RU2525160C1 - Wide-cut tiller - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport.

SUBSTANCE: tiller comprises frame with trailer supported by two rear pneumatic wheels. Fenders are articulated with the frame while packing sections are staggered with frontal overlap. Packing sections consists of frames with bearing assemblies and shafts. Two pneumatic wheels are fitted on the frame via levers secured to the frame from below and interconnected by the beam. Fenders are arranged at the frame to displace upward. Wheels are fitted at outer ends of the fenders. Fenders are connected with the frame via suspensions and lifting levers. Lifting levers are connected via hydraulic cylinders with levers of the wheels. Frame lifting relative to pneumatic wheels is limited by posts with the frame retaining pins at transport position. Packing section shafts are equipped with helical strips of width a secured at spacing C and pitch t to make angle δ with generatrix describing the cylindrical surface of packing section in diameter D. Inclination of helical strip projection on whatever surface extending through section axis to their axes makes β. Section frames are mounted on the frame and fenders via parallelogram mechanisms and turn-buckles and crossbars to make packing sections located behind the fenders to cover the wheels fitted at edges of said fenders. All packing sections are located at angle α between tiller direction and perpendicularly to section axes diverted to the side of angle β for complete compaction of field under crop. Angle α is defined by relationship: $$\alpha =arctg\left(\frac{t}{2n\sqrt{DH-H^2}}-\frac{1}{tg\beta }\right),$$

where n is the number of helical strips in packing section. H=H_max-H_min, where H_max is maximum depth of packed soil above crops; H_min is minimum admissible depth of soil packing. Maximum $$H_{\max }^B,$$

and minimum $$H_{\min }^B$$

thickness of additionally ground and loosened soil above packed soil are defined by expressions: $$H_{\max }^B$$

where H_r is sawing depth while $$H_{\min }^B$$

.

EFFECT: higher quality of tillage.

5 dwg

Description

The claimed invention relates to the field of agricultural engineering, namely to tillage tools with passive working bodies, and can be used in agriculture for preparing a seed bed before sowing, for subsurface rolling of crops with simultaneous additional grinding and fluffing of the surface soil layer and its uniform distribution over surface of the cultivated field, as well as for post-harvest loosening with simultaneous fluffing and uniform distribution Niemi loosened soil layer on the treated surface of the field with the creation of conditions for the fall accumulation of moisture in the soil and germination of weeds and fruit drop.

A tillage implement is known, including a frame with a tow hitch, two transverse axes are mounted on the frame in bearing units, on which ring-spur discs are mounted in a checkerboard pattern through spacers (ring-spur ring roller ZKK-6. Passport and instruction manual. Institutions УХ 16-4. Omsk region). The disadvantages of this tillage implement when rolling crops are that the implement provides rolling in about 60-65% of the surface of the cultivated field with virtually no formation of a loose soil layer on this surface, and the remaining part of the surface remains without rolling.

A capillary duty cycle is formed in the packed soil, which provides moisture supply to the seeds not only from the side of the seed bed, but also from the side of the rolled soil above the seeds, thereby creating optimal conditions for germination and seedlings. The capillary duty cycle formed in the soil that covers the seeds after rolling in, in addition to supplying moisture to the seeds, also provides its access to the field surface, where the soil and air are heated to 50-70 ° C, which leads to the rapid evaporation of this moisture and its entrainment into the atmosphere by ascending flows heated air, which is always formed in such fields. If the field is large enough, then these ascending flows into the atmosphere prevent rain clouds from entering above it, which excludes the possibility of rainfall, which increases the drought. In the part of the field where the soil was not rolled, the seeds lie in loose soil and do not have sufficient contact with it, therefore they germinate much later. Thus, the use of the aforementioned tool for rolling crops results in uneven seedlings and large losses of soil moisture.

