RU2780632C1 - Method for increasing individual adaptive capabilities of the human body when combining stress stimulation with temperature and physical load - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: medicine.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to sports medicine and can be used in the training process when preparing athletes for winter swimming competitions, and for people participating in winter swimming and other extreme sports. For this purpose, a warmup is performed in the form of physical and breathing exercises. Exercises are then performed in a swimming pool, wearing a weightlifting belt with weights attached thereto. Three approaches are made, followed by warming up in a sauna and dipping into cold water.

EFFECT: method increases individual adaptive capabilities of a person under the combined impact of the factors of temperature and physical load within the normal values of the vital system, in particular, the autonomic regulation of the nervous system and metabolic processes.

2 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The field of technology to which the invention belongs

The invention relates to the field of physical culture and sports and can be included in the training program for athletes in winter sports, as well as for people involved in winter swimming and other extreme sports who want to increase the individual adaptive capabilities of the body in the training process.

State of the art

., Sousa C.V., Hill L., Nikolaidis P.T. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8984. Published 2020 Dec 2. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238984]. Несмотря на то, что этот вид деятельности представляет значительные риски для здоровья, он активно развивается [Eccles R., Wilkinson J.E. Exposure to cold and acute upper respiratory tract infection. Rhinology. 2015;53:99- 106. doi: 10.4193/Rhin14.239]. В каждом конкретном способе определены некоторые диагностические маркеры функциональных показателей динамики адаптационных ресурсов людей, занимающихся зимним плаванием.Over the past few years, interest in sports and physical education events in winter swimming has been actively growing, international swims are organized and world records are set [Knechtle B.,

., Sousa CV, Hill L., Nikolaidis PT Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8984. Published 2020 Dec 2. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238984]. Despite the fact that this type of activity poses significant health risks, it is actively developing [Eccles R., Wilkinson JE Exposure to cold and acute upper respiratory tract infection. Rhinology. 2015;53:99-106. doi: 10.4193/Rhin14.239]. In each specific method, some diagnostic markers of functional indicators of the dynamics of adaptive resources of people involved in winter swimming are determined.

At present, there are various ways of activating and increasing human adaptive resources to extreme temperature conditions and physical loads, including the use of aqua- and aerothermal factors, as well as methods for keeping records of some human functional parameters.

A non-drug method is known to increase the functional reserve of the human body through the periodic introduction of a person into conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia with additional cold exposure by immersing the face in water cooled to the activation temperature of cold skin receptors in the training mode, and thereby causing an increase in the stress-limiting system and increased nonspecific resistance of the organism [US Pat. No. 2 161 476 C2, dated 1997.12.22]. This method is based on the mechanism of the "diving reflex", which is accompanied by the activation of cold and tactile receptors of the skin of the face, the mechanism of breath holding, due to which carbon dioxide accumulates (hypercapnia) and oxygen levels decrease (hypoxia). This combination leads to the activation of antioxidant systems and, as a result of long-term adaptation to the factors listed above (hypercapnia, hypoxia and cold), enhances stress-limiting systems and increases the body's nonspecific resistance to adverse environmental factors. The full course of training lasts at least 14 days. This method, being generally effective, at the same time has certain disadvantages: the method does not sufficiently take into account the individual characteristics of the psychophysiological and psychoemotional indicators of the body, is carried out in a certain room and under medical supervision, which excludes it from autonomous use.

