RU2632623C1 - Method for adaptational training of russian shooting athletes for competitions under climatic and geographical conditions of latin america - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: medicine.

SUBSTANCE: for adaptational training, physiological and biochemical parameters of the body are monitored and, if necessary, corrected. During training days, a complex of the following six parameters is monitored daily: pulse in the orthostatic test - lying and standing, value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the morning after sleep, heart rate and oxygen level in peripheral blood in rested state immediately before training. With an increase or decrease of at least 2 out of six indicators compared to the accepted limits of their normal values, the intensity of the two subsequent trainings at all stages of training before the flight is maintained so that the increase in the athlete's heart rate during training is no more than 10% of the initial value in the rested state. With the values of all the mentioned indicators being within the accepted norm, or beyond, the values of only one indicator for the daily aerobic training of the athlete at the initial stage of adaptational training, the intensity is maintained in a mode that allows to provide 190≥heart rate>130. Training is performed by microcycles depending on the stage and taking into account the heart rate. Flight takes place not less than 7 days before the start of the competition. During the flight, the level of oxygen in the peripheral blood and heart rate are determined, and in the case of an increase or decrease in at least one of these parameters, compared to the accepted norm, the intensity of the two follow-up trainings during the first day is maintained so that the increase in heart rate during training does not exceed 5% of the original value in the rested state. At normal values of blood oxygen and heart rate during the flight - the increase in heart rate during training is no more than 20%. From the second day under new climatic and geographical conditions, training is conducted in the following mode: 3 days of training, 1 day break, morning - shooting, evening - aerobic. Body parameters are monitored every day, and with an increase or decrease in at least 2 of them compared to the accepted limits of their normal values, the intensity of the two following trainings is maintained so that the increase in the athlete's heart rate during training is no more than 10% of the initial value in the rested state. At normal values of indicators, or in case of exceeded norm for no more than one indicator, training is performed in a mode that allows to maintain 170≥heart rate≥110.

EFFECT: optimum load conditions.

4 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to sports medicine, rehabilitation and preventive medicine, pedagogical control in sports and can be used to most effectively increase the adaptive capabilities of Russian shooter athletes to altered chronobiological and climatogeographic factors due to a transatlantic flight to Latin America.

Latin America is located in the subtropical, tropical and subequatorial zones of the Northern Hemisphere; equatorial belt; subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. Due to its geographical location, mainly in low latitudes, most of the region is characterized by hot types of climate, where average monthly temperatures are more than + 20 ° C, and seasonal climate changes are manifested mainly in changes in precipitation rather than temperatures. Gran Chicago has the absolute highest air temperature in South America (+ 48.9 ° C in January). In addition, a significant part of the region falls on the mountainous terrain, both the foothills and the middle and high mountains.

The effect of increasing altitude on the condition of the body of a mammal, especially during physical and psychological stress in sports, is great. There is tension of all body systems: endocrine (insulin, glucose, glucocorticoids, adrenaline, etc.), blood system, cardiorespiratory.

The same muscle load, depending on climatic conditions, on the degree of acclimatization, causes unequal changes in the saturation of arterial blood with oxygen, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration parameters, the time of recovery processes, aerobic performance and working capacity of athletes lengthens (Physiology and pathology of adaptation to natural environmental factors // V All-Union Conference on Ecological Physiology, Biochemistry and Morphology, Frunze, 1977, pp. 267-268, 278-280, 393-394).

For athletes of various sports specialties, there are their own circadian rhythms, chronotypes, accounting of which is necessary to increase their performance, maintain and improve sports results in changing climatic and geographical conditions, in order to avoid the development of desynchronosis (Roberto Manfred et al. Circadian rhythms, athletic performance, and jet lag, Br J Sports Med 1998; 32: 101-106).

The following factors influence the athlete's adaptation to physical activity in the conditions of a sharp change in time zones:

- travel areas: west, east, number of time zones, geographical conditions, temperature, humidity, social conditions in the new region,

- duration of movement: short or long,

- category of a moving person: sport, seniority, age, gender, phase of the menstrual cycle in women, state of health, level of fitness, experience of acclimatization,

- the nature and specificity of sports activities: training or competition, their tension, conditions,

- risk factors: emotional or physical stress, immunodeficiency, deficiency of vitamins, trace elements, body weight, smoking, alcohol.

