RU2760705C1 - Method for growing seedings of spruce, pine, larch, siberian cedar in the open ground using devices and tools - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of forestry, in particular reforestation in felled areas and burnt-out areas. In the method, a land plot is selected, plowing with a walk-behind tractor is carried out, ridges each one meter wide are marked, including the furrows between the ridges. The ridges are loosened and leveled, spot sowing of seeds is carried out using two sheets with holes. On each sheet, the holes are located the same - every three centimeters along and across the ridge. The bottom sheet has cutouts for moving the top sheet. The holes of the top sheet are placed between the holes of the bottom sheet, after filling the holes of the top sheet with seeds, the sheets are placed on the ridge, the top sheet is shifted along the ridge, the holes are aligned and the seeds fall to the ground. After sowing, the ridges are mulched, weed control is carried out, watering and feeding of seedlings is carried out.

EFFECT: method provides a decrease in seed consumption, an increase in the yield of seedlings suitable for planting, optimal conditions for the growth of seedlings.

1 cl, 6 dwg

Description

This technology belongs to the field of forestry and can be used when growing seedlings of coniferous trees in open ground in small areas.

The technology of growing planting material in permanent forest nurseries is known (Manual on growing planting material of tree and shrub species in forest nurseries of the RSFSR, approved by the Ministry of Forestry of the RSFSR on August 18, 1977, hereinafter - Manual on growing planting material).

Before the reorganization of the forestry system in 1991, each leshoz had a permanent forest nursery, in which the cultivation of planting material was funded by the state. Currently, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 39.1 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the cultivation of planting material for forest plants (seedlings, seedlings) is an entrepreneurial activity. Many permanent forest nurseries are not used for their intended purpose or are overgrown with forest.

It took four years to grow standard spruce seedlings in permanent forest nurseries, including a year of fallowing. To grow standard spruce seedlings on an area of one hectare in a permanent forest nursery, the entrepreneur's expenses will amount to more than five hundred thousand rubles. In addition, when growing planting material in permanent forest nurseries, there is a high risk of losing seedlings - a small oversight and seedlings may die, especially in the first year of their cultivation.

To grow planting material in permanent forest nurseries, a technological complex of machines is required (pages 109-112 of the Manual on growing planting material).

In 1991, I invented and implemented a method of weed control in spruce crops on an area of 1.81 hectares (a copy of the patent is attached), while the yield of spruce seedlings was twice as large as when they were grown using conventional technology, a large economic effect. However, the cultivation of planting material in nurseries, after the introduction of this method, was little used.

When growing planting material in permanent forest nurseries, the following agrotechnical measures are carried out:

Plowing, harrowing of the site, cutting of ridges with a width of one meter and fifty centimeters, including furrows between ridges fifty centimeters wide and seven centimeters deep, are carried out. For loosening and leveling the ridges, a bed maker and a milling cutter with a furrow maker are used. All mechanisms are aggregated with various brands of tractors. Sowing seeds of spruce, pine, larch is carried out with the SKP-6 seeder (combined strip six-line seeder). The seeder is aggregated with the T-16M tractor.

The seeder sows seeds of spruce, pine, larch in three seeding strips sixteen centimeters wide, the distance between the strips is sixteen centimeters, in each seeding strip there are two seeding lines five centimeters wide, the distance between the seeding lines is six centimeters.

Sowing of seeds of spruce, pine, larch with the SKP-6 seeder is carried out by line-loose. When sowing seeds with the SKP-6 seeder, the consumption of seeds per hectare is sixty kilograms.

After sowing the seeds, a mulcher is used to cover the sown seeds with sawdust or ventilated peat. After mulching the crops, a roller is used to add mulch.

To control weeds, hand weeding is carried out or herbicides are used. Tractor sprayers are used for watering and fertilizing crops.

In permanent forest nurseries, the output of spruce and pine seedlings suitable for planting is two million pieces per hectare, the output of larch seedlings is one million pieces, the output of Siberian cedar seedlings is seven hundred thousand pieces per hectare (pages 148, 149 of the Manual on the cultivation of planting material ).

The invented method of growing seedlings of spruce, pine, larch, Siberian cedar in the open field with spot sowing of seeds is as follows:

They choose a land plot with an area of one hundred square meters. This land plot is plowed using a walk-behind tractor. This area is marked out into ten ridges each one meter wide, including the furrows between the ridges twenty-four centimeters wide and seven centimeters deep each. The ridges are loosened and leveled using special devices.

Spot sowing of seeds is carried out using a special device in three sowing strips, each strip sixteen centimeters wide. The distance between the sowing strips is seven centimeters. Each seeding strip has five seeding lines, each three centimeters wide. After sowing, the beds are mulched, weed control is carried out, irrigation and feeding of seedlings are carried out.