Devices are known that provide an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the body using interval immersions of the human body in a cryosauna at a temperature of -130 - -150 ° C, which is enriched with liquid nitrogen vapor [Baranov A.Yu., Cryotherapy in sports: technology comments forecasts. "Medicine and sport", No. 5 2006, p.38-40]. It has been established that a 10-minute session in a cryosauna at a temperature of -110°C can effectively relieve fatigue [Miller, E.; Kostka, J.; Wlodarczyk, T.; Dugu B. Whole-body cryostimulation (cryotherapy) provides benefits for fatigue and functionalstatus in multiple sclerosis patients. A case-control study. Acta neurologica scandinavica. Vol: 134. Is. 6, DEC 2016. P. 420-426]. Also known device - physiotherapy sauna, which helps to increase the adaptive capacity of the body by finding a person in conditions with dry or wet steam [US Pat. No. 2 277 897, pub. 10.01.2006]. SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to medical equipment and can be used for rehabilitation and rehabilitation of athletes and treatment of injuries when exposed to steam saturated with bioactive and mineral substances. The main disadvantages of all these devices is the limitation of exposure, as a rule, to one physical factor (cold or heat), and therefore, it is not possible to alternate temperature effects, which contributes to a decrease in efficiency and narrowing the areas of their practical use.

There is a description of how Lewis Gordon Pugh made the first attempt to swim a long distance in icy water as close as possible to the North Pole. He managed to swim in cold water (1.7 ° C) a distance of 1 km in 18 minutes 50 seconds in an open point of ice at the North Pole. His record was broken by Lynn Cox during a swim near Petermann Island (65" south latitude) in Antarctica. This is due to the fact that he was able to increase his body temperature by 2 ° C using psychological settings called "anticipated thermogenesis" [Butcher J Profile: Lewis Gordon Pugh--Polar swimmer Lancet 2005;366(Suppl. S1):S23-S24 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67833-6]. mode of the training process in cold water and what psychological attitudes were used to form “foreseeable thermogenesis". At the same time, this method of increasing the functional reserve of the body can only be intended for a certain group of athletes who have a long experience in winter swimming and the opportunity to test their adaptive capabilities in arctic conditions.

A known method of increasing the adaptive resource of a person during year-round classes and competitions of athletic swimmers, by exposure to low plus and minus temperatures of the water-air environment in stationary conditions of the ice pool [US Pat. No. 2259184, dated 2002.10.07.). This method is aimed at regulating the stability of cardiorespiratory and heat generation, is a complex hardening, independent of the season and includes athletic swimming in ice (from 0 to +3°C) or cold (from +5 to +16°C) water alternately with different styles, providing a periodic change in body position from vertical to horizontal, the use of thermal and waterproof equipment and exercise on land using sports devices. The disadvantages of this analog method are that: 1 - the method involves the use of special thermal and waterproof equipment, which increases the cost of this method; the method is described for professional swimmers and athletes and does not take into account the distribution among people who do not have special training and swimming skills; 2 - no attention is paid to the selection criteria for training in cold and ice water.

The closest analogue of the method proposed by us is a method of increasing the adaptive resource of a person, when a group of people engaged in winter swimming in 40 hours 33 minutes (22 people) overcame a distance of 101.4 km in cold water (temperature about 4 ° C). People of different social levels (age and professions) and different sports training (experience: from 4 to 12 years) were able to overcome a long distance in ice water [Fisher T.A., Petrov S.A., Dotsenko E.L., Sukhovey Yu .G. Dynamics of the emotional state and physiological parameters of the body during prolonged aquathermal exposure // Questions of balneology, physiotherapy and therapeutic physical culture, 2018. http://doi.org/10.17116/kurort2018953557]. The disadvantage of this method of increasing adaptive resources on the part of the physiological and psychological parts of the life support system was that the system of the training process and how the conditions for the event were created were not indicated, as well as measures aimed at safety and reducing the risks of developing dysfunctional states in people who overcame ice water for a long distance.

Patent and information search has shown that today there are various schemes for expanding the adaptive capabilities of a person. Taking into account the fact that winter swimming is being considered by the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation for the recognition of "winter swimming" as a sport and its inclusion in the All-Russian Register of Sports, it becomes necessary to develop new approaches aimed at increasing the maximum capabilities of a person, strengthening the state of health: physical, physiological and psychological, - and the ability to manage the emotional state in stressful situations.

