RU2787493C1 - Incinerator installation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: waste processing.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to installations for neutralization and thermal destruction of waste. An incinerator installation includes a combustion chamber and an afterburning chamber, a chimney, wherein chambers are installed horizontally and connected by a passage, each chamber consists of a frame with internal lining, the combustion chamber is equipped with a hatch cover on top, burner devices on a wall, ashtrays at the bottom, the afterburning chamber is equipped with at least one port for installation of a burner device on a wall, a fan, and a thermocouple in connection with the chimney, and it has ashtrays at the bottom. Chambers have independent frames, a passage, a secondary air supply collector, and guides for movement of a cover of the combustion chamber have bolted connections. Walls of the combustion chamber are lined with refractory ceramic fiber plates, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay brick, fixed with pins through brackets to walls of the combustion chamber. The bottom of the combustion chamber is lined with asbestos sheets, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay brick. Burner devices in in the combustion chamber are installed in flanges made square and installed at an angle of 120-135° to a horizontal, the cover is movable and has a box-type structure of sheet metal, and it is lined from the inside with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber fixed with rods through brackets to a cover case. The combustion chamber, around a perimeter of the hatch, has a sealing ceramic cord in a gutter. Sidewalls of the cover have rollers. The incinerator installation, along an upper edge, has profiled guides for movement of the cover with lowering. Walls and the cover of the afterburning chamber are lined with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber, the bottom is lined with asbestos sheets, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay brick, the afterburning chamber has inside partitions made of fireclay brick or a refractory heat-insulating block of heat-insulating ceramic fiber plates. The afterburning chamber is equipped with revision ashtrays doors, a secondary air supply collector coming from a fan to the afterburning chamber, a control cabinet located on an outer side and connected to temperature sensors and burner devices with cable routes, an external smoke box passing into a secondary air heating recuperator, the passage in the form of a welded rectangular cross-section structure consists of two halves, it is lined with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber, fixed with stainless steel rods passing through them through brackets, the passage is equipped with a mounting point for a thermocouple temperature sensor.

EFFECT: increase in the efficiency of waste incineration, increase in productivity, and fuel economy.

1 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a type of installation for the neutralization and thermal destruction of waste containing organic compounds, such as municipal solid waste, biological and medical (groups: A, B, C, D).

State of the art

In incinerators, as a rule, there is a lined chamber for burning garbage, in which the garbage is located on special grates, in particular, the US 5030453 incinerator is known, which has a vertically located combustion chamber, in the upper part of which there is a nozzle, an outlet for removing exhaust gases, and at the bottom - an opening for removing ash, the chamber is divided by rows of horizontally arranged gratings. Waste incineration is carried out either by supplying the air necessary for combustion, or carried out without air access by pyrolysis. (US 5030453 A, uspto.gov)

The design of the incinerator RU 2087803 is known, which contains a vertically located combustion chamber made of heat-insulating material with a hatch in the upper part for loading garbage and at least one nozzle, inside the combustion chamber with a gap from its walls, an additional combustion chamber is vertically installed, made of heat-resistant heat-conducting material, with an open surface in its upper part for loading debris and escaping combustion gases. (RU 2087803, new.fips.ru/)

Known apparatus for the destruction of organic pollutants CA 2660501, made mobile and containing a combustion chamber, an afterburner and a chimney, the chambers are connected by a transition, each chamber consists of a frame with an internal lining, the combustion chamber and afterburner are equipped with ports for installing burners, the afterburner is additionally equipped with fan and connected to the chimney. (CA 2660501, espacenet.com)

Closest to the proposed are mobile incinerators JPH06265122 and RU 2735825 C1 containing a combustion chamber, an afterburner and a chimney, and the chambers are installed horizontally and connected by a transition, each chamber consists of a frame with an internal lining, the combustion chamber is equipped with a receiving port, grates, a port for burner installations, ash pans, the afterburner is equipped with a burner installation port, a fan and is connected to a chimney.

The disadvantages of the known solution is insufficient sealing of the combustion chamber cover, low combustion efficiency, low maintenance and low maintainability, low reliability of fastening and uniformity of the lining layers, low reliability under extreme temperatures.