To grow planting material of conifers in this area, you must have the following devices and accessories:

1. Motoblock for plowing the area of the land plot;

2. Ripper for loosening and leveling the soil of the land plot;

3. Device for making furrows between ridges;

4. Device for spot sowing of seeds;

5. Mulcher - for mulching crops;

6. Roller for rolling mulch after sowing seeds;

7. Device (applicator) for killing weeds with Roundup solution;

8. A device for watering, fertilizing crops and combating diseases of seedlings.

All devices and accessories for growing coniferous seedlings are intended for manual use and can be made independently, without their industrial production. These devices are lightweight, not oversized, can be stored in warehouses (in a shed, etc.), without taking up much space, and used annually for growing seedlings.

To grow planting material, a universal four-wheeled cart is required, on which devices for loosening and leveling the soil, containers for irrigation and fertilizing seedlings and a mulcher are hung. The trolley wheels have a diameter of 40 centimeters; they can be made independently from a board twenty centimeters wide and five centimeters thick.

The device for spot sowing of seeds of coniferous species is made of fiberboard, plastic or plywood, consists of two sheets of three millimeters thick, bolted with nuts with a diameter of six millimeters and a bolt length of two centimeters. The bottom sheet is twenty-four centimeters wide, the top sheet is nineteen centimeters wide. The bottom sheet is fifty-one centimeters long, the top sheet is fifty centimeters long. Bars of wood are attached to the sides from the sides, fifty centimeters long, two centimeters wide and two centimeters high. The top sheet with bars moves freely along the bottom sheet.

Holes with a diameter of ten millimeters were made in both sheets. On each sheet, the holes are located the same - every three centimeters along and across the ridge. The bottom sheet has cutouts fifteen millimeters long to move the top sheet along the device. The holes in the top sheet are positioned between the holes in the bottom sheet. After filling the holes of the top sheet with seeds, the device is placed on the ridge and the top sheet is shifted fifteen millimeters along the ridge. The holes line up and the seeds fall to the ground.

The device has seventeen rows with five holes in each row. There are eighty-five holes in the device. When using this device, five thousand one hundred seeds are sown on a ridge ten meters long, fifty-one thousand seeds on ten ridges.

One thousand spruce seeds weigh on average 5.1 grams, Scots pine seeds - 5.6 grams, Siberian larch seeds - 7 grams, Siberian cedar seeds - 217 grams (Instruction on the cultivation of planting material, pages 142, 143).

With spot sowing of ten ridges ten meters long (weave - in area), three hundred grams of first class seeds will be required.

There are four options for spot seeding:

The first option - all cells in the device are filled with seeds, the number of seeds sown on ten beds (per one hundred square meters) is fifty-one thousand seeds. Each seed is located on an area of nine square centimeters (3 × 3 centimeters).

The second option - the device is filled with one seed per line. In this case, thirty thousand seeds are sown on ten beds (by area - weaving).

The third option is sown through a line into the holes of the device, two seeds each. In this case, sixty thousand seeds will be sown on ten beds (on a hundred square meters) - every two seeds will be located on an area of eighteen square centimeters.

The fourth option (for growing Siberian cedar seedlings) - the seeds are placed in the device both vertically and horizontally through a line. A total of twenty-seven seeds will be placed in each device, one seed is located on an area of thirty-six square centimeters (6 × 6 cm). Sixteen thousand two hundred cedar seeds, which weigh three kilograms five hundred grams, will be sown on ten ridges (per hundred square meters).

With spot sowing, seed consumption is half as much as with conventional sowing. With the usual sowing of seeds, the yield of coniferous planting material does not exceed two million per hectare (page 148 of the Manual for the cultivation of planting material).

The above technology for growing planting material can be used by entrepreneurs and tenants of forest plots. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 62 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, reforestation is carried out by the lessees of forest areas on forest sites leased for timber harvesting.

Lessees of forest plots can plan the cultivation of seedlings for reforestation, for which purpose - to sow not a hundred square meters, but only part of it, depending on the need for seedlings. Three thousand seedlings are required for reforestation of one hectare of felling.

With spot growing of seedlings on one hundred square meters, the costs of an entrepreneur (tenant) will be no more than four thousand rubles.

Lessees of forest plots, collecting cones from the trees cut down by them, extracting seeds from them, will be able to grow the planting material necessary for reforestation of the areas cut down by them practically at no cost.

To accelerate sowing on a selected land plot of seeds, you must have two or three seeding devices. It takes three to five minutes to fill the device with seeds. Two people can prepare and sow a plot of ten ridges (weaving) in two days. In this case, it is better to put the seeds into the device a little damp.

A plot for growing seedlings should be chosen with loose fertile soil in order to grow seedlings suitable for planting not in three years, but in two years.

After sowing the seeds, mulch the ridges should be a layer of one centimeter of fertile loose soil, you can mix it with sawdust. When mulching crops, the mulcher should not touch the surface of the ridges.

It is advisable to use green manure fallow to improve soil fertility on the plot selected for sowing. Beans and lupine should be used as green manure.

When preparing a site with clay soil, it is useful for crops to add river sand, oven ash, dolomite flour to the soil.

