RU2611785C1 - Method for greenhouse covering adaptation, device for method implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for ensuring the adaptation of cultivation protected ground plants, such as greenhouses, to climatic influences. The adaptation process involves the administration of white smoke directly into greenhouses the cover cavity, the smoke protects plants from overheating during excess solar radiation and the heated air in the atmospheric precipitation conversion into the snow or ice deposits on the outer cover surface in the autumn-winter period, providing the deposits melting and their runoff from the cover surface in the nature of water medium. Device for the method implementation is a panel made of colorless translucent material with an internal cavity in the form of channel strips. On the panel edges there are tightly connected boxes with the cavities which communicate with the interior panel cavity. The boxes are connected to the air circuits with the closed loop. Adaptation devices are mounted on a gable roof supporting basement, forming integral greenhouse cover.

EFFECT: invention improves mobility of greenhouse cover adaptation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods.

2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for ensuring the adaptation of cultivation facilities of protected soil, for example greenhouses, to climatic influences.

A known method of adapting a translucent coating of a greenhouse, used with excess solar radiation to protect cultivated plants from overheating. The method consists in applying lime whitewash or diluted emulsion paint to the outer surface of the coating (K. Beckett. Plants under glass. Translation from English. M., Mir. 1992, p. 32) - analogue.

This method does not have adaptation mobility, since the applied composition remains on the surface for a relatively long time during the summer, while cloudy periods are inevitable. Under such conditions, plants will suffer from a lack of light and heat, which affects their productivity.

A known method of adaptation of the coating, which consists in shading the cover with folding screens. Screens can be in the form of plastic battens, in the form of blinds, a lightproof film (ibid., P. 33), as well as in the form of shading nets - an analogue.

These screens can be located both on the outside and on the inside of the translucent cover of the greenhouse. The disadvantages of this mechanical shading method are:

- with the internal arrangement of screens - the screens themselves, guiding devices for them, mechanisms for folding them. All this occupies part of the internal useful space of the greenhouse, reduces the volume for growing plants cultivated in it;

- with the external arrangement of the screens, the influence of weather conditions on them, especially gusts of wind, affects them. In addition, there are structural difficulties associated with opening ventilation openings.

A known method is devoid of these disadvantages, according to which the working volume of the greenhouse is cooled due to adiabatic panels located along the entire length of the greenhouse to protect the plants cultivated in the greenhouse from overheating with excessive solar radiation. They are supplied with water, which, evaporating, “... takes part of the energy, and the air cooled in this way enters the greenhouse” (Journal of Greenhouses of Russia, No. 1, 2015, N. Sokolov. Fifth Generation Technologies, p. 22) - analogue. However, this method requires additional areas, a significant amount of water. In addition, this and all previous methods solve only one problem related to overheating of plants cultivated in a greenhouse in the spring-summer period; - analogue.

Closest to the claimed is a method of heating greenhouses at night using solar insolation in the daytime. According to this method, a solar panel with running water is additionally installed on the translucent ceiling of the greenhouse, which is heated and collected in a storage heat-insulated container. At night, the heat of water in the tank is used to heat plants in the greenhouse (K. Beckett, Plants under glass. M., Mir, 1992, p. 47) - prototype.

It is known that in modern, for example, multi-block greenhouses in the autumn-winter period, when precipitation occurs and turns on the outer surface of the coating into snow or ice deposits that adversely affect the transparency of the coating, additional heating is used in addition to the heat of the working volume of the greenhouse to heat these deposits. air under the cover of the greenhouse. As a result of deposits, melting, flow down from the coating and its transparency is restored. A negative multiplier effect arises here: on the one hand, the coating must retain the heat of the working volume of the greenhouse and have a small heat transfer coefficient of the coating material, and on the other hand, this prevents the heating of the outer surface of the coating to create conditions for melting deposits.

The invention is aimed at solving the following problems:

- increase the mobility of adaptation of the cover of the greenhouse both in the spring-summer and in the autumn-winter periods;

- increasing the yield and volume of cultivated products by increasing the mobility of adaptation of the greenhouse cover to climatic influences and by increasing the degree of use of the volume of the greenhouse directly for plants cultivated in it;

- reduction of heat costs for thawing precipitation from the surface of the coating;

- expanding the capabilities of manufacturers of coatings in greenhouses, as well as manufacturers of products involved in the implementation of the method;

- improving the efficiency of staff due to the implementation of the method.

The technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention is expressed in increasing the yield and volume of the grown products by increasing the mobility of adaptation of the greenhouse cover to climatic influences, by increasing the degree of use of the volume of the greenhouse directly for the plants cultivated in it. In addition, thermal costs for thawing precipitation are reduced by about 60%, the possibilities of manufacturers of products involved in the implementation of the invention are expanded, the efficiency of the staff is increased.

To solve the tasks, in contrast to the prototype, directly into the coating cavity of the greenhouse is introduced:

- when excessive solar radiation occurs in the spring-summer period, which is expressed in a temperature increase above 28 ° C at a distance of 1.5 m from the greenhouse floor, air is introduced in the form of white smoke with subsequent circulation of the medium at a speed of 0.1 ... 0.2 m / s in a closed circuit, and when solar radiation is reduced to a normal level, air is introduced into the coating cavity in the form of flowing air with a relative humidity of not more than 75% until the smoke is completely removed from the cavity;

- when precipitation occurs in the autumn-winter period with their transformation on the outer surface of the coating into deposits of snow with a thickness of not more than 1 cm or ice with a thickness of not more than 2 mm, the air medium is introduced in the form of heated air circulating in a closed circuit within 40 ... 50 ° C for the period of melting of sediments and their runoff in the form of an aqueous medium from the surface of the coating.

The introduction into the coating cavity of the working medium in the form of white smoke allows not only to shade the plants cultivated in the greenhouse from excessive solar radiation, but, in combination with the smooth outer surface of the coating, use the white color of the smoke as light reflection. The introduction of circulating air with a temperature of 40 ... 50 ° C into the coating cavity makes it possible to more effectively, with less heat energy, eliminate precipitation from the outer surface of the coating and restore transparency of the coating. At the same time, the adaptation of the coating is carried out mobilely, efficiently, conveniently for staff and without the use of bulky mechanical equipment.

As a working medium, an aqueous solution of white color may be introduced into the coating cavity. However, this entails additional loads from the weight of the solution on the supporting structures of the greenhouse, the difficulty of eliminating leakage of the solution, the need for washing and drying the cavity.

Hand smoke grenades of white smoke RDG-2B (Shop PBGLAR / RU) or DM-11 (Shop AMMO.RU) can be used as a white smoke generator. The smoke of these products is inert, not toxic. “Smoke is a typical aerosol. Unlike dust ... smoke particles practically do not settle under the influence of gravity ”(TSB, M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972, v. 8, p. 558). The duration of smoke from one grenade is 6 ... 8 minutes. Actuation of the smoke-generating product can be carried out in an airtight box, from where smoke can be introduced into the greenhouse coating cavity through the duct, and after filling the coating cavity, it can be circulated in a closed circuit using fans. After reducing the excess solar radiation to a normal level, smoke from the greenhouse cover cavity through the duct is discharged into the chimney using flowing air using a fan.

The introduction into the coating cavity of the greenhouse of heated air with a temperature of 40 ... 50 ° C to remove snow and ice deposits from the outer surface of the coating can be carried out using, for example, an electric air heater (fan heater) of the SFOC type (www.zao-tst.ru), using which air can also be heated and circulated in a closed circuit until the end of the process of removing deposits from the outer surface of the coating and restore its transparency.

A device for adapting the greenhouse cover to climatic influences can be placed, for example, on an inclined supporting plane of a gable roof, as shown in the drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows a cross section at the end of the device located in the upper ridge part of the roof.

In FIG. 2 shows a cross section along the end of the device located in the lower wall part of the roof.

In FIG. 3 is a cross-section A-A of FIG. 2 on the device panel.

The drawings do not show the carrier base on which the device is laid and fixed.

