RU2741847C2 - Method of harvesting fruit crop, berries and fruits before placing them in storage - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of fruit and vegetable products processing includes 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) crop treatment obtained by interaction of powder preparation containing 1-MCP with water alkali, accompanied by air passing through aqueous solution of alkali with release into atmosphere of gaseous 1-MCP store during a day. Simultaneously with treatment of 1-MLC products are also treated with smoke, containing permethrin and thiabendazole in the presence of hydrogen storage in concentration of 0.002 to 4.0 vol % in atmosphere.

EFFECT: method allows protecting fruit-and-vegetable production both from harmful influence of endogenous and exogenous ethylene, and from damages by rot, molds and various kinds of microbial diseases.

3 cl, 2 tbl, 10 ex

Description

The invention relates to a technology for processing agricultural crops in order to increase the shelf life and improve their quality. In particular, the invention relates to a technology for processing fruits, berries and fruits with preparations based on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which has properties that block the action of the “aging gas” - ethylene - on ripening receptors, as well as pyrotechnic bombs containing active substances , which suppress and prevent the development of damage to fruits by molds, rot, various fungal and microbial diseases. The listed factors - the influence of ethylene and the development of fungal and microbial diseases - are the main ones responsible for spoilage and reducing the storage time of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, the creation of technology to prevent the influence of these harmful factors is a very important task.

In view of the extreme instability and high reactivity, numerous variants of 1-MCP binding by various sorption substances and methods have been proposed that allow for a long-term storage, transport, and use of 1-methylcyclopropene as a preparation for processing fruits and vegetables in the post-harvest season. The most common method for binding 1-MCP is its sorption with alpha-cyclodextrin. All commercially produced 1-MCP preparations - Smart-Fresh, Fruit Smart, Fresh-Form and others - are produced in this form, that is, in the form of a powder commercial form of the 1-MCP complex with alpha-cyclodextrin ( see, for example, / 1 /, analog).

In our opinion, the closest in its technical essence to the declared one is the method of processing the harvest of fruits, fruits, berries, vegetables and greens before storing gaseous 1-methylcyclopropene by interaction of a powder preparation containing 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) with aqueous alkali in a special 1-MCP generator, accompanied by passing air from the microcompressor through an aqueous solution of alkali with the release of gaseous 1-MSP into the atmosphere of the storage facility, followed by processing the crop with gaseous 1-MCP and storing the processed crop in a normal or controlled atmosphere at a low temperature. / 3, prototype /. The known technical solution describes in detail the procedure for extracting 1-MCP gas from a commercial powder preparation "Fresh-Form" when the preparation interacts in a reactor with an aqueous alkali with a constant air flow through a bubbler-nebulizer into the working solution. The released gas enters the volume of the fruit storage, where it interacts with the fruits during the day and makes them insensitive to the influence of ethylene / 3, prototype /.

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency of processing 1-MCP of fruits, which, although they are susceptible to the “aging” effect of ethylene, are also very sensitive to fungal diseases, rot and microbial lesions. Examples of such crops are plums, grapes, apricots, cucumbers and other fruits and vegetables.

A very effective agent is known that prevents the appearance of mold and fungi on the surface of the fruit, and even contributes to their healing at different stages of the disease. Such a means is a fungicidal pyrotechnic checker, which, when burned, releases an active substance into the atmosphere of the fruit storage, for example, permitrin or thiabendazole, which, when smoldering, sublimate from the checker composition and pass into an aerosol cloud of smoke (see, for example, / 2 /, analogue). The composition of the resulting pyrotechnic compositions is described in great detail, it contains an active substance, an organic fuel, an oxidizing agent and a flame arrester (see table 1):

From the compositions obtained, tablets or blocks are formed, which are activated by simply igniting from the surface with a match or a splinter.

This treatment is very simple and effective against a certain group of factors affecting the fruit, but it does not solve the problem of the harmful effects of ethylene. This is the main disadvantage of this method.

It seems obvious to combine these two types of processing in one chamber in order to protect the stored fruits from most of the damaging factors.

However, in practice, it turns out that it is simply impossible to combine both processes in one chamber at the same time, since without special measures the smoke from the checker interferes with the interaction of 1-methylcyclopropene with surface receptors sensitive to ethylene (see comparative example 1). As a result, the receptors are not blocked, and the fetus remains defenseless against the influence of ethylene. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the processing of 1-MCP on the first day, and on the second day - processing with a pyrotechnic checker (see comparative example 2). This is difficult and takes longer to process.

The task of this technical solution is to simplify the method of processing fruits and vegetables before storing them, combining and processing

1-methylcyclopropene, and a pyrotechnic checker in a single process both in time and in one chamber.

