carotene protect brain cell membranes from the destructive effects of free radicals, with beta-carotene neutralizing the most dangerous types of free radicals: polyunsaturated fatty acid radicals and oxygen radicals. The antioxidant action of beta-carotene plays an important role in the prevention of heart and arterial diseases, it has a protective effect in patients with angina, and also increases the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL) in the blood.

Another carotenoid, lycopene, protects against atherosclerosis by preventing oxidation and the accumulation of low-density cholesterol on artery walls. It is also the most potent carotenoid in terms of cancer protection, particularly against breast, endometrial, and prostate cancer [6 - Massaretto I.L. Recovering Tomato Landraces to Simultaneously Improve Fruit Yield and Nutritional Quality Against Salt Stress // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, November, vol. 9]. Lycopene also helps strengthen bones, protect against atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, and helps maintain skin elasticity and strong hair.

Lutein and zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids that protect the eyes: they help prevent cataracts and reduce the risk of macular degeneration (the most important organ of vision), which is the cause of blindness in one in three cases.

Carotenoids themselves are non-toxic, and their formation into vitamin A is enzymatically limited. Therefore, consuming foods containing carotenoids does not result in an overdose of vitamin A, and therefore no upper limit for their consumption has been established [7 - Nilova L.P., Potoroko I.Yu. Carotenoids in plant food systems // Bulletin of South Ural State University, Food and Biotechnology series, 2021, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 54-69].

In ripe red tomatoes, lycopene predominates among carotenoids in the range from 0.9 to 7.7 mg/100 g; while the amount of beta-carotene is from 0.4 to 3.1 mg/100 g; lutein - from 0.1 to 0.6 mg/100 g [7], [8 - Kondratieva I.Yu., Golubkina N.A. Lycopene and beta-carotene in tomato // Vegetables of Russia, 2016, No. 4, pp. 80-83]. New varieties of tomatoes are constantly being created using genetic engineering methods. For example, the tomato variety "Xantomato" is enriched with zeaxanthin, the amount of which is 3.9 mg/100 g, which reaches 50% of the total amount of carotenoids in the fruits [9 - Hermanns A. S. Et al. Carotenoid Pigment Accumulation in Horticultural Plants // Horticultural Plant Journal, 2020, No. 6, pp.343-360].

Anthocyanins are plant polyphenolic compounds that are important for humans and are found in abundance in peppers, raspberries, eggplants, and red cabbage. The following types of biological activity have been proven for anthocyanins: protection against cardiovascular diseases; reduction of capillary fragility and permeability; anticarcinogenic properties; anti-inflammatory effect; antimicrobial activity; improved visual acuity and restoration of rhodopsin [10 - Pisarev D.I. et al. Biological activity of plant polyphenols. Prospects for the use of anthocyanins in medical practice. Scientific news. Series "Medicine. Pharmacy", 2012, No. 10, Issue 18/2, pp. 17-24]. Anthocyanins also help to reduce inflammatory reactions in the intestines during consumption of excess amounts of fats and carbohydrates. Blueberries, which contain a large amount of anthocyanins, are used for the treatment and prevention of diabetes [11 - Chehri A. Phytochemical and pharmacological anti-diabetic properties of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), recommendations for future studies // Primary Care Diabetes, 2022, vol. 16, iss. 1, pp. 27-33].

Thus, the task of increasing the content of carotenoids and anthocyanins in cultivated plants (primarily, in tomato fruits, carotenoids of all groups: both carotenes (beta-carotenes and lycopenes) and xanthophylls (luteins and zeaxanthins)) is relevant.

In principle, the known system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors [3] enables the generation of radiation at wavelengths that coincide with the absorption curves of carotenoids and anthocyanins. However, this does not result in enhanced formation of these compounds, since light emission in these wavelength ranges is carried out at a level that is the maximum permissible (to ensure energy efficiency) and optimal for the plants being grown, while uniform formation of all substances in the plant occurs. As will be shown further in the materials of this application, to ensure enhanced and targeted synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the plant, the use of non-standard pulsed lighting at a level that creates localized light stress in the plant is required. Implementation of such an operating mode in the known system [3] is impossible, including due to the low response time of the devices used to control the intensity of LED radiation, i.e., drivers based on controlled current sources.

To summarize the above, it should be emphasized that the disadvantages of the known system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors [3] consist of its low reliability (associated with the storage of information about the operating modes of all driver groups and LED groups in a single memory block), as well as limited functionality, which is determined by the difficulty of placing a large number of wired spectrum sensors throughout the greenhouse; the inability to quickly and decentralize (on-site) localized lighting of individual zones of the greenhouse with light that is comfortable for workers, and its inability to induce targeted and enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants.

The technical problem addressed by the proposed system is to ensure reliable and efficient cultivation of plant products with maximum carotenoid and anthocyanin content, in conditions that are comfortable for workers.

In order to solve the technical problem, a system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors is proposed, comprising multispectral phyto-irradiators, spectrum sensors, first and second wireless data transmission modules, a control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, implemented on the basis of a computer with a data collection and control platform, the first output of which is connected to the input of the computer, the output of which is connected to the input of the data collection and control platform, each multispectral phyto-irradiator contains groups of light-emitting diodes and groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of LED radiation, K = 4 port controllers, a central controller, current meters and a memory unit, wherein the third output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of the first wireless data transmission module, in each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators the outputs of the K port controllers are connected to the corresponding inputs of the central controller, the outputs of the drivers for controlling the intensity of LED radiation are connected to the inputs of the corresponding current meters, the first outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the corresponding groups of light-emitting diodes, the second outputs The current meters are connected to the inputs of the central controller, the second output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the output of the second wireless data transmission module is connected to any free input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the remaining inputs of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators are connected to each other so that for any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators the input of at least one of the port controllers is connected to the input of any one port controller of any other multispectral phyto-irradiator, the inputs and outputs of all port controllers and the first K inputs of the central controllers of all multispectral phyto-irradiators are implemented as bidirectional.

