RU2799902C1 - Method for producing structural polycarbonate sheet - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: dosing of the initial raw materials containing granular polycarbonate, feeding them to the extruder, where they are melted and formed with the help of the extruder forming head of the sheet structure, after the forming head the melt is fed to the calibrator plates, the formed sheet is moved between them using pulling devices installed after calibrator, before feeding to the extruder, granules of polycarbonate are added to the granular polycarbonate and mixed with it, in the polymer matrix of which particles of a light-scattering optical component are embedded, providing diffuse transmission or diffuse reflection of the incident light flux, regardless of its direction to change the angles of transmission and reflection of light rays, in the ratio wt.%: polycarbonate granules with a light-scattering optical component - 0.01-40; granular polycarbonate - the rest is up to 100 wt.% of the mixture.

EFFECT: ensuring the creation of stimulating photosynthesis diffuse shadowless natural lighting when using a sheet of cellular polycarbonate made from a composite mixture as a covering material for greenhouses, greenhouses, winter gardens.

2 cl, 14 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to methods for producing a structural polycarbonate honeycomb or cellular sheet as a covering material for greenhouses, industrial and domestic greenhouses, winter gardens, sheds, gazebos, as well as for translucent architectural structures, glazing, design and advertising, which can also be used for cladding walls, ceilings, for partitions, ceilings, bus stops, for the manufacture of suspended ceilings.

It is known that various photobiochemical reactions (photosynthesis) occur in the leaves of plants under the action of sunlight. Plant leaves absorb light of different spectral ranges, which performs substrate (synthesis of substances) and regulatory (morphogenesis) functions. The spectral ranges of light have the following physiological meanings:

- 280-320 nm: harmful;

- 320-400 nm (UV ultraviolet): regulatory role, a few percent needed;

- 400-500 nm ("blue"): essential for photosynthesis and regulation;

- 500-600 nm ("green"): due to its high penetrating power, it is useful for photosynthesis of optically dense leaves, leaves of the lower tiers, dense crops of plants;

- 600-700 nm ("red"): pronounced effect on photosynthesis, development and regulation of processes;

- 700-750 nm ("far red"): a pronounced regulatory effect, a few percent in the total spectrum is enough;

- 1200-2000 nm (PC): absorbed by intra- and intercellular water, increases the rate of thermal biochemical reactions.

(Tikhomirov A.A., Sharupich V.P., Lisovsky G.M. "Light culture of plants", ed. SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 2000, http:/greenhouses.ru/svetokultura).

At the same time, despite the very complex picture of the effect of the spectral composition of light on plant growth, it has now been established that orange-red and blue-violet rays have the highest activity within the limits of physiological radiation. To a lesser extent, yellow-green and distant red rays are affected. Plants in the red region of the spectrum have the greatest absorption. Hard ultraviolet radiation sharply inhibits photosynthesis and is dangerous for the chlorophyll grains of leaves (I.A. Shulgin. Plant and Sun. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1973, pp. 142-145).

The next stage in the development of agricultural production, associated with an increase in plant productivity during adaptation to solar radiation, is due to the appearance of polyethylene greenhouse films. However, along with the obvious advantages, these films also had disadvantages associated with their destruction under the action of solar ultraviolet radiation, in connection with which a large number of various organic additives appeared in the form of dyes, which, when introduced into polyethylene, absorbed ultraviolet radiation, preventing the destruction of the films, and at the same time irradiated the plants with an additional red color, creating favorable conditions for their growth.

At the same time, despite the high initial efficiency of converting UV radiation to red, the real use of films with organic light-converting additives was not found due to the rapid destruction of additives under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, with the loss of the necessary light-converting properties and mechanical strength (V.A. Vorobyov, abstract of the project "Development of a technology for the production of a red photoluminophor with submicron particle sizes for greenhouse films based on polyethylene", http://stavintech.ru/proposals/winner20 1.html).

Cellular polycarbonate is a durable, strong material with high impact resistance, withstanding significant snow and wind loads, and retains heat well. Ease of cutting and drilling ensures the safety and ease of assembly of honeycomb polycarbonate structures, including modern greenhouse prefabricated structures. Polycarbonate sheets used as a coating for such structures can be easily bent without heating, while it will not break.