This problem is solved by the claimed method of processing fruit and vegetable products, including the processing of the crop with 1-methylcyclopropene, obtained by the interaction of a powder preparation containing 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) with an aqueous alkali, accompanied by passing air through an aqueous solution of alkali with the release of gaseous 1- MCP during the day, characterized in that, simultaneously with the treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene, the products are also treated with smoke containing active permitrin and thiabendazole in the presence of hydrogen in the atmosphere of a fruit storage at a concentration of 0.002 vol.% To 4.0 vol.% Preferably, hydrogen is obtained in storage chamber made of powdered aluminum and alkaline solution.

It is also preferable to obtain hydrogen from the same alkaline working solution in the same 1-MCP generator from which 1-MCP is separated.

Hydrogen can be supplied to the fruit storage room by any method known to a specialist, for example, released from a cylinder, supplied from a hydrogen generator, obtained from hydrides of alkaline earth metals by their interaction with water, but the most preferred and at the same time the simplest method of supplying hydrogen to the storage chamber is the interaction of powder aluminum with an alkaline solution in the reactor itself, in which 1-methylcyclopropene gas is generated. The listed methods of hydrogen supply in no way limit the possibilities of the claimed method.

The presence of hydrogen in the storage chamber unexpectedly gave the effect of the effectiveness of the processing of 1-MCP fruits under conditions of smoke formation with the release of active fungicidal substances into the atmosphere due to the smoldering of pyrotechnic sticks. In some cases, the effectiveness of 1-MCP even increases. At the same time, hydrogen does not have any effect on the simultaneous treatment of fruits with fungicides, which are released into the atmosphere of the fruit storage together with the smoke during the smoldering of pyrotechnic sticks. This allows us to consider the proposed technical solution to the criteria "Novelty" and "Inventive level".

The method is illustrated by the following examples:

Example 1 (comparative).

Apples of the "Renet Semerenko" variety, taken in the phase of removable maturity of 7-9 points in the iodine-starch test and with a hardness index of 11-12 kg / cm ² , as well as plums of the "Stenley" variety, also removed in the phase of the the value of the hardness index is 3.5 kg / cm ² . Apples in the amount of 250 kg and plums in the amount of 100 kg, placed in wooden plank boxes of 10-15 kg each, are placed in a hermetically sealed refrigerating chamber with an internal volume of 15.6 m ³ . The temperature in the chamber is brought to 12 ° C, the temperature of the fruit is 13-14 ° C. Further, the said fruits are processed simultaneously with 1-MCP and a pyrotechnic saber. The commercial preparation Fresh-Form with a basic substance content of 3.5 wt% is used as the 1-MCP preparation; 2.3 grams of the preparation are used for processing. As a pyrotechnic checker, a commercially available fresh-Form pyrotechnic checker is used, containing 20% permitrin and thiabendazole. A 5 gram checker is used for this camera.

The 1-MCP preparation is activated by placing it in a 1.0 liter jar, into which 600 ml of 3% sodium alkali solution is poured and dipped into the solution with a microspray bubbler connected to an aquarium compressor. The can and the checker are installed on the floor in the room at a distance of 2.5 meters from each other. The compressor is connected to the network, the 1-MCP powder preparation is poured into an alkaline solution, and the stick is set on fire with a match, after which the room is immediately left and hermetically closed. After 24 hours, the chamber is opened and the effectiveness of the 1-MCP preparation and the pyrotechnic checker is determined.

To assess the success of the processing with a checker, the bactericidal properties of the processed fruits are determined, for which round pieces with a diameter of 10 mm were cut out from the surface of the fruits after processing, which were sterilized for 6 hours by exposure under severe UV irradiation of a mercury lamp with a wavelength of 254 nm. This was done to prevent accidental introduction of foreign strains of bacteria into the studied samples. Further, in Petri dishes, bacterial suspensions of various pathogenic microbes were applied to the surface of Hottinger's agar, namely: Staphilococcus aureus Rosenbach 1884 (G +) and Escherichia coli (G-). Then, in the middle of the Petri dishes, pieces of the peel of the processed fruits were placed, after which the samples were kept in a thermostat at a temperature of 36 ° C for 12 hours. Then Petri dishes were examined for the presence / absence of zones of inhibition of microbial activity on the samples themselves and around them. As shown, in both cases, there is a complete suppression of microbial activity on the surface of samples cut from the surface of apples and plums. Moreover, these pieces exhibit a very high antimicrobial activity, since the zone of inhibition has spread beyond the pieces by 5-6 mm from the edge of the samples.