Disclosure of the essence of the invention

The task to be solved by the claimed method is to carry out a set of measures consisting of two stages and contributing to an increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of a person with a combination of temperature and physical activity within the normal values of the life support system, in particular, autonomic regulation of the nervous system and metabolic processes.

The technical result is achieved through a system for selecting swimmers (“inclusion criteria” and “exclusion criteria”), admission of swimmers, technical training, precautions, a scheme for conducting a training process that increases the adaptive capabilities of the body.

The essence of the invention offers selection criteria for swimmers who want to achieve high individual adaptive capabilities with a combination of temperature and physical activity.

Criteria for inclusion and non-inclusion to the training process during the preparatory stage and to the achievement of the main result in the ice pool.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Good swimming technique.

• At least 4 years of experience in regular winter swimming.

• ECG and ultrasound of the heart with a doctor's report, which is valid for a year.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Obesity III degree

• Phlebeurysm

• Disease of the thyroid gland (removal of the thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism II and III degree)

• Ischemic heart disease (CHD)

• Oncopathology

The essence of the invention is determined by the establishment of a tolerance as a prerequisite that enhances the individual adaptive capabilities of a person.

Tolerance at the stages of preparation and achievement of the main result in the ice pool:

• Sign voluntary consents for possible negative consequences associated with the deterioration of health during a training swim.

• Determine the general state of health: 1) excellent; 2) good; 3) satisfactory.

• Blood pressure before the preparatory or main stage should not exceed: systolic 110-155 mm Hg. Art., diastolic 60-90 mm Hg. Art.

• The heart rate before each preparatory or main stage should not be lower than or exceed 60-90 beats per minute.

• Determine the body temperature, which should not exceed 37.0°C.

Technical preparation to achieve the main result in the ice pool.

Technical training during the training process defines preparation for an equipped pool as an object, which is a section of the water area of an open natural reservoir, the surface of which is limited by an ice perimeter (hole) and special equipment necessary to achieve the stated result.

• The size of the equipped swimming pool is 4×25 m 30 cm (two swimming lanes).

• A “push wall” is built into the walls of the pool, holding the structure of the pool, 10 cm thick, going under water for 1 m 20 cm and is a frame made of metal pipes 70x70 mm, sheathed with moisture-resistant plywood.

• On both end sides of the hole is equipped with a ladder for safe and independent exit from the water.

• Separating colored cables are stretched along the length of the pool, indicating swimming lanes.

• In the middle of the swimming lane under water at a distance of 1 m 20 cm, a white cable is stretched along the entire length, indicating the trajectory of the swimmer's movement.

• All approaches to the ice pool and along it were lined with rubber tracks to avoid injuries.

• A pre-launch tent was set up near the ice pool as a waiting area for swimmers before swimming (t=+15+17°С).

• When preparing a swimmer for a swim, special equipment is needed. Plates welded from metal with a gap for a belt are attached to the athletic belt. One plate measuring 21 x 12 cm (inner side), the second plate 14 x 12 cm (outer side), to which a metal hook is attached.

• On the athletic belt, the plates are attached so that the location of the hook is in the central part of the swimmer's abdomen.

Establishes precautionary measures as a prerequisite for increasing individual adaptive capabilities of a person.

Precautions to achieve the main result in the ice pool:

• During the passage of a distance of 25 m with a sports equipment, the swimmer is accompanied by a diver for the purpose of emergency response in case of danger to life (belay the athlete under water).

• Around the perimeter of the ice pool at each corner is a lifeguard, a person trained to help a drowning person (external insurance).

• While passing the distance of 25 m with sports equipment, the swimmer is accompanied by a rescuer with a safety rope, which is attached to the sports equipment (belay the athlete above the water).

• Medical control is carried out by a doctor capable of providing emergency resuscitation assistance (medical insurance).