Known polymer composition and its options for the production of covering material for greenhouses (see Description of the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2609801, IPC C09K 11/08, C09K 11/54, C09K 11/56, C08K 3/30, C08L 69/00, A01G 13/02, publ.: 02/06/2017).

The composition contains a polymer, mainly polycarbonate, a luminescent filler - a phosphor with a blue glow color in the spectral region of 380-510 nm and an excitation region of 250-380 nm, for example, FK-1 and/or a red glow color in the spectral region of 580-710 nm and an excitation region of 200-600 nm, for example, FL-626. The composition may contain a light-scattering additive that regulates the growth and photosynthetic reactions of plants. As a light-scattering additive, the composition contains a color masterbatch, which is a mixture of a polymer, mainly polycarbonate, with a dye according to one of the color groups according to RAL 4001, or 4006, or 4012, RAL 3000, or 3016, or 3033, RAL 2000, or 2005, or 2012, at a certain mass ratio of components. Additives (color masterbatch, which is a mixture of a polymer, mainly polycarbonate, with a dye) used in this invention are not correctly called "light-scattering", since they are not able to affect the distribution and separation of the light flux - its diffusion. With the help of dyes, only the predominance of rays of a certain spectrum in each individual product is regulated. Those. in order to get more useful rays, one type of cellular polycarbonate sheets is needed for seed germination, another type of sheets for fruit set, and a third type for ripening. Phosphors do not affect the diffusion and scattering of light in any way. Their task is to change the spectra of absorbed light, which does not affect the change in the angles of passage of the rays of the light flux. Light scattering, in this patent, involves the application of an additional layer of material with a light diffuser in the form of a film. For this reason, the resulting material is more expensive and more difficult to manufacture due to the incoming color fillers, film application equipment, it requires additional equipment to measure the correspondence between the lengths of transmitted light waves, the level of total light transmission, since mismatches in wavelengths can in a certain way affect the development of plants, productivity. It should also be taken into account that dyes and phosphors can be unevenly distributed inside the polymer material, which complicates the process of selecting the required level of transmission of a particular wave, which does not affect the change in the angle of transmission and reflection of light, but only affects the wavelength of direct sunlight.

This invention has never been put into practice precisely because of its complexity, high cost and dubious effect.

There is a known method for producing a polymer composite material, which consists of a polycarbonate layer and other layers that are applied over the polycarbonate layer (see the Description of the patent of the Russian Federation No. The resulting material is multilayered, the layers are monolithic, which are produced using calender rolls. Such a monolithic sheet has a significant specific gravity of 4.8 kg/m ² with a thickness of 4 mm. The use of calender rolls makes it possible to adjust the thickness of a monolithic sheet within a wide range of 300 micrometers - 12 mm. The strength of such a sheet is quite high, but in its production there is a large consumption of the original components.

The method does not allow to obtain a structural polycarbonate sheet of small thickness with a low consumption of raw materials, having sufficient strength for the above application with savings in raw materials.

There is a known method for producing a structural polycarbonate sheet by extrusion, in which the initial raw materials are dosed, fed to the extruder, where they are compressed, melted, decompressed, degassed, re-compressed, filtered, melt is pumped, its distribution and formation of the sheet structure using the forming head of the extruder, after the forming head, the melt is fed to the calibrator plates, moving it between them using pulling devices installed after the calibrator. The broach speed of the pulling devices is selected in the range of 3.1-7.25 m/min (see Description to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2422275, IPC V29C 47/52, publ.: 06/27/2011).

Surfaces can have not only the properties of directional (mirror) and diffuse reflection, but also the properties of directional and diffuse transmission. Directional transmission of light occurs through transparent materials (for example, ordinary cellular polycarbonate, glass). At the same time, the fluxes of incident and transmitted light have one direction and propagate in the same solid angle. Objects are clearly visible through transparent materials, even though the rays of light are slightly refracted, i.e. deviate from the original direction. Diffuse transmission of light occurs through materials in which surface or internal inhomogeneities lead to random mixing of light rays, therefore, through such a material, the outlines of an object are blurred.

Thus, the diffuse transmission of light makes it possible to evenly distribute the light flux passed through the body in all directions, regardless of the direction of the flux incident on it (see Fig. 1).