Closest to the proposed invention is a wide-toothed ring-toothed roller, which we adopted as a prototype, including a frame with a trailer resting on two pneumatic wheels in the back, on which a rotary frame with wings is mounted with hydraulic cylinders from a horizontal working position to a vertical transport position, on the wings are staggered with overlappings along the front, the sealing sections are fixed, the wings on the frame are mounted movably with the possibility of turning the hydraulic cylinders in the front d until they are fixed on the frame by the trailer in the transport position, all packer sections consist of frames on which batteries consisting of a shaft, wheels with an uneven surface and tooth disks are mounted on the bearing units (ring-toothed roller Mace K 3-12,4, operation manual, LLC TS Engineering, Voronezh).

The disadvantages of the above tools is that the wheels with uneven surface of the rolling sections roll though unevenly, but the entire surface of the sowed field until a capillary duty cycle is formed in the soil, and the gear discs carry out some loosening. Due to the small width of the toothed discs and their height, it can be assumed that the entire surface of the sown field is rolled up and all seeds are in optimal conditions for germination, but in this case, capillary duty cycle in the packed soil will not only bring soil moisture to the surface of the seeds, but also will bring it to the surface of the field, where in the daytime on the surface of the soil the air and the topsoil are heated to 50-70 ° C. This leads to the rapid evaporation of this soil moisture and pulling another in its place. Since highly heated air (with a temperature of 50-70 ° C) rises upwards, stable ascending air currents are formed above such a field, which pick up soil moisture vapor and carry it into the atmosphere. Thus, we can say that we artificially formed a solar pump to pump out moisture from the soil, moreover, if the sown field is large enough, the generated ascending flows impede the entry of rain clouds over this field, which excludes the possibility of natural watering of these crops. And until the seedlings of the sown plants cover the entire surface of the field with their greenery, it is practically impossible to rain on them, so ring-tooth rollers provide almost complete rolling-in of the surface of the sown field, providing optimal conditions for germination and seedling, but they do not provide the preservation of soil moisture in the soil, and vice versa, creates conditions for its mass drawing out of the soil and evaporation. If there is not enough moisture in the soil, then the resulting uniform seedlings in the future can simply dry out due to lack of moisture and lack of rain. In order to minimize this risk, it is necessary to simultaneously ensure that the surface of the sown field is completely rolled in, to provide it with protection against mass evaporation of moisture from the soil, and also if there is a lack of moisture, create conditions for additional moisture accumulation in the soil from the atmosphere.

The aim of the invention is the creation of an additionally crushed and fluffy soil layer, above the rolled soil, covering the sown seeds and providing, on the one hand, a sharp decrease in soil moisture evaporation by means of capillaries, and on the other hand, when there is a lack of moisture in the soil, its additional accumulation due to atmospheric moisture, which occurred would be as a result of air exchange between soil and air in the daytime ("dry watering").

The object of the invention is achieved by the fact that the well-known wide-tillage implement containing a frame with a trailer, resting on the back of two pneumatic wheels, mounted sections consisting of frames with bearing assemblies and shafts are mounted on a frame with movably fixed wings in a checkerboard pattern with front overlapping characterized in that two pneumatic wheels are mounted on the frame movably by means of levers mounted on it from below and connected by a beam, the wings on the frame are installed with the possibility of wheels are mounted for lifting upward at the outer ends of the wings, while the wings are additionally connected to the frame movably through the suspensions and lifting levers, and the lifting levers are connected via hydraulic cylinders to the levers of the transport pneumatic wheels, the lifting of the frame relative to the transport pneumatic wheels is limited by restrictive racks with the frame fixing fingers in the transport position. Packing sections, consisting of frames, with bearing assemblies, on the shafts of which are fixed, by means of knitting needles with a pitch C, screw strips of width a, having a pitch t and constituting an angle δ with a generatrix describing the cylindrical surface of these packing sections of diameter D, the angle of projection of the screw strips on any surface passing through the axes of the rolling sections to their axes, β are equal, mounted on the frame and wings through parallelogram mechanisms and turnbuckles by means of longitudinal bars in such a way that the stitches The mounting sections installed at the edges of the wings are located behind the wings along the direction of the unit and overlap along the front of the wheel installed along the edges of these wings, and all the press sections are installed at an angle α between the direction of movement of the unit and the perpendicular to the axes of the press sections laid to the side of angle β, at which complete subsurface rolling of the sown field, angle a is determined by the expression