The technical problem is solved by the fact that the claimed incinerator is made stationary and consists of a combustion chamber (1) of Fig. 1, an afterburner (2), a smoke box (5), a heat exchanger (6) and a chimney (chimney) (7). Chambers (1), (2) are located horizontally and installed in series. Each chamber (1), (2) is a welded box-type structure made of sheet and rolled sections. Both chambers are lined from the inside with refractory materials of FIG. 2.

The walls of the combustion chamber are lined with refractory boards (20) of FIG. 2, 5, 6 made of ceramic fiber, on top of which a layer of fireclay bricks (21) is laid. For reliable fastening of the masonry, bricks (21) of Fig. 5 are fixed with pins (29). The pins (29) are welded to the brackets (28) which are in turn welded to the walls of the combustion chamber (1). The bottom of the combustion chamber (1) is lined with asbestos sheets (23) fig. 2, on top of which a layer of fireclay bricks (21) is laid. The combustion chamber (1) of Fig. 2 is equipped on top with a sliding cover (4) of the hatch of FIG. 2, 4, at the bottom with ash pans with doors (24) and above them with grates (22), temperature sensors (thermocouples) (19) of Fig. 1, a secondary air supply manifold (8), as well as square flanges for mounting burners (11) on the wall. Flanges for installation of burner devices (11) in the combustion chamber are installed at an angle of 120-135° to the horizontal, to ensure the angle of the flame of the burner device covering a larger volume of the combustion chamber, as a result of increasing the performance and fuel economy of burner devices. Sliding cover (4) fig. 4 combustion chamber (1) is a welded box-type structure made of sheet metal. Cover (4) Fig. 4 combustion chambers (1) are lined on the inside with rectangular blocks (20) of refractory ceramic fiber. The blocks are secured with stainless steel bars (26) that pass through the brackets (25). The brackets (25) are welded to the body of the combustion chamber cover (4). To prevent heat losses and penetration of flue gases from under the cover (4) of Fig. 6 of the combustion chamber around the perimeter of the hatch of the combustion chamber (1) there is a seal, which is a ceramic cord (30) laid in the gutter.

The walls and cover of the afterburner chamber (2) of Fig. 1 are also lined with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber. The bottom of the post-combustion chamber (2) of Fig. 1 is lined with asbestos sheets, on top of which a layer of fireclay bricks is laid. Inside the afterburner (2) of FIG. 1 partitions are installed, made of fireclay bricks or refractory heat-insulating block PKVT. Afterburner (2) of Fig. 1 equipped with inspection doors for ash pans, temperature sensor (thermocouple) (19) and fan (10) in connection with the chimney, collector (9) for secondary air supply, square flange for installing the burner, burner, control cabinet (17) located on the external side, and connected with temperature sensors and burner devices by cable routes (16), an external smoke box (5), passing into a heat exchanger (6) for heating secondary air, a chimney (7).

Transition (3) of FIG. 1, 3 between the chambers (1), (2) is a welded structure of rectangular section, consisting of two halves, lined with rectangular blocks (20) of refractory ceramic fiber. Stainless steel bars (26) pass through the blocks (20) and are welded to the brackets (26). Transition (3) is equipped with a mounting point (27) for a temperature sensor (thermocouple) of FIG. 3.

To ensure high maintainability, ease of transportation and maintenance, the design of the incinerator is made detachable. Chambers (1), (2) of Fig. 1 are each mounted on its own frame, and the transition (3), the secondary air supply manifold and the guides for moving the cover (4) of the combustion chamber are bolted.

Along the upper edge of the incinerator there are profile guides for moving the cover (4) of the combustion chamber (1). The movement is carried out on rollers mounted on the side walls of the cover. The guides are understated. At the moment of closing the lid, the rollers automatically lower into understatements. This method ensures the sealing of the lid by its own weight on the sealing material without the use of additional locking devices and prevents the penetration of flue gases during operation of the installation. Chain cover drive. On the sides of the incinerator there are four sprockets and two single-row roller chains (13) of Fig. 1. Chains (13) of FIG. 1 are driven by a motor-reducer (15) mounted on the end wall of the combustion chamber (1) and transmitting torque to the sprockets through the drive shafts (14).

For fast and convenient opening/closing, the inspection doors of the ash pans of the combustion chamber and the combustion chamber are equipped with an eccentric lever locking and fixing system.