The technology for the production of cellular polycarbonate allows the production of a structured multilayer polycarbonate sheet of engineering grade, capable of transmitting up to 90% of visible light and at the same time having a new property - 100% separation (diffusion) of the sun's rays without selectively affecting certain wavelengths of the solar spectrum.

Direct sunlight turns into diffuse (diffuse) light at the moment when they pass through a sheet of Polygal SMART cellular polycarbonate. In this case, the rays exit the sheet at different angles, reducing their intensity, but without reducing the overall level of light transmission.

The task is to achieve uniform and complete transmission of the PAR spectrum (see Fig. 2). (PAR - photosynthetically active radiation - part of solar radiation reaching biocenoses in the range from 400 to 700 nm, used by plants for photosynthesis).

The technical result of this invention is to create a photosynthesis-stimulating diffuse shadowless natural lighting using a cellular polycarbonate sheet made from a composite mixture as a covering material for greenhouses, greenhouses, winter gardens.

The specified technical result is achieved in a method for producing a structural polycarbonate sheet by extrusion, in which the dosing of the initial raw materials containing granular polycarbonate and additives (if necessary) is carried out, they are fed to the extruder, where they are melted and the sheet structure is formed using the forming head of the extruder, after the forming head, the melt is fed to the calibrator plates, the formed sheet is moved between them using pulling devices installed after the calibrator, by adding and polycarbonate granules are mixed with it, in the polymer matrix of which diffuser particles are embedded to change the angles of transmission and reflection of light rays, in the ratio (wt.%)

granular polycarbonate with a diffuser - 0.01 - 40;

granular polycarbonate - the rest is up to 100 wt.% of the mixture.

In addition, TOSAF LD5891PC EU-PC Light diffuser particles are used as diffuser particles.

The invention is further illustrated in the drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows diffuse light transmission.

In FIG. 2 shows the directional and total scattered (diffuse) transmission of the PAR spectrum.

In FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the schemes of conventional shaded and diffuse shadowless natural lighting using a cellular polycarbonate sheet made from the proposed composite mixture.

In FIG. 4 shows the dependence of the transparency index on the level of light transmission of the finished material.

In FIG. 5 shows a diagram of the height of the main stem, see fig.

In FIG. 6 shows a diagram of the number of leaves on the main stem, pcs.

In FIG. 7 shows a diagram of the number of shoots on the main stem, pcs.

In FIG. 8 shows a diagram of the number of inflorescences (flowers) on the main stem, pcs.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows a graph of illumination inside polycarbonate greenhouses at 9.00, % of the open ground.

In FIG. 10 shows a graph of illumination inside polycarbonate greenhouses at 13.00, % of the open ground.

In FIG. 11 shows a graph of illumination inside polycarbonate greenhouses at 18.00,% of the open ground.

In FIG. 12 shows a graph of the course of air and soil temperature at 9.00, °С.

In FIG. 13 shows a graph of the course of air and soil temperature at 13.00, °С.

In FIG. 14 shows a graph of the course of air and soil temperature at 18.00, °С.

The embodiment shown in the drawings of diffuse shadowless daylight using a honeycomb polycarbonate sheet is provided primarily for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the scope of claims.

Any granulated polycarbonate intended for extrusion and injection molding can be used as granular polycarbonate.

The polycarbonate granulate with diffuser particles can be TOSAF LD5891PC EU-PC Light diffuser particle granules, or other raw material with characteristics similar to those of the specified brand.

In the production of diffuse cellular polycarbonate Polygal SMART, a composite mixture of ordinary polycarbonate granules and polycarbonate granules is used as a raw material, in the polymer matrix of which diffuser particles are embedded (for example, TOSAF LD5891PC EU-PC Light diffuser), which have the necessary structure that breaks and reflects light fluxes in various directions.

Due to the fact that the diffuser is built into the polycarbonate granules, it is evenly distributed over the entire structure of the finished material (over the entire area and the entire volume of the polycarbonate sheet). Simply put, the diffuser gives the sheet of cellular polycarbonate a barely noticeable heterogeneity of the structure over the entire area of the sheet, which affects the change in the number of rays passing through the surface and the change in the angles of their passage and reflection.

Diffuser properties (for example, TOSAF LD5891PC EU-PC Light diffuser) for polycarbonate raw materials: provide the necessary balance between the diffusion properties of polycarbonate and its light transmission.

