RU2759571C2 - Method for increasing soil fertility - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and can find application in arable farming when using straw and crop residues as sources of mineral nutrition of agricultural crops. The method includes the processing crop residues with a destructor solution, embedding the treated crop residues into the soil, sowing a sideral crop and rolling crops. During the harvesting period, the straw is crushed and evenly scattered over the surface of the field by combine harvesters. In one pass, the machine-tractor unit sequentially processes plant residues with an aqueous solution of biological destructors, introduces nitrogen mineral fertilizers, seals the treated plant residues into the surface layer of the soil, seeds the sideral culture and rolls crops. When the sideral culture reaches the optimal vegetative mass, it is embedded in the soil.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase soil fertility and reduce costs.

1 cl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods for increasing soil fertility.

After harvesting a grain crop, crop residues (stubble and straw) remain on the soil surface. There are various methods of processing plant residues in order to further effectively involve them as sources of mineral nutrition for agricultural crops and to increase the potential soil fertility.

Many methods involve the grinding of straw by a combine harvester, its uniform distribution over the surface of the field and further incorporation into the soil [Khalansky V.M., Gorbachev I.V. Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment. Textbook. - M .: KolosS 2004 .-- 624 p. Section "Harvesting the non-grain part of the crop"]. The disadvantage of this method is the long process of decomposition of plant residues by microorganisms, since suboptimal conditions for their life are created.

An important factor affecting the rate of decomposition of plant residues is the ratio of the proportion of nitrogen to carbon (C: N) in the process medium. Thus, to accelerate the mineralization of the straw, it is necessary to add additional nitrogen to the soil. A known method of decomposition of plant residues (RF patent No. 2485752 IPC A01C21, publ. 06/27/2013), which provides for the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in an amount determined by the optimal ratio of carbon to nitrogen. The disadvantages of this method include the increased consumption of nitrogen fertilizers.

In addition to the direct application of nitrogen mineral fertilizers, the nitrogen-fixing ability of plants, which are often used as green manures, can be used to increase the nitrogen content in the soil. There is a known method of increasing soil fertility, based on growing green manure crops according to the technology adopted in the region, and after the plants reach the necessary vegetative mass, it is embedded in the soil (Agrochemistry. Edited by B.A. Yagodin. - 2nd ed., Revised and add. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1989. - 639 p .; Efimov V.N., Donskikh I.N., Tsarenko V.P. Fertilization system. Edited by V.N. Efimov. - M .: KolosS, 2003 .-- 320 p.). This technology provides for the sequential execution of operations for the main soil cultivation, pre-sowing soil cultivation, sowing green manure culture and its incorporation into the soil. This method is characterized by high energy and labor costs, requires the use of a large amount of equipment, and is stretched over time.

The problem of decomposition of straw and crop residues in the known methods is proposed to be solved mainly by using various combinations of agrochemical and agrotechnical methods. In addition to the described methods, the decomposition process of plant residues can be accelerated by the use of decomposers - microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) that destroy the remains of dead plants and convert them into inorganic compounds. In addition to accelerating the decay of plant residues, destructors have the ability to suppress the growth of some plant pathogens, i.e. have a healing effect on the soil and plants, preventing their infection. There is a known method that allows you to accelerate the process of mineralization of plant residues (Rusakova IV, Vorobiev NI "Influence of the biological product Barkon on the process of humification of straw" // Journal "Agrochemistry" 2011, No. 1, pp. 48-55). The method includes a sequence of operations: chopping and scattering straw over the surface of the field, treatment with an aqueous solution of a mixture of biological products Barkon and Baikal EM-1, subsequent plowing of crop residues. Biopreparations Barkon and Baikal EM-1 contain a complex of dozens of species of microorganisms-humifiers, which carry out the destruction of cellulose-lignin complexes in plant biomass and their subsequent transformation into humic substances. As a result of the activity of these microorganisms, the decomposition of straw under anaerobic conditions increases when plowing into the soil. Disadvantages of the method - this method provides for the surface application of biological products on a layer of crushed straw, which, under the influence of sunlight, leads to the death of a large number of microorganisms of the biological product solution.

The closest technical solution is the principle underlying the useful model of the unit for introducing a destructor and sowing green manure (RF patent No. 162755 IPC А01В 49/04, А01В 21/08 publ. 06/27/2016 bull. No. 18). The unit in one pass processes the crushed plant residues with an aqueous solution of the destructor, embeds the processed plant residues into the surface layer of the soil, sowing green manure and rolling the surface. The disadvantage of the prototype is the reduced efficiency of decomposition of plant residues due to the non-optimal ratio of carbon and nitrogen.

The objective of the invention is to increase the rate of decomposition of plant residues after harvesting the crop. The technical result is an increase in soil fertility and cost reduction.

The method is carried out as follows. During the harvesting period, the straw is crushed and evenly scattered over the surface of the field with a combine harvester, in one pass, the machine-tractor unit sequentially processes plant residues with an aqueous solution of biological products-destructors, introduces nitrogen mineral fertilizers, embeds the processed plant residues into the surface layer of the soil, sows green manure and rolling crops, then upon reaching the green manure culture of the optimal vegetative mass, it is embedded in the soil.

Output. The proposed method allows you to increase soil fertility due to the rapid decomposition of plant residues and the use of green mass of green manure culture while reducing material and labor costs.

Claims (1)

A method for increasing soil fertility, including the processes of treating crop residues with a destructor solution, embedding treated crop residues in the soil, sowing green manure and rolling crops, characterized in that during the harvesting period the straw is crushed and evenly scattered over the surface of the field with a combine harvester, in one pass The tractor unit sequentially processes plant residues with an aqueous solution of biological products-destructors, introduces nitrogen mineral fertilizers, embeds the treated plant residues into the surface layer of the soil, sows green manure culture and rolling crops, then, upon reaching the green manure culture of optimal vegetation mass, it is embedded in the soil.