RU2777053C1 - Method for reducing methanogenesis in cattle - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of biotechnology. The invention is a method for reducing methanogenesis in cattle, characterized in that it provides for the introduction of an active coal feed additive at a dose of 150 g/head per day, for 60 days, into the main diet of cattle once in the morning feeding.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to reduce methanogenesis in ruminants.

1 cl, 5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to animal husbandry, can be used in feeding to reduce methanogenesis in ruminants.

Ruminants are the main producers of methane (CH ₄ ). They can produce from 250 to 500 liters of methane per day [Olijhoek D., Lund P. Methane production by ruminants. Department of Animal science AU-Foulum / Aarhus University, Denmark-2017 (1)].

This level of methane production leads to a high assessment of the contribution of cattle to global warming. Methane emissions from cattle are influenced by many factors (level of feed intake, type of carbohydrates in the diet, feed processing, etc.). Manipulating these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle.

Digestion of food in the rumen by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions leads to the formation of acetate, propionate and butyrate, which are used by animals as an energy source, as well as to the production of CO ₂ and CH ₄ , which is eliminated by belching [Martin C., Morgavi DP, Doreau M. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale / Animal. - 2009. - 4(3). - P. 351-365 (2)].

All of these gases are produced in the rumen during methanogenesis. In addition to the negative impact on the environment, this process is a loss of 2-15% of the total energy consumed by animals, which leads to the unproductive use of food energy [Kim E.T., Kim S.N., Min K.C., Lee S.S. Effects of plant extract on microbial population, methane emission and ruminal fermentation characteristics in in vitro / Asian-Aust. J. Anim. sci. - 2012. - 2. - P. 806-811 (3)].

Techniques for managing this process include elimination of protozoa, use of antibiotics, use of lipid sources, organic acids, or dietary modification.

From a global perspective, _CH4 is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global potential 23 times greater than that of carbon dioxide and accounting for 16% of total global GHG emissions. From livestock, the largest amount of CH ₄ is formed as a result of enteric fermentation, which is a natural process produced by ruminants, which account for a third of methane in agriculture [Getabalew M., Alemneh T., Akeberegn D. Methane Production in Ruminant Animals: Implication for Their Impact on Climate Change / Concepts of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences. - 2019. - 4. - P. 204-210 (4)].

The purpose of the present invention is the use of an active carbon feed additive in the feeding of farm animals to reduce methanogenesis in cattle.

The method for reducing methanogenesis in cattle is characterized by the fact that it provides for the introduction of an active coal feed additive at a dose of 150 g/head per day, for 60 days, into the main diet of cattle once in the morning feeding.

The active carbon feed additive is produced by STC "Khiminvest" LLC (Nizhny Novgorod) and contains, as a sorption material, fine-grained activated carbon (particle size from 0.1 to 2 mm), obtained from softwood species of wood, and an aqueous solution of a bioactive coniferous extract in the following ratio of components , wt. %: aqueous solution of bioactive coniferous extract - 10-30; finely fractionated activated carbon - 70-90 [RF Patent 2522958. 07/20/2014 Bull. 20.(5)].

Pine needles contain iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, potassium, sodium, calcium and other micro and macro elements. In addition, the needles contain resinous substances, essential oils and phytoncides, which have a bacteriostatic effect on the intestinal microflora [Yagodin V.I., Vyrodov V.A. Tree green technology. St. Petersburg: LTA, 1994, 92 p. (6)].

Glycerin is the main component of all fats (triglycerides). It is partially fermented in the rumen into butyric acid (formed a lot) and into propionic acid. Butyric acid has a positive effect on the epithelium of the scar. It is partially adsorbed as such, enters the liver, where it is converted into glucose.

Fine-grained activated carbon has a high ability to retain (adsorb) various substances, liquids, gases on its surface.

The studies were carried out under production conditions on two groups of Black-and-White cows (10 heads each) after calving with a preliminary (equalization) period (10 days), selected for productivity, lactation in compliance with the International recommendations of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals, used in experimental studies (Strasbourg, March 18, 1986).

The cows of the control group received the basic ration (RR), which included haylage of perennial grasses, corn silage, legume hay, mixed fodder and molasses. Cows of the experimental group, in addition to the main diet, received a feed supplement at a dose of 150 g/head per day. The supplement was mixed with compound feed and given once in the morning feeding. The duration of the experiment was 60 days.

Animals of the control and experimental groups were kept in the same conditions. They were fed according to the daily routine adopted in the household. Animal feeding rations are compiled in accordance with their live weight and productivity (Table 1).

During the research period, the chemical composition of the given feed, milk productivity and milk quality of cows were determined, and the amount of methane emitted by cows was calculated.

Milk yield (gross, average daily) is calculated on the basis of control milkings from all experimental animals (n=10).