When growing seedlings in small areas, seeds with a germination rate of 100% are required. Accordingly, you should purchase seeds of the first germination class or use seeds of your own harvest.

The seeds must be sorted in advance for germination according to the following proposed method: using a room fan, the seeds should be poured from a height of seventy centimeters into a container prepared and placed for receiving them, directing the air flow from the fan to the seeds. Germinating (heavier) seeds will fall vertically downward, while lighter ones will fall to the side. In this way, the seeds should be sorted two to three times.

Currently, the above and described devices and devices for spot growing planting material are not difficult to make at home. The necessary material, parts, fasteners are not expensive and they can be purchased on a wide sale - in stores, for example: "Handyman", "Household goods", "Building materials", etc.

The closest analogue of the invented method of growing seedlings of spruce, pine, larch, Siberian cedar in the open field with spot sowing of seeds is the technology of growing planting material for seedlings of spruce, pine, larch in permanent forest nurseries, characterized in that when growing seedlings of spruce, pine, larch, Siberian cedar in the open field with spot sowing of seeds revealed the following advantages in comparison with the analogue:

1. Low costs for growing seedlings.

2. Seeds consumption during sowing is two times less.

3. The yield of seedlings suitable for planting with the same size of the area of the land plot is twice as large.

4. Optimal conditions for the growth of seedlings are created: each seed is located on an area of nine square centimeters, which allows growing seedlings suitable for planting not in three years, but in two years.

5. Four options for spot sowing of seeds have been proposed.

6. The versatility of the method: on small land areas, with spot sowing of seeds, it is possible to grow not only seedlings of coniferous trees, but also planting material of deciduous trees, such as linden, apple trees and others, as well as ornamental shrubs, including for greening cities and settlements. This method can be used when growing vegetables in a personal backyard.

7. By growing seedlings of different coniferous trees, it is possible to create mixed two-tier plantations on forest plots.

8. With a small amount of seeds (500 grams), it is easier to prepare them for sowing and sort them for germination.

9. The land is used rationally.

10. Seeds harvested during forest felling are zoned for cultivation in the same natural conditions, are distinguished by high germination and quality compared to those seeds that are purchased on the market.

11. When growing seedlings of spruce, pine, larch, Siberian cedar in small areas with spot sowing of seeds, family members of an entrepreneur, a tenant of forest plots, can take part. Children, growing seedlings in a small area, gain knowledge and experience in growing planting material for reforestation, which also has educational value - as a result, a respectful attitude to the forest and nature will be brought up.

In accordance with article 61, paragraph 1 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, felled dead, damaged forests are subject to reproduction.

Clause 4 of Article 61 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability: failure by citizens, legal entities that use forests, forestry regulations and the forest development project in terms of forest reproduction, is the basis for terminating lease agreements for forest plots, contracts for the sale and purchase of forest plantations, as well as for the compulsory termination of the right to permanent (unlimited) use of forest plots or the right to free use of forest plots.

The use by tenants of forest plots of the invented method of growing seedlings of coniferous trees will allow them to fulfill the conditions of Chapter 4 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation on forest reproduction, will not only allow growing seedlings for forest reproduction in their forest plots, but also makes it possible to sell the remaining seedlings on the market. The proceeds from the sale of seedlings will help offset the cost of wages for workers involved in planting seedlings.

Brief Description of Drawings

Figure 1 Top sheet of the pinhole seeding device with holes and bars.

Figure 2 Bottom sheet of the device for pinpoint seeding with holes, bars and cutouts for the movement of the top sheet.

Figure 3 The top and bottom sheets are connected and secured to each other by four bolts with washers and nuts. The top sheet moves freely along the bottom sheet.

Figure 4 A four-wheeled cart with a capacity of 80 liters placed on it for water and solutions, for irrigation and fertilizing crops by sprinkling. After processing the crops, the container is removed from the cart.

Figure 5 Bed opener, which is a series of metal or wood tines, bolted to a four-wheeled cart. After using this device, it is removed from the cart.

Figure 6 A ridge leveling device, which is a plane (usually a board) attached to the frame of the device diagonally, which is bolted to the metal corners of a four-wheeled cart. The second plane (board) is fixed vertically down to the ground, and when the cart moves, the surface of the ridges is leveled. After using this device, it is removed from the cart.

Claims (1)

A method of growing seedlings of spruce, pine, larch, Siberian cedar in open ground using spot sowing of seeds, in which a land plot is selected, plowing is carried out with a walk-behind tractor, ridges are marked out each one meter wide, including furrows between ridges, ridges are loosened and leveled, spot sowing of seeds lead by using two sheets with holes, on each sheet the holes are located the same - after three centimeters along and across the ridge, cutouts are made in the bottom sheet for moving the top sheet, the holes of the top sheet are placed between the holes of the bottom sheet, after filling the holes of the top sheet with seeds, the sheets are placed on the ridge, the top sheet is shifted along the ridge, the holes are aligned and the seeds fall to the ground, after sowing, the ridge is mulched, weed control is carried out, and the seedlings are irrigated and fed.

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