,

,

where n is the number of helical stripes in the packer section;

H = H _max -H _min

where H _max - the maximum thickness of the rolled soil above the seeds

H _min - the minimum allowable thickness of soil rolling over the seeds

и минимальная

, толщины дополнительно измельченной и вспушенной почвы над прикатанной почвой закрывающей посеянные семена определятся выражениями In this case, the maximum

and minimal

, the thickness of the additionally crushed and fluffy soil above the rolled soil covering the sown seeds is determined by the expressions

H ^B _max = H _r - H _max, where H _r - sowing depth;

H ^B _{min =} H _r - H _max

до

исключает подвод капиллярами прикатанной почвы почвенной влаги на поверхность засеянного поля и тем самым предотвращается ее быстрое испарение. Наличие большого количества воздуха между частицами дополнительно измельченного и вспушенного слоя почвы также исключает перегрев не только прикатанной почвы над семенами, но и почвы, находящейся на больших глубинах, что обеспечивает при недостатке влаги в почве ее дополнительное накопление из воздуха за счет так называемого процесса «сухого полива» (см. И.Е.Овсинский. Новая система земледелия - Новосибирск, 2003 г.С.64-74 и П.А.Костычев «Обработка чернозема», с.80-81). Но для осуществления процессов «сухого полива», а также нитрификации атмосферного азота глубина обработки почвы не должна превышать 5-6 см, а более глубокие слои должны быть структуризированными, то есть иметь капиллярную систему и систему каналов, которые остаются в почве от сгнивших корней ранее выращиваемых на ней растений, а также каналов, образуемых в почве червями. Это условие выполняется при выращивании зерновых по технологии Ho-till. Например, при выращивании зерновых пшеницы, ячменя, гороха и т.д. Глубина посева H_r является достаточной в 6 см, тогда если минимальная толщина прикатанного слоя почвы H_min над посеянными семенами составит 1,0 см, а максимальная толщина H_max - 3,0 см, то верхний дополнительный измельченный и вспушенный слой будет иметь толщину от H^B _max=5,0 см до

=3,0 см, что является вполне достаточным по Овсинскому И.Е. для обеспечения процесса «Сухого полива» растений и нитрификации атмосферного азота.These differences are significant, since the design of the packer sections in the form of multi-helical rollers mounted on longitudinal bars at an angle α between the direction of movement of the wide-tillage cultivating unit and the perpendiculars to the axes of the packer sections provides the creation of a subsurface compacted soil layer over sown seeds from H _min to H _{max in} thickness , which provides optimal conditions for germination and subsequent seedlings of sown seeds, and the top is additionally crushed and a fluffy layer of soil is distributed evenly rollers helical stripes on the surface of the thick field seeded

before

excludes the supply of soil moisture by capillaries of the rolled soil to the surface of the sown field and thereby prevents its rapid evaporation. The presence of a large amount of air between the particles of the additionally crushed and fluffy soil layer also eliminates overheating of not only rolled soil above the seeds, but also of the soil located at great depths, which provides, with insufficient moisture in the soil, its additional accumulation from the air due to the so-called “dry” process irrigation ”(see I.E. Ovsinsky. A new system of agriculture - Novosibirsk, 2003. P. 64-74 and P. A. Kostychev“ Processing of chernozem ”, S. 80-81). But for the implementation of the “dry irrigation” processes, as well as the nitrification of atmospheric nitrogen, the depth of soil treatment should not exceed 5-6 cm, and the deeper layers should be structured, that is, have a capillary system and a system of channels that remain in the soil from decayed roots earlier plants grown on it, as well as channels formed by worms in the soil. This condition is met when growing grain using Ho-till technology. For example, when growing cereals of wheat, barley, peas, etc. The sowing depth H _r is sufficient at 6 cm, then if the minimum thickness of the rolled soil layer H _min over the sown seeds is 1.0 cm and the maximum thickness H _max is 3.0 cm, then the upper additional crushed and fluffy layer will have a thickness of H ^B _max = 5.0 cm to