According to the invention, the system includes first radio transmitting devices, temperature sensors, second radio transmitting devices, third radio transmitting devices, activation buttons, each multispectral phyto-irradiator includes a radio receiving device, control modules, additional memory units and additional groups of light-emitting diodes, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the control modules, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the central controller, the input of which is connected to the output of the radio receiving device, the first output of the central controller is connected to the input of the memory unit, the second outputs of the central controller are connected to the inputs of the additional memory units, the output of the memory unit and the outputs of the additional memory units are connected to the inputs of the drivers for controlling the intensity of LED radiation, the outputs of the spectrum sensors are connected to the inputs of the first radio transmitting devices, the outputs of the temperature sensors are connected to the inputs of the second radio transmitting devices, the outputs of the activation buttons are connected to the inputs of the third radio transmitting devices, the second and third outputs of the data collection and control platform are bidirectional.

The combination of distinctive features and properties of the proposed system are not known from the literature, therefore it meets the criteria of novelty and inventive step.

The technical result of the invention is to increase system reliability by storing information about the operating modes of all driver groups and LED groups separately in different memory units. Furthermore, the technical result of the invention is to increase system efficiency by providing the ability to induce enhanced and targeted biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants; by ensuring the easy placement of spectrum sensors in any desired locations throughout the greenhouse; and by the ability to quickly and decentralize localized illumination of desired areas of the greenhouse with a spectrum comfortable for employees.

The system for forming a light environment for plants grown in closed ground is illustrated in Fig. 1 - Fig. 3.

Fig. 1 shows a system for generating a light environment.

Fig. 2 shows a multispectral phyto-irradiator.

Fig. 3 shows a diagram of the change in time of radiation generated by a multispectral phyto-irradiator.

The system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors (Fig. 1) includes multispectral phyto-irradiators 1, spectrum sensors 2, temperature sensors 3, activation buttons 4, first radio transmitting devices 5, second radio transmitting devices 6, third radio transmitting devices 7, first and second wireless data transmission modules 8 and 9, a control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of multispectral phyto-irradiators 10, implemented on the basis of a computer 11 with a data collection and control platform 12, each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 2) contains a memory unit 13 and additional memory units 14, groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of radiation of LEDs 15, current meters 16, groups of LEDs 17, K = 4 port controllers 18, a central controller 19, control modules 20, additional groups of LEDs 21 and a radio receiving device 22.

The first output of the data collection and control platform 12 (Fig. 1) is connected to the input of the computer 11, the output of which is connected to the input of the data collection and control platform 12, the third output of the data collection and control platform 12 is connected to the input of the first wireless data transmission module 8, in each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 2) the outputs of the K port controllers 18 are connected to the corresponding inputs of the central controller 19, the outputs of the LED radiation intensity control drivers 15 implemented on the basis of controlled current sources are connected to the inputs of the corresponding current meters 16, the first outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the corresponding groups of LEDs 17, the second outputs of the current meters 16 are connected to the inputs of the central controller 19, the second output of the data collection and control platform 12 (Fig. 1) is connected to the input of any of the port controllers 18 (Fig. 2) of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1), the output of the second wireless data transmission module 9 is connected with any free input of any of the port controllers 18 (Fig. 2) of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1), the remaining inputs of the port controllers 18 (Fig. 2) of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1) are connected to each other so that for any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 the input of at least one of the port controllers 18 (Fig. 2) is connected to the input of any one of the port controllers 18 of any other multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 1), the inputs and outputs of all the port controllers 18 (Fig. 2) and the first K inputs of the central controllers 19 of all the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1) are made bidirectional.

In each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 2), the inputs of the additional groups of light-emitting diodes 21 are connected to the outputs of the control modules 20, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the central controller 19, the input of which is connected to the output of the radio receiving device 22, the first output of the central controller 19 is connected to the input of the memory unit 13, the second outputs of the central controller 19 are connected to the inputs of the additional memory units 14, the output of the memory unit 13 and the outputs of the additional memory units 14 are connected to the inputs of the drivers for controlling the radiation intensity of the light-emitting diodes 15, implemented on the basis of controlled current sources, the outputs of the spectrum sensors 2 (Fig. 1) are connected to the inputs of the first radio transmitting devices 5, the outputs of the temperature sensors 3 are connected to the inputs of the second radio transmitting devices 6, the outputs of the activation buttons 4 are connected to the inputs of the third radio transmitting devices 7, the second and third outputs of the data collection and control platform 12 are performed bidirectional.

The system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors operates as follows. A spectrum deemed optimal (i.e., required, desirable, or best) for plants grown in a greenhouse, city farm, phytotron, or growbox is first recorded in computer 11. Hereinafter, without loss of generality, the term "greenhouse" will be used, and for ease of understanding, the phrase "spectrum recording" will be used instead of "recording the spectral parameters of light radiation." The optimal spectrum recorded in computer 11 essentially determines the generated light environment for any time of day, any month, and any time of year for all plants grown in the greenhouse, according to their stage of development. The optimal spectrum recorded in computer 11 can be determined in various ways. Since in natural conditions (open ground), the taste qualities of plants are formed, among other things, due to unique daily fluctuations in illumination and diurnal changes in the spectral composition of solar radiation, then, in order to reproduce in a greenhouse a light environment as close as possible to the light environment of open ground, it is possible to recommend making multi-day, round-the-clock recordings (for its subsequent reproduction in the greenhouse) of the spectrum of natural solar radiation in the immediate vicinity of plants of the same variety (but grown in open ground), and in those regions where their high yields are ensured naturally. For Russia, these can be recordings of the solar spectrum in fruitful years in regions that ensure a consistently high yield of vegetables in open ground conditions. For example, for tomatoes, these can be the Astrakhan Region, the Republic of Dagestan, the Volgograd Region, and the Krasnodar Territory [12 - Korolkova A.P. et al. Economic aspects of the development of vegetable growing in Russia. - M .: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2021, 204 p.].