The set task with the achievement of the above-mentioned technical result is solved due to the fact that in the method of increasing the adaptive capabilities of the body, a combination of temperature and physical activity occurs with clearly defined sequential effects: preparatory stage in a conventional pool); 2. Achieving the main result when combining the stressful effect of temperature (the main stage in an ice (t = +1.5 - +5 ° C) pool) with physical activity (sports equipment 16 kg 200 gr and an athletic belt, the mass of which is 1 kg 800 gr .Total weight of cargo 18 kg); 3. Restoration of self-regulation of the body after a combination of stressful effects of temperature and physical activity.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the method of increasing the adaptive capacity of the body to temperature and physical stress consists of two stages.

The first stage is preparation, working out the skills of working with sports equipment and increasing physical activity in a pool with ordinary or mineral water. Each preparatory stage in the system of the training process takes from 30 to 60 minutes. The full course of the preparatory training system lasts for 2-3 months, 2-3 per week with a gradual increase in physical activity. Gradually, the load of sports equipment from a minimum of 5 kg to 7.5 kg is brought to a maximum of 16 kg 200 gr without taking into account the athletic belt, the weight of which is 1 kg 800 gr. Depending on the physical fitness of the swimmer, from 2.5 to 5 kg is added per week.

The second stage is the achievement of an increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of the human body with a combination of temperature and physical activity in an ice pool. Restoration of self-regulation of the body after low-temperature and physical activity (heating in the bath t = + 90- + 92 ° С). Under prepared conditions, after the preparatory stage, this method is carried out no more than once a month. The main stage in achieving an increase in the body's adaptive capabilities to temperature and physical stress takes from 30 to 45 minutes.

1. Preparatory stage - "Increasing physical activity in a conventional pool."

• Warm-up before the pool with ordinary or mineral water to warm up the body through physical exercises (for 1-2 minutes).

• Air pause with elements of breathing exercises according to Strelnikova's method (1-2 minutes).

• Practicing the skills of keeping the load in the water. Swimmers dive into a pool with ordinary or mineral water t + 20 + 22 ° С, forming pairs or mini-groups of 3-4 people to transfer a sports equipment, while their feet do not touch the bottom, stay afloat (for 3-5 minutes ).

• Exit from the pool. Rest 2-3 minutes.

• Practicing the skills of putting on an athletic belt with a device for a sports equipment (hook). The swimmer, alone or in pairs, puts on an athletic belt so that the spine and adjacent muscles are fixed (within 1-2 minutes).

• Practicing the skills of attaching a sports equipment in water to an athletic belt. The swimmer dives into the water and stands near the side of the pool and fastens the sports equipment to the hook, which is attached to the athletic belt in pairs or independently (within 1-2 minutes).

• Practicing swimming skills with an athletic belt. A swimmer wearing an athletic belt swims breaststroke a distance of 25 m without a sports equipment (training warm-up for 1-2 minutes).

• Practicing the skills of swimming with a breaststroke with a sports equipment at a distance of 25 m. The swimmer puts a sports equipment on the hook of an athletic belt with a minimum weight of 5 kg to 7.5 kg (within 5-10 minutes).

• Rest in water for 2-3 minutes without sports equipment

• Practicing the skills of breaststroke swimming with sports equipment at a distance of 25 m (2-3 sets with a rest break of 3-5 minutes). After the swimmer has swum the distance and fixed it, the sports equipment is transferred to another athlete (within 5-10 minutes).

• Rest in the water for 3-5 minutes without an athletic belt and sports equipment.

• Final exercise. The swimmer swims a distance of 25 m without an athletic belt and sports equipment and leaves the pool (relaxation for 1-2 minutes).

2. The main stage - "Achieving an increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of the human body with a combination of stressful effects of temperature and physical activity in an ice pool."

• Warm-up before the ice pool to warm up the body through physical exercises (for 1-2 minutes).

• The swimmer independently puts on an athletic belt with a device for a sports equipment (hook) near the ice pool (within 1-2 minutes).