= 3.0 cm, which is quite sufficient according to Ovsinsky I.E. to ensure the process of “Dry watering” of plants and nitrification of atmospheric nitrogen.

The presence of parallelogram mechanisms and turnbuckles in the design of the wide-tillage aggregate in the hitch of the rolling sections not only allows you to change the thickness of the rolled soil layer over the sown seeds, but also changes their pressure on the soil by transferring the weight of the frame structures of the wide-tillage tillage unit to the pressing sections. This allows you to use the unit for rolling in various crops, as well as for post-harvest loosening of the soil with the creation of a crushed and fluffy soil layer on the surface of the field from 4 to 6 cm thick, which will provide autumn moisture accumulation in the soil due to the “Dry Irrigation” process, and autumn germination weed seeds and scavengers, which die with the onset of negative temperatures. This technique allows, according to research, to destroy up to 65% of annual weeds.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

- максимальная толщина дополнительно измельченной и вспушенной почвы, расположенной над прикатанной почвой;

- минимальная толщина дополнительно измельченной и вспушенной почвы над прикатанной почвой.Figure 1 shows a wide-tillage implement; figure 2 shows a part of the multi-feed screw roller packer section; figure 3 shows the angle α in the arrangement of the axis of the press section and the direction of movement of the unit; figure 4 shows a cross section of a sowed and rolled field treated by the unit, where H _r is the depth of sowing; H _min - the minimum allowable thickness of rolled soil above the seeds; H _max - the maximum thickness of the rolled soil over the seeds;

- the maximum thickness of the additionally crushed and fluffy soil located above the rolled soil;

- the minimum thickness of the additionally crushed and fluffy soil above the rolled soil.

The wide-tillage cultivating unit contains a frame 1 with a trailer 2 resting in the rear part on two pneumatic wheels 3 mounted on the frame 1 movably from below by means of levers 4 interconnected by a beam 5, wings 6 are mounted on the frame 1 with the possibility of lifting upwards, at the ends of which wheels are mounted 7. On the wings 6 in a checkerboard pattern with overlapping front installed by means of longitudinal beams 8, parallelogram mechanisms 9 and lanyards 10 press sections 11. The wings 6 are additionally connected to the frame 1 through the suspension 1 2 and the lifting levers 13, and the lifting levers 13 are movably connected by means of hydraulic cylinders 14 to the levers 4 of the transport pneumatic wheels 3. The lifting of the frame 1 relative to the transport pneumatic wheels 3 is limited by the limiting struts 15 and is fixed in the transport position by the locking pins 16. The pressing sections 11 consist of frames 17 on which the shafts 19 are mounted in the bearing assemblies 18 with the screw strips 21 fixed thereon by means of the spokes 20.

