RU2724137C1 - Method of snow melioration - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of controlling temperature and water conditions of soil in regions with stable snow cover. After snow thickness is achieved, which provides formation of snow rollers of specified height, winter strip outcropping of soil from snow is performed with formation of snow rolls. It is carried out, mainly, across direction of prevailing winds in winter period. Snow rolls are formed over stripped soil strips over their entire length in the form of arched ceilings between their lateral sides by sealing snow removed from them. Supports of adjacent snow rollers are located next to each other. Air cavities are formed between soil surface and inner surface of snow roll vaults. Air contained therein is isolated from cold atmosphere by filling their inlets/outlets on their edges with snow. Before melting, solid snow depth is made so that its melting rate is increased in the range from natural to moisture absorption rate of meter soil layer without formation of melt water on its surface.

EFFECT: reduced power consumption and resource of equipment for formation and shift of rolls, increased amount of moisture in meter layer of soil, period for vegetation of plants and crop.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for controlling the temperature and water regimes of the soil and can be used to improve the efficiency of the industry in regions with stable snow cover, food security of the country and food export.

There is a method of protecting soil from erosion, in which snow reclamation is carried out by strip blackening of snow before snow melting, depending on the thickness of the snow cover, with strips of blackening width of 7-30 cm and the distance between strips of 0.5-2.0 meters (RF Patent No. 2019936. А01В 13/16. Method of soil protection against erosion. Shalakhanov SI, Ponomareva GF, Maksimova LS, Shabarova AI Publ. 30.09.1994).

The disadvantage of this method is to accelerate the melting of snow with still frozen soil, the accumulation of melt water on it, its runoff, soil erosion, a decrease in moisture, plant productivity and industry efficiency.

A known method of snow reclamation, including winter strip exposure of the soil from the snow with the formation of snow rolls and spring strip exposure of the soil at the location of the winter rolls by shifting them to frozen soil, characterized in that, in order to increase efficiency by increasing the accumulation of moisture in the frozen layer of soil, exposure of snow from snow in winter is carried out two times in a strip, while snow rolls are located on both sides of the exposed strip, forming double rolls after the second exposure (Patent RF №2007058. А01В 13/00. Method of snow reclamation. Kostrov P. I., Goryaev V.E., Demin V.A. Publ. 02.15.1994).

The disadvantages of the method are depriving part of the soil surface of natural thermal insulation when it is exposed from the snow, in its relatively large coefficient of thermal conductivity, in the large contact surface of the snow rolls with the soil, in increasing the heat loss from it into the cold atmosphere, the depth of its freezing, the duration of its thawing in spring , shifting sowing to a later date and decreasing the period for plant vegetation, in melting snow before thawing of the soil, accumulation, dripping of melt water and erosion from it, in reducing moisture in its meter layer, plant productivity, industry efficiency, food security of the country and food exports.

The disadvantages of the method are the increase in the mass of snow on a unit surface of the soil during its spring exposure, shear and formation of rolls, the duration of their thawing, the displacement of sowing to a later date, the reduction of the period for plant vegetation, their productivity, industry efficiency, food security of the country and food export.

The disadvantages of the method are the cost of energy, technical resources, labor and financial resources for unproductive education and shift rolls, which reduces the efficiency of the industry, food security of the country and export of food.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the industry, food security of the country and food exports.

The technical result of the problem to be solved is to reduce the energy consumption and resource of the equipment for the formation and shift of the rolls, to increase the amount of moisture in the meter layer of soil, the period for plant vegetation, and yield.

The technical problem is solved by strip exposing soil from snow by the snowfalls of a cultivator moving across the field with a tractor while simultaneously compacting the snow removed by them from the soil strips and forming snow rolls from it above the exposed soil strips in the form of arches between their lateral sides, creating soil arches between the surface of the soil strips and snow rolls of air cavities, isolation of air from the atmosphere in them, thermal insulation of the soil from the cold atmosphere by the air of the cavities, snow rolls and subsequent snow cover, increase in soil temperature by the Earth’s heat, termination of its freezing, thawing by spring, creation of maximum potential moisture capacity in its meter layer before the snow melts, it is regulated by continuous blackening before snow melting, an increase in the speed of its melting, the amount of moisture in the meter layer of soil and the period for plant vegetation.

In the proposed method of snow reclamation, winter strip outcrop of the soil is carried out after the snow cover reaches the thickness necessary for the formation of snow rolls of the required height, for example, more than 0.1 meters. Strip exposure of the soil is carried out mainly across the direction of the prevailing winds. Snow rolls are formed over exposed strips of soil along their entire length in the form of arched ceilings between their lateral sides. Snow rolls are compacted during their formation to increase strength. The supports of neighboring snow rolls are predominantly located nearby. Air cavities form the surface of exposed soil stripes and the surface of the inner arches of snow rolls, the air in which is isolated from the atmosphere by filling their end entrances and exits with snow. Snow precipitation and intensification of snow retention by ridges of snow rolls increase the thickness of the snow cover over the soil. The soil is insulated with air from air cavities, snow rolls and an increasing thickness of the snow cover, which reduces the specific power of the heat flux coming from it to the cold atmosphere less than the specific power of the heat flux coming from the depths of the Earth to its surface. The heat of the Earth increases the temperature of the soil, stops its freezing, thaws it by the beginning of snow melting, thereby increasing its potential moisture capacity to a maximum value and the period for plant vegetation.