For their subsequent loading into computer 11, the spectra of the light environment can also be obtained by modeling. In this case, a certain generalized spectrum of solar radiation for different times of the summer day in the middle latitudes of Russia under conditions of a dry and clean atmosphere can be taken as the initial spectrum, for example [13 - Parkhomenko N.G., Kosogor A.A., Degtyarev S.V., Knyazkin D.G., Myasoedov E.A. Conceptual approaches to substantiating the composition of the spectrum of LED phyto-irradiators // Greenhouses of Russia, 2024, No. 3]. The spectral composition of such a generalized initial spectrum at different times of the day is characterized by different ratios between the intensities of blue, green, red and far red light. For the "morning" spectrum, this ratio between the intensities of the specified light looks like 16:24:29:30. For the "daytime" spectrum, this ratio looks like 20:25:31:23. For the “evening” spectrum this ratio looks like 13:21:26:39 [13].

In this case, for the correct representation of diurnal variations in the spectral composition of light radiation, the reference spectrum [13] should be subjected to the influence of all processes changing the relationship between the spectral components during the day using mathematical modeling methods, among which the main ones are Rayleigh molecular scattering and Mie scattering in a turbid medium (on aerosol particles), as well as factors of variable turbidity of the atmosphere (dust, fog); changes in the concentration of arid and anthropogenic aerosols during the day; particle polarization; air density fluctuations; multiple reflections in particle clumps in clouds; the influence of temperature inhomogeneities; the formation of aerosol particles in the atmosphere itself due to chemical reactions; variable illumination [14 - Modern Problems of Atmospheric Optics, in 9 volumes / edited by V.E. Zuev. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat], [15 - Tables on Light Scattering, in 4 volumes / edited by K.S. Shifrin. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat], [16 - Fabelinsky I.L. Molecular scattering of light. - Moscow: Nauka, 1965, 511 p.].

Regardless of how the optimal spectrum recorded in computer 11 was obtained, control actions for adjusting the current spectrum to the optimal spectrum can be transmitted to each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1. Each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 can be assigned its own spectrum and individual operating mode. This capability is highly relevant for large greenhouse farms, where the ability to assign different radiation spectra to different multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (or at least to certain geographically dispersed groups of multispectral phyto-irradiators 1) is important due to the requirement of different optimal spectra by different plants (or identical plants at different stages of their development).

This is ensured by using a central controller 19 (Fig. 2) and K = 4 port controllers 18 in each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1, which makes it possible to connect the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1) to each other in a network of arbitrary topology, wherein, for example, it is possible to connect the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 to each other by the shortest possible links of the following type: the “southern” controller of port 18 (Fig. 2) of one multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 1) is connected to the “northern” controller of port 18 (Fig. 2) of another multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 1); the “eastern” controller of port 18 (Fig. 2) of one multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 is connected to the “western” controller of port 18 (Fig. 2) of another multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 1). The terms "southern," "northern," "eastern," and "western" are herein rather arbitrary and serve to indicate the orientation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 within the greenhouse. In any case, the use of connections between the controllers of port 18 (Fig. 2) of different multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1) allows computer 11 to access any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 and set its individual operating mode, i.e., its radiation spectrum. All multispectral phyto-irradiators 1, connected in the network, communicate with the intensity and spectral composition control unit 10 of the multispectral phyto-irradiators via a wireless communication channel through the first and second wireless data transmission modules 8 and 9, as well as via a wired channel, which is the second output of data collection and control platform 12.

The current spectrum is measured by spectrum sensors 2 and transmitted via first radio transmitting devices 5 to radio receiving devices 22 (Fig. 2) via radio channels. Any wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LoRa and others can be used as radio channels. In this case, it is not required that radio receiving devices 22 receive a signal only from a specific spectrum sensor 2 (Fig. 1) via “their” first radio transmitting device 5. Radio receiving devices 22 (Fig. 2) receive information from all available first radio transmitting devices 5 and transmit this information to computer 11 via a wired channel through the second input-output of data collection and control platform 12 (Fig. 1) and the first and second wireless data transmission modules 8 and 9. In this case, each spectrum sensor 2 (as well as each temperature sensor 3), when transmitting information about the spectrum (and temperature sensor 3 - about the temperature), also transmits its unique number - the identifier - via its first radio transmitter 5. When spectrum sensors 2 are initially deployed throughout the greenhouse, information about the locations of spectrum sensors 2, linked to their individual identifiers, is entered into computer 11. This enables the transmission of information about the intensity and spectrum of the light environment at each desired point within the greenhouse to computer 11 via wireless transmission channels, unlike the prototype [3], where such information is received from the spectrum sensors via wired communication lines.

The elimination of the need to use wired spectrum sensors to assess the current state of the light environment in the greenhouse expands the functionality of the proposed system compared to the prototype, as it allows for the free placement of spectrum sensors in any desired locations, including on racks, side structures, or under the canopy of a multi-tiered phytocenosis.

Similarly, computer 11 receives information from wireless temperature sensors 3. The current temperature is measured by temperature sensors 3, and this information is transmitted via second radio transmitters 6 to radio receivers 22 (Fig. 2). Any wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LoRa, and others can be used as radio channels. In this case, it is not required that the radio receiving devices 22 receive the signal of only a specific temperature sensor 3 (Fig. 1) via “their” second radio transmitting device 6. The radio receiving devices 22 (Fig. 2) receive information from all available second radio transmitting devices 6 (Fig. 1), and then transmit this information to the computer 11 via a wired channel through the second input-output of the data collection and control platform 12 and the first and second wireless data transmission modules 8 and 9. In this case, each temperature sensor 3 (as well as each spectrum sensor 2), when transmitting information about the temperature (and the spectrum sensor 2 - about the spectrum), also transmits its unique number - the identifier - via its second radio transmitter 6. When the temperature sensors 3 are initially placed throughout the greenhouse, information about the locations of the temperature sensors 3 is entered into the computer 11 with reference to their individual identifiers. This makes it possible to transmit information about the temperature at each required point of the greenhouse to the computer 11 via wireless information transmission channels. It should be noted that in the prototype [3] information about temperature is not taken into account at all when determining the intensity of optimal radiation, which reduces the accuracy of the system [3].