The finished material acquires the ability to evenly distribute incoming light streams without reducing the level of light transmission in accordance with the thickness of the finished product sheet. The introduction of a diffuser into a transparent polycarbonate changes such an optical characteristic of the material as transparency (see Fig. 4). But, as we can see from the graph, with a decrease in the transparency index, the level of light transmission of the finished material does not change. The level of introduction of the diffuser allows you to get a diffuse cellular polycarbonate with the properties required for a particular task.

Depending on the specific task that the new material must solve, the ratio of the diffuse additive to the main component - polycarbonate can range from 0.01% to 40%. Granules of transparent polycarbonate - from 99.99% to 60%.

The resulting diffusive finished honeycomb polycarbonate can exhibit ASTM D1003 92% to 20% light transmission levels depending on the thickness of the finished product.

These features of the invention ensure the creation of a photosynthesis-stimulating diffuse shadowless natural light using a cellular polycarbonate sheet made from a composite mixture as a covering material for greenhouses, greenhouses, winter gardens.

With all its positive qualities, ordinary cellular polycarbonate had a significant drawback - the almost direct passage of sunlight through the sheet, which is enhanced by refraction in the ribs of the sheet and creates the effect of a prism. Direct sunlight, enhanced by the prism effect, can have a negative effect on plant growth and development, especially in hot climates. Plants are exposed to increased heat exposure, the efficiency of their development is reduced, which requires more significant watering (hence, more water consumption) and shading. Therefore, entire greenhouse shading systems were developed using canvas, nets, etc.

In addition to the above technical result, the product obtained by the invention exhibits the following positive qualities:

1. Additional useful properties of the material are manifested in the reduction of air temperature inside / under the material due to the uniform absorption of UV rays and the uniform distribution of sheet heating over the entire area due to the conversion of direct sunlight into diffuse.

Diffuse light promotes photosynthesis, reduces the risk of heat shock and plant burn, which eliminates the need for additional shading during high solar activity and reduces overall maintenance costs. In the southern regions or in the regions of the middle lane, on hot sunny days, greenhouses need shading with the help of special fabrics or nets. When using Polygal SMART, there is no need for additional shading.

2. Also, due to the diffusion of natural light and the reduction of the overall thermal load, comfortable conditions are created under the covering material with a diffusing additive to maintain soil moisture, which reduces the need for watering.

3. It becomes possible to correct the shortcomings of a large area of glazing or translucent roofs in regions with a hot climate. Polygal SMART, by converting direct rays into diffuse ones, will reduce the heating of rooms with a large glazing area.

4. Diffuse light allows the use of such polycarbonate in design solutions related to interior decor, advertising and lighting technology.

Light scattered by clouds and passing through them (such light is also called diffuse) is greatly depleted in short-wave ultraviolet, blue-violet and infrared radiation. Therefore, it has more orange-red rays useful for photosynthesis than direct.

Diffuse light, which averages 1/10 of the intensity of direct rays, is absorbed by the plant almost completely, and its utilization factor is much greater. Scattered light is also more profitable in terms of composition - it contains up to 50-60% of yellow-red rays (PAR), which are important for photosynthesis, and in direct light there are only 30-35%.

On clear days, diffuse light makes up 10-15% of the total radiation, and on cloudy days it is 100%.

However, the ratio between diffuse and direct solar radiation, between the intensity of light and its spectral composition is extremely variable and unequal in different geographical conditions, at different heights above sea level, it depends on the state of the atmosphere, topography, nature of vegetation, etc. These ratios are different at different hours of the day, in different seasons of the growing season, in different years.

And the height of the solstice itself changes not only during the day, but also according to the seasons and depending on the geographical latitude.

In nature, the exposition and the slope of the slopes are of great importance. Changing the angle of incidence of the sun's rays greatly changes the intensity of radiation. Therefore, not latitudinal, but topographic variations in light intensity are more noticeable.

All these features and variability of light fluxes are taken into account by SMART cellular polycarbonate.

Due to its structure and numerous stiffening ribs, light fluxes are captured throughout the daylight hours, regardless of the geographic latitude and climate zone in which a greenhouse coated with such polycarbonate is located.