The zone and corresponding climatic adaptation when moving to 4 or more time zones can include three stages: initial (2-4 days) - violation of the daily rhythms of synchronization of the basic processes of life; the second stage - ends in 7-10 days, includes an active restructuring of psychophysiological functions, a gradual increase in physical performance; the third stage - stabilization of psychophysiological functions, a new circadian rhythm (Dobrovolskaya N.A. et al. Some features of temporary adaptation of athletes during transmeridial flights, J. Pedagogy, psychology and biomedical problems of physical education and sports, 2009, issue 5, p. . 77-80).

At the same time, the importance of the athlete’s regimen and physical activity for the temporary adaptation is shown already in the first day after the flight, especially forced night sleep and the first training. Already during the flight, experts recommend switching to a new daily regime, choosing the appropriate intensity of the loads. For athletes of highly coordinated sports, which include shooters, adaptive loads should be selected individually. For the prevention of desynchronosis, departure to the west is advisable in the first half of the day with arrival in the evening (see Dobrovolskaya et al.).

As for adaptation specifically to mountainous regions, acclimatization to conditions of oxygen deficiency, according to Zinker V.M. (Bulletin of the Buryat University, 2009/13, 76-78) oxygen deficiency is the most important limiting factor in sports, and here the physiological effect of training becomes greater than at sea level. Therefore, an optimal level of training and competitive loads is necessary. In particular, for runners on 1000-1200 m in high altitude conditions, according to Zinker V.M., 2009, by the deviation of heart rate by more than 2%, it is possible to judge the improvement or deterioration of the level of working capacity.

It is shown that measurements of blood pressure and heart rate, basal metabolic rate during a time zone shift allow us to determine the individual adaptability of an athlete’s body to change time zones. To study the nature of the daily dynamics of autonomic functions, it is recommended to record (daily or after 1-2 days) body temperature and pulse rate several times during the day. If it is not possible to often record these indicators, the measurements are carried out in the morning and at 22-23 hours. For operational control, blood pressure (BP), ECG, biochemical control are used. Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to identify athletes who do not adapt well to changing the time zone to prescribe appropriate preventive measures, pharmacological agents for the prevention and treatment of desynchronosis. To control the tolerance of loads, it is advisable to use a combination of several simple tests: measuring temperature in the morning and evening, heart rate and blood pressure at rest (in the morning), body weight and muscle strength of the hand (Guidelines for interpreting the influence of biorhythmological factors on adaptation, functional and psychological state and athletic performance Moscow athletes, including athletes with disabilities, Moscow, 2012, 40 pp.).

Symptoms of circadian rhythm disturbance, desynchronosis:

- a feeling of fatigue in the daytime and lack of sleep at night when in a new time zone;

- Awakening in the middle of the night and inability to fall asleep again;

- a feeling of weakening concentration or motivation;

- deterioration of mental state and decreased physical performance;

- increased manifestations of irritability and headaches;

- loss of appetite and a general violation of the functioning of internal organs.

Flying westward is accompanied by a phase delay in the body’s internal clock. It is important to maintain activity during the daytime and to avoid prolonged sleep, which can contribute to fixing the internal clock at the time of the original time zone and thereby have harmful consequences for the body's adaptation to the conditions of the new time zone. Light exercises can have a positive effect, help maintain a state of arousal and cause temporary relief of symptoms of circadian rhythm disturbance.