The information thus obtained from spectrum sensors 2 and temperature sensors 3 is input into computer 11 via data collection and control platform 12, where the deviation of the current spectrum from the optimal value is calculated for each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1. Based on the calculated deviation, the intensity of each light environment (including natural light and the radiation emitted by multispectral phyto-irradiators 1) is adjusted toward the optimal value. Moreover, unlike the prototype, when calculating the light intensity in computer 11 for each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1, not only the deviation of the current spectrum from the optimal value in its zone of responsibility will be taken into account, but also the temperature in the same zone of the greenhouse. This expands the functionality of the claimed system in comparison with the prototype, since it allows for more precise setting of the intensity of light radiation for the grown plants, since it is known that excess light is a stress factor for plants, and the magnitude of stress from excess light increases with decreasing temperature due to a decrease in the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus [17 - Fedolov Yu.P. Photosynthesis and respiration of plants. - Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2019, 101 p.].

The control information can be transmitted to each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 either via a wireless protocol between the first and second wireless data transmission modules 8 and 9, or from the second output of the data collection and control platform 10 to the input of the port controller 18 of one of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1. As was shown above, any currently used protocol can be used as a wireless protocol for transmitting information to the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1, in particular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LoRa, etc.

The radiation from each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 is reproduced by groups of LEDs 17 (Fig. 2) as the sum of their monochrome emissions with adjustable intensity amplitudes. The amplitudes of the monochrome components are selected by adjusting the current of the LED intensity control drivers 15, implemented using controlled current sources, so that the total spectrum of the light environment (taking into account the temperature in a given section of the greenhouse) corresponds as closely as possible to the optimal spectrum stored in computer 11 (Fig. 1).

The emission spectrum of multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 is formed as a sum of monochrome emissions from groups of light-emitting diodes 17 (Fig. 2) with partial emission peaks corresponding to different wavelengths. Each monochrome emission is formed by identical groups of light-emitting diodes 17, with the maximum emission intensity amplitude occurring at the wavelength corresponding to these light-emitting diodes. The wavelength ranges, each of which must contain at least one monochrome emission from light-emitting diodes, are selected from the generally accepted series: ultraviolet; violet light; blue light; cyan light; green light; yellow light; orange light; red light; far red light.

The division of ultraviolet radiation into sub-ranges and the boundaries of these sub-ranges accepted in Russian science correspond to the international standard ISO/DIS 21348 [18 - ISO/DIS 21348. Space environment (natural and artificial). Process for determining solar irradiances, 2007]: ultraviolet C (100-280 nm); ultraviolet B (280-315 nm) and ultraviolet A (315-400 nm).

As for the ranges of the visible part of the spectrum, there are several options for designating the boundaries of color ranges in the domestic literature. In particular, on p. 18 of Table 1.2 of the work [19 - Color Science and Fundamentals of Colorimetry: Textbook and Workshop for the Academic Bachelor's Degree / V.P. Lyutov, P.A. Chetverkin, G.Yu. Golovastikov. - Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2018, 222 p.], four different options (according to A.V. Peryshkin, S.S. Alekseev, K.L. Mertz and N.F. Efremov) for defining the boundaries of color ranges are given. The authors of the claimed system were guided by the option for defining the boundaries of color ranges according to S.S. Alekseev: [19], p. 18, Table 1.2. In principle, the boundaries of the ranges of the visible part of the spectrum can be determined with certain assumptions. For the claimed system, more important is the number of monochrome emissions that can be reproduced in the generated spectrum.

Thus, in the proposed system, the wavelength ranges, in each of which at least one monochrome LED emission must be present, are selected from the following series: ultraviolet B (280-315 nm); ultraviolet A (315-400 nm); violet light (400-430 nm); blue light (430-480 nm); light blue light (480-500 nm); green light (500-570 nm); yellow light (570-590 nm); orange light (590-630 nm); red (630-800 nm); far red (800-1000 nm).

A wide range of monochrome LEDs with different color ranges is currently available on the market. It is recommended to use the maximum number of different types of LEDs (with different spectral peak values), even if they fall within the same spectral color range, allowing for more precise generation of the desired overall spectrum.

In addition to the monochrome LED groups 17, the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (Fig. 1) utilize LED groups 17 (Fig. 2) based on full-spectrum white LEDs with varying color temperatures. Thus, the optical radiation of the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (Fig. 1), in addition to the monochrome components, also includes radiation from full-spectrum white LEDs with a broad spectral composition.

Regulation of the spectrum of white LEDs by changing the intensity of this spectrum by the control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of multispectral phyto-irradiators 10 allows for uniformly changing the radiation spectrum of multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 in all secondary ranges.

In order to ensure the possibility of autonomous operation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 (for example, in the event of a failure of the computer 11, or the entire control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators 10), information about the specified operating mode of each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 is recorded in its memory unit 13 (Fig. 2) and additional memory units 14. It should be especially emphasized that, in contrast to the prototype system [3], in the claimed system, the recording of the specified operating mode of each multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 occurs not in a single memory unit, but in several memory units 13 and 14, each of which sets the operating mode of its driver for controlling the radiation intensity of the LEDs 7 (Fig. 2). This increases the reliability of the claimed system in comparison with the prototype [3], since in the event of failure of the computer 11 and the memory unit in the prototype system, the entire multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 becomes inoperative, whereas in the event of similar failures in the claimed system, only one group of LEDs 17 will be inoperative, which will lead to much less significant changes in the integral luminous flux of the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 with a failed memory unit.