Moreover, capturing these light fluxes, SMART cellular polycarbonate exposes them to 100% diffusion, which allows you to use not only the most useful light waves, but also evenly distribute them throughout the greenhouse space. Distributed light fluxes, unlike direct ones, illuminate not only those parts of the plant that directly fall under them, but are evenly distributed throughout the plant, illuminating both the lower parts of the leaves and the root zone (see Fig. 3). The plant literally bathes in the rays of useful diffused solar radiation, saturating cells with chlorophyll with oxygen and converting it into organic cells - photosynthesis improves. As a result, the growth and development of plants, the setting of flowers and the ripening of fruits are improved.

Below in Table No. 1 a comparative analysis of the products is given: transparent cellular polycarbonate and light-diffusing cellular polycarbonate of the Poligal SMART brand produced by Poligal Vostok LLC (4 mm thickness - design options).

A cellular polycarbonate sheet containing a diffuse component receives a unique property to 100% scatter and distribute the light passing through it in different directions without loss in light transmission. And this, in turn, creates more favorable conditions for objects protected by cellular polycarbonate with such properties.

This property was verified in comparative studies conducted by the Tver Institute for Retraining and Advanced Training of Personnel of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (see Table No. 2), which established the stimulating role of the diffuse component on the growth and photosynthesis of plants grown in protected ground (greenhouses).

In general, a specific example of a conventional honeycomb polycarbonate production process may consist of the following steps: Preparation of raw materials:

Granules of polycarbonate and other necessary additives are supplied to the production from raw material manufacturers. Before production, they are weighed, dried and fed to the extruder for direct production of sheets for melting.

Feedstock: polycarbonate granules and additive granules (if necessary). As well as the necessary components for UV protection.

Melting raw materials:

Inside the extruder, polycarbonate granules and additives are heated to certain temperatures, melted in special chambers, and form a material of sufficient viscosity. Formation of sheets:

Further, during the extrusion process, the mass obtained in the melting chamber, when passing through the forming die, forms a multilayer plate with a cellular structure and is fed further to the conveyor.

Applying a UV protective layer:

In parallel with extrusion, during the co-extrusion process, a layer containing a UV component is applied to the polycarbonate sheet, which protects the polycarbonate from the effects of the ultraviolet spectrum of sunlight.

Cooling and cutting:

Passing along the conveyor, a sheet of cellular polycarbonate is passed through several ovens with different temperatures. Due to this, uniform cooling of the sheet and removal of internal stresses occur. After this mandatory procedure, the sheet can be cut to the required dimensions, after which the finished material is stored. A feature of the technology for the production of light-diffusing cellular polycarbonate Polygal SMART, unlike analogues, is the creation of a composite mixture of various polycarbonate granules for the production of a structural sheet with the property of 100% diffusion of the incoming light flux of the entire spectrum of solar radiation without losing its useful qualities. The output is a polymer material containing polycarbonate and a special component based on polycarbonate, which changes the optical properties of transparent polycarbonate without changing its characteristics, including the level of light transmission (see Fig. 4).

For use as a covering material for greenhouses, hotbeds, cellular polycarbonate was produced and tested with a diffuser component of 1% or 2%.

Testing was carried out in the field using 6 mm light-diffusing honeycomb polycarbonate and 6 mm transparent honeycomb polycarbonate. The data obtained are reflected in Table No. 2.

In general, the differences and advantages compared to other analogues of the prior art are as follows:

In order to avoid the direct passage of sunlight through the sheet, which is enhanced by refraction in the edges of the sheet and creating the effect of a prism, many manufacturers tried to make polycarbonate of different colors, apply various layers and films to it, use masterbatches, phosphors that cut off some waves of the solar spectrum and enhance others. But in the end, they gave cellular polycarbonate some useful qualities, to the detriment of others necessary for photosynthesis.

Additional layers, films, dyes, phosphors are not able to affect the change in the direction of the light flux. They only affect the wavelengths of the solar spectrum. At the same time, all the listed components are attacked by the UV rays of the sun, lose their qualities and are completely destroyed within 2-3 years. Therefore, these technologies have not found application in practice, due to their inefficiency, fragility, strong impact on the cost of the finished product.

Light scattering, which is proposed in analogues, involves the application of an additional layer of material with a light diffuser in the form of a film.