To determine the quality of milk of experimental animals (n=10), average samples of milk were taken and in the research laboratory of Samara State Agrarian University the following were determined: MD of fat, MD of protein, MD of lactose, SOMO.

The MilkoScan 7/Fossomatic 7 DC analytical system (Denmark) was used to analyze the component composition of cow milk. MilkoScan 7 is a spectrophotometer based on Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry.

The release of methane by the animals of the control and experimental groups was calculated by the regression equation [Stefanie W., Da G., Demo M., Tuchscherer A., Berg W., Kuhla B. Engelke Milk fatty acids estimated by mid-infrared spectroscopy and milk yield can predict methane emissions in dairy cows / Agronomy for Sustainable Development. - 2018. - 38. P (7)].

361.4+18.9×DMI+28.5×C18:0+(-23.6)×C18:1cis where:

- DMI - dry matter intake kg/day;

- C18:0 - content of stearic acid (% of total fat);

- C18:1cis - oleic acid content (% of total fat).

The materials obtained in the experiment were biometrically processed using Student's t-test. In this case, the following values were calculated: arithmetic mean (M), standard error (m) and significant difference index (P). The results of the studies were considered highly significant at P<0.001 and significant at P<0.01 and P<0.05. At P<0.1, but P>0.05 - a tendency to the reliability of the data obtained. At P>0.1, the difference was considered unreliable.

In order to study the effect of active coal feed additive fed as part of diets on milk productivity, milk productivity was recorded (Table 2).

As can be seen from the data in Table 2, the feeding of active coal feed additives as part of the diet provided an increase in milk productivity.

The average daily milk yield for 30 and 60 days of experience in cows of the experimental group was higher by 11.6-12.2% compared to animals in the control group. The highest fat content is 3.78%, against 3.70% in the control.

The milk protein content of cows of all groups was almost the same. There was a significant decrease in the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows fed with a coniferous energy supplement, which may cause a bacteriostatic effect of the coniferous extract, which is part of the supplement.

The cost of nutrients for the production of 1 kg of milk with a 3.4% fat content in the group of cows that received the feed additive was the lowest. So, the cows of the experimental group had a lower consumption of energy concentrated feed by 10.5%, compared with control animals.

According to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN, UNEP/IUC, 1998] and its Kyoto Protocol [Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change. UN-FCCC, UNEP/IUC, 1998], ratified by the Russian Federation, an annual inventory of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors of the country's economy should be carried out. To date, several attempts have been made to assess methane emissions from the livestock sector in Russia [Artemov V.M., Nakhutin A.I. Emission of methane in animal husbandry in Russia for 125 years / Dokl. RAAS, - 2000. - 1. - S. 24-27 (8); Bogdanov G.O., Sologub L.I., Vlizlo V.V., Yanovich V.G., Antonyak G.L., Luchka I.V. Biochemical and physiological prerequisites for reducing methane emissions by ruminants / Agricultural biology, - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 13-24 (9); Romanovskaya A.A. Estimation of volumes of anthropogenic methane emission in animal husbandry in Russia / Agricultural biology, 2008. - No. 6. - S. 59-65 (10)].

A common drawback of such estimates is the use of country-average coefficients of specific emission per head. without taking into account the specifics of keeping and feeding animals of different species and age and sex groups. At the same time, the composition and characteristics of the assimilation of feed affect the intensity of enzymatic processes in the digestive tract and the magnitude of unproductive losses of gross energy of feed with intestinal gases.

Available methods for measuring CH ₄ emissions from ruminants, such as the use of a calorimeter or CH ₄ chambers, the tunnel system, and the sulfur hexafluoride (SF ₆ ) tracer method, are not easy to use on the farm and are laborious to estimate the individual CH ₄ production of many cows. Therefore, simpler and more appropriate methods are required to predict individual CH ₄ emissions. Methods based on the fact that the synthesis of CH ₄ depends on the type of rumen fermentation, which affects many other parameters, such as the composition of milk, are relevant.

Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy and the main precursors of fat and lactose in cow's milk. The end products of carbohydrate degradation are volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO ₂ , CH ₄ and H ₂ . During fermentation, acetate and butyrate contribute to the production of CH ₄ while propionate retains a competitive role in the use of hydrogen. An increased butyrate/propionate ratio reduces the lactose content and increases the fat content in milk and the synthesis of CH ₄ in the rumen. Thus, we can assume the relationship between the content of CH ₄ , lactose and fat. In addition, the composition of volatile fatty acids in the rumen also influences the fat composition of milk. In ruminants, milk fatty acids (FAs) come from two sources: intake from the bloodstream and de novo synthesis in the mammary gland. Approximately half of milk FAs (mole percentage) are derived from de novo synthesis based on acetate and butyrate. Short and medium chain FAs (from 4 to 14 carbon atoms) arise entirely from de novo synthesis. Long-chain fatty acids (>16 carbon atoms) are collected in circulating lipids, and fatty acids consisting of 16 carbon atoms are dependent on these two sources [Bauman DE, Griinari JM Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis / Annual Review of Nutrition, 2003. - 23. - P. 203-227 (11)].