The lining layer of the combustion chamber walls, made of Cerachem blanket refractory boards and fireclay bricks, is fixed with brackets to the walls of the combustion chamber housing. The brackets are steel plates with pins. The pin is installed in holes made in fireclay bricks. Refractory boards do not have their own fasteners and are fixed with a layer of fireclay bricks. The lining layer of the bottom is made of asbestos sheets (23) of Fig. 2 and fireclay bricks (21). Sheets of asbestos are laid on the bottom of the combustion chamber housing. A fireclay brick is fixed on top. The fastening of the bricks on the bottom is similar to the fastening of the bricks to the walls. The space between the bricks is filled with a refractory mixture with liquid glass.

The lining layer of the walls of the afterburning chamber (2) of Fig. 1 is made of rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber. The blocks are fixed to the walls of the body of the afterburning chamber with brackets. The brackets are steel plates with holes. Stainless steel rods pass through the blocks and holes in the brackets, simultaneously connecting the blocks to each other and fixing them to the wall of the afterburner housing. The lining layer of the bottom of the afterburner chamber is made similar to the lining layer of the bottom of the combustion chamber (1) of Fig. 2. Also, one or more partitions with windows are installed in the afterburner. The partition is made of fireclay bricks or refractory heat-insulating block PKVT. Baffles serve to increase the residence time of the flue gas under the influence of the required temperature in the afterburner.

For lining, rectangular blocks 120-150 mm wide and 50 mm thick are used, the length of the block is selected depending on the area to be lined. To increase the reliability of the lining layer, the blocks are compressed during laying to a thickness of 30 mm.

To increase the efficiency of waste combustion, a part of the burner devices is located under the grate zone.

To increase the productivity and save fuel of the burners, the incinerator plant is equipped with a secondary air supply system under the grate zone of the combustion chamber (1) of Fig. 1 and into the afterburner (2). Collector (8) of Fig. 1 is equipped with valves (18) of FIG. 1 to adjust the amount of air supplied to each zone. Air is supplied by a fan. To improve efficiency, the secondary air is heated by the heat exchanger (6) of FIG. 1 installed on the smoke box (5) in front of the chimney (7).

In more detail, the proposed design of the incinerator installation is presented in the following figures:

Figure 1 - Main view of the incinerator.

Figure 2 - Combustion chamber lining.

Figure 3 - Construction of the transition.

Figure 4 - Combustion chamber cover lining.

Figure 5 - Fastening fireclay bricks to the walls of the combustion chamber.

Figure 6 - Combustion chamber cover seal.

1 - combustion chamber

2 - afterburner

3 - transition

4 - cover

5 - smoke box

6 - recuperator

7 - chimney

8 - collector

9 - secondary air supply manifold

10 - fan

11 - burner devices

12 - fuel line

13 - chain

14 - shaft

15 - gear motor

16 - cable route

17 - control cabinet

18 - valve

19 - temperature sensor

20 - refractory boards

21 - fireclay brick

22 - grate

23 - asbestos sheet

24 - ash pan door

25 - bracket for the casing of the cover of the combustion chamber

26 - bar

27 - place of fastening of the temperature sensor (thermocouple)

28 - bracket

29 - pin

30 - ceramic cord

The incinerator plant consists of a combustion chamber (1) and an afterburner chamber (2). The chambers are connected by a transition (3). The combustion chamber (1) is equipped with a sliding cover (4), a chain drive from a gearmotor (15), a manifold (8) for supplying secondary air, burners (11), a fuel line (12), temperature sensors (thermocouples) (19) and revision doors for ash pans (24). With greater productivity, a greater number of burners (11) can be installed on the combustion chamber (1). The afterburner (2) is equipped with a burner (11), a collector (8) for supplying secondary air, a temperature sensor (thermocouple) (19), a control cabinet (17), a fan for supplying secondary air (10), a smoke box (5) , a heat exchanger (6) for heating the secondary air, a chimney (7).

The lining of the combustion chamber (1) is made in two layers. The first layer is made of ceramic fiber refractory boards (20), the second layer is made of fireclay bricks (21). For reliable fastening of the masonry, the bricks (21) are fixed with pins (29). The pins (29) are welded to the brackets (28) which are in turn welded to the walls of the combustion chamber (1). The combustion chamber is internally equipped with grates (22) made of heat-resistant cast iron. To prevent heat losses and penetration of flue gases from under the cover (4) of the combustion chamber, a seal is installed around the perimeter of the combustion chamber (1), which is a ceramic cord (30) laid in the gutter.