• A swimmer plunges into an ice pool (t = +1.5 - +5°C) in the water area of an open natural reservoir and secures a sports equipment with a load weighing from 5 kg to 7.5 kg (for 30 seconds to 1 minute).

• A swimmer swims a distance of 25 m breaststroke with sports equipment. After the distance is completed, the sports equipment is transferred to another athlete.

• Air pause (out of the water within 1-2 minutes).

• The swimmer goes to the pre-launch tent to recuperate and wait for his swim (t = +15 - +17°C) (within 10-15 minutes).

• The swimmer swims a 25 m breaststroke distance with sports equipment for 1 or 2 more sets (within 30 seconds - 1 minute).

• The swimmer goes to the sauna (t = + 90 - +92 degrees ° C for 15-20 minutes)

• Immersion in cold water up to neck level (for 10 seconds).

Implementation of the invention

1. Preparatory stage for increasing physical activity in a pool with ordinary or mineral water (t = +20 - +22°С)

A warm-up, consisting of physical exercises, helps to warm up the body (Ageeva U.P., Bondareva E.V. The effectiveness of warm-up in training sessions. Collection of materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2016. P. 3-7.) And switching the parasympathetic department to work of the sympathetic division of the ANS (Antufiev, 2010; Krivolapchuk, 2011). Such a “reconfiguration” into a change in the work of the ANS has a trophic effect, which is expressed in the rate of metabolic processes (Abramov, 2004). A warm-up in combination with breathing exercises according to Strelnikova aligns the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, has a positive effect on the neuro-regulatory mechanisms that control the breathing process. This gymnastics is based on dynamic breathing exercises, which are accompanied by movements of the arms, legs and torso (Amosova T.Yu. Breathing exercises according to Strelnikova. Moscow, 2008). The main exercises "Palms", "Pantails" and "Pump" are used.

Large physical loads are stress factors and lead to a violation of fine muscle coordination [Karpov D.A., Ponimasov O.E., Factors determining the need for the use of hydrodynamic training in long-term navigation of ship specialists of the Russian Navy / // Uchenye zapiski universiteta im. P.F. Lesgaft. - 2018. - No. 9 (163). S. 136-139]. Therefore, to solve problems in the aquatic environment, not only special skills are required, but also a high level of development of physical qualities, functional state and self-confidence [Novoseltsev, O.V., Bolotin, A.E. Factors that determine the high efficiency of teaching breaststroke swimming to students”, Uchenye zapiski P.F. Lesgafta, 2013, v. 106, no. 12, pp. 112-115]. In this regard, it is necessary to develop individual methods of swimming in water, which have varying degrees of efficiency, depending on the characteristics of the existing stereotype of movements and the skills to economize technology [Shtamburg, I.N. Economization of typological combinations of applied swimming techniques in teaching cadets of military universities / I.N. Shtamburg [et al.] // Theory and practice. physical cult. - 2016. - No. 2. - S. 16-17].

2. The combination of temperature load (ice water from a natural reservoir + 1.5 + 5 ° C) with physical activity

Warming up before cold procedures in any weather of the autumn-winter period is an adaptive transition of the body that is able to regulate muscle tone, influence biochemical and biophysical reactions and metabolic processes occurring at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels (patent No. 2 749 021 - ours).