For this reason, the resulting material is more expensive and more difficult to manufacture due to the incoming color fillers, film application equipment, it requires additional equipment to measure the correspondence between the lengths of transmitted light waves, the level of total light transmission, since mismatches in wavelengths can in a certain way affect the development of plants, productivity.

It should also be taken into account that dyes and phosphors can be unevenly distributed inside the polymer material, which complicates the process of selecting the required level of transmission of a particular wave.

SMART cellular polycarbonate is easy to manufacture, does not require any additional equipment or additional control devices, does not imply damage to plants due to an error in the formulation during production, and at any % diffusion, it certainly affects plant growth only positively.

Polygal SMART passes all the light rays necessary for photosynthesis, subjecting them to diffusion, which contributes to improved photosynthesis. The objective of the proposed invention is not to affect the spectrum of sunlight in order to amplify or block individual light waves, but to convert the intense solar radiation of everything necessary for photosynthesis, the PAR spectrum into many small multidirectional light beams at the time of their passage through SMART cellular polycarbonate, which contributes to improved uniform illumination and photosynthesis.

Below is an example of a study of achieving diffuse shadowless natural lighting by the proposed invention.

1. Location of research and scheme of experience

An area of 100 m ² was selected for research, on which greenhouses coated with experimental materials were located.

The soil of the experimental plot is soddy-podzolic, predominantly shallow podzolic, light loamy in granulometric composition, highly cultivated.

Small-plot 2-factor experiment (2x3) includes 6 options. The repetition in the experiment is 5-fold (2 plants - repetition). Bed width 60 cm, distance between beds 0.4 m, 10 plants in a row, 60 cm between plants in rows.

Experience Scheme

Factor A (polycarbonate brand)

1 - Control (transparent cellular polycarbonate, 6 mm)

2 - Polycarbonate Polygal, 6 mm

Factor B (culture)

1 - Tomato

2 - Eggplant

3 - Cucumber

All observations and studies in the experiment were carried out according to the following methods.

Varieties of the studied plants: tomato - early Siberian, cucumber - Herman, eggplant - Vakula.

Agricultural technology of vegetable crops is generally accepted for cultivation facilities (greenhouses). Planting of seedlings was carried out on May 12.

2. Research results

The study of the prototype polycarbonate Polygal in comparison with conventional polycarbonate was carried out by observing the temperature regime and illumination (% of open ground), as well as the growth and development of experimental crops.

Preliminary data for the analyzed period from May 12 to June 29 are presented below.

Consider the influence of the studied polycarbonate sample on the growth and development of experimental crops. Among the studied crops, slow growth and development rates were observed in eggplant.

In the diagram of Fig. 5 shows data on the height of the main stem of experimental crops.

The presented data convincingly testify to the positive effect of Polygal polycarbonate on the height of eggplant and cucumber plants. Thus, the height of the eggplant compared with the control variant increased from 5.0 to 12.6 cm, cucumber - from 73.3 to 117.4 cm, or by 252.0 and 160.2%. Regarding the tomato, no positive dynamics was revealed (50.8-46.6 cm).

One of the indicators that affect the yield of any crop is the leaf surface. In the diagram of Fig. 6 presents data on the number of leaves on the main stem of experimental crops.

As can be seen from the presented data, the use of Polygal polycarbonate compared to the usual one (control) led to an increase in the number of leaves on all experimental crops. So, in a tomato from 10.8 to 11.2 pieces, in an eggplant from 5.5 to 6.0 pieces, in a cucumber - from 10.3 to 13.4 pieces. or by 3.7 - 9.1 - 30.1%, respectively.

Since the process of photosynthesis occurs to a greater extent in the leaves, we will consider the effect of the studied polycarbonate on the content of photosynthetic pigments in the upper leaves of the experimental crops (Table 3).

Table data. 3 indicate that the studied polycarbonate Polygal did not lead to an increase in the content of chlorophyll in any of the experimental cultures. There is a certain tendency to an increase in carotenoids only in eggplant - 85.9-93.2 mg / 100 g of raw leaves.

Since the fruiting of experimental crops occurs on shoots, especially in determinant tomatoes, we determined the effect of the studied polycarbonate on their branching. Data on the number of shoots on the main stem are presented in the diagram of Fig. 7.