It is obvious that such a design ensures a higher reliability of the entire claimed system in comparison with the prototype [3] due to the provision of countermeasures for possible failures of memory blocks 13 and 14, since the failure of memory block 13 or 14, leading to the inoperability of one group of LEDs 17 (for example, red light), can be compensated for by a corresponding increase in the current of similar groups of LEDs 17 of the same light (in our example, red). In order to detect the fact of non-operability of each of the groups of LEDs 17 (associated with the failure of the memory unit 13 or additional memory units 14), between the drivers for controlling the intensity of the LED radiation 15, implemented on the basis of controlled current sources, and the corresponding groups of LEDs 17, current meters 16 are connected, transmitting the results of measuring the strength of the flowing current (in the case of non-operability of the group of LEDs 17 - close to zero value) via a digital interface to the central controller 19. In the case of non-operability of one of the groups of LEDs 17 (for example, red light), a corresponding increase in the current strength in the remaining groups of LEDs 17 of the same color (red light), can occur according to the control actions of the central controller 19 without the participation of the computer 11 (Fig. 1), which increases the reliability and survivability of the system as a whole.

Providing the ability for multispectral phyto-irradiators 1 to operate autonomously and to operate for a certain period of time without connection to the computer 11 is relevant, since it allows, without disrupting the operation of multispectral phyto-irradiators 1, not only to counter failures (freezing) of the computer 11, but also provides the ability to reboot the programs of the computer 11 or the ability for it to operate not on controlling the system for forming the light environment for plants grown in closed soil, but on modeling a variable solar spectrum, as described earlier, in order to prepare for work with other plant crops.

Unlike the prototype, the proposed system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors offers expanded functionality, enabling the rapid and efficient generation of a light environment with parameters (intensity and spectral composition) that ensure comfortable work for greenhouse workers harvesting crops or maintaining utilities in the relevant area of the greenhouse. To implement this operating mode (providing a comfortable light environment for workers in the desired greenhouse area), third radio transmitting devices 7 are used, which are switched to continuous emission mode by activation buttons 4. These third radio transmitting devices 7 are compact transmitters/beacons for signals of protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LoRa, and others. Such third radio transmitting devices 7 are distributed to all greenhouse employees, who switch them to the mode of continuous transmission during long-term work in a certain section of the greenhouse by pressing the corresponding activation button 4. After a greenhouse employee presses his activation button 4 (which signifies the beginning of a sufficiently long work of the employee in a specific section), the corresponding third radio transmitting device 7 switches to the mode of continuous transmission of a circular message containing the unique identifier of the third radio transmitting device 7 (as an option - the employee's personnel number).

Unlike the first radio transmitters 5 and the second radio transmitters 6, whose range is ensured to be as great as possible, the power of the third radio transmitter 7 is selected such that, when switched to active mode (transmission), its signal can be received only by the nearest radio receivers 22 (Fig. 2). This solution makes it possible to organize comfortable lighting conditions only in the immediate vicinity of the greenhouse worker who has activated his third radio transmitter by pressing the activation button 4 (Fig. 1). After a radio receiver 22 (Fig. 2) receives a signal from any third radio transmitter 7 (Fig. 1), the following actions occur. The signal about the reception of such a signal is sent to the corresponding central controller 19 (Fig. 2), where the verification procedure is initiated. The procedure may consist of either a request for confirmation from computer 11 (Fig. 1) for permission to respond to such a signal, or of waiting for the reception of subsequent messages from third radio transmitting devices 7, in order to exclude erroneous system actions associated with the accidental activation of activation button 4 by some employee. Upon receipt of such signals, central controller 19 (Fig. 2) of a certain multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 concludes that work on harvesting crops has begun in the area of its “responsibility” and switches groups of LEDs 17 to a mode that ensures the formation of a comfortable light environment for the vision of greenhouse workers during harvesting or other work in a certain area of the greenhouse (for example, by switching the drivers for controlling the intensity of LED radiation 15, implemented on the basis of controlled current sources, to a state of forming a solar spectrum of the type [13] for the corresponding time of day). This mode is of particular importance if a spectrum of the “red + blue” type, which is unnatural for vision, without a green light component, was used to grow plants in the greenhouse. In this case, before switching the drivers for controlling the intensity of the LED radiation 15, implemented on the basis of controlled current sources, to the state of generating lighting comfortable for the eyesight of the greenhouse employees, the central controller 19 ensures for some time (about a minute) the emission by the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 of such light, in which the intensity of far-red light in relation to the intensity of red light is not less than 1.7: 1 [20 - Ashdown I. Far-Red Lighting And The Phytochromes / https://www.allthingslighting.org/far-red-lighting-and-the-phytochromes]. This imposes a sleep mode on the cultivated plants, in which the plants with less stress endure the removal of their fruits during harvesting. The cessation of the emission of special light for harvesting occurs in the event of a prolonged absence of signals from any third radio transmitting devices 7 (Fig. 1) at the input of the radio receiving devices 22, or by a general command from the computer 11 when the lighting in the greenhouse is turned off.

The system's operation under traditional plant cultivation conditions, using a predetermined constant spectrum, was described above. Such a spectrum can either be close to the spectrum of natural solar radiation or have a specially selected, specific formula (the ratios between the intensities of spectral components) that differentiates it from the solar spectrum. The term "constant" spectrum in this context implies that the spectrum may be subject to only minor adjustments over time depending on the time of day, plant development stage, and greenhouse temperature, and does not imply abrupt (pulsed on a time scale of seconds) changes in its intensity and the ratios between spectral components.

Meanwhile, the claimed system is capable of operating in a specially organized pulse mode to ensure targeted and enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants (which is unachievable in the prototype method), for which a pulse mode of operation of additional groups of LEDs 21 (Fig. 2) is used and their control is not through drivers, but by means of driverless high-speed control modules 20.

As noted above, the task of maximizing the content of such substances as carotenoids and anthocyanins in grown plants is relevant for greenhouse production, both from the point of view of enhancing the beneficial medicinal and prophylactic properties of plant foods, and from the point of view of improving the organoleptic properties of products (appearance, color, smell, taste) [21 - Soboleva O.M., Sukhikh A.S. Tomatoes with anthocyanin coloring of fruits - a promising direction in vegetable growing in Russia // Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University, 2019, No. 4 (174), pp. 12-20].