політехнічний інститут. 2015. № 60. С. 122-130). Воздействие холодной воды на корпус или туловище - составляет около 30% от всей поверхности тела. Здесь находятся жизненно важные органы, как правило, хорошо защищенные слоем мышц и подкожного жира. На конечности (руки и ноги) - более 50%. В конечностях отсутствуют жизненно важные центры, а мышечная ткань даже при полном отсутствии снабжения кислородом и питательными веществами способна сохранять жизнеспособность на протяжении нескольких часов. Голова и область шеи имеют наименьшую площадь - 15% от площади всего тела, но именно здесь находятся ряд жизненно важных нервных центров (Яковлев А. Закаливание организма человека ледяной водой как повышение психологической устойчивости в стрессовых ситуациях Личность в экстремальных условиях и кризисных ситуациях жизнедеятельности. 2016. № 6. С. 384-387).In people who regularly go in for winter swimming, there is a decrease in skin cold sensitivity, stiffness of movements, which is associated with the muscle relaxant effect of extreme cold [Kulikov A.G., Tabiev V.I. The role of general cryotherapy in the correction of clinical and functional disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis // Physiotherapy, balneology and rehabilitation. 2014. No. 5. S. 22 - 26]. When a person is immersed in water, a vascular thermoregulatory reaction occurs - narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin. Skin blood flow instantly decreases to its minimum value of 1 l/h at all water temperatures in the studied range, which reduces the heat removal from the core to the body surface. The skin temperature drops exponentially, in a few minutes its value becomes only 1-2 ° C higher than the water temperature (Ermakova I.I., Ivanushkina N.G., Nikolaenko A.Yu., Solopchuk Yu.N. A complex of computer models for assessment of cold stress in water Bulletin of the National Technical University of Ukraine

polytechnic institute. 2015. No. 60. P. 122-130). The impact of cold water on the body or torso is about 30% of the entire body surface. Here are the vital organs, usually well protected by a layer of muscle and subcutaneous fat. On the limbs (arms and legs) - more than 50%. There are no vital centers in the limbs, and muscle tissue, even in the absence of oxygen and nutrients, is able to remain viable for several hours. The head and neck area have the smallest area - 15% of the area of the whole body, but it is here that a number of vital nerve centers are located (Yakovlev A. Hardening of the human body with ice water as an increase in psychological stability in stressful situations Personality in extreme conditions and life crisis situations. 2016 No. 6, pp. 384-387).

3. Restoration of self-regulation of the body after low-temperature and physical activity (heating in the bath t = +90-+92°С)

Proper post-exercise recovery improves the functioning of the two most important body systems - muscular and cardiovascular [Bosquet L., Montpetit J., Arvisais D. and Mujika I. Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis // Med. Sci Sports Exerc. - 2007; 39 [8]. - R. 1358-1365.]. The main factor influencing the body in the sauna is heat (hot air, steam). In a room with dry hot steam, the effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems occurs: microcirculation, metabolism improves, recovery processes accelerate, sweating increases and excretion of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, etc.) with sweat. Muscle tone decreases, skin functions improve, protective mechanisms are stimulated [Ryzhov A.S. Recovery of the body after exercise // Science-2020, 2017. - No. 2 (13). - S. 81-92]. The body temperature of a person who is in an environment with an elevated temperature rises to 38-40 ° C and most of the pathogens (bacteria, viruses) die. Also, against the background of the activation of various functions of the body, the blood supply to the brain increases, attention, memory, and mental performance improve [Grigonee J.J., Skirene V., Nautskunaite L. Bath procedures as a means of recreation and their effect on the activity of the cardiovascular system // Pedagogy , psychology and biomedical problems of physical education and sports. - 2008. - No. 10. - S. 41-43].

Example

The dynamics of the autonomic regulation of the nervous system and metabolic processes during the training process with a combination of temperature and physical activity was carried out on the basis of the Center for hardening and swimming in cold water "AquaIsport", (Tyumen, Russia), which is located in the south of Western Siberia, the climate in this geographical area - moderate.

During the main stage, when an increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of the body was achieved, the air temperature was 0 ° C, the southeast wind was 1 m / s, the pressure was 738 mm, the humidity was 87%, the snow precipitation was 0.2 mm, the water temperature was +1.5 C (this water temperature is classified as ice swimming).

The group consisted of 14 men, participants in many winter swimming sports events. The average age of athletes is 43.1±2.4. According to age periodization (1965), the participants of the study belong to the second mature period [Nikityuk B.A., Readers V.P., Scheme of age periodization of human ontogenesis. 1990]. The experience of regular winter swimming lessons is 7.35±0.4, which indicates that the athletes have a long experience and acquired professional skills of interaction with cold water.