To assess the success of the treatment of fruits with 1-MCP, samples of treated and untreated apples were kept at room temperature for 7 days, after which 1.5 kg of both apples were placed for 3 hours in hermetically sealed containers with a volume of 7 liters with a device for air sampling for the gas analyzer. After 3 hours, the air in the containers was analyzed for the content of ethylene released from the apples on a Shenzen YuanTe Technology device, the readings of which are given in ppm units, that is, in ppm by weight. Knowing the air density, which is 1.295 grams per liter at 20 ° C, and the mass of apples loaded into the container, the ethylene release level was calculated in ml per 1 kg of apples in 1 hour. For treated fruits, this level was 1.2 ml / kg h, for untreated fruits - 2.1 ml / kg h.

The sensitivity of fruits and vegetables to endogenous and exogenous ethylene was assessed by the intensity of "respiration" with ethylene - the more ethylene the fruits produce, the more they are sensitive to it during storage. Thus, the effect of using 1-MCP in the case of the combined use of 1-MCP and a fungicidal pyrotechnic checker turned out to be very small - the intensity of ethylene release decreased by less than two times. The effect of using 1-MCP is very small and will not allow storage for a long time even at a low temperature, so-called. "Climacteric" fruits, which include apples, pears, plums, apricots, tomatoes and many other products. Thus, it is impossible to jointly use these drugs by simply combining processes simultaneously and in one chamber.

Example 2 (comparative).

The method was carried out according to example 1, but the use of the 1-MCP preparation and the checkers were separated in time, namely: on the first day, the 1-MCP preparation was used, and on the second day, a pyrotechnic checker. After using the 1-MCP preparation, the working solution was disposed of from a liter jar, and the compressor was turned off. All studies of the activity of the drugs used were also carried out according to example 1.

The checker used showed exactly the same activity as in example 1, namely, the zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activity also spread beyond the sample pieces by 5-6 mm. But the intensity of ethylene release from the treated apple samples compared to untreated ones decreased by more than 30 times - 0.07 ml / kg per hour versus 2.2 ml / kg per hour. Thus, both drugs worked perfectly, but the method of their use is too complicated, since it requires separate use of the drugs and a long time - two days.

Example 3 (according to the claimed method).

The method is carried out according to example 1, but 2.7 grams of commercially available powdered aluminum is added to the original liter container with a sodium alkali solution together with the 1-MCP "Fresh-Form" preparation. The calculated concentration of hydrogen released into the atmosphere of the chamber was about 0.2 vol.%. All further studies of the activity of the drugs used were also carried out according to example 1.

The checker used showed exactly the same activity as in examples 1 and 2, namely, the zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activity also extended beyond the sample pieces by 5-6 mm. But the intensity of ethylene release in treated apple samples compared to untreated ones decreased by more than 33 times - 0.067 ml / kg per hour versus 2.2 ml / kg per hour. Thus, both drugs worked perfectly, but the method of their use was simplified, since they were used together in one chamber in one day.

Example 4 (according to the claimed method).

The method is carried out according to example 3, but a second container with the same alkaline NaOH solution as in the first container is placed in the chamber, and aluminum powder in the amount of 2.7 grams is added to the second container. The calculated concentration of hydrogen released into the atmosphere of the chamber was about 0.2 vol.%. All further studies of the activity of the drugs used were also carried out according to example 1. As a sample of apples, the fruits of the apple variety "Golden Delicious", plums - the variety "Champion" are used.

The checker used showed exactly the same activity as in examples 1, 2 and 3, namely, the zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activity also spread beyond the sample pieces by 5-6 mm. But the intensity of ethylene release in the treated apple samples compared to untreated ones decreased by more than 28 times - 0.17 ml / kg per hour versus 4.8 ml / kg per hour. Thus, both drugs worked perfectly, but the method of their use was simplified, since it was carried out in one day.

Example 5 (according to the claimed method).

The method is carried out according to example 4, but neither aluminum powder nor a second container with an alkaline solution is used, but hydrogen is discharged into the chamber from a hydrogen cylinder equipped with a gas flow meter. Hydrogen is released at the beginning of the process, after which both preparations are used - powder 1-MCP and a fungicidal pyrotechnic checker. The calculated concentration of hydrogen released into the atmosphere of the chamber was about 2.1 vol.% (About 328 liters). All further studies of the activity of the drugs used were also carried out according to example 1. As a sample of apples, the fruits of the apple variety "Golden Delicious", plums - the variety "Champion" are used.