To solve the problem of creating conditions in a greenhouse for enhanced formation (biosynthesis) of carotenoids and anthocyanins in a plant, it should be noted that carotenoids and anthocyanins (along with chlorophylls) are photopigments that regulate energy processes in the plant. The absorption spectrum of carotenoids is in the range from 280 nm to 550 nm [22 - Maslova T.G. et al. Functions of carotenoids in the leaves of higher plants (review) // Journal of General Biology, 2020, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 297-310], the absorption spectrum of anthocyanins is in the range from 300 to 600 nm [23 - Deineka L.A. Features of spectrophotometric determination of monomeric anthocyanins // Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 510-515]. In some plants, the absorption spectra of these photopigments may differ slightly from the values given, but this is not fundamental. It is important that, in addition to participating in the process of photosynthesis, carotenoids and anthocyanins perform photoprotective functions in the plant, taking on excess sunlight, as well as antioxidant functions, absorbing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are dangerous for the plant, which also appear with an increased level of photosynthesis (associated with excessively high levels of illumination). Photoprotective and antioxidant functions of carotenoids are discussed in detail in the work [22]. Similar functions of anthocyanins are discussed in the work [24 - Golovko TK Plant anthocyanins: structure, regulation of biosynthesis, functions, ecology // Plant Physiology, 2023, Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 701-714].

The processes of carotenoid biosynthesis in the form of three successive stages (desaturation, cyclization and oxidation) are discussed in detail in the work [25 - Efremov G.I. Analysis of structural and regulatory genes of carotenoid biosynthesis in cultivated and wild tomato species Solanum section Lycopersion / Dissertation for the degree of Cand. Sci. (Biol.), St. Petersburg, Federal Research Center All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov, 2024, 175 p.].

In [25], it was noted that light, as a key environmental factor, significantly influences carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato fruits, and the regulatory mechanism differs from a similar mechanism in tomato leaves. Increased carotenoid synthesis under high-intensity blue light conditions is described in [26 - Liorente B. Tt al. Illuminating colors: regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation by light // Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2017, No. 37, pp. 49-55] and [Manipulation of the Blue Light Photoreceptor Cryptochrome 2 in Tomato Affects Vegetative Development, Flowering Time, and Fruit Antioxidant Content // Plant Physiology, 2005, January, Vol. 137, pp. 199-208].

The processes of anthocyanin biosynthesis are discussed in detail in the work [27 - Maslennikov P.V. Ecological aspects of accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in plants / Abstract of dissertation for the degree of Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad State University, 2003, 24 p.]. The work [27] shows that anthocyanin synthesis is especially active when exposed to high-intensity light in the blue and far-red regions of the spectrum.

The work [28 - Stewart J.J. Growth and Essential Carotenoid Micronutrients in Lemna Gibba as a Function of Growth Light Intensity // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020, May] emphasizes that it is abnormally high light levels (above the saturation point of photosynthesis) that induce plants to accumulate photoprotective pigments.

Thus, it should be noted that what carotenoids and anthocyanins have in common is the ability to undergo increased biosynthesis in plant tissues when exposed to high-intensity light in the blue part of the spectrum (for anthocyanins, also far red).

In order to organize the enhanced synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the grown plants, the proposed system provides for a pulsed mode of operation of additional groups of LEDs 21, and with precisely such an intensity that the total luminous flux of the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 (created by groups of LEDs 17 and additional groups of LEDs 21) is guaranteed to introduce the plant into a state of short-term light stress. In principle, the additional groups of LEDs 21 can include LEDs of the same wavelengths as the groups of LEDs 17, but in order to increase the "efficiency" of such a pulsed mode of operation, taking into account the short duration of the period of created light stress, the additional groups of LEDs 21 can include only LEDs with wavelengths that coincide with the maxima of the absorption curves of the said photopigments, namely from 420 nm to 530 nm for carotenoids [29 - Tyutyaev E.V. Study of the physicochemical properties of carotenoids under the influence of temperature and changes in the genetic profile of the cell / Dissertation for the degree of Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Saransk, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev”, 2016, 153 p.] and from 500 nm to 650 nm for anthocyanins [23].

It should be emphasized that driverless control modules 20 are used for pulsed activation of additional LED groups 21, as groups of LED intensity control drivers 15 implemented using controlled current sources are fundamentally unsuitable for controlling LEDs in pulsed mode. This is due to the use of pulse-width modulation (PWM) in these drivers 15, which determines their high accuracy in maintaining a preset average current flowing through the LEDs, but at the same time results in low driver response time due to the presence of relatively long transient processes in the control circuit. In order to ensure the fastest possible switching on of the additional groups of LEDs 21, the claimed system uses driverless control modules 20, which are essentially switched sources of standardized current that determines the intensity of the radiation of the additional group of LEDs 21 [30 - Sheckle P. Driverless LED emitters with an efficiency of up to 93% and without visible flickering // Semiconductor lighting, 2014, No. 6, pp. 50-51]. Thus, in the claimed system for controlling the LEDs, two types of control devices are used: for precisely setting the values of the components of the spectrum of the total light environment in the greenhouse, relatively slow groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of the radiation of the LEDs 15 are used; for pulsed transition to the mode of local light stress of plants, control modules 20 with fast switched elements for discrete setting of the LED currents are used.

In any case, to control additional groups of LEDs 21, when the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 is operating in the mode of enhanced synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins, other control devices are required than groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of LED radiation 15. This is due to the fact that a detailed analysis of actual data on the failure of LED luminaires has shown that almost three-quarters of all luminaire failures are associated with driver failures, and the probability of driver failures is almost 10 times higher than the probability of failure of the LEDs themselves [31 - https://led-e.ru/lighting/srok-sluzhby-svetilnikov]. Based on this, in order to minimize the failure of the entire multispectral phyto-irradiator 1, to control the LEDs in an additional, and also heavy, pulsed mode, additional (in relation to the groups of LED 15 radiation intensity control drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources) control modules 20 are used together with the corresponding additional groups of LEDs 21, intended for operation in a pulsed mode.