Duration of resynchronization of body rhythms after long-haul flights can vary in a wide range - from 1-2 to 7-10 or more days. It depends on many reasons, among which, first of all, it is necessary to single out the following:

- flight range (change of 3-4-time zones can pass almost imperceptibly for the body, and 6-8 - require complex and sufficiently long adaptation);

- direction of flight (flight in the western direction is easier to carry than in the eastern one);

- mode during the time preceding the flight (advance preparation can significantly facilitate the resynchronization process);

- rational nutrition before, during and immediately after the flight;

- the use of special tools and procedures (taking unlawful sleeping pills, using bright light, restoring and calming procedures of a physical and psychological nature, etc.);

- the specifics of the sport and competitive discipline (resynchronization in species with a relatively simple structure of movements, the uniform nature of training activities that do not require long-term voltage functions, is faster);

- the complexity of motor actions (synchronization of rhythms in relation to simple actions, static strength, time of a simple motor reaction, the frequency of standard movements, etc., is faster than in relation to complex movements, especially in variable situations);

- the nature of the preceding training and competition activities (athletes who often compete in competitions on different continents and are forced to change the time of training and competition adapt faster after long-haul flights).

Irrational behavior of the athlete in the last days before the flight and in the first days of stay in a new place can significantly complicate the process of synchronizing sleep and activity, significantly affect performance, slow down recovery reactions, worsen the psychological state, etc.

The patterns of temporary adaptation in connection with the change of time zones significantly affect the choice of location and the nature of training in the period preceding the main competitions of the season. This problem is especially acute for highly qualified athletes preparing for such major competitions as World Championships and the Olympic Games. In order to adapt more efficiently, teams often travel to the place of future competitions 2-3 weeks before they start.

Many athletes in 10-15 days of the main starts change the time of training sessions, sleep and wakefulness in order to ensure in advance the restructuring of the daily regimen in accordance with the requirements of the future competition venue.

When searching among patent publications revealed the following analogues of the invention.

The well-known "METHOD FOR CORRECTION OF ADAPTIVE PROCESSES OF AN ATHLETES ORGANISM" (RU 2379067 C1, Novokuznetsk State Institute for Advanced Medical Studies, published on 01.20.2010). In this method, to optimize the energy-metabolic and vegetative components of the body's adaptive processes in athletes, the general non-specific reactivity is determined by the leukogram by the method of L.Kh. Garkavi. When a reaction is detected, training exercises affect the eyes with red or orange LEDs. In the presence of a reaction of calm or increased activation, they are affected by green or blue LEDs. The exposure is carried out by the apparatus "APEC" with a pulse repetition rate of 9.24 ± 0.2. Hz and its duration of 5-6 s, alternately for each eye for 8 minutes in the first half of the day, after morning training, for a course of 10 procedures, daily. The method allows the prevention of maladaptive disorders in athletes.

The well-known "METHOD OF RESTORING THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF AN ATHLETES ORGANISM" (RU 2407563 C1, IBMI VSC RAS, published. 12.27.2010). The method includes exposure to magneto-infrared laser radiation synchronized with the athlete’s chronotype in combination with oral administration of a phyto-cocktail consisting of 70% alcohol tinctures of elecampane high, licorice, prickly eleutherococcus, Aralia manchurian taken in a ratio of 2: 2: 1: 1. The action of magneto-infrared laser radiation is carried out on acupuncture points through applicators moistened in the specified phytococktail. The effects are combined with aromatherapy sessions with lavender essential oil and music therapy. The method increases the adaptive capabilities of the athlete’s body, improves its overall and physical performance by optimizing the autonomic balance, normalizing violations of the temporal organization of the main indicators of the cardiovascular system, reducing anxiety.

Also known is the “METHOD FOR PEDIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF HEALTH OF ATHLETES” (RU 2534403 C1, FBUN "NNIIGP" of Rospotrebnadzor, published on November 27, 2014), which conducts a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of an athlete 12-16 hours after the termination of severe physical exertion. The scope of the study is determined taking into account the most vulnerable to physical loads of organs and systems when assessing prognostically significant criteria of the morphological and functional state of the body. The study includes the determination and analysis of biochemical, hematological, immunological and functional indicators, as well as indicators of vitamin and mineral saturation of the body. If these indicators remain stably changed, significantly different from normal values, nonspecific changes in the organs and systems of the athlete are diagnosed. The method provides early diagnosis of significant changes in organs and systems of the body during the training-competitive cycle. This allows us to take timely measures in order to prevent the further development of pathological conditions and preserve professional performance in this regard, and achieve consistently high sports results.