The lining of the cover (4) of the combustion chamber (1) is made of rectangular blocks (plates) of refractory ceramic fiber (20). The blocks are secured with stainless steel bars (26) that pass through the brackets (25). The brackets (25) are welded to the body of the combustion chamber cover (4).

The transition (3) between the chambers consists of two halves mounted by means of a bolted connection. The transition (3) is equipped with a mounting point (27) for a temperature sensor (thermocouple) (19). The transition (3) is also lined with refractory rectangular ceramic fiber blocks (20). The blocks (20) are fastened similarly to the combustion chamber cover (4). Stainless steel bars (26) pass through the blocks (20) and are welded to the brackets (26).

The principle of operation of the incinerator.

Before starting waste disposal, it is necessary to bring the incinerator installation into operation. To do this, it is necessary to start the burners (11) and reach the temperature value in the afterburner (2) equal to at least 900 C5. Further, after the installation enters the operating mode, the waste to be neutralized is loaded into the combustion chamber (1) onto the grates (22). After loading is completed, the cover (4) of the combustion chamber is closed. The burner devices (11) in the combustion chamber (1) carry out and support the combustion process of the waste. The ash residue formed during the combustion process falls through the grates (22) into the under-grate zone. From the grate zone, the ash residue is removed through the inspection doors (24). The gas formed during the combustion process enters the afterburner chamber (2) through the transition (3). Under the action of high temperature and air supply, the gases are oxidized. The presence of partitions in the afterburner chamber (2) and the presence of the ejection effect in the smoke box, created by the fan (10), ensures the presence of gases in the afterburner chamber (2) for at least 2 seconds.

The burner devices (11) are controlled automatically by the control cabinet (17). Temperature sensors (thermal cabinets) (19) measure the temperature in the chambers and transmit information to the control cabinet (17). Automation analyzes the signal, comparing it with the temperature parameters for turning on / off the burners and, based on these data, controls it.

Then the gas enters the heat exchanger (6) through the smoke box (5). In the heat exchanger (6) the secondary air is heated for more efficient and economical operation of the unit. After the heat exchanger, the gas through the chimney (7) enters the atmosphere.

Claims (1)

An incinerator plant, including a combustion chamber and an afterburner, a chimney, the chambers being installed horizontally and connected by a transition, each chamber consists of a frame with an internal lining, the combustion chamber is equipped with a manhole cover at the top, burners on the wall, ash pans at the bottom, the afterburner is equipped with at least one port for mounting the burner on the wall, a fan and a thermocouple in connection with the chimney, and also has ash pans at the bottom, characterized in that the walls of the combustion chamber are lined with refractory ceramic fiber boards, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay bricks, fixed with pins through the brackets to the walls of the combustion chamber, the bottom of the combustion chamber is lined with asbestos sheets, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay bricks, the burners in the combustion chamber are located in square flanges, which are installed at an angle of 120-135 ° to the horizontal, the combustion chamber cover is movable and has to box-type structure made of sheet metal, and also lined from the inside with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber, fixed with rods through brackets to the cover body, the side walls of the combustion chamber cover contain rollers located on profile guides located along the upper edge of the incinerator unit, which have understating for the rollers , the combustion chamber along the perimeter of the hatch has a sealing ceramic cord in the gutter, the walls and the cover of the afterburner are lined with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber, the bottom of the afterburner is lined with asbestos sheets, on top of which there is a layer of fireclay bricks, inside the afterburner has partitions made of fireclay bricks or refractory heat-insulating block PKVT, the afterburning chamber is equipped with inspection doors for ash pans, a secondary air supply manifold, a square-shaped flange for installing a burner, a control cabinet located on the outside and cable routes connected with temperature sensors and burners, an external smoke box passing into the secondary air heating recuperator, the combustion chamber and the afterburning chamber have independent frames, while the transition, the secondary air supply manifold and the profile guides for moving the combustion chamber cover are bolted, the transition between the chambers in the form of a welded structure of rectangular cross section consists of two halves, lined with rectangular blocks of refractory ceramic fiber, fixed by stainless steel rods passing through them through brackets, and the transition is equipped with a place for mounting a thermocouple temperature sensor, revision doors of the ash pans of the combustion chamber and afterburning chamber have an eccentric lever system of locking and fixing, part of the burner devices of the incinerator plant is located under the grate zone.

Images