The system operates in the mode of enhanced targeted synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in cultivated plants as follows (we will consider one multispectral phyto-irradiator 1). Upon command from computer 11 (Fig. 1), central controller 19 (Fig. 2) periodically sends corresponding commands via control modules 20 to additional groups of LEDs 21 for their pulsed switching on and off (see Fig. 3). Synchronously with these pulsed switching on and off of additional groups of LEDs 21, central controller 19 smoothly regulates the radiation intensity of groups of LEDs 17 via groups of LED intensity control drivers 15 implemented on the basis of controlled current sources.

The diagram of the change in time of the radiation generated by the multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 in the mode of enhanced synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants is shown in Fig. 3. The graphs in Fig. 3 reflect the change in time of the photon irradiance (measured in μmol/( ^s⋅m2 )), where graph a) shows the change in time of the photon irradiance created by the total radiation of the LED phyto-irradiator 1; graph b) shows the change in time of the photon irradiance created by the additional groups of LEDs 21; graph c) shows the change in time of the photon irradiance created by the groups of LEDs 17. The nature of dependencies b) and c) in Fig. 3 reflects the specifics of the operation of various groups of LEDs, which is determined by the methods of their control: a pulsed method of switching on additional groups of LEDs 21 and a smooth method of adjusting the intensity of the radiation of groups of LEDs 17.

The operation of the claimed system in the mode of stimulating plants to enhanced synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins begins at time t ₁ . Before this moment, at an arbitrary preceding time t _{0 ,} the system maintains the level of photon irradiance (illumination) at the required optimal level. by regulating the intensity of the radiation of the LED groups 17 according to the algorithm described earlier. In this case, the readings of the spectrum sensors 2 (Fig. 1) and temperature sensors 3 are taken into account. At the moment of time t _1, the central controller 19 (Fig. 2) turns on an additional group of LEDs 21 so that the total radiation of the entire multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 is guaranteed to exceed the level of photon irradiance (illumination) at which the plant experiences light stress. As an example, for a tomato crop, the optimal level of photon irradiance (illuminance) is can range from 200 μmol/( ^s⋅m2 ) to 300 μmol/( ^s⋅m2 ) depending on the variety and other conditions [31 - Ryabin Ya. What kind of light do tomatoes like? Creating a light menu / https://growergood.ru/blog/kak-osveschat-tomaty]. In accordance with this, the value of photon irradiance (illumination) at which tomato experiences light stress, can be taken at a level exceeding 2000 μmol/(s⋅m ² ). When choosing a value the readings of temperature sensors 3 (Fig. 1) are taken into account, namely: the value can be selected the lower the temperature in the greenhouse in accordance with the following chain of reasoning: the lower the temperature, the lower the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant, the higher the level of photoprotective pigments produced in the plant to protect against light stress at the same level of illumination [32 - Titova M.S. Comparative analysis of the accumulation of carotenoids in needles // Pacific Medical Journal, 2014, No. 2, pp. 48-50]. A reduced level of E _stress can also be recommended based on the goal of ensuring protection from damage to the skin of plant fruits in order to preserve their attractiveness as a commodity.

From the moment of time _t1 to the moment of time _t3, the central controller 19 (Fig. 2) does not issue control actions to the LED groups 17 and additional LED groups 21 to bring the current spectrum into line with the optimal spectrum (as occurs in the normal operating mode of the system), but controls the operation of the LED groups 17 and additional LED groups 21 according to a special algorithm described below. In this case, the radiation intensity of the LED groups 17 and, accordingly, the photon irradiance (illuminance) created by them decreases from the level to the level during the time A t ₂ from the moment of time t ₁ to the moment of time t ₂ (see graph c) of Fig. 3). The radiation intensity of the additional groups of LEDs 21 increases stepwise (see graph b) of Fig. 3), and this increase occurs with such increments that at any moment in time in the interval of duration Δt ₂ from the moment of time t ₁ to the moment of time t ₂ the total photon irradiance (illuminance) of the entire multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 does not decrease below the stress value

Thus, the period of time Δt ₂ from time t ₁ to time t ₂ is the duration of exposure of the plant to local light stress. The duration Δt ₂ of light stress on plants depends on the variety of the plant being grown, its ontogenesis phase, and other factors. For tomato crops, Δt ₂ can range from 0.5 seconds to 30 seconds. The repetition period of stress on plants Δt ₁ should be a value many times greater than Δt ₂ (for example, for Δt ₂ equal to 10 seconds, the value Δt ₁ can range from 10 to 20 minutes). Thus, during the period of time Δt ₂ from time t ₁ to time t _2, the system creates a special light environment of dosed light stress for plants. At this point, plants activate mechanisms to protect against light stress, including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence by carotenoid and anthocyanin molecules. Simultaneously, the biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins as photoprotective compounds is enhanced. High levels of photon irradiance (illuminance) stimulate increased production of carotenoids and anthocyanins in plants. On the other hand, the relatively short ratio of the duration of the light stress phase, _Δt2, to the period of its repetition, _Δt1, does not significantly negatively impact the development of the plants.

At time t _2, plants are irradiated with light radiation at a stress level (not lower than ) ends. In this case, the central controller 19 abruptly switches off the additional groups of LEDs 21 via the control modules 20. It should be especially noted that the return to the normal operating mode of the entire multispectral phyto-irradiator 1 does not occur abruptly, but gradually from time t ₂ to time t ₃ over time Δt ₄ (see graph c) in Fig. 3). This is due to the non-zero relaxation time of the protective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of NPQ in plants [33 - Souza D. et al. Soybean photosynthesis and crop yield are improved by accelerating recovery from photoprotection // Science, August, 2022, No. 377, pp. 851-854], [Kromdijk J. Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection // Science, November, 2016].