Before the beginning of snow melting, they make an adjustable continuous blackening of the surface of the snow cover, reduce its reflectivity (albedo) by several times, proportionally increase the amount of solar radiation going to melt. The degree of continuous blackening of the snow cover is regulated so that its melting rate is increased in the range from natural (without blackening) to the rate of absorption of moisture from melting snow by a meter layer of soil without accumulation of melt water on it and prevent its erosion. Snow melting begins earlier, is carried out faster, completed earlier, the amount of moisture in the meter layer of soil is increased, the period for plant vegetation, their productivity, industry efficiency, food security of the country and food export.

A graphic explanation of the method is shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 - Method of snow reclamation.

Where:

1 - soil;

2 - snow cover formed before the formation of snow rolls;

3 - snow rolls;

4 - internal arches of arches of snow rolls;

5 - air cavities;

6 - soil surface;

7 - ridges of snow rolls;

8 - snow cover formed after the formation of snow rolls;

Qa is the specific power of the heat flux from the soil to the atmosphere, W / m ² ;

Qg - specific heat flow from the depth of the Earth to its surface, W / m ² .

The method is implemented by two machine technological operations.

The first technological operation is carried out after the formation of snow (1) on the soil (2) with a thickness sufficient to form the snow rolls (3) of the required height. Strip outcrop of soil (1) from the snow cover (2) is carried out mainly across the direction of the prevailing winds. Snow rolls (3) are formed over strips of exposed soil (1) along their entire length from snow cover removed from them (2) in the form of arched ceilings between their lateral sides. The supports of adjacent snow rolls (3) are predominantly adjacent to each other. Snow rolls (3) are compacted during formation to increase their strength. The surface (6) of the exposed soil strips (1) and the surface of the inner arches of the arches (4) of the snow rolls (3) form air cavities (5), the air in which is isolated from the cold atmosphere by backfilling their end entrances and exits with snow. The soil (1) is insulated from the cold atmosphere by the air of the air cavities (5) by an order of magnitude more efficiently than by snow. (WWW termoizol.com ... teploprovodnosti ... materialov.html. Full table of thermal conductivity of various building materials; WWW Termalinfo.ru Thermal conductivity of air at different temperatures.). Subsequent snow precipitation and intensification of snow retention by ridges (7) of snow rolls (3), located mainly across the direction of the prevailing winds, increase the thickness of the snow cover (8) above the soil (1). By air of air cavities (5), snow rolls (3) and increasing snow cover thickness (8), the soil (1) is thermally insulated from the cold atmosphere, the specific power of the heat flux (Qа) coming from it into the cold atmosphere is lower than the specific heat flux (Qg ) coming from the depths of the Earth to its surface. The heat of the Earth increases the temperature of the soil (1), stops its freezing, thaws it from depth to surface (6), thereby increasing its potential moisture capacity at the beginning of snow melting and the period for plant vegetation.

The second technological operation is carried out before the melting of the snow cover (8). The adjustable continuous blackening of the snow cover is carried out (8), which reduces its reflectivity (albedo) several times, proportionally increase the amount of solar radiation energy that is going to melt it. The degree of continuous blackening of the snow cover (8) is regulated so that the rate of its melting is increased in the range from natural (without blackening) to the rate of absorption of moisture from melting snow by a meter layer of soil (1) without accumulation of thawed snow on it and prevent its erosion. Snow melting begins earlier, is carried out faster, completed earlier, the amount of moisture in the meter layer of soil is increased (1), the period for plant vegetation, their productivity, industry efficiency, food security of the country and food export.

The advantages of the method

1. Snow rolls are formed in the form of arches between the sides of exposed strips of soil along their entire length;

2. Snow rolls have a smaller contact surface with soil;

3. Snow rolls above the surface of the strips of exposed soil create a cavity for storing a heat insulator;

4. To protect the soil from freezing use a more affordable heat insulator - air;

5. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of air is an order of magnitude smaller than that of snow, so the soil is thermally insulated from the atmosphere by an order of magnitude more efficiently;

6. Insulate the soil from the atmosphere throughout the field;

7. Raise the soil temperature with the heat of the Earth:

8. The soil is thawed before the snow melts;

9. In the meter layer of soil create the maximum potential moisture capacity before the snow melts;

10. Reduce soil erosion;

11. Preserve soil fertility;

12. Prepare the soil for sowing earlier than usual;

13. Increase the period for plant vegetation;

14. In the spring, more moisture accumulates in the meter layer of soil;

15. Increase plant productivity;

16. Increase industry efficiency, food security of the country and food exports.

Claims (1)

The method of snow reclamation, including winter strip outcrop of soil from snow with the formation of snow rolls, characterized in that it is carried out after the snow cover reaches a thickness that ensures the formation of snow rolls of a given height, mainly across the direction of the prevailing winds in the winter, snow rolls are formed over exposed stripes of soil along their entire length in the form of arched ceilings between their lateral sides by compaction of snow removed from them, the supports of neighboring snow rolls are located next to each other, air cavities are formed between the soil surface and the inner surface of the snow roll arches, isolate the air in them from the cold the atmosphere by filling their entrances and exits at their edges with snow, and before the beginning of snow melting, make continuous continuous blackening of the snow cover so that they increase the rate of its melting in the range from the natural to the absorption rate of a meter layer of soil moisture without the formation of melt water on its surface s.

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