Thus, the proportions of the various FAs reflect the fermentation of the rumen by VFA and then the production of CH ₄ . Moreover, several authors have already reported for different diets the relationship between milk fat content (measured using gas chromatography (GC)) and CH ₄ emissions of dairy cows [Sermyagin A., Zinovieva N., Ermilov A., Yanchukov I. Infrared spectroscopy of milk / Animal husbandry of Russia, 2019. - P. 68-68 (12); Chilliard Y., Martin C., Rouel J., Doreau M. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with CH4 output / Journal of Dairy Science, 2009. - 92. - P. 5199-5211 (13); Dehareng F., Delfosse C., Froidmont E., et al. Potential use of milk mid-infrared spectra to predict individual methane emission of dairy cows // Animal - 2012. - 6 (10). - P. 1694-1701 (14)].

These results show that, in general, CH ₄ emissions are related to milk composition. Methane prediction derived from mid-infrared spectra of milk by Dehareng et al. has been further improved by including information on lactation stage [Vanlierde A., Vanrobays ML, Gengler N., et. al. Milk mid-infrared spectra enable prediction of lactation-stage-dependent methane emissions of dairy cattle within routine population-scale milk recording schemes //. Anim. Prod. sci. - 2016. - 56. - P. 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1071/an15590(15)].

Dry matter intake is the main determinant _of CH4 emissions [Knapp JR, Laur GL, Vadas R.A., Weiss WP, Tricarico JM Invited review: enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions / J. Dairy Sci. - 2014. - 97. - P. 3231-3261. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7234(16)]. It follows that CH ₄ release can be predicted from milk fatty acid concentrations determined by mid-infrared spectroscopy.

The fatty acid composition of milk of cows of the control and experimental groups, which received active carbon feed additive, was determined. The research results are presented in table. 3.

From table 2 it follows that in the milk of cows of the experimental group that received an active carbon feed additive, an increase in the amount of stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA).

Milk fatty acids are formed both from absorbed fatty acids in the gut and from synthesis from rumen acetate and butyrate, so there may be a relationship between methane and milk fatty acids primarily due to the common biochemical pathways between methane, acetate and butyrate in the rumen . The conversion of pyruvate to acetate, butyrate, propionate, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which, in turn, turns into methane, obeys a stoichiometric ratio [Moss AR, Jouany P., Newbold J. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming / / Ann. Zootech. - 2000. - 49. - P. 231-253 (17)]: CH ₄ = 0.45 acetate - 0.275 propionate + 0.40 butyrate.

According to Y. Chilliard et al. (2009) there are correlations between the release of CH ₄ by individual concentrations of fatty acids in milk. Positive correlations (r=0.87-0.91) were observed for saturated FAs from 6:0 to 16:0 and for 10:1, while r values between 0.83 and 0.71 were observed for 20:4n-6 , 11:0, 12:1, 9:0, 15:0, 17:0 and 4:0. Negative correlations (r=-0.86 to _-0.90 ) with CH4 yield were observed for trans-16+ cis-14 18:1; cis-9, trans-13 18:2; trans-11 16:1; and trans-12 18:1, while r=-0.84--0.72 values were observed for several cis- and trans-18:1 isomers, including cis-9 18:1 and trans-11, cis-15 18:2. When using sums of bound fatty acids, high correlation values were observed from 8:0 to 16:0 (r=0.94) and for sum C18 (r=-0.94).

Stefanie W. Engelke et al. (2018) studied the relationship between cow methane emissions measured in breathing chambers and milk fatty acids predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Cows were fed a variety of diets that differed in feed type and flaxseed supplements, resulting in large fluctuations in both CH ₄ emissions and milk fatty acid content. After analyzing the obtained data, the authors developed multiple regression equations predicting methane emission by cows for each diet and a general equation for all diets.

The regression equation characterizing the release of methane by cows is as follows [Stefanie W. Engelke, Da G., Derno M., et. al. Milk, fatty acids estimated by mid-infrared spectroscopy and milk yield can predict methane emissions in dairy cows // Agronomy for Sustainable Development. - 2018. - 38. P. 27 (7)]: 361.4+18.9×DMI+28.5×C18:0+(-23.6)×C18:1cis,

where DMI is dry matter intake kg/day

C18:0 - stearic acid content (% of total fat)

C18:1cis - content of soleic acid (% of total fat)

For cows of the control and experimental groups, the amount of methane emitted was calculated (table 3)

From the data in Table 3 it follows that the feed additive included in the diet of newborn cows contributed to the reduction of methane emissions. Thus, in the control group of cows, the maximum amount of methane was noted - 446.6 liters per day, while in the experimental group the daily methane excretion was 333.84 liters, or 33.0% less.