The relaxation time Δt ₄ (see graph c) in Fig. 3) of the NPQ defense mechanism can be 100 seconds or more, depending on external conditions and the type of plant being grown [34 - Murakami A. et al. How much heat does non-photochemical quenching produce? // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2024, March]. At this time, illumination of the plant with the same level of photon irradiance (illumination) firstly, it would interfere with the return of the plant's NPQ protective mechanisms to an inactive state, and secondly, it would lead to an irrational use of electrical energy (possible electrical energy losses are shown in the graph in Fig. 3 in the form of a shaded sector). In order to return the plant's NPQ protective mechanisms in a natural manner to a state in which these mechanisms do not interfere with the processes of photosynthesis, as well as to save electrical energy, an increase in the radiation intensity of LED groups 17 (to such a level that the photonic irradiance they create is ), comes from the level to the level during the time Size can be selected close to the level that is created in tomatoes in open ground in shaded conditions. A value can be recommended select equal to 1/3 to 1/5 of the selected value In this case, one should expect the absence of a localized yield reduction effect in the period from t ₂ to t ₃ [35 - Bhuiyan R., Iersel MW Only Extreme Fluctuations in Light Levels Reduce Lettuce Growth Under Sole Source Lighting // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021, January]. Selected values determine the discreteness in time stepwise change in the radiation intensity of additional groups of LEDs 21.

After relaxation (return to the inactive state) of the non-photosynthetic quenching mechanism NPQ at time _t3 , the system switches to the normal mode, in which the central controller 19, based on the error signals received from the computer 11, brings the current spectrum into line with the optimal spectrum. This continues until time _t4 , at which a new cycle of enhanced synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins begins according to the algorithm described above. The generalized time graph in Fig. 3 can be represented starting from time _t0 by the following phases: optimal spectrum - sharp light stress of duration _Δt2 - sharp transition to the shade spectrum - smooth increase in illumination over time _Δt4 - optimal spectrum.

The above values as well as the values of time durations are examples and should be clarified either in practice or through appropriate mathematical modeling. It is preferable to organize a regime for the targeted synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins either in designated areas of the greenhouse or during times when the greenhouse is occupied by a minimum number of employees (nighttime). In any case, if the specified value is selected at such a high level that it is uncomfortable for the eyesight, for additional protection of the eyesight of greenhouse workers it is recommended to use third radio transmitting devices 7 (Fig. 1) with corresponding activation buttons 8.

In this case, third radio transmitting devices 7 with corresponding activation buttons 4 are issued to greenhouse employees and perform functions similar to their functions in creating comfortable lighting during harvesting. In this case, central controller 19 (Fig. 2), having received information from radio receiving device 22 about the reception of a signal from any third radio transmitting device 7 (Fig. 1), prohibits the activation of additional groups of LEDs 21 (Fig. 2) for the entire period when radio receiving device 22 receives a signal from the third radio transmitting device 7 (Fig. 1).

The organization of control of the radiation intensity of the groups of LEDs 17 (Fig. 2) and the groups of LEDs 21 according to the algorithm described above makes it possible to stimulate increased synthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the grown plants, without leading to a decrease in the yield of the grown crops.

Thus, in comparison with the prototype [3], the claimed system for generating a light environment for plants grown in closed ground has increased reliability (which is ensured by storing information about the operating modes of all driver groups and LED groups in a group of memory blocks), as well as expanded functionality, which is determined by the ease of placement of a significant number of wireless spectrum sensors throughout the greenhouse; the ability to quickly and decentralize (depending on the situation) the local illumination of individual zones of the greenhouse with light that is comfortable for workers and the ability to stimulate in plants a targeted and enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins, which determine the organoleptic and beneficial properties of the grown plant products.

Claims (1)

A system for generating a light environment for plants grown indoors, comprising multispectral phyto-irradiators, spectrum sensors, first and second wireless data transmission modules, a control unit for the intensity and spectral composition of the radiation of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, implemented on the basis of a computer with a data collection and control platform, the first output of which is connected to the input of the computer, the output of which is connected to the input of the data collection and control platform, each multispectral phyto-irradiator contains groups of light-emitting diodes and groups of drivers implemented on the basis of controlled current sources for controlling the intensity of the radiation of the light-emitting diodes, K = 4 port controllers, a central controller, current meters and a memory unit, wherein the third output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of the first wireless data transmission module, in each of the multispectral phyto-irradiators the outputs of the K port controllers are connected to the corresponding inputs of the central controller, the outputs of the drivers for controlling the intensity of the radiation of the light-emitting diodes are connected to the inputs of the corresponding current meters, the first outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the corresponding groups of light-emitting diodes, the second outputs of the current meters are connected with the inputs of the central controller, the second output of the data collection and control platform is connected to the input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the output of the second wireless data transmission module is connected to any free input of any of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators, the remaining inputs of the port controllers of any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators are connected to each other so that for any of the multispectral phyto-irradiators the input of at least one port controller is connected to the input of one port controller of any other multispectral phyto-irradiator, the inputs and outputs of all port controllers and the first K inputs of the central controllers of all multispectral phyto-irradiators are made bidirectional, characterized in that first radio transmitting devices, temperature sensors, second radio transmitting devices, third radio transmitting devices, activation buttons are introduced into it, a radio receiving device, control modules, additional memory units and additional groups of LEDs are introduced into each multispectral phyto-irradiator, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the control modules, the inputs which are connected to the outputs of the central controller, the input of which is connected to the output of the radio receiving device, the first output of the central controller is connected to the input of the memory unit, the second outputs of the central controller are connected to the inputs of additional memory units, the output of the memory unit and the outputs of the additional memory units are connected to the inputs of the drivers for controlling the intensity of LED radiation, the outputs of the spectrum sensors are connected to the inputs of the first radio transmitting devices, the outputs of the temperature sensors are connected to the inputs of the second radio transmitting devices, the outputs of the activation buttons are connected to the inputs of the third radio transmitting devices, the second and third outputs of the data collection and control platform are bidirectional.