From the diagram of FIG. 7 shows that the use of Polygal polycarbonate, compared with the usual one, leads, on average, to an increase in the number of shoots in a tomato from 3.8 to 4.2 pieces, in a cucumber from 2.5 to 7.0 pieces. Eggplant, due to its weak development of shoots, did not form.

In the diagram of Fig. 8 shows data on the number of inflorescences on the main stem of experimental crops.

As can be seen from the presented data, the use of the experimental polycarbonate Poligal led to an increase in the number of inflorescences (flowers) on the experimental plants. So, in the volume, their number increased from 3.2 to 3.8, in the cucumber - from 4.8 to 19.6.

Thus, we can note a very positive role of the studied Polygal polycarbonate in comparison with conventional cellular polycarbonate, regardless of the growth and development of experimental crops.

This positive effect is associated with the temperature regime inside the greenhouses and their illumination (% of the open ground).

On the graphs of Fig. 9-11 shows data on illumination in greenhouses depending on the brand of polycarbonate. Illumination was measured both inside the greenhouse and in open ground at a height of 1 m from the ground at 9:00, 13:00, and 18:00 Moscow time.

The graph data of FIG. 9 show that, regardless of the time of day, the illumination inside the greenhouse with Polygal polycarbonate was significantly higher than the illumination in the greenhouse with conventional polycarbonate. The difference in illumination, on average, was 14.5% at 09.00, 13.8% at 13.00, and 13.7% at 18.00. What indicates the high light transmission of the studied polycarbonate Polygal.

The study of various grades of polycarbonate showed their versatile influence on the temperature regime of soil and air inside greenhouses. Data on the temperature regime of soil and air in greenhouses are presented in the graphs of Fig. 12-14.

As can be seen from the presented data, the temperature regime of unheated polycarbonate greenhouses depended on the average daily ambient temperatures, as well as the brand of covering material.

So, measurements of temperature and air and soil at 9.00 in the morning showed that Polygal provided a warmer thermal regime of soil and air compared to conventional polycarbonate. The difference in temperature, on average for the period of observation, was 1.03°С for the air, and 1.00°С for the soil.

Determining the temperature at 13.00 showed a similar trend. Thus, the difference in air temperature was 0.78°C, soil - 0.88°C.

Determining the temperature at 18.00 also revealed the advantage of Polygal polycarbonate. The temperature difference, on average for the observation period, was 1.99°C in the air and 0.61°C in the soil.

Thus, it can be noted that, regardless of the time of determination, the studied Polygal polycarbonate, in comparison with the usual one, leads to an improvement in the temperature regime of both air and soil.

Conclusions:

1. Studied Polygal Polycarbonate, compared with conventional polycarbonate, leads to better growth and development of experienced vegetable crops such as tomato, eggplant and cucumber, increasing plant height, the number of leaves, shoots and inflorescences (flowers) on them.

2. Determination of the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of the upper tier of experimental crops showed no differences between the studied brands of polycarbonate in this indicator.

3. The studied polycarbonate Polygal compared with the usual one allows to increase the illumination of experimental crops by 14.0%, and the temperature regime of air and soil - by 1.27 and 0.83°C, respectively.

4. According to the preliminary data obtained, the studied polycarbonate Polygal is superior to conventional polycarbonate in many respects.

Claims (4)

1. A method for producing a structural polycarbonate sheet by extrusion, in which the initial raw materials containing granular polycarbonate are dosed, fed to the extruder, where they are melted and the sheet structure is formed using the forming head of the extruder, after the forming head, the melt is fed to the calibrator plates, the formed sheet is moved between them using pulling devices installed after the calibrator, characterized in that, before feeding to the extruder, polygranules are added to the granular polycarbonate and mixed with it. carbonate, in the polymer matrix of which particles of a light-scattering optical component are embedded, providing diffuse transmission or diffuse reflection of the incident light flux, regardless of its direction, to change the angles of transmission and reflection of light rays, in the ratio wt.%: polycarbonate granules with a light-scattering optical component - 0.01-40; granular polycarbonate - the rest is up to 100 wt.% of the mixture. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that particles of the TOSAF LD5891PC EU-PC Light diffuser brand or other raw material with characteristics similar to those of the specified brand are used as the light-diffusing optical component.