However, none of the mentioned methods, disclosed in patent and non-patent publications, mentions the observance of a certain training regimen and the control of the necessary and sufficient number of physiological indicators to ensure the most optimal adaptation for shooting athletes in the new conditions of Latin America.

In the training manual “Bullet shooting” (http://www.ooting-ua.com/arhiv_sorevnovaniy/methods_17.8.htm), the characteristics of the sports activities of sportsmen-shooters, the criteria for the formation of an individual training plan for athletes are described, methods for improving sports results are disclosed .

In addition, to achieve a high sports result, it is proposed to carry out special scientific, methodological and biomedical support of training activities, including a comprehensive examination (stage, current, during the competition), the results of an in-depth medical examination and monitoring indicators of the training process.

The use of a number of functional tests, the determination of biochemical, hematological, immunological and psychological indicators is accepted. Analysis and accounting of the dynamics of the obtained values of functional tests allows you to optimize the athlete’s functional state through the use of permitted pharmacological agents, dietary supplements, specialized sports nutrition, non-drug recovery methods (natural and preformed physical factors), adjust the amount (volume and intensity) of physical activity and a unified training schedule process and competition.

To solve these problems, the following functional tests are known: load tests with determination of the aerobic-anaerobic threshold, Ruthier test (with 20 squats), Genchi test with breath holding, orthostatic test, determination of the functional state of the visual analyzer, analysis of body composition, etc. Biochemical studies indicators: cortisol, testosterone, dehydrotestosterone, free testosterone, the ratio of testosterone / cortisol, glucose, insulin, bilirubin (total, direct), total protein, urea, creatinine, CPK, MT, drugs T and others. Hematological indicators are studied: hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, trace elements, vitamin D content, etc.

The following programs of scientific and methodological support are implemented: a stage complex survey, a current survey and a survey of competitive activity (Table 1-3).

The basic training cycle should be aimed at improving overall performance (endurance). For this purpose, after testing on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill, you can determine 4 zones of the intensity of the training process (table) and select for each athlete a third zone for working in aerobic mode for at least 30 minutes (tab. 4).

Assessing the level of general functional readiness allows you to define individual heart rate zones for building personalized sports training programs. Based on the obtained specific values of the studied indicators, each athlete is determined by an individual intensity zone for cyclic loads, the program is selected.

In the prior art, however, the closest analogue of the invention having the same purpose as our method has not been identified. The claimed method is based on the processing and analysis of many related publications and our own observations and calculations of the inventors, as the most optimal way of adaptive preparation of Russian shooters for competitions in new specific climatic and geographical conditions - in Latin America.

We chose a set of certain simple indicators, the control of which during training and flight allows us to determine the optimal load regime and, accordingly, optimally prepare athletes for shooting competitions in the new conditions mentioned. This is the technical result of our proposed method.

The method includes monitoring a complex of six physiological and biochemical parameters of the body and, if necessary, correcting them by changing the training regimen, training load.

To do this, on the days of training, a set of the following six indicators is monitored daily: pulse with an orthostatic test - lying and standing (indicators 1 and 2), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (indicators 3 and 4) in the morning after lying down, heart rate and oxygen level in peripheral blood (indicators 5 and 6) using a pulse oximeter at rest immediately before training.

With an increase or decrease in at least 2 of the indicators 1-6 compared with the accepted boundaries of their normal values, the intensity of the two subsequent trainings at all stages of training before the transatlantic flight is maintained such that the increase in the athlete’s heart rate during training is no more than 10% of the initial at rest.

With the values of all the mentioned indicators within the accepted norm, or beyond it, the values of only one indicator for the athlete’s daily aerobic training at the initial stage of adaptive training, the load intensity is maintained in a mode that allows providing 190 ≥ HR> 130.

Training at the initial stage in an amount of at least 21 in aerobic mode is carried out daily for at least 30 minutes in the form of microcycles: 5 days of training and 2 days off, with morning training - shooting, evening training - aerobic.