The unit operates as follows. Before starting work, a wide-tillage cultivating unit with a tractor is installed on the edge of the sown field or, if the unit is used with a sowing set, then on the edge of the field prepared for sowing, then the locking pins 16 of frame 1 are removed from the restriction racks 15 and the hydraulic cylinders of the tractor 14 switch the hydraulic cylinders 14 of the unit to lowering the wings 6 from the transport position to the working one, while the frame 1 with the pressing sections 11 mounted on it is lowered onto the levers 4 of the pneumatic wheels 3, and the wings 6 also with the rolling sections 11 through the pendants 12 and the lifting levers 13 are lowered to a horizontal position, in which the wheels 7 of the wings 6 are installed on the ground, then the drawer sections 11 are installed by means of lanyards 10 through parallelogram mechanisms 9 to the required depth of soil rolling over the crops. After that, turn off the transmission of the tractor and begin to move. During the movement, the packer sections 11, the axes of which are installed at an angle of α + 90 ° to the direction of movement of the unit, are screwed into the soil to a predetermined depth by screw strips 21, while the soil under the rollers is compacted with equalization, and the soil above the screw strips 21 is further crushed and fluffs with the simultaneous combing of crop residues and weeds, is laid in an even layer over the rolled bottom soil. Thus, conditions are formed under which the sown seeds are in rolled soil, where a capillary structure is formed that provides increased contact of the surface of the seeds with soil particles and the supply of soil moisture to them over the entire surface, which creates optimal conditions for their germination and seedlings, and above a rolled-up soil layer is a layer of soil additionally crushed and fluffy with harvested crop residues and weeds, if any, distributed evenly over the surface of the sown fields. The thickness of this layer with proper adjustment should be in the range from 3 to 5 cm, and this, with insufficient moisture in the soil, ensures its additional accumulation from the surrounding air (see I.E. Ovsinsky).

To transfer the wide-tillage cultivating unit from the working position to the transport, all operations are carried out in the reverse order, that is, the tractor hydraulic system supplies oil to the hydraulic cylinders 14, from which the rods extend, at the beginning turn the levers 4 of the pneumatic wheels 3, as a result of which the frame is lifted into the transport position 1 s mounted on it by the rolling sections 11 against the stop on the restrictive uprights 15 and is fixed with the pins-latches 16, then, with the further supply of oil to the hydraulic cylinders 14 through the lifting levers 1 3 and pendants 12, wings 6 are raised to a vertical position with press-on sections 11, which are then fixed with appropriate clips (not shown). The unit is ready for transportation.

Claims (1)

A wide-tillage cultivating unit containing a frame with a trailer resting on the rear part on two transport pneumatic wheels, wings movably mounted on the frame and mounted in a checkerboard pattern with overlapping front rolling sections consisting of frames with bearing units and shafts, characterized in that two transport pneumowheels are mounted on the frame movably by means of levers mounted on the frame from below and connected by a beam, the wings on the frame are mounted with the possibility of lifting upward, on external The wheels are mounted on the wings, while the wings are additionally connected to the frame movably through the suspensions and lifting levers, and the lifting levers are connected via hydraulic cylinders to the levers of the transport pneumatic wheels, the lifting of the frame relative to the transport pneumatic wheels is limited by restrictive racks with the frame fixing fingers in the transport position, on the shafts sections fixed by means of knitting needles with a pitch C screw strips of a width a are fixed, having a pitch t and making an angle δ with a generator describing a cylindrical the surface of the presser sections with a diameter of D, the angles of inclination of the projections of the screw strips on any surface passing through the axes of the presser sections are β to their axes, the frame of the section is mounted on the frame and wings through parallelogram mechanisms and turnbuckles by means of longitudinal bars so that the presser sections, mounted along the edges of the wings, located behind the wings in the direction of movement of the unit and overlap along the front of the wheel, installed along the edges of the wings, while all the press sections are installed at an angle α between the direction of movement of the unit and perpendiculars to the axes of the rolling sections, laid in the direction of the angle β to ensure complete subsurface rolling of the sown field, and the angle α is determined from the expression:

where n is the number of helical stripes in the packer section; H = H _max -H _min , where H _max is the maximum thickness of the rolled soil above the seeds; H _min - the minimum allowable thickness of soil rolling over the seeds, while the maximum

and minimal

the thickness of the additionally shredded and fluffy soil above the compacted soil covering the sown seeds is determined by the expressions: H ^B _max = H _r - H _max , where H _r is the sowing depth; and H ^B _{min =} H _r - H _max.

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