2012; Crow BT, 2017]. Процесс повышения теплопродукции в ответ на холодовую стимуляцию, контролируемый симпатическим отделом нервной системы, сопровождается стимуляцией липолиза в бурых адипоцитах и более высоким ВАТ-зависимым расходом энергии [Кошкарова и др, 2014]. В исследовании это подтверждается тем, что, несмотря на закономерное отсутствие достоверных изменений ИМТ и ЖМТ (абс. и %) между замерами до и после экстремального воздействия (низкая температура воды и воздуха при сочетании с физическим напряжением) при установлении рекорда, отмечена некоторая динамика данных показателей в сторону снижения (табл.1).During the achievement of an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the body in swimmers with a combination of temperature and physical activity, it was found that BMI indicators indicated overweight (preobesity) in all participants in setting a record. At the same time, the relative and absolute fat content in the body of swimmers was at the optimal level [Martirosov E.G., 2006]. It is possible that excess body weight of people engaged in winter swimming for a long time is necessary for the protective effect against heat loss, adaptive thermogenesis (heat production) and is involved in regulating the energy balance during stay in cold water and after the restoration of self-regulation of the body, ensuring the maintenance of dynamic balance [

2012; Crow BT, 2017]. The process of increased heat production in response to cold stimulation, controlled by the sympathetic division of the nervous system, is accompanied by stimulation of lipolysis in brown adipocytes and higher BAT-dependent energy expenditure [Koshkarova et al., 2014]. In the study, this is confirmed by the fact that, despite the regular absence of significant changes in BMI and FBW (abs. and %) between measurements before and after extreme exposure (low water and air temperature combined with physical stress) when setting a record, some data dynamics were noted indicators downward (Table 1).

Table 1
Comparative analysis of autonomic regulation and glucose levels Indicators Measurement M±σ Me
[LQ; UQ] R Min Max BMI one 28.36±2.79 28.1
[27.1;30.0] 0.445 23.05 33.55 2 28.38±2.99 28.2
[27.0;30.0] 22.46 33.30 VIC one -16.22±21.38 -17.0
[-21.3;-1.25] 0.347 -79.63 6.90 2 -7.21±14.06 -10.4
[-16.9;1.9] -25.81 23.08 FMC,% one 20.21±5.61 20.8
[16.2;22.7] 1,000 9.70 30.60 2 19.34±6.21 18.7
[15.0;22.5] 9.70 30.40 ZhMT, kg one 22.84±4.42 23.3
[19.7;25.2] 0.372 13.20 29.10 2 22.55±4.80 22.8
[19.6;25.8] 13.20 29.00 Glucose one 6.14±0.86 6.4
[5.5;6.7] 0.005** 4.80 7.50 2 6.79±1.28 6.6
[5.8;7.5] 5.10 9.80

When evaluating the vegetative Kerdo index before the start of the study and setting a record (1 measurement, VIC = -16.9 [-21.7; -1.25]), in most cases, swimmers showed a relative predominance of the parasympathetic division of the ANS over the sympathetic, which indicates anabolic orientation of metabolic processes. Perhaps this situation is related to the preparation of organismal processes for the upcoming record-setting event - to swim a long distance in icy water with a sports equipment weighing 18 kg. After achieving an increase in individual adaptive capabilities with a combination of temperature and physical activity (2 measurements), a shift in the VIC was observed towards the predominance of sympathetic regulation or balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences of the ANS (VIC = -10.7; [-16.9; 1.9]) , indicating the inclusion of the sympathetic ANS in the process of heat production. This indicates that the autonomic nervous system regulates and coordinates the activity of organs and systems in accordance with the current needs of the body.