At the end of each of the two trainings, they use a cyclic exercise in the form of running, walking, cycling as a “hitch” for at least 10 minutes in a mode that allows you to maintain 170 ≥ HR ≥ 110.

The next stage is a one and a half to two weeks break, during which supporting aerobic workouts are performed at least 3 times a week, in a mode that provides 170≥CHSS≥110.

Then they carry out the shooting training stage, including the alternation of microcycles: 3 days of training and 1 day of rest, 2 days of training and 1 day of rest, for a total of 15-17 days. Moreover, one of the days of training of each microcycle is carried out in conditions that mimic the situation of competition, practicing shooting equipment. Three times a week on training days, they perform an aerobic load of at least 30 minutes with a maintenance of 170 ≥ HR ≥ 110.

Then - a week-long rest and the stage of sports training lasting at least 10 days immediately before the transatlantic flight, with the implementation of microcycles: 2 days of training, 1 day of rest.

A transatlantic flight to Latin America is carried out at least 7 days before the start of the competition, and during the flight, the athlete at rest determines the level of oxygen in the peripheral blood and heart rate using a pulse oximeter. If at least one of these two indicators is increased or decreased compared with the accepted norm limits, the intensity of the two subsequent trainings after the flight on the first day is maintained so that the athlete’s heart rate increase during training does not exceed 5% of the initial one at rest, and at normal values blood oxygen and heart rate during the flight - an increase of not more than 20%.

In the new climatic and geographical conditions of Latin America, from the second day, training is carried out in the regime: 3 days of training, 1 day break, morning - shooting, evening - aerobic. Moreover, parameters 1-6 are continued to be monitored daily, and with at least 2 of them increasing or decreasing compared to the accepted boundaries of their normal values, the intensity of the two subsequent trainings is maintained so that the athlete’s heart rate increase during training does not exceed 10% of the initial at rest, and in the case of normal values of indicators 1-6, or going beyond the norm of no more than one indicator, training is carried out in a mode that allows you to maintain 170≥HSS≥110.

It is noted that the phenomena of acute desynchronosis in this climatic and geographical zone occur on 3, 4, 5 days. The second wave of desynchronosis - on 14, 15 days of stay. Therefore, it is important to begin the prevention of desynchronosis with the optimal start of training in the new conditions - no later than the second day upon arrival.

Additionally, after training, throughout the preparation for the competition, effects are selected from the group: a session of restorative massage, saunas, cryosaunas, physiotherapy in the form of pressure therapy, physiotherapy, balneotherapy, herbal medicine, adequate pharmacotherapy without illegal drugs, carbohydrate sports nutrition.

The adequacy of adaptive preparation can be assessed by the levels of cortisol, testosterone in the blood, the ratio of cortisol / testosterone, total protein, hemoglobin, hematocrit.

It is advisable that the stage of sports training immediately before the Atlantic flight lasting at least 10 days was held in the European midlands - in Spain or Portugal.

Additionally, in accordance with the individual values of psychophysiological indicators, athletes-shooters can be carried out appropriate pharmacocorrection to improve adaptation. However, as our studies have shown, with the proposed regime of training and monitoring indicators, such a correction is practically not required. At the same time, in relation to any violations of the state of health based on the results of in-depth medical examinations and ongoing medical supervision, the necessary therapy should be carried out, taking into account all the requirements of the anti-doping legislation.

Performing biochemical and instrumental control of training loads allows you to prevent overtraining and make timely adjustments to the training process, as well as identify the phenomena of acute desynchronosis after a transatlantic flight and create personalized programs for the final stage of preparation, taking into account the individual characteristics of chronobiological and climatic-geographical adaptation.

The achievement of the above technical result of the method is confirmed by our observations of arrow athletes of 6 different age teams (juniors and older age groups) over the two years (2015-2016) that participated in competitions in Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. In training athletes, our method was used. Three groups of athletes made the transatlantic flight for the first time in a sports career. Three - repeatedly. Based on well-known objective, accepted medical criteria, none of the participants showed significant symptoms of desynchronosis that would affect the results of the competition. Thus, all athletes returned home, having won 1-3 places in the respective competitions. It should also be noted that the return to Russia after the competitions, accompanied by this method of preparation, also went more smoothly and quickly, without causing significant violations in the health status of athletes.