The used checker showed even a slightly higher activity compared to examples 1-4, namely, the zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activity also spread beyond the sample pieces by 6-7 mm. But the intensity of ethylene release in the treated apple samples compared with untreated ones decreased by more than 35 times - 0.13 ml / kg per hour versus 4.6 ml / kg per hour. Thus, both drugs worked even more effectively, and the method of their use was simplified, since it was carried out in one day.

The conditions and results of the implementation of the method according to examples 1-10 are presented in table 2.

Table 2.

Conditions for the implementation of the method of processing fruits and its effectiveness.

Sample No. and type of processing
Fruit varieties Hydrogen supply method Volume concentration of hydrogen in the chamber, vol.% The effectiveness of the use of checkers in mm of suppression of microbial activity from the edge of samples The effectiveness of the use of the drug 1-MCP, expressed in the multiplicity of decrease in the release of ethylene, times Output 1 (compare),
joint. Apples "Renet Semirenko" and plums "Stanley" - - 5-6 1.75 The release of ethylene decreased 1.75 times, the treatment time was 24 hours, the 1-MCP treatment failed, the checker worked. 2 (compare), separate. Apples "Renet Semirenko" and plums "Stanley" - - 5-6 thirty The release of ethylene decreased 30 times, the processing time was 2 days, the processing of 1-MCP was successful, and the checker worked. 3 (according to the declared method), joint. Apples "Renet Semirenko" and plums "Stanley" Aluminum powder into a common reaction vessel with an alkaline solution. 0.2 5-6 33 The release of ethylene decreased 33 times, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 4 (according to the declared method), joint. Apples "Golden Delicious" and plums "Champion" Aluminum powder in separate reaction vessels with alkaline solution. 0.2 5-6 28 The release of ethylene decreased by a factor of 28, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 5 (according to the declared method), joint. Apples "Golden Delicious" and plums "Champion" From a balloon 2.1 6-7 35 The release of ethylene decreased 35 times, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 6 (according to the declared method), joint. Florina apples, Stanley plums and Pharaoh tomatoes From a hydrogen generator (electrolysis) 0.002 4-5 12 The release of ethylene decreased 12 times, the treatment with 1-MCP was satisfactory, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 7 (according to the declared method), joint. Florina apples, Stanley plums and Bettina F-1 cucumbers From a balloon 4.0 6-7 29 The release of ethylene decreased by a factor of 29, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 8 (according to the declared method), joint. Grani Smith apples, Yakovlev's Favorite pears and Narinji peaches Aluminum powder into a common reaction vessel with an alkaline solution. 0.3 5-6 27 The release of ethylene decreased by a factor of 27, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 9 (according to the declared method), joint. Fuji apples and Moldova grapes Aluminum powder into a common reaction vessel with an alkaline solution. 0.3 5-6 25 The release of ethylene decreased 25 times, the treatment with 1-MCP was successful, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked. 10 (according to the declared method), joint. Apples "Pepin Saffron" and grapes "Kishmish" Aluminum powder into general reaction tank with alkaline solution .. 0.3 5-6 26 The release of ethylene decreased 26 times, the treatment with 1-MCP was satisfactory, the treatment time was 24 hours, the checker worked.

As follows from the data in Table 2, the implementation of the method for processing agricultural products before storing them under the stated conditions allows the processing process within one chamber in one day with high efficiency in relation to the potential for long-term storage in refrigerating chambers, since they are simultaneously suppressed as centers responsible for the influence of ethylene, and microbial and fungal diseases of the fruit are effectively destroyed. This makes the use of drugs more effective and / or more economical.

Sources of information taken into account:

1 (Analog) Video materials at the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ72Ign5lhQ, time from 34 to 39 seconds of the video or by the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnPIAHgrGuU with 3 min. 17 sec. 3 min. 37 sec. roller

2. (Analogue) Patent RU 206476, A01N 25/20, 1996

3. RF patent 2658668 from 22.06.2018, priority 19.07.2017 (prototype).

Claims (3)

1. A method of processing fruit and vegetable products, including processing the crop with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), obtained by the interaction of a powder preparation containing 1-MCP, with an aqueous alkali, accompanied by passing air through an aqueous solution of alkali with the release of gaseous 1-MCP into the atmosphere of the storage during the day, characterized in that, simultaneously with the processing of 1-MCP, the products are also treated with smoke containing permitrin and thiabendazole in the presence of hydrogen in the atmosphere of a fruit storage at a concentration of 0.002 to 4.0 vol.%. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that hydrogen is introduced into the atmosphere of the fruit storage due to the reaction of aluminum powder with an aqueous alkaline solution. 3. The method according to PP. 1. and 2, characterized in that aluminum interacts with an alkaline solution in the same reaction vessel from which 1-MCP is obtained.