The economic efficiency of the use of active coal feed additives in the diets of cows is presented in table 4.

From table 4 it follows that when feeding the active coal feed additive to cows for 60 days, they additionally received from one animal 141.7 kg of milk with 3.4% fat content, the cost of which will be 3967.6 rubles. At the same time, for the entire period of the experiment, 9 kg of active coal feed additive (150 g / day) was spent in the amount of 1350.0 rubles. It follows that for 60 days of the experiment per cow received a conditionally net income in the amount of 2617.6 rubles.

Based on the studies, it can be concluded that the inclusion of an active coal feed additive in the diet for cows at the beginning of lactation led to an increase in the average daily milk yield of natural fat content by 11.9-12.2%, while reducing the cost of feed per unit of product received.

The feed additive in the diet led to a decrease in methane emissions from cows in the control group of cows, the maximum amount of methane was noted - 446.6 liters per day, while in the experimental group it was 333.84 liters or 33.0%.

At the same time, conditionally net income from the use of coniferous energy supplements amounted to 2617.6 rubles for the experiment period per animal.

Sources of information accepted during the examination of the application:

1. Olijhoek D., Lund P. Methane production by ruminants. Department of Animal science AU-Foulum / D. Olijhoek // Aarhus University, Denmark - 2017.

2. Martin C., Morgavi D.P., Doreau M. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale / Animal. - 2009. - 4(3). - P. 351-365.

3. Kim E.T., Kim C.H., Min K.C., Lee S.S. Effects of plant extract on microbial population, methane emission and ruminal fermentation characteristics in in vitro / Asian-Aust. J. Anim. sci. - 2012. - 2. - P. 806-811.

4. Getabalew M., Alemneh T., Akeberegn D. Methane Production in Ruminant Animals: Implication for Their Impact on Climate Change / Concepts of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences. - 2019. - 4. - P. 204-210.

5. RF patent 2522958. 20.07.2014 Bull. twenty.

6. Yagodin V.I., Vyrodov V.A. Tree green technology. St. Petersburg: LTA, 1994, 92 p.

7. Stefanie W., Da G., Derno M., Tuchscherer A., Berg W., Kuhla B. Engelke Milk fatty acids estimated by mid-infrared spectroscopy and milk yield can predict methane emissions in dairy cows / Agronomy for Sustainable Development . - 2018.- 38. P.

8. Artemov B.M., Nakhutin A.I. Emission of methane in animal husbandry in Russia for 125 years / Dokl. RAAS, - 2000. - 1. - S. 24-27.

9. Bogdanov G.O., Sologub L.I., Vlizlo V.V., Yanovich V.G., Antonyak G.L., Luchka I.V. Biochemical and physiological prerequisites for reducing methane emissions by ruminants / Agricultural biology, - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 13-24.

10. Romanovskaya A.A. Estimation of volumes of anthropogenic methane emission in animal husbandry in Russia / Agricultural biology, 2008. - No. 6. - S. 59-65.

11. Bauman D.E., Griinari J.M. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis / Annual Review of Nutrition, 2003. - 23. - P. 203-227.

12. Sermyagin A., Zinovieva H., Ermilov A., Yanchukov I. Infrared spectroscopy of milk / Animal husbandry of Russia, 2019. - P. 68-68.

13. Chilliard Y., Martin C., Rouel J., Doreau M. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with CH4 output / Journal of Dairy Science, 2009. - 92. - P. 5199-5211.

14. Dehareng F., Delfosse C., Froidmont E., et al. Potential use of milk mid-infrared spectra to predict individual methane emission of dairy cows // Animal - 2012. - 6 (10). - P. 1694-1701.

15. Vanlierde A., Vanrobays M. L., Gengler N., et. al. Milk mid-infrared spectra enable prediction of lactation-stage-dependent methane emissions of dairy cattle within routine population-scale milk recording schemes //. Anim. Prod. sci. - 2016. - 56. - P. 258-264.

16. Knapp J.R., Laur G.L., Vadas P.A., Weiss W.P., Tricarico J.M. Invited review: enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions / J. Dairy Sci. - 2014. - 97. - P. 3231-3261.

17. Moss A.R., Jouany P., Newbold J. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming // Ann. Zootech. - 2000. - 49. - P. 231-253.

Claims (1)

A method for reducing methanogenesis in cattle, characterized in that it provides for the introduction of an active coal feed additive at a dose of 150 g/head per day for 60 days into the main diet of cattle once in the morning feeding.