Glucose level (1 measurement = 6.4 [5.5; 6.7]; 2 measurement = 6.6 [5.8; 7.5]) significantly increased after the record was set (p=0.005). Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the obtained positive correlations of the glucose level (2 measurements) with the body mass index were revealed after the swimmers achieved the main result (1 and 2 measurements). This may be due to the fact that due to the high physical stress in ice water, a cascade of biochemical reactions is activated, including an increase in the glucose level necessary to change redox reactions aimed at the processes of heat generation and heat transfer in the body. Additionally, an increase in blood glucose levels may be the result of the activity of stress hormones - adrenaline and cortisol, which stimulate the processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and, accordingly, indicate the body's stress response to extreme cold and physical activity [Belaya, 2005; Zhigulina V.V., 2014].

Thus, the analysis of indicators of autonomic regulation, fat composition and glucose levels during the achievement of individual adaptive capabilities with a combination of temperature and physical activity in ice water while overcoming a long distance with a total weight of 18 kg indicates a fairly high level of adaptive capabilities of swimmers. People who engage in winter swimming for a long time and regularly show high sports results within the normal values of the life support system, in particular, autonomic regulation of the nervous system and glucose levels as a regulator of metabolic processes. On the one hand, such practice and passion for winter swimming contributes to an increase in the resource adaptive potential of a person of appropriate training under the influence of combined factors of temperature and physical stress. On the other hand, it is important to take into account that the body's ability to adapt biological processes is not unlimited and has a certain risk. In this regard, in order to better understand the short-term and long-term consequences of winter swimming, which is gaining popularity in recent years, as a type of extreme impact on the body, it is necessary to continue studying the individual resources and adaptive capabilities of the human body within the normal values of the life support system. This may be important for the development of methods and approaches that provide both protection against potential risks of exposure to cold water and the optimum of human adaptive responses not only to adverse environmental factors, but also to the stresses of everyday life.

Claims (2)

1. A method for increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of the human body with a combination of temperature and physical activity, characterized in that the preparatory stage includes a warm-up in front of a mineral water pool to warm up the body using physical exercises for 1-2 minutes, performing breathing exercises according to the Strelnikova method 1 -2 minutes, practicing the skills of holding a load in the water 3-5 minutes, leaving the pool for rest 2-3 minutes, practicing the skills of putting on an athletic belt with a device for a sports equipment 1-2 minutes, practicing the skills of attaching a sports equipment in water to an athletic belt 1-2 minutes, training warm-up with swimming skills with an athletic belt 1-2 minutes, rest in the water 2-3 minutes, practicing swimming skills with a sports equipment with a rest break after each distance of 15-20 minutes, removing sports equipment and rest in water for 3-5 minutes, the final exercise is a distance of 25 m without sports sleep outfit and athletic belt and exit from the pool 1-2 minutes; the main stage includes a warm-up in front of the pool with a water temperature of +1.5 - +5 ° C to warm up the body through physical exercises for 1-2 minutes, breathing exercises according to the Strelnikova method for 1-2 minutes, putting on an athletic belt with a device for sports projectile 1-2 minutes, immersion in a pool with a water temperature of +1.5 - +5 ° C and fixing a sports equipment from 30 seconds to 1 minute, 1 approach - swim a distance of 25 m with a sports equipment 1-2 minutes, exit from the water - air break 1-2 minutes, recuperation and waiting for your swim in the pre-launch tent 10-15 minutes, 2 approach - swim a distance of 25 m with sports equipment 1-2 minutes, exit from the water - air break 1-2 minutes, recuperation and waiting for your swim in the pre-launch tent for 10-15 minutes, 3rd approach - swim a distance of 25 m with a sports equipment for 1-2 minutes, exit from the water - air break 1-2 minutes, warming up in the sauna 15-20 minutes, dipping into cold water to neck level 10 s seconds. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before each lesson, admission is made on the basis of signed voluntary consents, indicators of general well-being, systolic blood pressure 110 - 155 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 60 - 90 mm Hg. Art., heart rate at rest 60 - 90 beats per minute, body temperature 36.0 - 37.0 °.