Claims (15)

1. A method of adaptive preparation of Russian shooting athletes for competitions in new climatic and geographical conditions - in Latin America, which includes monitoring the physiological and biochemical parameters of the body and, if necessary, correcting them, for which, on training days, the following six indicators are monitored daily: pulse with orthostatic the sample - lying and standing (indicators 1 and 2), the value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (indicators 3 and 4) in the morning after bedtime, heart rate and oxygen level in the peripheral blood (while STUDIO 5 and 6) using a pulse oximeter alone immediately before training, and if at least 2 of the indicators 1-6 are increased or decreased compared to the accepted boundaries of their normal values, the intensity of the two subsequent trainings at all stages of training before the transatlantic flight is maintained such that the athlete’s heart rate increase during training is no more than 10% from the source alone, and with the values of all the mentioned indicators within the accepted norm, or beyond it, the values of only one indicator for the athlete’s daily aerobic training at the initial stage of adaptive training, the load intensity is maintained in a mode that allows to provide 190> HR> 130, training at the initial stage in an amount of at least 21 in aerobic mode is carried out daily for at least 30 minutes in the form of microcycles: 5 days of training and 2 days off, and morning training - shooting, evening training - aerobic, at the end of each of both workouts, use a cyclic exercise in the form of running, walking, cycling as a “hitch” for at least 10 minutes in a mode that allows you to maintain 170≥HSS≥110, the next stage is a one and a half to two weeks break, during which supporting aerobic training is performed at least 3 times a week, in a mode that provides 170≥CHSS≥110, then they carry out the shooting preparation stage, including the alternation of microcycles: 3 days of training and 1 day of rest, 2 days of training and 1 day of rest, up to 15-17 days, moreover, one of the days of training of each microcycle is performed in conditions that mimic the situation of competitions, practicing shooting technique, and three times a week on training days perform an aerobic load - at least 30 minutes with the maintenance of 170≥CHSS≥110, the next stage is a week-long rest, then - the stage of sports training lasting at least 10 days immediately before the transatlantic flight, with the performance of microcycles: 2 days of training, 1 day of rest, a transatlantic flight to Latin America is carried out at least 7 days before the start of the competition, and during the flight the athlete at rest determines the oxygen level in the peripheral blood and heart rate using a pulse oximeter, and if at least one of these two indicators increases or decreases Compared with the accepted norm limits, the intensity of the two trainings following the flight on the first day is maintained such that the increase in the athlete’s heart rate during the training is no more than 5% of the initial one at rest, and with normal s heart rate and blood oxygen on the way - increase in training heart rate no more than 20%, in the new climatic and geographical conditions of Latin America, from the second day of training, they conduct in the mode: 3 days of training, 1 day break, morning - shooting, evening - aerobic, and continue to monitor parameters 1-6 on a daily basis, and with an increase or decrease of at least 2 of them, in comparison with the accepted boundaries of their normal values, the intensity of the next two training sessions support such that the athlete’s heart rate increase during training does not exceed 10% of the initial one at rest, and in the case of normal values of indicators 1-6, or when exceeding the norm no more than one indicator, the training is carried out in a mode that allows you to maintain 170 ≥ HR 110. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that in addition, after training, the effects are selected from the group: a session of restorative massage, saunas, cryosaunas, physiotherapy in the form of pressure therapy, physiotherapy, balneotherapy, herbal medicine, adequate pharmacotherapy without illegal drugs, sports carbohydrate food. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the adequacy of the adaptive preparation is assessed by the levels in the blood of cortisol, testosterone, the ratio of cortisol / testosterone, total protein, hemoglobin, hematocrit. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the stage of sports training immediately before the Atlantic flight lasting at least 10 days is carried out in the European midlands - in Spain or Portugal.