RU2704177C1 - Pyrolysis reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: municipal engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of housing and communal services and can be used for environmentally safe processing of solid municipal wastes. Pyrolysis reactor includes pyrolysis chamber with double outer wall, through opening of which hot gas is passed for convective heating of wastes for their thermochemical decomposition, and drying chamber installed above pyrolysis chamber, through which spent hot gases are passed for preliminary heating and drying of wastes, pyrolysis chamber in cross-section has shape of extended oval with minimum length of short axis for maximum warm-up of wastes between two incandescent metal walls, and along edges of loading hopper, drying chamber and pyrolysis chamber there are rectangular holes in which two shunting flat shutters with electric drives are mounted, between which there are ring activators with cutting blades for loosening and crushing wastes.

EFFECT: invention increases efficiency of pyrolysis reactor.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to housing and communal services, and in particular to high performance pyrolysis plants for processing solid municipal waste.

Known pyrolysis plants for processing municipal waste due to thermal decomposition of waste in a sealed chamber without air. As a result of pyrolysis, pyrolysis gas with a high calorific value, liquid products and a solid carbon residue are formed (see B. B. Bobovich, V. V. Devyatkin, “Processing of production and consumption wastes”, M., from Intermet Engineering , 2000, p. 223).

The pyrolysis installation includes a drum rotary reactor according to the Langardt scheme developed by Monsanto (USA) for heat treatment of garbage.

The disadvantage of the pyrolysis reactor is the difficulty of loading waste and unloading the carbon residue at a temperature of 500 ° C. The inside of the furnace is lined with fire-resistant material and installed with a slight slope, due to which the shredded waste is easily transported in it, while some of the combustible components burn. Due to the combustion of the waste, harmful gases are generated, the cleaning of which is very difficult.

The pyrolysis reactor “UTRO-1” (Thermal decomposition unit - 1) was adopted as a prototype (see G.M. Zolotarev “Separate waste collection and processing”, Moscow, Lyubertsy news agency, 2015, pp. 66-67 )

The pyrolysis reactor 3.0 m high, 800 mm in diameter, was equipped with an external metal casing with thermal insulation. The inner shell of the pyrolysis reactor was heated by burning pyrolysis gas. The heating temperature was 400-500 ° C.

As a result of thermochemical decomposition of the waste, pyrolysis steam was formed. When the steam was cooled, a synthetic pyrolysis liquid was released, which was collected in a tank.

The design flaws of the pyrolysis reactor include low productivity. With an increase in the diameter of the pyrolysis chamber, a significant amount of waste was not subjected to pyrolysis and discharged in the form of charred sintered particles.

2

The lack of preliminary drying and heating of municipal solid waste increased the time of thermochemical decomposition, which affected the performance of the pyrolysis complex.

To address these shortcomings, the author proposed a constructive version of two-stage pyrolysis in the form of two drying chambers and a pyrolysis chamber located one above the other. At the same time, in the drying chamber, the waste is preheated due to hot gases entering the internal cavity of the drying chamber from the external heating chamber of the pyrolysis chamber.

The objective of the present invention is to provide an efficient, high-performance pyrolysis reactor operating on solid municipal waste.

The solution to this problem is achieved by the fact that the pyrolysis chamber in cross section has the shape of an extended oval with a minimum length of a short axis for maximum heating of the waste between two hot metal walls, and along the edges of the base there are two rectangular holes in which two shunting flat gates with electric actuators are mounted, between which are ring activators with cutting blades for loosening and crushing waste.

The pyrolysis chamber is located inside a thermally insulated shell of external heating, where hot oxygen-free gases come from a thermal generator at a temperature of 500 ° C. After a certain decrease in temperature, hot oxygen-free gases enter the pipeline with an adjustable valve from the outer cavity of the pyrolysis chamber into the inner cavity of the drying chamber for heating and drying the waste.

Residual inert red-hot waste from the pyrolysis chamber enters through shunt valves located at the base of the pyrolysis chamber, to a scraper conveyor filled with water. As a result, granular slag is formed, which is used as a building material for filling roads, as well as for the rehabilitation of stale landfill waste.

An exemplary pyrolysis reactor is shown in FIG. one.

The pyrolysis reactor includes a loading hopper 1, a drying chamber 2, a pyrolysis chamber 3.

The drying chamber and the pyrolysis chamber in cross section have an extended shape, with rectangular openings for discharging waste located at the edges of the base using two shunting flat shutters 4. A rotary vane activator with cutting blades 5 is mounted between the shutters for loosening and crushing the waste.

Under the pyrolysis chamber, below the two shunting flat gates, a scraper conveyor 6 filled with water is installed.

The operation of the pyrolysis reactor is as follows.

3

In the hopper 1 serves solid municipal waste freed from oversized items with a grain size of not more than 400 mm.

Using shunting flat shutters 4 waste is passed into the drying chamber 2.

From the drying chamber, dry and heated to a temperature of 200-300 ° C waste using a flat shunt gate is passed into the pyrolysis chamber 3.

To mix and prevent freezing of waste in the base of the drying chamber and the pyrolysis chamber mounted rotary vane activator 5.

After thermochemical decomposition, residual inert red-hot wastes through flat shunt valves located at the base of the pyrolysis chamber enter a scraper conveyor 6 filled with water. As a result, granular slag is formed, which is used as a building material for filling roads, as well as for the rehabilitation of stale landfill waste.

Hot oxygen-free gas is passed from thermal generator A at a temperature of 500 ° C through the cavity between the inner metal case and the outer heat-insulating shell of the pyrolysis chamber for thermochemical decomposition of waste.

The spent hot oxygen-free gas is passed through a connecting pipe with an adjustable valve into the internal cavity of the drying chamber.

Passing from bottom to top through the entire mass of wet waste in the drying chamber, hot oxygen-free gases drain and heat the waste to a temperature of 200 - 300 ° С.

The hot oxygen-free gases that have given off heat, together with the steam generated by drying the wet waste, enter the device for cleaning and utilizing the heat of the exhaust gases B.

As a result of the thermochemical decomposition of carbon-containing wastes, pyrolysis steam is formed in the sealed pyrolysis chamber, which is discharged through the upper collector to the cooling and separation unit B for separation into dry pyrolysis gas and synthetic liquid.

The design scheme of the pyrolysis reactor described above provides the creation of an efficient, high-performance pyrolysis reactor operating on solid municipal waste.

Due to the preliminary heating of municipal solid waste in the drying chamber to a temperature of 200-300 degrees and the enlarged section of the oval-shaped pyrolysis chamber, a high pyrolysis reactor productivity is achieved in comparison with single-chamber pyrolysis reactors with a cylindrical pyrolysis chamber.

Claims (1)

A pyrolysis reactor including a pyrolysis chamber with a double external wall, through which hot gas is passed through for convective heating of waste for thermochemical decomposition, and a drying chamber installed above the pyrolysis chamber, through which spent hot gases are passed for preheating and drying of waste, characterized in that the pyrolysis chamber in cross section has the form of an extended oval with a minimum length of a short axis for maximum heating of the waste between two red-hot metal walls, and The edges of the base of the loading hopper, the drying chamber and the pyrolysis chamber have rectangular openings in which two shunting flat shutters with electric drives are mounted, between which there are ring activators with cutting blades for loosening and crushing waste.

Images