The device may be directly coated with a greenhouse made of a colorless translucent material, such as polycarbonate. The device consists of a panel 1 (see Fig. 1). To the near-edge end 2 of panel 1, a colorless polycarbonate chamber 3 is tightly attached around the perimeter of end 2 and has at least one polycarbonate nozzle 4 tightly attached to it. The chamber 3 through the nozzle 4 can be connected to the nozzle 5 of the greenhouse duct 6 using the compensator 7 misalignment of nozzles 4 and 5, made in the form of a piece of rubber pipe (mounting the compensator 7 on the nozzles 4 and 5 is not shown). A tight connection of the chamber 3 with the panel 1 and with the pipe 4 can be achieved using glue, such as polyurethane.

Since the ridge zone with the ridge beam 8 is used in the greenhouse to accommodate exhaust ventilation openings in it and since it is desirable to have the adaptation devices installed along the roof support bases the same, it is advisable to use ridge transoms 9 When opening the ventilation openings, these transoms 9 rise up (see the Greenhouse Journal of Russia No. 1, 2015. Ventilation of greenhouses with a ridge transom, p. 71).

To the wall end face 10 of the panel 1 (see Fig. 2), similarly to the end face 2, the chamber 11 is tightly connected to the nozzle 12, which is connected to the greenhouse duct 13 through the nozzle 14 using a compensator 15. The chamber 11 is sealed along the entire length through a rubber seal 16 with a trough 17, which serves to drain the aqueous medium draining from the surface of the device. The chute 17 is mounted on a supporting structure 18. The chambers 3 and 11 can be the same in design and connecting dimensions, but deployed relative to the vertical in different directions when they are attached to the ends 2 and 10 of the panel 1.

Panel 1 (see Fig. 3) can consist of two planes parallel to each other: outer 19 and inner 20, with an air cavity between them. The cavity can be divided parallel to each other by partitions 21, giving rigidity to the panel 1. Partitions 21 form through channels 22 of rectangular or square cross-section. From the design of panel 1, it is clear why, in order to thaw precipitation from the outer plane 19, it is more efficient to introduce warm air into the channels 22. Indeed, in this case, it is enough to warm only the outer plane 19, while when heating this plane 19, a heat source located in the greenhouse , below the inner plane 20, it is necessary to additionally warm up the plane 20 itself and the air in the channels 22. The panel 1 can be made of colorless translucent polycarbonate. Such panels are manufactured, for example, by Karboglass CJSC (www.carboglass.ru) up to 2.1 × 12 m in size for use as heat-insulating and decorative coatings. Their heat transfer coefficient is 2.5 W / sq.m, light transmission (transparency) - up to 86%, temperature range - from minus 40 to plus 120 ° C, warranty period of operation - 15 years. When using several adaptation devices located along the slope of the bearing base of the roof, the side surfaces of the devices are connected to each other using additional elements manufactured by Karboglass CJSC: connecting profiles, detachable or one-piece. The same profiles can be used to mount adaptation devices on the supporting base of the greenhouse roof.

Claims (4)

1. A method of adapting a greenhouse coating, characterized in that the following is introduced into the coating cavity: - upon the occurrence of excessive solar radiation in the spring-summer period, which is expressed in an increase in temperature above 28 ° C, at a distance of 1.5 m from the floor of the greenhouse, the air is in the form of white smoke with subsequent circulation of the medium at a speed of 0.1 ... 0, 2 m / s in a closed loop, and when solar radiation is reduced to a normal level, air is introduced in the form of flowing air with a relative humidity of not more than 75% until the smoke is completely removed from the cavity; - when precipitation occurs in the autumn-winter period with their transformation on the outer surface of the coating into deposits of snow with a thickness of not more than 1 cm or ice with a thickness of not more than 2 mm, the air medium is introduced in the form of heated air circulating in a closed circuit within 40 ... 50 ° C for the period of melting of sediments and their runoff in the form of an aqueous medium from the surface of the coating. 2. A device for adapting a greenhouse cover, comprising a colorless translucent panel with an internal cavity in the form of channel cells, characterized in that a colorless translucent chamber is tightly attached around the perimeter of the panel end to each of the two ends of the panel, the cavity of which communicates with the open ends channels however, the camera has at least one pipe for connecting to the duct of the greenhouse.

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